Carrel name: keyword-infection-cord Creating study carrel named keyword-infection-cord Initializing database file: cache/cord-002043-z1b7pj3s.json key: cord-002043-z1b7pj3s authors: Wang, Xue-Yang; Yu, Hai-Zhong; Geng, Lei; Xu, Jia-Ping; Yu, Dong; Zhang, Shang-Zhi; Ma, Yan; Fei, Dong-Qiong title: Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera) Larval Midgut Response to BmNPV in Susceptible and Near-Isogenic Resistant Strains date: 2016-05-11 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155341 sha: doc_id: 2043 cord_uid: z1b7pj3s file: cache/cord-003053-5sucu1cg.json key: cord-003053-5sucu1cg authors: Yang, Liu; Xie, Honglang; Liu, Zhengzhao; Chen, Yinghua; Wang, Jinquan; Zhang, Haitao; Ge, Yongchun; Hu, Weixin title: Risk factors for infectious complications of ANCA-associated vasculitis: a cohort study date: 2018-06-14 journal: BMC Nephrol DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-0933-2 sha: doc_id: 3053 cord_uid: 5sucu1cg file: cache/cord-001455-n7quwr4s.json key: cord-001455-n7quwr4s authors: Rapin, Noreen; Johns, Kirk; Martin, Lauren; Warnecke, Lisa; Turner, James M.; Bollinger, Trent K.; Willis, Craig K. R.; Voyles, Jamie; Misra, Vikram title: Activation of Innate Immune-Response Genes in Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) Infected with the Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans date: 2014-11-12 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112285 sha: doc_id: 1455 cord_uid: n7quwr4s file: cache/cord-004247-lagv3tp7.json key: cord-004247-lagv3tp7 authors: Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob; Kojima, Somei; Carter, Dee; Okabe, Hisafumi; Sato, Akihide; Akahata, Wataru; Wells, Timothy N. C.; Katsuno, Kei title: Reassessing therapeutic antibodies for neglected and tropical diseases date: 2020-01-30 journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007860 sha: doc_id: 4247 cord_uid: lagv3tp7 file: cache/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.json key: cord-003926-ycdaw2vh authors: Maslow, Joel N. title: Zika Vaccine Development—Current Progress and Challenges for the Future date: 2019-07-14 journal: Trop Med Infect Dis DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030104 sha: doc_id: 3926 cord_uid: ycdaw2vh file: cache/cord-007176-61e9obb3.json key: cord-007176-61e9obb3 authors: Jackson, George Gee; Muldoon, Robert Lee title: Viroses Causing Common Respiratory Infections in Man. III. Respiratory Syncytial Viroses and Coronavimses date: 1973-11-17 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/128.5.674 sha: doc_id: 7176 cord_uid: 61e9obb3 file: cache/cord-003598-m2fsrwvw.json key: cord-003598-m2fsrwvw authors: Elbahesh, Husni; Gerlach, Thomas; Saletti, Giulietta; Rimmelzwaan, Guus F. title: Response Modifiers: Tweaking the Immune Response Against Influenza A Virus date: 2019-04-12 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00809 sha: doc_id: 3598 cord_uid: m2fsrwvw file: cache/cord-001972-1zisomq5.json key: cord-001972-1zisomq5 authors: Wang, Xue; Tan, Jiying; Biswas, Santanu; Zhao, Jiangqin; Devadas, Krishnakumar; Ye, Zhiping; Hewlett, Indira title: Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection Increases Apoptosis and HIV-1 Replication in HIV-1 Infected Jurkat Cells date: 2016-02-02 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v8020033 sha: doc_id: 1972 cord_uid: 1zisomq5 file: cache/cord-004586-i8tacj63.json key: cord-004586-i8tacj63 authors: nan title: Empfehlung zur Prävention nosokomialer Infektionen bei neonatologischen Intensivpflegepatienten mit einem Geburtsgewicht unter 1500 g: Mitteilung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut date: 2007-10-05 journal: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz DOI: 10.1007/s00103-007-0337-0 sha: doc_id: 4586 cord_uid: i8tacj63 file: cache/cord-003387-82573enr.json key: cord-003387-82573enr authors: Nam, Gyu-Hwi; Mishra, Anshuman; Gim, Jeong-An; Lee, Hee-Eun; Jo, Ara; Yoon, Dahye; Kim, Ahran; Kim, Woo-Jin; Ahn, Kung; Kim, Do-Hyung; Kim, Suhkmann; Cha, Hee-Jae; Choi, Yung Hyun; Park, Chan-Il; Kim, Heui-Soo title: Gene expression profiles alteration after infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) date: 2018-12-24 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36342-y sha: doc_id: 3387 cord_uid: 82573enr file: cache/cord-001542-f089bs8r.json key: cord-001542-f089bs8r authors: Lai, Kang Yiu; Ng, Wing Yiu George; Cheng, Fan Fanny title: Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus date: 2014-11-28 journal: Infect Dis Poverty DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-43 sha: doc_id: 1542 cord_uid: f089bs8r file: cache/cord-009169-hzxgi1t0.json key: cord-009169-hzxgi1t0 authors: Sun, Bingwei title: Nosocomial infection in China: Management status and solutions date: 2016-07-01 journal: Am J Infect Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.039 sha: doc_id: 9169 cord_uid: hzxgi1t0 file: cache/cord-003357-4qrg6lqu.json key: cord-003357-4qrg6lqu authors: Wang, Yingchen; Dong, Tuo; Qi, Guiyun; Qu, Lixin; Liang, Wei; Qi, Binbin; Zhang, Zhe; Shang, Lei; Gao, Hong; Du, Xiqiao; Lu, Bing; Guo, Yan; Liu, Zhenwei; Yu, Huisong; Cui, Qi; Wang, Xiaocen; Li, Ye; Guo, Weiyuan; Qu, Zhangyi title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017 date: 2018-11-27 journal: Front Microbiol DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02919 sha: doc_id: 3357 cord_uid: 4qrg6lqu file: cache/cord-003855-so8xl199.json key: cord-003855-so8xl199 authors: Ebert, Gregor; Paradkar, Prasad N.; Londrigan, Sarah L. title: Virology Downunder, a meeting commentary from the 2019 Lorne Infection and Immunity Conference, Australia date: 2019-09-02 journal: Virol J DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1217-6 sha: doc_id: 3855 cord_uid: so8xl199 file: cache/cord-005007-pofm8b5x.json key: cord-005007-pofm8b5x authors: Higgins, P. G. title: Interferons and viral infections date: 1984 journal: Eur J Clin Microbiol DOI: 10.1007/bf01977473 sha: doc_id: 5007 cord_uid: pofm8b5x file: cache/cord-005902-5zuij5i3.json key: cord-005902-5zuij5i3 authors: Frank, Johannes; Barker, John H.; Marzi, Ingo title: Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Extremities date: 2008-05-30 journal: Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg DOI: 10.1007/s00068-008-8074-0 sha: doc_id: 5902 cord_uid: 5zuij5i3 file: cache/cord-000457-e50a0suk.json key: cord-000457-e50a0suk authors: Rhim, Jung-Woo; Lee, Kyung-Yil; Youn, You-Sook; Kang, Jin-Han; Kim, Ji-Chang title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of childhood pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection: an observational cohort study date: 2011-08-24 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-225 sha: doc_id: 457 cord_uid: e50a0suk file: cache/cord-006464-s8rjoyse.json key: cord-006464-s8rjoyse authors: Bauer, Michael; Kölsch, Uwe; Krüger, Renate; Unterwalder, Nadine; Hameister, Karin; Kaiser, Fabian Marc; Vignoli, Aglaia; Rossi, Rainer; Botella, Maria Pilar; Budisteanu, Magdalena; Rosello, Monica; Orellana, Carmen; Tejada, Maria Isabel; Papuc, Sorina Mihaela; Patat, Oliver; Julia, Sophie; Touraine, Renaud; Gomes, Thusari; Wenner, Kirsten; Xu, Xiu; Afenjar, Alexandra; Toutain, Annick; Philip, Nicole; Jezela-Stanek, Aleksandra; Gortner, Ludwig; Martinez, Francisco; Echenne, Bernard; Wahn, Volker; Meisel, Christian; Wieczorek, Dagmar; El-Chehadeh, Salima; Van Esch, Hilde; von Bernuth, Horst title: Infectious and Immunologic Phenotype of MECP2 Duplication Syndrome date: 2015-02-27 journal: J Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0129-5 sha: doc_id: 6464 cord_uid: s8rjoyse file: cache/cord-008499-tl3i7uzd.json key: cord-008499-tl3i7uzd authors: Robb, James A.; Benirschke, Kurt; Barmeyer, Robert title: Intrauterine latent herpes simplex virus infection(): I. Spontaneous abortion date: 2007-11-06 journal: Hum Pathol DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(86)80561-5 sha: doc_id: 8499 cord_uid: tl3i7uzd file: cache/cord-010175-p2py9wau.json key: cord-010175-p2py9wau authors: Winter, Harland; Chang, Tien-lan title: GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS date: 1996-04-01 journal: Pediatr Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70421-1 sha: doc_id: 10175 cord_uid: p2py9wau file: cache/cord-003915-kje8lvgl.json key: cord-003915-kje8lvgl authors: Pigeyre, Laetitia; Schatz, Malvina; Ravallec, Marc; Gasmi, Leila; Nègre, Nicolas; Clouet, Cécile; Seveno, Martial; El Koulali, Khadija; Decourcelle, Mathilde; Guerardel, Yann; Cot, Didier; Dupressoir, Thierry; Gosselin-Grenet, Anne-Sophie; Ogliastro, Mylène title: Interaction of a Densovirus with Glycans of the Peritrophic Matrix Mediates Oral Infection of the Lepidopteran Pest Spodoptera frugiperda date: 2019-09-17 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v11090870 sha: doc_id: 3915 cord_uid: kje8lvgl file: cache/cord-006523-zxn4oqly.json key: cord-006523-zxn4oqly authors: Lodha, Rakesh; Chandra, Uma; Natchu, Mouli; Nanda, Mrinal; Kabra, S. K. title: Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units date: 2001 journal: Indian J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/bf02722358 sha: doc_id: 6523 cord_uid: zxn4oqly file: cache/cord-003425-c5jdp5jv.json key: cord-003425-c5jdp5jv authors: Fu, Yangxi; Tang, Zhengzhen; Ye, Zhixu; Mo, Shi; Tian, Xingui; Ni, Ke; Ren, Luo; Liu, Enmei; Zang, Na title: Human adenovirus type 7 infection causes a more severe disease than type 3 date: 2019-01-09 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3651-2 sha: doc_id: 3425 cord_uid: c5jdp5jv file: cache/cord-006261-yw5k8qkz.json key: cord-006261-yw5k8qkz authors: Heath, Gregory W.; Macera, Caroline A.; Nieman, David C. title: Exercise and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Is There a Relationship? date: 2012-10-23 journal: Sports Med DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199214060-00003 sha: doc_id: 6261 cord_uid: yw5k8qkz file: cache/cord-007367-e31zhty6.json key: cord-007367-e31zhty6 authors: Tassier, Troy; Polgreen, Philip; Segre, Alberto title: Network position and health care worker infections date: 2015-09-07 journal: J Econ Interact Coord DOI: 10.1007/s11403-015-0166-4 sha: doc_id: 7367 cord_uid: e31zhty6 file: cache/cord-013837-x95r6bz8.json key: cord-013837-x95r6bz8 authors: Chai, Qiyao; Wang, Lin; Liu, Cui Hua; Ge, Baoxue title: New insights into the evasion of host innate immunity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis date: 2020-07-29 journal: Cell Mol Immunol DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0502-z sha: doc_id: 13837 cord_uid: x95r6bz8 file: cache/cord-015922-5wwy0m2k.json key: cord-015922-5wwy0m2k authors: Marty, Francisco M.; Baden, Lindsey R. title: Infection in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient date: 2008 journal: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-438-4_19 sha: doc_id: 15922 cord_uid: 5wwy0m2k file: cache/cord-001397-nrq4ncdf.json key: cord-001397-nrq4ncdf authors: Mlera, Luwanika; Melik, Wessam; Bloom, Marshall E. title: The role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology date: 2014-05-12 journal: Pathogens and Disease DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12178 sha: doc_id: 1397 cord_uid: nrq4ncdf file: cache/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.json key: cord-007575-5ekgabx5 authors: Luby, James P. title: Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Pneumonias in Adults Due to Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, and Viruses date: 2016-01-14 journal: Am J Med Sci DOI: 10.1097/00000441-198707000-00007 sha: doc_id: 7575 cord_uid: 5ekgabx5 file: cache/cord-009193-244ii7e2.json key: cord-009193-244ii7e2 authors: Giancane, Gabriella; Swart, Joost F.; Castagnola, Elio; Groll, Andreas H.; Horneff, Gerd; Huppertz, Hans-Iko; Lovell, Daniel J.; Wolfs, Tom; Herlin, Troels; Dolezalova, Pavla; Sanner, Helga; Susic, Gordana; Sztajnbok, Flavio; Maritsi, Despoina; Constantin, Tamas; Vargova, Veronika; Sawhney, Sujata; Rygg, Marite; K. Oliveira, Sheila; Cattalini, Marco; Bovis, Francesca; Bagnasco, Francesca; Pistorio, Angela; Martini, Alberto; Wulffraat, Nico; Ruperto, Nicolino title: Opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analysis by the Pharmachild Safety Adjudication Committee date: 2020-04-07 journal: Arthritis Res Ther DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02167-2 sha: doc_id: 9193 cord_uid: 244ii7e2 file: cache/cord-009577-29u7pdpk.json key: cord-009577-29u7pdpk authors: Gonzalez‐Scarano, F.; Tyler, Kenneth L. title: Molecular pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections date: 2004-10-08 journal: Ann Neurol DOI: 10.1002/ana.410220502 sha: doc_id: 9577 cord_uid: 29u7pdpk file: cache/cord-007013-tlvgyzft.json key: cord-007013-tlvgyzft authors: Chan, Kok Fei; Carolan, Louise A; Korenkov, Daniil; Druce, Julian; McCaw, James; Reading, Patrick C; Barr, Ian G; Laurie, Karen L title: Investigating Viral Interference Between Influenza A Virus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Ferret Model of Infection date: 2018-08-01 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy184 sha: doc_id: 7013 cord_uid: tlvgyzft file: cache/cord-007445-2folsh35.json key: cord-007445-2folsh35 authors: Tuffaha, Amjad; Gern, James E.; Lemanske, Robert F. title: THE ROLE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC ASTHMA date: 2000-06-01 journal: Clin Chest Med DOI: 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70267-7 sha: doc_id: 7445 cord_uid: 2folsh35 file: cache/cord-002659-566uoozj.json key: cord-002659-566uoozj authors: Fujimoto, Yousuke; Hasegawa, Shunji; Matsushige, Takeshi; Wakiguchi, Hiroyuki; Nakamura, Tamaki; Hasegawa, Hideki; Nakajima, Noriko; Ainai, Akira; Oga, Atsunori; Itoh, Hiroshi; Shirabe, Komei; Toda, Shoichi; Atsuta, Ryo; Morishima, Tsuneo; Ohga, Shouichi title: Pulmonary inflammation and cytokine dynamics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a mouse model of bronchial asthma during A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection date: 2017-08-22 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08030-w sha: doc_id: 2659 cord_uid: 566uoozj file: cache/cord-016223-nk8xwa0t.json key: cord-016223-nk8xwa0t authors: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Strict Isolation date: 2018-09-25 journal: Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_19 sha: doc_id: 16223 cord_uid: nk8xwa0t file: cache/cord-016426-aw3wirmb.json key: cord-016426-aw3wirmb authors: Wohrley, Julie D.; Bartlett, Allison H. title: The Role of the Environment and Colonization in Healthcare-Associated Infections date: 2018-07-16 journal: Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98122-2_2 sha: doc_id: 16426 cord_uid: aw3wirmb file: cache/cord-009380-5uptbat3.json key: cord-009380-5uptbat3 authors: Evermann, James F.; Eriks, Inge S. title: Diagnostic Medicine: The Challenge of Differentiating Infection from Disease and Making Sense for the Veterinary Clinician date: 2007-09-28 journal: Adv Vet Med DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80006-8 sha: doc_id: 9380 cord_uid: 5uptbat3 file: cache/cord-010162-hfo35gsq.json key: cord-010162-hfo35gsq authors: Saikku, Pekka title: Atypical respiratory pathogens date: 2014-12-29 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00464.x sha: doc_id: 10162 cord_uid: hfo35gsq file: cache/cord-007362-pjpkz6wv.json key: cord-007362-pjpkz6wv authors: Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle title: The Pathologies of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection: A Window on the Pathogenesis date: 2016-01-06 journal: Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30461-8 sha: doc_id: 7362 cord_uid: pjpkz6wv file: cache/cord-010233-772e35kx.json key: cord-010233-772e35kx authors: Monto, Arnold S.; Fendrick, A.Mark; Sarnes, Matthew W. title: Respiratory illness caused by picornavirus infection: a review of clinical outcomes date: 2002-01-03 journal: Clin Ther DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80133-8 sha: doc_id: 10233 cord_uid: 772e35kx file: cache/cord-008716-38sqkh9m.json key: cord-008716-38sqkh9m authors: Schmidt, Alexander C; Couch, Robert B; Galasso, George J; Hayden, Frederick G; Mills, John; Murphy, Brian R; Chanock, Robert M title: Current research on respiratory viral infections: Third International Symposium date: 2001-06-01 journal: Antiviral Res DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00136-x sha: doc_id: 8716 cord_uid: 38sqkh9m file: cache/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.json key: cord-002757-upwe0cpj authors: Sullivan, Kathleen E.; Bassiri, Hamid; Bousfiha, Ahmed A.; Costa-Carvalho, Beatriz T.; Freeman, Alexandra F.; Hagin, David; Lau, Yu L.; Lionakis, Michail S.; Moreira, Ileana; Pinto, Jorge A.; de Moraes-Pinto, M. Isabel; Rawat, Amit; Reda, Shereen M.; Reyes, Saul Oswaldo Lugo; Seppänen, Mikko; Tang, Mimi L. K. title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2017-08-07 journal: J Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0426-2 sha: doc_id: 2757 cord_uid: upwe0cpj file: cache/cord-009144-3slh1nbk.json key: cord-009144-3slh1nbk authors: Jacobs, J.W.; Peacock, D.B.; Corner, B.D.; Caul, E.O.; Clarke, S.K.R. title: RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL AND OTHER VIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN INFANTS date: 1971-05-01 journal: Lancet DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92440-8 sha: doc_id: 9144 cord_uid: 3slh1nbk file: cache/cord-006578-wv3wc0ct.json key: cord-006578-wv3wc0ct authors: Stevens, D. L. title: Invasive streptococcal infections date: 2001 journal: J Infect Chemother DOI: 10.1007/s101560100012 sha: doc_id: 6578 cord_uid: wv3wc0ct file: cache/cord-001120-fxd533b4.json key: cord-001120-fxd533b4 authors: Everitt, Aaron R.; Clare, Simon; McDonald, Jacqueline U.; Kane, Leanne; Harcourt, Katherine; Ahras, Malika; Lall, Amar; Hale, Christine; Rodgers, Angela; Young, Douglas B.; Haque, Ashraful; Billker, Oliver; Tregoning, John S.; Dougan, Gordon; Kellam, Paul title: Defining the Range of Pathogens Susceptible to Ifitm3 Restriction Using a Knockout Mouse Model date: 2013-11-21 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080723 sha: doc_id: 1120 cord_uid: fxd533b4 file: cache/cord-002222-rgqwm3vb.json key: cord-002222-rgqwm3vb authors: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A.; Hofer, Heribert; Goller, Katja V.; Martella, Vito; Moehlman, Patricia D.; East, Marion L. title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem: A Long-Term Study date: 2016-09-23 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163548 sha: doc_id: 2222 cord_uid: rgqwm3vb file: cache/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.json key: cord-016990-ot1wi3xi authors: Zaki, Sherif R.; Paddock, Christopher D. title: Viral Infections of the Lung date: 2008 journal: Dail and Hammar’s Pulmonary Pathology DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_11 sha: doc_id: 16990 cord_uid: ot1wi3xi file: cache/cord-007797-toam6r5y.json key: cord-007797-toam6r5y authors: Franquet, Tomás; Chung, Johnathan H. title: Imaging of Pulmonary Infection date: 2019-02-20 journal: Diseases of the Chest, Breast, Heart and Vessels 2019-2022 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11149-6_7 sha: doc_id: 7797 cord_uid: toam6r5y file: cache/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.json key: cord-006819-sxz1s6kz authors: Daniel Givens, M.; Marley, M.S.D. title: Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality date: 2008-05-27 journal: Theriogenology DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.018 sha: doc_id: 6819 cord_uid: sxz1s6kz file: cache/cord-016572-6fu5s89c.json key: cord-016572-6fu5s89c authors: Hage, Chadi A.; Knox, Kenneth S.; Sarosi, George A. title: Endemic mycosis date: 2005 journal: Tropical and Parasitic Infections in the Intensive Care Unit DOI: 10.1007/0-387-23380-6_12 sha: doc_id: 16572 cord_uid: 6fu5s89c file: cache/cord-016962-8vjaot6i.json key: cord-016962-8vjaot6i authors: Pantanowitz, Liron; Leiman, Gladwyn; Garcia, Lynne S. title: Microbiology date: 2011-07-04 journal: Cytopathology of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0242-8_4 sha: doc_id: 16962 cord_uid: 8vjaot6i file: cache/cord-011968-abd891ej.json key: cord-011968-abd891ej authors: Lai, Yen-Chung; Chao, Chiao-Hsuan; Yeh, Trai-Ming title: Roles of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Dengue Pathogenesis: From Pathogenic Factor to Therapeutic Target date: 2020-06-12 journal: Microorganisms DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060891 sha: doc_id: 11968 cord_uid: abd891ej file: cache/cord-006129-5rog0s98.json key: cord-006129-5rog0s98 authors: Hemida, Maged Gomaa; Ye, Xin; Thair, Simone; Yang, Decheng title: Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of MicroRNAs in Viral Diseases: Expectations and Limitations date: 2012-08-16 journal: Mol Diagn Ther DOI: 10.1007/bf03256383 sha: doc_id: 6129 cord_uid: 5rog0s98 file: cache/cord-014965-efmozngq.json key: cord-014965-efmozngq authors: nan title: Infectious diseases other than CMV (1st Section) date: 2001-06-11 journal: Bone Marrow Transplant DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702942 sha: doc_id: 14965 cord_uid: efmozngq file: cache/cord-016127-tbot0fc9.json key: cord-016127-tbot0fc9 authors: Hurtado, F. J.; Buroni, M.; Tenzi, J. title: Sepsis: Clinical Approach, Evidence-Based at the Bedside date: 2009-11-19 journal: Intensive and Critical Care Medicine DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-1436-7_25 sha: doc_id: 16127 cord_uid: tbot0fc9 file: cache/cord-009967-fyqc5bat.json key: cord-009967-fyqc5bat authors: Gleckman, Richard; Gantz, Nelson M. title: Cost‐Effective Antibiotic Prescribing date: 2012-01-24 journal: Pharmacotherapy DOI: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03264.x sha: doc_id: 9967 cord_uid: fyqc5bat file: cache/cord-016020-awanrm9u.json key: cord-016020-awanrm9u authors: Fox, Julie D.; Tilley, Peter A. title: Respiratory Pathogens date: 2007 journal: Molecular Pathology in Clinical Practice DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33227-7_41 sha: doc_id: 16020 cord_uid: awanrm9u file: cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.json key: cord-009507-l74c9x0n authors: Singh, Amandeep; Moayedi, Siamak title: Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date: 2008-01-08 journal: Acad Emerg Med DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb01429.x sha: doc_id: 9507 cord_uid: l74c9x0n file: cache/cord-010570-ytv7dwr0.json key: cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 authors: Casadevall, Arturo; Scharff, Matthew D. title: Return to the Past: The Case for Antibody-Based Therapies in Infectious Diseases date: 1995-07-17 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/clinids/21.1.150 sha: doc_id: 10570 cord_uid: ytv7dwr0 file: cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.json key: cord-014712-5u4e00q6 authors: nan title: Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date: 2014-08-02 journal: J Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0065-9 sha: doc_id: 14712 cord_uid: 5u4e00q6 file: cache/cord-016109-vbzy11hc.json key: cord-016109-vbzy11hc authors: Damjanovic, V.; Taylor, N.; Williets, T.; van Saene, H. K. F. title: Outbreaks of Infection in the ICU: What’s up at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century? date: 2011-08-10 journal: Infection Control in the Intensive Care Unit DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-1601-9_12 sha: doc_id: 16109 cord_uid: vbzy11hc file: cache/cord-016690-3gsq724l.json key: cord-016690-3gsq724l authors: Li, Hongjun title: HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date: 2013-09-30 journal: Radiology of HIV/AIDS DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_17 sha: doc_id: 16690 cord_uid: 3gsq724l file: cache/cord-016208-u12ngkpc.json key: cord-016208-u12ngkpc authors: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Intensive Patient Treatment date: 2018-09-25 journal: Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_45 sha: doc_id: 16208 cord_uid: u12ngkpc file: cache/cord-003099-a0acr28o.json key: cord-003099-a0acr28o authors: Koch, R. M.; Diavatopoulos, D. A.; Ferwerda, G.; Pickkers, P.; de Jonge, M. I.; Kox, M. title: The endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammatory response is enhanced during the acute phase of influenza infection date: 2018-07-05 journal: Intensive Care Med Exp DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0182-5 sha: doc_id: 3099 cord_uid: a0acr28o file: cache/cord-014540-27hnlu5v.json key: cord-014540-27hnlu5v authors: Sutthiruk, Nantanit; Botti, Mari; Considine, Julie; Driscoll, Andrea; Hutchinson, Ana; Malathum, Kumthorn; Cucunawangsih, Cucunawangsih; Wiwing, Veronica; Puspitasari, Vivien; Shanmugakani, Rathina Kumar; Akeda, Yukihiro; Kodera, Takuya; Santanirand, Pitak; Tomono, Kazunori; Yamanaka, Takayuki; Moriuchi, Hiroyuki; Kitajima, Hiroyuki; Horikoshi, Yuho; Lavrinenko, Alyona; Azizov, Ilya; Tabriz, Nurlan; Kozhamuratov, Margulan; Serbo, Yekatherine; Yang, Dahae; Lee, Woonhyoung; Bae, Il Kwon; Lee, Jae Hyun; Lee, Hyukmin; Kim, Jung Ok; Jeong, Seok Hoon; Lee, Kyungwon; Peremalo, Thiba; Madhavan, Priya; Hamzah, Sharina; Than, Leslie; Wong, Eng Hwa; Desa, Mohd Nasir Mohd; Ng, Kee Peng; Geronimo, Marionne; Tayzon, Maria Fe; Maño, Maria Jesusa; Chow, Angela; Hon, Pei-Yun; Win, Mar-Kyaw; Ang, Brenda; Leo, Yee-Sin; Chow, Angela; Hon, Pei-Yun; See, Tina; Ang, Brenda; Marin, Rocio Alvarez; de Sousa, Marta Aires; Kieffer, Nicolas; Nordmann, Patrice; Poirel, Laurent; Laochareonsuk, Wison; Petyu, Sireekul; Wanasitchaiwat, Pawin; Thana, Sutasinee; Bunyaphongphan, Chollathip; Boonsomsuk, Woranan; Maneepongpermpoon, Pakpoom; Jamulitrat, Silom; Sureshkumar, Dorairajan; Supraja, Kalyanaraman; Sharmila, Soundararajan; Cucunawangsih, Cucunawangsih; Setiawan, Benny; Lumbuun, Nicolaski; Nakayama, Haruo; Ota, Toshiko; Shirane, Naoko; Matuoka, Chikako; Kodama, Kentaro; Ohtsuka, Masanobu; Bacolcol, Silverose Ann Andales; Velmonte, Melecia; Alde, Allan; Chavez, Keithleen; Esteban, Arlene Joy; Lee, Aisa Jensen; Hsieh, Tai-Chin; Shio-ShinJean; Huang, Huey-Jen; Huang, Shu-Ju; Huang, Yu-Huan; Cheng, Pei-Chen; Yu, Su-Fang; Tsao, Shih-Ming; Lee, Yuan-Ti; Li, Chien-Feng; Lu, Min-Chi; Pruetpongpun, Nattapol; Khawcharoenporn, Thana; Damronglerd, Pansachee; Suwantarat, Nuntra; Apisarnthanarak, Anucha; Rutjanawech, Sasinuch; Cushinotto, Lisa; McBride, Patty; Williams, Harding; Liu, Hans; Hang, Phan Thi; Anh, Dinh Pham Phuong; Le, Ngai; Khu, Dung; Nguyen, Lam; Castillo, Roel Beltran; Sureshkumar, Dorairajan; Gopalakrishnan, Ram; Ramasubramanian, Venkatasubramanian; Sreevidya, Subramanian; Jayapradha, Ranganathan; Umetsu, Atsushi; Noda, Tetsuhiro; Hashimoto, Kenyuu; Hayashi, Akihiro; Kabashima, Mikie; Jadczak, Ursula; Elvelund, Knut; Johnsen, Marit; Borgen, Bente; Lingaas, Egil; Mao, Chia-Hua; Chang, Fu-Chieh; Liu, Chang-Pan; Chao, Ru-Hui; Chang, Fu-chieh; Liu, Chang-pan; Pawapotako, Junpen; Prasertpan, Chadanan; Malaihuan, Wantanee; Uirungroj, Phisit; Prasertpan, Chadanan; Saenjum, Chalermpong; Ouirungrog, Teerapat; Uirungroj, Phisit; Borrell, Sue; Bass, Pauline; Worth, Leon; Xian-li, Zhao; Xiao-long, Li; Xue-hua, Yao; Wei, Ren; Zeng, Zhang Xia; Kong, Man Ying; Lai, Christopher Koon Chi; Lee, Suet Yi; Tsang, Ngai Chong; O’Donoghue, M. M.; Boost, M. V.; Suen, L. K. P.; Siu, G. K.; Mui, K. W.; Lai, C. K. C.; Tsang, D. N. C.; Sato, Yuka; Tateishi, Mariko; Mihashi, Mutsuko; Flor, Jose Paulo; Bautista, Marko; De Roxas, V. Jay; Vergara, Justine; Añonuevo, Nicolo Andrei; Kwek, Marion; Acuin, Jose; Sanchez, Anna Josea; Bathan, Avel; Jantan, Jamilah Binte; Guek, Chua Chor; Kian, Eu Chiow; Pirido, Pampe Anak; Aron, Nur Fadilah Binte Mohd; Estacio, Leah May; Palana, Francis Alvarez; Gracia, Michelle; Shamsuddin, Nur Syafiqah Binte; Castro, Kersten Timbad; Baloria, Madonna; Adam, Faezah Binte; Wei, Zhang; Fong, Poh Bee; Kalisvar, Marimuthu; Chow, Angela; Ang, Brenda; Chuang, I-Ju; Yi-ChunCho; Chiu, Yu-Fen; Chen, Lung-Chih; Lin, Yi-Chun; Dong, Shao-Xing; Lee, Yi-Chieh; Kuan, Hui-Chen; Lin, Hsin-Hua; Chi, Chia-Chun; Lu, Chin-Te; Chang, Fu-chieh; Liu, Chang-pan; Ya-Fen, Tang; Li-Hsiang, Su; Jien-Wei, Liu; Chao, Hsuehlan; ChangChien, PinRu; Chen, WeiFang; Lai, ChungHsu; Ara, Lutfe; Mowla, Syed Mohammad Niaz; Vashkar, Shaikh Mahmud Kamal; Chan, Wai Fong; ChunYau, Mabel Yin; LingChong, Karen Kam; OnLi, Tze; Kaur, Rajwinder; Yan, Ng Po; Chiu, Gloria Chor Shan; Cheung, Christina W. Y.; Ching, Patricia T. Y.; Ching, Radley H. C.; Lam, Conita H. S.; Kan, C. H.; Lee, Shirley S. Y.; Chen, C. P.; Chan, Regina F. Y.; Leung, Annie F. Y.; Wong, Isadora L. C.; Lam, S. S.; Chan, Queenie W. L.; Chan, Cecilia; Kaur, Rajwinder; Nematian, Seyed Sadeq Seyed; Palenik, Charles John; Askarian, Mehrdad; Nematian, Seyed Sadeq Seyed; Palenik, Charles John; Hatam, Nahid; Askarian, Mehrdad; Nakamura, Itaru; Fujita, Hiroaki; Tsukimori, Ayaka; Kobayashi, Takehito; Sato, Akihiro; Fukushima, Shinji; Matsumoto, Tetsuya; Flor, Jose Paulo; Añonuevo, Nicolo Andrei; Bautista, Marko; Vergara, Justine; De Roxas, V. James; Kwek, Marion; Flor, Jose Paulo; Bautista, Marko; Vergara, Justine; De Roxas, V James; AndreiAñonuevo, Nicolo; Kwek, Marion; Ho, Yeng May; Kum, Jia Qi; Poh, Bee Fong; Marimuthu, Kalisvar; Ang, Brenda; Liu, Tzu-Yin; Chu, Sin-Man; Chen, Hui-Zhu; Chen, Tun-chieh; Chen, Yichun; Tsao, Ya-Ching; Skuntaniyom, Sumawadee; Malathum, Kumthorn; Tipluy, Pirawadee; Paengta, Sangwan; wongsaen, Ratchanee; thanomphan, Sutthiphun; Tariyo, Samettanet; Thongchuea, Buachan; Khamfu, Pattama; Thanomphan, Sutthiphan; Songtaweesin, Wipaporn Natalie; Anugulruengkit, Suvaporn; Samransamruajkit, Rujipat; Sosothikul, Darintr; Tansrijitdee, Ornanong; Nakphunsung, Anry; Srimuan, Patchareeyawan; Sophonphan, Jirachaya; ThanyaweePuthanakit; Payuk, Kunyanut; Picheansathian, Wilawan; Viseskul, Nongkran; DeNardo, Elizabeth; Leslie, Rachel; Cartner, Todd; Barbosa, Luciana; Werner, Heinz-Peter; Brill, Florian H. H.; Kawagoe, Julia Yaeko; De Nardo, Elizabeth; Wilson, Sarah Edmonds-; Macinga, David; Mays-Suko, Patricia; Duley, Collette; Hang, Phan Thi; Hang, Tran Thi Thuy; Hanh, Tran Thi My; Gordon, Christopher; Sureshkumar, Dorairajan; Durairaj, Roopa; Rohit, Anusha; Saravanakumar, Saujanya; Hemalatha, Jothymani; Hirano, Ryuichi; Sakamoto, Yuichi; Yamamoto, Shoji; Tachibana, Naoki; Miura, Miho; Hieda, Fumiyo; Sakai, Yoshiro; Watanabe, Hiroshi; Velmonte, Melecia; Bacolcol, Silverose Ann; Alde, Allan; Chavez, Keitleen; Esteban, Arlene Joy; Lee, Aisa Jensen; Chow, Angela; Lim, Jia-Wei; Hon, Pei-Yun; Hein, Aung-Aung; Tin, Grace; Lim, Vanessa; Ang, Brenda; Chow, Angela; Hein, Aung-Aung; Lim, Jia-Wei; Hon, Pei-Yun; Lim, Vanessa; Tin, Grace; Ang, Brenda; Chow, Angela; Tin, Grace; Hein, Aung-Aung; Lim, Vanessa; Lim, Jia-Wei; Hon, Pei-Yun; Ang, Brenda; Chao, Huwi-chun; Yeh, Chiu-Yin; Lo, Mei-feng; Chao, Huwi-chun; Piwpong, Chonlada; Rajborirug, Songyos; Preechawetchakul, Ploypailin; Pruekrattananapa, Yada; Sangsuwan, Tharntip; Jamulitrat, Silom; Wongsaen, Ratchanee; Paengta, Sungwan; Nilchon, Napatnun; Thanompan, Sutthipun; Tariyo, Samattanet; Le, Ngai; Khu, Dung; Kolesnichenko, Svetlana; Azizov, Ilya; Lavrinenko, Alyona; Tishkambayev, Yerbol; Lavrinenko, Alyona; Azizov, Ilya; Tishkambayev, Yerbol; Alibecov, Asylkhan; Kolesnichenko, Svetlana; Serbo, Yekaterina; Nam, Youngwon; Park, Jae Hyeon; Hong, Yun Ji; Kim, Taek Soo; Park, Jeong Su; Park, Kyoung Un; Kim, Eui-Chong; Aziegbemhin, Samuel Abumhere; Enabulele, Onaiwu; Tung, Yao-Shen; Chen, An-Chi; Huang, Shen-Min; Yang, Yui-Yein; Wu, Li-Hung; Lin, Chin-cheng; Chang, Fu-chieh; Liu, Chang-pan; Lien, Tzu Hao; Chang, Jia Hao; Huang, Yu Shan; Chen, Yi Shun; Saenjum, Chalermpong; Sirilun, Sasithorn; Ouirungrog, Teerapat; Ouirungroj, Phisit; Trakulsomboon, Suwanna; Prasajak, Patcharee; Kwok, Maryanne W. N.; Ng, Lady S. H.; Wong, Lindy M. T.; Poon, Lenina S. L.; Lai, Mary K. L.; Cheng, Holly H. S.; Fong, S. K.; Leung, Cindy F. Y.; Hasegawa, Jumpei; Shirakawa, Hiroki; Wakai, Sachiko; Mieno, Makiko; Hatakeyama, Shuji; Tateishi, Mariko; Mihashi, Mutsuko; Sato, Yuka; Saenjum, Chalermpong; Deeudom, Manu; Tharavichitkul, Prasit; Ouirungrog, Teerapat; Ouirungroj, Phisit; Chinniah, Terrence; Tan, Jackson; Prabu, Kavitha; Alam, Sartaj; Wynn, Aung Kyaw; Ahmad, Rashidah; Sidek, Amalina; Samsuddin, Dg Azizah; Ajis, Noraini; Ahmad, Aliyah; Magon, Susylawathi; Chu, Boon; Kuang, Jiqiu; Gao, Yan; Wang, Shoujun; Hao, Yunxiao; Liu, Rong; Li, Dongmei; Wang, Hui; Yan, Ng Po; Nishio, Hisanori; Mori, Hitomi; Morokuma, Yoshiko; Yamada, Takaaki; Kiyosuke, Makiko; Yasunaga, Sachie; Toyoda, Kazuhiro; Shimono, Nobuyuki; Babenko, Dmitriy; Turmuhambetova, Anar; Cheşcă, Antonella; Toleman, Mark A.; Babenko, Dmitriy; Turmuhambetova, Anar; Cheşcă, Antonella; Toleman, Mark A.; Babenko, Dmitriy; Turmuhambetova, Anar; Azizov, Ilya; Cheşcă, Antonella; Toleman, Mark A.; Akhmaltdinova, Lyudmila L.; Turmuhambetova, Anar; Cheşcă, Antonella; Babenko, Dmitriy; Magsakay, Mark Albert; Macatibag, Angelo; Tayzon, Maria Fe; Lerios, Jeannica Kriselle; Azizov, Ilya; Lavrineko, Alyona; Babenko, Dmitry; Sheck, Eugene; Edelstein, Mikhail; Liu, Tzu-Yin; Li, Lih-Yue; Chan, Chiung-Wen; Pan, Hui-Chuan; Chen, Tun-chieh; Vanishakije, Wipa; Jaikampun, Warisra; Cheng, Pei-Chen; Huang, Huey-Jen; Huang, Shu-Ju; Huang, Yu-Huan; Li, Su-Yin; Yu, Su-Fang; Li, Jian-Feng; Wu, Yu-Ping; Lee, Yuan-Ti; Lin, Chiao-Hui; Chang, Ping-Chin; Tariyo, Samatanet; Paengta, Sangwan; Wongsaen, Ratchanee; Thanompan, Suttsiphan; Skuntaniyom, Sumawadee; Malathum, Kumthorn; Sukkra, Suchada; Zaman, Khalequ; Zaman, Sheikh Farzana; Zaman, Farzana; Aziz, Asma; Faisal, Sayeed-Bin; Traskine, Magali; Ruiz-Guiñazú, Javier; Borys, Dorota; Zaman, Khalequ; Zaman, Sheikh Farzana; Zaman, Farzana; Aziz, Asma; Faisal, Sayeed-Bin; Traskine, Magali; Ruiz-Guiñazú, Javier; Borys, Dorota; Lam, Wendy Wai Yee; Chow, May; Choy, Lucy; Kam, Joseph; Salleh, Sharifah Azura; Yacob, Razila; Yusof, Siti Rokiah; Jalil, Nordiah Awang; Flor, Jose Paulo; Añonuevo, Nicolo Andrei; Bautista, Marko; De Roxas, V. Jay; Vergara, Justine; Millan, Maria Lourdes; Kwek, Marion; Acuin, Jose Lito; Lee, Aisa Jensen; Velmonte, Melecia A.; Bacolcol, Silverose Ann A.; Alde, Allan; Chavez, Keitleen; Esteban, Arlene Joy; Ting, Ching-I; Dissayasriroj, Sunisa; Chinniah, Terrence Rohan; Prabu, Kavitha; Ahmad, Rashidah; Magon, Susylawathi; DiniSuhaimi, Jauharatud; Mirasin, Aizzuddin; Morni, Nurul; Chu, Boon; Samsuddin, Azizah; Ahmad, Aliyah; Sidek, Amalina; Ajis, Noraini; AbuBakar, Amalina; Shafiee, Amanie; Safar, Julaini; Yan, Ng Po; Annie, Leung; Ling, Fung Yuk; Edna, Lau; Kristine, Luk; Shinomiya, Satoshi; Yamamoto, Kumiko; Kjiwara, Kayoko; Yamaguchi, Mitsuhiro; Chow, Angela; Tin, Grace; Zhang, Wei; Hon, Pei-Yun; Poh, Bee-Fong; Marimuthu, Kalisvar; Ang, Brenda; Chan, Ming-Chin; Wang, Chih-Chien; Huang, Shu-Ju; Huang, Huey-Jen; Yu, Su-Fang; Huang, Huan-Yu; Cheng, Pei-Chen; Li, Jian-Feng; Lee, Yuan-Ti; Lai, Chiung-Ling; Lu, Min-Chi; Kosol, Sajeerat; Sakolwirat, Wantana; Paepong, Patchanee; Jansanga, Sawalee; Jaisamoot, Pattarin; Thongnuanual, Nuttha; Srithong, Chittima; Somsakul, Somporn; Malathum, Kumthorn; Plongpunth, Sutima; Punpop, Mukkapon; Malathum, Porntip; Malathum, Kumthorn; Thanomphan, Sutthiphan; Wongsaen, Ratchanee; Peautiwat, Kulada; boon kirdram, Nattawipa; Picheansathian, Wilawan; Klunklin, Pimpaporn; Samethadka, Geetha; Suzuki, Naoko; Asada, Hitomi; Katayama, Masao; Komano, Atsushi; Sato, Akihiro; Nakamura, Itaru; Watanabe, Hidehiro; Matsumoto, Tetsuya; Seo, Hye Kyung; Hwang, Joo-Hee; Shin, Myoung Jin; Kim, Su Young; Kim, Eu Suk; Song, Kyoung-Ho; Kim, Hong Bin; Un, Lai-Si; Vong, Choi-Ian; Flor, Jose Paulo; Añonuevo, Nicolo Andrei; Bautista, Marko; De Roxas, V. James; Vergara, Justine; Kwek, Marion; Koh, Jocelyn; Agustinus, Sherly; Hassan, Rozita Bte Abu; Thinn, Yin Phyu; Ng, Benjamin; Tun, Soe Pyae; Ha, Su Mon Thi; Xiaoting, Xue; Li, Lin; Chuang, Leyland; Niroshika, Attanayaka Mudiyanselage Chulani; Perera, Kaluarachchige Anoma Kaluarachchi; Fernando, Dimingo Kankanamalage Diana Grace; Hemamala, Bodhipakshage Rohini; Yeh, Chiu-yin; Chao, Huwi-chun; Yang, Hui-Chun; Chiu, Hsiang-Ju; Shih, Ya-Ling; Chien, Yu-Shan; Lin, Wan-Yi; Pan, Chia-Yun; Chang, Ying-Yun; Yea, Chiu-Yuch; Chu, Ming-Hsien; Lee, Li-Chu; Chiu, Hsiang-Ju; Shih, Ya-Ling; Yang, Hui-Chun; Yu-Hsiu, Lin; Siao-Pei, Guo; Pak-On, Leung; Mei-Fe, Sie; Jyh-Jou, Chen; Yu-Hsiu, Lin; Yong-Yuan, Chang; Kuo, Shu-Yuan; Lin, Yu-Hsiu; Zhang, Ji-Sheng; Leung, Pak-On; Sie, Mei-Fe; Chen, Jyh-Jou; Chen, Yan-Ru; Lin, Yu-Hsiu; Chen, Ying-Ling; Taou, Chi-Fen; Chen, Hsiao-Shan; Tang, Hung-Jen; Chen, Shin Yu; Chen, Yin Yin; Der Wang, Fu; Shih, Tzu-Ping; Chen, Chin-Yu; Chen, Su-Jung; Wu, Mei-chi; Yang, Wan-ju; Chou, Mei-ling; Yu, Man-Ling; Li, Li-Chu; Chu, Cheng-Wei; Tsou, Wen-Hao; Wu, Wen-Chih; Cheng, Wen-Chi; Sun, Cho-Ching; Shih, Tzu-Ping; Chen, Chin-Yu; Lu, Shu-Hua; Chen, Su-Jung; Yang, Hsin-Ling; Lu, Cheng-Yu; Yu, Man-Ling; Li, Li-Chu; Chu, Cheng-Wei; Tsou, Wen-Hao; Wu, Wen-Chih; Cheng, Wen-Chi; Sun, Cho-Ching; Hirunprapakorn, Nitchawan; Malathum, Kumthorn; Apivanich, Sirilux; Pornmee, Ttipakorn; Beowsomboon, Chonnikarnt; Rajborirug, Songyos; Pruekrattananapa, Yada; Sangsuwan, Tharntip; Jamulitrat, Silom; Kumkoom, Itthaporn; Kasatpibal, Nongyao; Chitreecheur, Jittaporn; Kasatpibal, Nongyao; Whitney, JoAnne D.; Saokaew, Surasak; Kengkla, Kirati; Heitkemper, Margaret M.; Apisarnthanarak, Anucha; Muntajit, Thanomvong; Apivanich, Siriluk; Malathum, Kumthorn; Somsakul, Somporn; Phan, Hang Thi; Dinh, Anh Pham Phuong; Nguyen, Tuyet Thi Kim title: Abstracts from the 8th International Congress of the Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC): Bangkok, Thailand. 12-15 February 2017 date: 2017-02-22 journal: Antimicrob Resist Infect Control DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0176-1 sha: doc_id: 14540 cord_uid: 27hnlu5v file: cache/cord-007417-az8xd66p.json key: cord-007417-az8xd66p authors: Hansbro, Nicole G.; Horvat, Jay C.; Wark, Peter A.; Hansbro, Philip M. title: Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: New therapeutic directions date: 2008-01-29 journal: Pharmacol Ther DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.11.002 sha: doc_id: 7417 cord_uid: az8xd66p file: cache/cord-015487-iugrhyaq.json key: cord-015487-iugrhyaq authors: Nicolson, Garth L. title: Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases date: 2008-05-01 journal: Lab Med DOI: 10.1309/96m3bwyp42l11bfu sha: doc_id: 15487 cord_uid: iugrhyaq file: cache/cord-010255-gvkc2hjd.json key: cord-010255-gvkc2hjd authors: Chrystie, I.L.; Totterdell, B.M.; Banatvala, J.E. title: ASYMPTOMATIC ENDEMIC ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN THE NEWBORN date: 1978-06-03 journal: Lancet DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90967-4 sha: doc_id: 10255 cord_uid: gvkc2hjd file: cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.json key: cord-016782-aods92rf authors: Lessenger, James E. title: Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date: 2006 journal: Agricultural Medicine DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_27 sha: doc_id: 16782 cord_uid: aods92rf file: cache/cord-006841-3u56erru.json key: cord-006841-3u56erru authors: Einsele, Hermann; Bertz, Hartmut; Beyer, Jörg; Kiehl, Michael G.; Runde, Volker; Kolb, Hans-Jochen; Holler, Ernst; Beck, Robert; Schwerdfeger, Rainer; Schumacher, Ulrike; Hebart, Holger; Martin, Hans; Kienast, Joachim; Ullmann, Andrew J.; Maschmeyer, Georg; Krüger, William; Niederwieser, Dietger; Link, Hartmut; Schmidt, Christian A.; Oettle, Helmut; Klingebiel, Thomas title: Infectious complications after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: epidemiology and interventional therapy strategies: Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) date: 2003-09-10 journal: Ann Hematol DOI: 10.1007/s00277-003-0772-4 sha: doc_id: 6841 cord_uid: 3u56erru file: cache/cord-015640-zdwmxaz3.json key: cord-015640-zdwmxaz3 authors: Tong, C. Y. W.; Schelenz, S. title: Clinical Virology in NICU, PICU and AICU date: 2011-08-10 journal: Infection Control in the Intensive Care Unit DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-1601-9_20 sha: doc_id: 15640 cord_uid: zdwmxaz3 file: cache/cord-009860-qebenhxz.json key: cord-009860-qebenhxz authors: Falsey, Ann R.; Treanor, John J.; Betts, Robert F.; Walsh, Edward E. title: Viral Respiratory Infections in the Institutionalized Elderly: Clinical and Epidemiologic Findings date: 2015-04-27 journal: J Am Geriatr Soc DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01929.x sha: doc_id: 9860 cord_uid: qebenhxz file: cache/cord-016601-gp259urb.json key: cord-016601-gp259urb authors: Bonadonna, Lucia; Briancesco, Rossella; Coccia, Anna Maria title: Analysis of Microorganisms in Hospital Environments and Potential Risks date: 2017-03-24 journal: Indoor Air Quality in Healthcare Facilities DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49160-8_5 sha: doc_id: 16601 cord_uid: gp259urb file: cache/cord-017040-4zajnrsf.json key: cord-017040-4zajnrsf authors: Rihana, Nancy; Sampson, Mindy title: Skin Infections date: 2019-08-11 journal: Infections in Neutropenic Cancer Patients DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21859-1_5 sha: doc_id: 17040 cord_uid: 4zajnrsf file: cache/cord-017140-k4lzwfge.json key: cord-017140-k4lzwfge authors: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Protection of Upper Respiratory Tract, Mouth and Eyes date: 2018-09-25 journal: Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_13 sha: doc_id: 17140 cord_uid: k4lzwfge file: cache/cord-007796-zggk0x2q.json key: cord-007796-zggk0x2q authors: Lindemans, Caroline A.; Kimpen, Jan L. L. title: The Immune Response to Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infection date: 2005 journal: Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children II DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25342-4_4 sha: doc_id: 7796 cord_uid: zggk0x2q file: cache/cord-006586-49btg9w7.json key: cord-006586-49btg9w7 authors: Golfieri, R.; Giampalma, E.; Morselli Labate, A. M.; d'Arienzo, P.; Jovine, E.; Grazi, G. L.; Mazziotti, A.; Maffei, M.; Muzzi, C.; Tancioni, S.; Sama, C.; Cavallari, A.; Gavelli, G. title: Pulmonary complications of liver transplantation: radiological appearance and statistical evaluation of risk factors in 300 cases date: 2000 journal: Eur Radiol DOI: 10.1007/s003309900268 sha: doc_id: 6586 cord_uid: 49btg9w7 file: cache/cord-016966-b23o5roz.json key: cord-016966-b23o5roz authors: Verhoef, Jan; Snippe, Harm title: Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites date: 2005 journal: Principles of Immunopharmacology DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7408-x_7 sha: doc_id: 16966 cord_uid: b23o5roz file: cache/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.json key: cord-017012-yl0vanuh authors: Herberg, Jethro; Pahari, Amitava; Walters, Sam; Levin, Michael title: Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date: 2009 journal: Pediatric Nephrology DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_52 sha: doc_id: 17012 cord_uid: yl0vanuh file: cache/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.json key: cord-017021-n6rpuvwd authors: Marriott, Deborah J.; Orla Morrissey, C. title: Common Infections Following Lung Transplantation date: 2018-08-31 journal: Essentials in Lung Transplantation DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90933-2_15 sha: doc_id: 17021 cord_uid: n6rpuvwd file: cache/cord-009773-pbm2vs5h.json key: cord-009773-pbm2vs5h authors: TRIGG, C. J.; NICHOLSON, K. G.; WANG, J. H.; IRELAND, D. C.; JORDAN, S.; DUDDLE, J. M.; HAMILTON, S.; DAVIES, R. J. title: Bronchial inflammation and the common cold: a comparison of atopic and non‐atopic individuals date: 2006-04-27 journal: Clin Exp Allergy DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00593.x sha: doc_id: 9773 cord_uid: pbm2vs5h file: cache/cord-012484-c9ajmbw2.json key: cord-012484-c9ajmbw2 authors: Wahlund, Martina; Sinha, Indranil; Broliden, Kristina; Saghafian-Hedengren, Shanie; Nilsson, Anna; Berggren, Anna title: The Feasibility of Host Transcriptome Profiling as a Diagnostic Tool for Microbial Etiology in Childhood Cancer Patients with Febrile Neutropenia date: 2020-07-26 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155305 sha: doc_id: 12484 cord_uid: c9ajmbw2 file: cache/cord-016704-99v4brjf.json key: cord-016704-99v4brjf authors: Nicholson, Felicity title: Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date: 2005 journal: Clinical Forensic Medicine DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-913-3:235 sha: doc_id: 16704 cord_uid: 99v4brjf file: cache/cord-009101-376snefs.json key: cord-009101-376snefs authors: Strodtbeck, Frances title: Viral Infections of the Newborn date: 2015-12-16 journal: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1995.tb02548.x sha: doc_id: 9101 cord_uid: 376snefs file: cache/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.json key: cord-016499-5iqpl23p authors: Mackay, Ian M.; Arden, Katherine E. title: Rhinoviruses date: 2014-02-27 journal: Viral Infections of Humans DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_29 sha: doc_id: 16499 cord_uid: 5iqpl23p file: cache/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.json key: cord-017030-tzuyo6tx authors: Henao-Martínez, Andrés F.; Montoya, José G. title: Infections in Heart, Lung, and Heart-Lung Transplantation date: 2018-12-08 journal: Principles and Practice of Transplant Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9034-4_2 sha: doc_id: 17030 cord_uid: tzuyo6tx file: cache/cord-011095-79ce5900.json key: cord-011095-79ce5900 authors: Meskill, Sarah D.; O’Bryant, Shelease C. title: Respiratory Virus Co-infection in Acute Respiratory Infections in Children date: 2020-01-24 journal: Curr Infect Dis Rep DOI: 10.1007/s11908-020-0711-8 sha: doc_id: 11095 cord_uid: 79ce5900 file: cache/cord-016882-c9ts2g7w.json key: cord-016882-c9ts2g7w authors: Ribeiro, Edna; Leitão, Céu; Cristovam, Elisabete; Dias, Ana title: Viruses Present Indoors and Analyses Approaches date: 2017-06-12 journal: Exposure to Microbiological Agents in Indoor and Occupational Environments DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61688-9_7 sha: doc_id: 16882 cord_uid: c9ts2g7w file: cache/cord-015967-kqfyasmu.json key: cord-015967-kqfyasmu authors: Tagore, Somnath title: Epidemic Models: Their Spread, Analysis and Invasions in Scale-Free Networks date: 2015-03-20 journal: Propagation Phenomena in Real World Networks DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15916-4_1 sha: doc_id: 15967 cord_uid: kqfyasmu file: cache/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.json key: cord-017184-1ewi3dka authors: nan title: Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2008 journal: Pediatric Allergy, Asthma and Immunology DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_22 sha: doc_id: 17184 cord_uid: 1ewi3dka file: cache/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.json key: cord-001521-l36f1gp7 authors: nan title: Oral and Poster Manuscripts date: 2011-04-08 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00209.x sha: doc_id: 1521 cord_uid: l36f1gp7 file: cache/cord-011438-imbpgsub.json key: cord-011438-imbpgsub authors: Zhang, Yun; Xu, Zhichao; Cao, Yongchang title: Host–Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection date: 2020-03-29 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v12040376 sha: doc_id: 11438 cord_uid: imbpgsub file: cache/cord-017252-88b3preq.json key: cord-017252-88b3preq authors: Morgan, Carrie I.; Shah, Samir S. title: Pneumonia date: 2014-02-20 journal: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6356-5_6 sha: doc_id: 17252 cord_uid: 88b3preq file: cache/cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.json key: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy authors: nan title: Oral presentations date: 2014-12-24 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02857.x sha: doc_id: 9664 cord_uid: kb9fnbgy file: cache/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.json key: cord-004675-n8mlxe7p authors: nan title: 2019 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2019-02-26 journal: J Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00597-5 sha: doc_id: 4675 cord_uid: n8mlxe7p file: cache/cord-017461-xw02c7u5.json key: cord-017461-xw02c7u5 authors: Kauffman, Carol A. title: Fungal Infections date: 2009-02-02 journal: Infectious Disease in the Aging DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-534-7_22 sha: doc_id: 17461 cord_uid: xw02c7u5 file: cache/cord-017531-fm8gl5b3.json key: cord-017531-fm8gl5b3 authors: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Scenarios: Serious, Infectious Diseases date: 2018-09-25 journal: Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_82 sha: doc_id: 17531 cord_uid: fm8gl5b3 file: cache/cord-017503-g2n4d0wi.json key: cord-017503-g2n4d0wi authors: Manson, David title: Diagnostic Imaging of Neonatal Pneumonia date: 2010-05-18 journal: Radiological Imaging of the Neonatal Chest DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33749-2_7 sha: doc_id: 17503 cord_uid: g2n4d0wi file: cache/cord-017518-u2gsa4lg.json key: cord-017518-u2gsa4lg authors: Divatia, J. V.; Pulinilkunnathil, Jacob George; Myatra, Sheila Nainan title: Nosocomial Infections and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Cancer Patients date: 2019-07-09 journal: Oncologic Critical Care DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_125 sha: doc_id: 17518 cord_uid: u2gsa4lg file: cache/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.json key: cord-017537-ztdz4a2s authors: Bologna, Mauro title: Biological Agents and Bioterrorism date: 2014-09-18 journal: Detection of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Agents for the Prevention of Terrorism DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9238-7_1 sha: doc_id: 17537 cord_uid: ztdz4a2s file: cache/cord-017393-kx8kmdej.json key: cord-017393-kx8kmdej authors: Herbers, Alexandra; de Pauw, Ben E. title: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Febrile Neutropenia date: 2009-08-31 journal: Managing Infections in Patients With Hematological Malignancies DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-415-5_5 sha: doc_id: 17393 cord_uid: kx8kmdej file: cache/cord-017815-0t7jvvz5.json key: cord-017815-0t7jvvz5 authors: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: General Information date: 2018-09-25 journal: Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_15 sha: doc_id: 17815 cord_uid: 0t7jvvz5 file: cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.json key: cord-018017-c8myq6bi authors: Iversen, Patrick L. title: The Threat from Viruses date: 2018-09-30 journal: Molecular Basis of Resilience DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98164-2_3 sha: doc_id: 18017 cord_uid: c8myq6bi file: cache/cord-006466-e1phpqes.json key: cord-006466-e1phpqes authors: nan title: 2018 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2018-04-23 journal: J Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1007/s10875-018-0485-z sha: doc_id: 6466 cord_uid: e1phpqes file: cache/cord-017420-tjwxec77.json key: cord-017420-tjwxec77 authors: Stephens, R. Scott title: Neutropenic Fever in the Intensive Care Unit date: 2019-07-09 journal: Oncologic Critical Care DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_118 sha: doc_id: 17420 cord_uid: tjwxec77 file: cache/cord-017831-anadq4j9.json key: cord-017831-anadq4j9 authors: Lai, Yi-Horng title: Network Analysis of Comorbidities: Case Study of HIV/AIDS in Taiwan date: 2015-07-30 journal: Multidisciplinary Social Networks Research DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-48319-0_14 sha: doc_id: 17831 cord_uid: anadq4j9 file: cache/cord-017534-0ai8chbu.json key: cord-017534-0ai8chbu authors: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Background Information: Isolation Routines date: 2018-09-25 journal: Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_21 sha: doc_id: 17534 cord_uid: 0ai8chbu file: cache/cord-018651-phb44k66.json key: cord-018651-phb44k66 authors: Hammoud, Dima A. title: Neuroimaging date: 2017-05-26 journal: Imaging Infections DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54592-9_8 sha: doc_id: 18651 cord_uid: phb44k66 file: cache/cord-018058-n3majqes.json key: cord-018058-n3majqes authors: Modrow, Susanne; Falke, Dietrich; Truyen, Uwe; Schätzl, Hermann title: Historical Overview date: 2013-08-12 journal: Molecular Virology DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_1 sha: doc_id: 18058 cord_uid: n3majqes file: cache/cord-018461-lq1m9h41.json key: cord-018461-lq1m9h41 authors: Elgazzar, Abdelhamid H.; Elmonayeri, Magda title: Inflammation date: 2014-06-27 journal: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Nuclear Medicine DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06112-2_4 sha: doc_id: 18461 cord_uid: lq1m9h41 file: cache/cord-018785-tcr5xlf8.json key: cord-018785-tcr5xlf8 authors: Nambiar, Puja; Silibovsky, Randi; Belden, Katherine A. title: Infection in Kidney Transplantation date: 2018-06-27 journal: Contemporary Kidney Transplantation DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19617-6_22 sha: doc_id: 18785 cord_uid: tcr5xlf8 file: cache/cord-017959-g0nf1iwm.json key: cord-017959-g0nf1iwm authors: Lipkin, W. Ian; Briese, Thomas title: Diagnosis, Discovery and Dissection of Viral Diseases date: 2014-02-27 journal: Viral Infections of Humans DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_2 sha: doc_id: 17959 cord_uid: g0nf1iwm file: cache/cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.json key: cord-017862-9fkjjmvf authors: Smith, Roger P. title: Respiratory Disorders date: 2007 journal: Primary Care in Obstetrics and Gynecology DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-32328-2_19 sha: doc_id: 17862 cord_uid: 9fkjjmvf file: cache/cord-018208-sc8j1ate.json key: cord-018208-sc8j1ate authors: Qu, Bo; Wang, Huijuan title: The Accuracy of Mean-Field Approximation for Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible Epidemic Spreading with Heterogeneous Infection Rates date: 2016-11-09 journal: Complex Networks & Their Applications V DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50901-3_40 sha: doc_id: 18208 cord_uid: sc8j1ate file: cache/cord-017575-msc99cit.json key: cord-017575-msc99cit authors: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Dangerous Microbes date: 2018-09-25 journal: Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_80 sha: doc_id: 17575 cord_uid: msc99cit file: cache/cord-018220-8m11ig06.json key: cord-018220-8m11ig06 authors: Duncan, Coley B.; Falsey, Ann R. title: Viral Infections date: 2009-02-02 journal: Infectious Disease in the Aging DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-534-7_23 sha: doc_id: 18220 cord_uid: 8m11ig06 file: cache/cord-017867-8cn4c6cu.json key: cord-017867-8cn4c6cu authors: Collántes-Fernández, Esther; Fort, Marcelo C.; Ortega-Mora, Luis M.; Schares, Gereon title: Trichomonas date: 2017-11-08 journal: Parasitic Protozoa of Farm Animals and Pets DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_14 sha: doc_id: 17867 cord_uid: 8cn4c6cu file: cache/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.json key: cord-017364-d9zmdm23 authors: Crowe, James E.; Williams, John V. title: Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus date: 2014-02-27 journal: Viral Infections of Humans DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_26 sha: doc_id: 17364 cord_uid: d9zmdm23 file: cache/cord-017331-ru7mvfc0.json key: cord-017331-ru7mvfc0 authors: Samanta, Indranil; Bandyopadhyay, Samiran title: Infectious Diseases date: 2017-02-25 journal: Pet bird diseases and care DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3674-3_2 sha: doc_id: 17331 cord_uid: ru7mvfc0 file: cache/cord-017583-72mbsib7.json key: cord-017583-72mbsib7 authors: Devarajan, Padma V.; Dawre, Shilpa M.; Dutta, Rinku title: Infectious Diseases: Need for Targeted Drug Delivery date: 2014-09-01 journal: Targeted Drug Delivery : Concepts and Design DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_3 sha: doc_id: 17583 cord_uid: 72mbsib7 file: cache/cord-018061-jy3km0fr.json key: cord-018061-jy3km0fr authors: AL KASSAA, Imad title: Antiviral Probiotics: A New Concept in Medical Sciences date: 2016-12-02 journal: New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49688-7_1 sha: doc_id: 18061 cord_uid: jy3km0fr file: cache/cord-018421-wy3mtafh.json key: cord-018421-wy3mtafh authors: Waghmare, Alpana; Boeckh, Michael title: Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, and Bocavirus After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation or Solid Organ Transplantation date: 2016-02-15 journal: Transplant Infections DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_32 sha: doc_id: 18421 cord_uid: wy3mtafh file: cache/cord-020700-iko8gy1e.json key: cord-020700-iko8gy1e authors: Calvo, Cristina; Aguado, Isabel; García-García, María Luz; Ruiz-Chercoles, Esther; Díaz-Martinez, Eloisa; Albañil, Rosa María; Campelo, Olga; Olivas, Antonio; Muñóz-Gonzalez, Luisa; Pozo, Francisco; Fernandez-Arroyo, Rosa; Fernandez-Rincón, Adelaida; Calderon, Ana; Casas, Inmaculada title: Respiratory viral infections in a cohort of children during the first year of life and their role in the development of wheezing() date: 2017-07-06 journal: An Pediatr (Engl Ed) DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2016.08.008 sha: doc_id: 20700 cord_uid: iko8gy1e file: cache/cord-021399-gs3i7wbe.json key: cord-021399-gs3i7wbe authors: Dada, M.A.; Lazarus, N.G. title: SUDDEN NATURAL DEATH | Infectious Diseases date: 2005-11-18 journal: Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b0-12-369399-3/00357-8 sha: doc_id: 21399 cord_uid: gs3i7wbe file: cache/cord-021552-6jbm869r.json key: cord-021552-6jbm869r authors: HURST, CHRISTON J.; ADCOCK, NOREEN J. title: Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses date: 2007-05-09 journal: Viral Ecology DOI: 10.1016/b978-012362675-2/50015-x sha: doc_id: 21552 cord_uid: 6jbm869r file: cache/cord-018545-fk17n2bx.json key: cord-018545-fk17n2bx authors: Dorofaeff, Tavey; Mohseni-Bod, Hadi; Cox, Peter N. title: Infections in the PICU date: 2012 journal: Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_268 sha: doc_id: 18545 cord_uid: fk17n2bx file: cache/cord-018555-3lta1tbp.json key: cord-018555-3lta1tbp authors: Overstreet, Robin M.; Lotz, Jeffrey M. title: Host–Symbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from Guest to Pest date: 2016-01-06 journal: The Rasputin Effect: When Commensals and Symbionts Become Parasitic DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28170-4_2 sha: doc_id: 18555 cord_uid: 3lta1tbp file: cache/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.json key: cord-017622-aqhyt7jg authors: Robertson, Lucy J.; Björkman, Camilla; Axén, Charlotte; Fayer, Ronald title: Cryptosporidiosis in Farmed Animals date: 2013-08-17 journal: Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6_4 sha: doc_id: 17622 cord_uid: aqhyt7jg file: cache/cord-019977-kj0eaw6v.json key: cord-019977-kj0eaw6v authors: nan title: Neonatal bacterial infection: A changing scene? date: 2005-04-14 journal: J Infect DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(82)91569-9 sha: doc_id: 19977 cord_uid: kj0eaw6v file: cache/cord-018808-h2zb87oa.json key: cord-018808-h2zb87oa authors: Tantawichien, Terapong; Thisayakorn, Usa title: Dengue date: 2018-03-20 journal: Neglected Tropical Diseases - South Asia DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68493-2_10 sha: doc_id: 18808 cord_uid: h2zb87oa file: cache/cord-019964-9leljj8j.json key: cord-019964-9leljj8j authors: nan title: Recent research in infectious disease date: 2005-01-22 journal: J Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.11.005 sha: doc_id: 19964 cord_uid: 9leljj8j file: cache/cord-019089-oots4fe4.json key: cord-019089-oots4fe4 authors: Laya, Bernard F. title: Infections date: 2013-08-31 journal: Radiology Illustrated: Pediatric Radiology DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35573-8_13 sha: doc_id: 19089 cord_uid: oots4fe4 file: cache/cord-020560-jnemlabp.json key: cord-020560-jnemlabp authors: Tewari, Hemant; Nangia, Vivek title: Severe Tropical Infections date: 2012-03-09 journal: ICU Protocols DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-0535-7_51 sha: doc_id: 20560 cord_uid: jnemlabp file: cache/cord-022084-hap7flng.json key: cord-022084-hap7flng authors: ARRUDA, EURICO; CINTRA, OTAVIO A.L.; HAYDEN, FREDERICK G. title: Respiratory Tract Viral Infections date: 2009-05-15 journal: Tropical Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50064-8 sha: doc_id: 22084 cord_uid: hap7flng file: cache/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.json key: cord-021465-2pj26fmv authors: PERDUE, MICHAEL L.; SEAL, BRUCE S. title: Impact of Avian Viruses date: 2007-05-09 journal: Viral Ecology DOI: 10.1016/b978-012362675-2/50016-1 sha: doc_id: 21465 cord_uid: 2pj26fmv file: cache/cord-021588-ec7udsmw.json key: cord-021588-ec7udsmw authors: Craighead, John E. title: Enteric Viral Disease date: 2007-05-09 journal: Pathology and Pathogenesis of Human Viral Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-012195160-3/50033-9 sha: doc_id: 21588 cord_uid: ec7udsmw file: cache/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.json key: cord-019009-3ngfv96u authors: Gea-Banacloche, Juan title: Risks and Epidemiology of Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation date: 2016-02-15 journal: Transplant Infections DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_6 sha: doc_id: 19009 cord_uid: 3ngfv96u file: cache/cord-018302-lmly43rd.json key: cord-018302-lmly43rd authors: Renaud, Christian; Englund, Janet title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Transplant Recipients date: 2016-02-15 journal: Transplant Infections DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_31 sha: doc_id: 18302 cord_uid: lmly43rd file: cache/cord-018319-tylkbh4h.json key: cord-018319-tylkbh4h authors: Chemaly, Roy F.; Rathod, Dhanesh B.; Couch, Robert title: Respiratory Viruses date: 2011-01-04 journal: Principles and Practice of Cancer Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-644-3_32 sha: doc_id: 18319 cord_uid: tylkbh4h file: cache/cord-018101-zd4v222b.json key: cord-018101-zd4v222b authors: Kawashima, Kent; Matsumoto, Tomotaka; Akashi, Hiroshi title: Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies date: 2016-05-31 journal: Urban Resilience DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39812-9_10 sha: doc_id: 18101 cord_uid: zd4v222b file: cache/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.json key: cord-018659-rxzy6k3b authors: Danziger-Isakov, Lara; Munoz, Flor M.; Estabrook, Michele title: Posttransplant Complications and Comorbidities date: 2018-01-08 journal: Solid Organ Transplantation in Infants and Children DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07284-5_71 sha: doc_id: 18659 cord_uid: rxzy6k3b file: cache/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.json key: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w authors: Heath, Joan A.; Zerr, Danielle M. title: Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control date: 2009-05-19 journal: Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant DOI: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50037-2 sha: doc_id: 21571 cord_uid: 7kbq0v9w file: cache/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.json key: cord-022252-9yiuuye3 authors: Mims, Cedric A.; Dimmock, Nigel J.; Nash, Anthony; Stephen, John title: Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage date: 2013-11-17 journal: Mims' Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-498262-8.50015-1 sha: doc_id: 22252 cord_uid: 9yiuuye3 file: cache/cord-022103-4zk8i6qb.json key: cord-022103-4zk8i6qb authors: Siegel, Jane D.; Guzman-Cottrill, Judith A. title: Pediatric Healthcare Epidemiology date: 2017-07-18 journal: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00002-5 sha: doc_id: 22103 cord_uid: 4zk8i6qb file: cache/cord-022122-6ssdamhp.json key: cord-022122-6ssdamhp authors: Berry, Winter S. title: Otitis, Sinusitis, and Mastoiditis: Ear or Facial Pain Following a Common Cold date: 2018-10-15 journal: Introduction to Clinical Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91080-2_4 sha: doc_id: 22122 cord_uid: 6ssdamhp file: cache/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.json key: cord-018907-c84t1bo5 authors: Bin-Hussain, Ibrahim title: Infections in the Immunocompromised Host date: 2012 journal: Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_68 sha: doc_id: 18907 cord_uid: c84t1bo5 file: cache/cord-021770-zn7na974.json key: cord-021770-zn7na974 authors: Slifka, Mark K.; Amanna, Ian J. title: Passive Immunization date: 2017-07-17 journal: Plotkin's Vaccines DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00008-0 sha: doc_id: 21770 cord_uid: zn7na974 file: cache/cord-021966-5m21bsrw.json key: cord-021966-5m21bsrw authors: Shaw, Alan R.; Feinberg, Mark B. title: Vaccines date: 2009-05-15 journal: Clinical Immunology DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10092-2 sha: doc_id: 21966 cord_uid: 5m21bsrw file: cache/cord-022305-uvor9rts.json key: cord-022305-uvor9rts authors: Jacoby, Robert O.; Bhatt, Pravin N.; Jonas, Albert M. title: Viral Diseases date: 2013-11-17 journal: The Laboratory Rat DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-074901-0.50018-6 sha: doc_id: 22305 cord_uid: uvor9rts file: cache/cord-021069-v9f9874x.json key: cord-021069-v9f9874x authors: Morrison, Lynda A.; Fields, Bernard N. title: Viral pathogenesis and central nervous system infection date: 2004-11-23 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/1044-5765(91)90002-6 sha: doc_id: 21069 cord_uid: v9f9874x file: cache/cord-021424-kocwsyi7.json key: cord-021424-kocwsyi7 authors: Shannon, M. Frances title: Genomic Approaches to the Host Response to Pathogens date: 2009-01-30 journal: Genomic and Personalized Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369420-1.00107-4 sha: doc_id: 21424 cord_uid: kocwsyi7 file: cache/cord-021977-yu0hrg6h.json key: cord-021977-yu0hrg6h authors: Pham, Phuong-Thu T.; Danovitch, Gabriel M.; Pham, Phuong-Chi T. title: Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient: Infections and Malignant Neoplasms date: 2010-12-27 journal: Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-05876-6.00101-5 sha: doc_id: 21977 cord_uid: yu0hrg6h file: cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.json key: cord-022176-hprwqi4n authors: Löscher, Thomas; Prüfer-Krämer, Luise title: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2009-07-28 journal: Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3 sha: doc_id: 22176 cord_uid: hprwqi4n file: cache/cord-022254-8y5sq72c.json key: cord-022254-8y5sq72c authors: Nathanson, Neal; Gonzalez-Scarano, Francisco title: IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND VIRUS INFECTION OF RODENTS date: 2012-12-02 journal: Viral and Mycoplasmal of Laboratory Rodents DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-095785-9.50036-6 sha: doc_id: 22254 cord_uid: 8y5sq72c file: cache/cord-019051-gtruu1op.json key: cord-019051-gtruu1op authors: Weber, Olaf title: The role of viruses in the etiology and pathogenesis of common cold date: 2009-11-10 journal: Common Cold DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-9912-2_5 sha: doc_id: 19051 cord_uid: gtruu1op file: cache/cord-019100-rce6kyu4.json key: cord-019100-rce6kyu4 authors: Heymann, Peter W.; Zambrano, Juan C.; Rakes, Gary P. title: VIRUS-INDUCED WHEEZING IN CHILDREN: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Rhinovirus date: 1998-02-01 journal: Immunol Allergy Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(05)70345-3 sha: doc_id: 19100 cord_uid: rce6kyu4 file: cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.json key: cord-021453-vf8xbaug authors: Dysko, Robert C.; Nemzek, Jean A.; Levin, Stephen I.; DeMarco, George J.; Moalli, Maria R. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2007-09-02 journal: Laboratory Animal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50014-4 sha: doc_id: 21453 cord_uid: vf8xbaug file: cache/cord-022380-49oti4zg.json key: cord-022380-49oti4zg authors: Panlilio, Adelisa L; Gerberding, Julie Louise title: Occupational Infectious Diseases date: 2009-05-15 journal: Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7216-8974-6.50026-9 sha: doc_id: 22380 cord_uid: 49oti4zg file: cache/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.json key: cord-022520-ebj51v9o authors: Marini, Robert P.; Otto, Glen; Erdman, Susan; Palley, Lori; Fox, James G. title: Biology and Diseases of Ferrets date: 2007-09-02 journal: Laboratory Animal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50016-8 sha: doc_id: 22520 cord_uid: ebj51v9o file: cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.json key: cord-022393-s26d54ew authors: E. Newcomer, Christian; G. Fox, James title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 journal: The Mouse in Biomedical Research DOI: 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 sha: doc_id: 22393 cord_uid: s26d54ew file: cache/cord-022453-xe5v7947.json key: cord-022453-xe5v7947 authors: BABIUK, L.A. title: Viral Gastroenteritis in Ruminants date: 2013-11-17 journal: Virus Infections of Ruminants DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-87312-5.50076-x sha: doc_id: 22453 cord_uid: xe5v7947 file: cache/cord-022119-bzd9e1q6.json key: cord-022119-bzd9e1q6 authors: Orzell, Susannah; Suryadevara, Amar title: Pharyngitis and Pharyngeal Space Infections: fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing date: 2018-10-15 journal: Introduction to Clinical Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91080-2_5 sha: doc_id: 22119 cord_uid: bzd9e1q6 file: cache/cord-020010-q58x6xb0.json key: cord-020010-q58x6xb0 authors: nan title: 19th ICAR Abstracts: date: 2006-03-13 journal: Antiviral Res DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.02.001 sha: doc_id: 20010 cord_uid: q58x6xb0 file: cache/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.json key: cord-021413-1ht1xm88 authors: Kraft, Lisbeth M. title: Viral Diseases of the Digestive System date: 2013-10-21 journal: Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-262502-2.50016-x sha: doc_id: 21413 cord_uid: 1ht1xm88 file: cache/cord-021499-up5vftj4.json key: cord-021499-up5vftj4 authors: Brayton, Cory; Mähler, Michael; Nicklas, Werner title: Viral Infections date: 2007-09-02 journal: The Laboratory Mouse DOI: 10.1016/b978-012336425-8/50076-5 sha: doc_id: 21499 cord_uid: up5vftj4 file: cache/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.json key: cord-022203-t2f0vr1w authors: Dowers, Kristy L; Lappin, Michael R title: The pyrexic cat date: 2009-05-15 journal: Problem-Based Feline Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-2488-7.50024-7 sha: doc_id: 22203 cord_uid: t2f0vr1w file: cache/cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.json key: cord-022592-g7rmzsv5 authors: Wynn, James L.; Wong, Hector R. title: Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis date: 2016-07-06 journal: Fetal and Neonatal Physiology DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00152-9 sha: doc_id: 22592 cord_uid: g7rmzsv5 file: cache/cord-022337-f3a349cb.json key: cord-022337-f3a349cb authors: Busse, William W.; Dick, Elliot C.; Lemanske, Robert F.; Gern, James E. title: Infections date: 2007-05-09 journal: Asthma DOI: 10.1016/b978-012079027-2/50112-x sha: doc_id: 22337 cord_uid: f3a349cb file: cache/cord-021596-5s8lksxp.json key: cord-021596-5s8lksxp authors: Colegrove, Kathleen M.; Burek-Huntington, Kathy A.; Roe, Wendi; Siebert, Ursula title: Pinnipediae date: 2018-10-26 journal: Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00023-7 sha: doc_id: 21596 cord_uid: 5s8lksxp file: cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.json key: cord-023367-ujflw19b authors: Newcomer, Benjamin W.; Cebra, Chris; Chamorro, Manuel F.; Reppert, Emily; Cebra, Margaret; Edmondson, Misty A. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 journal: Sheep, Goat, and Cervid Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 sha: doc_id: 23367 cord_uid: ujflw19b file: cache/cord-023463-vr6uaw3a.json key: cord-023463-vr6uaw3a authors: Liu, Wei; Tang, Fang; Fang, Li‐Qun; De Vlas, Sake J.; Ma, Huai‐Jian; Zhou, Jie‐Ping; Looman, Caspar W. N.; Richardus, Jan Hendrik; Cao, Wu‐Chun title: Risk factors for SARS infection among hospital healthcare workers in Beijing: a case control study date: 2009-06-05 journal: Trop Med Int Health DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02255.x sha: doc_id: 23463 cord_uid: vr6uaw3a file: cache/cord-022399-66mzbynu.json key: cord-022399-66mzbynu authors: Hopkins, Graham; Pearson, Richard title: Basic microbiology date: 2009-05-15 journal: Ophthalmic Drugs DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-8864-2.50005-2 sha: doc_id: 22399 cord_uid: 66mzbynu file: cache/cord-022472-q2qtl26d.json key: cord-022472-q2qtl26d authors: Fishman, Jay A.; Ramos, Emilio title: Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients date: 2009-05-15 journal: Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, & Transplantation DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-0158-4.50041-0 sha: doc_id: 22472 cord_uid: q2qtl26d file: cache/cord-023168-cd7adns8.json key: cord-023168-cd7adns8 authors: Thachil, Jecko; Owusu-Ofori, Shirley; Bates, Imelda title: Haematological Diseases in the Tropics date: 2013-10-21 journal: Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00066-2 sha: doc_id: 23168 cord_uid: cd7adns8 file: cache/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.json key: cord-022582-2e9i3m4b authors: Potsic, William P.; Wetmore, Ralph F. title: Otolaryngologic Disorders date: 2012-03-21 journal: Pediatric Surgery DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02842-4.50055-3 sha: doc_id: 22582 cord_uid: 2e9i3m4b file: cache/cord-022163-7klzsrpu.json key: cord-022163-7klzsrpu authors: Broder, Christopher C.; Wong, Kum Thong title: Henipaviruses date: 2016-09-09 journal: Neurotropic Viral Infections DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33133-1_3 sha: doc_id: 22163 cord_uid: 7klzsrpu file: cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.json key: cord-021555-rrverrsj authors: Delano, Margaret L.; Mischler, Scott A.; Underwood, Wendy J. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 journal: Laboratory Animal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x sha: doc_id: 21555 cord_uid: rrverrsj file: cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.json key: cord-022383-pz0htccp authors: Kohn, Dennis F.; Barthold, Stephen W. title: Biology and Diseases of Rats date: 2013-11-17 journal: Laboratory Animal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-263620-2.50010-0 sha: doc_id: 22383 cord_uid: pz0htccp file: cache/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.json key: cord-022555-a7ie82fs authors: nan title: Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity date: 2011-12-05 journal: The Cat DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5 sha: doc_id: 22555 cord_uid: a7ie82fs file: cache/cord-023724-5at0rhqk.json key: cord-023724-5at0rhqk authors: Cann, Alan J. title: Infection date: 2015-07-24 journal: Principles of Molecular Virology DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801946-7.00006-7 sha: doc_id: 23724 cord_uid: 5at0rhqk file: cache/cord-022583-9lmudxrh.json key: cord-022583-9lmudxrh authors: nan title: Antimikrobielle und antiinfektiöse Maßnahmen date: 2016-07-29 journal: Krankenhaus- und Praxishygiene DOI: 10.1016/b978-3-437-22312-9.00002-0 sha: doc_id: 22583 cord_uid: 9lmudxrh file: cache/cord-023698-wvk200j0.json key: cord-023698-wvk200j0 authors: Hammerschlag, Margaret R.; Kohlhoff, Stephan A.; Gaydos, Charlotte A. title: Chlamydia pneumoniae date: 2014-10-31 journal: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00184-3 sha: doc_id: 23698 cord_uid: wvk200j0 file: cache/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.json key: cord-023369-xwclh6ih authors: Kim, Faith; Reichman, Victoria; Hooven, Thomas A title: Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review date: 2020-04-18 journal: Clin Med Insights Case Rep DOI: 10.1177/1179547620912952 sha: doc_id: 23369 cord_uid: xwclh6ih file: cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.json key: cord-023748-3kfy36hg authors: Lye, Patricia S.; Densmore, Emily M. title: Fever date: 2017-05-12 journal: Nelson Pediatric Symptom-Based Diagnosis DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00039-x sha: doc_id: 23748 cord_uid: 3kfy36hg file: cache/cord-022521-r72jtoso.json key: cord-022521-r72jtoso authors: Miller, Tracie L.; Cushman, Laura L. title: Gastrointestinal Complications of Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes date: 2010-12-27 journal: Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0774-8.10042-9 sha: doc_id: 22521 cord_uid: r72jtoso file: cache/cord-023669-3ataw6gy.json key: cord-023669-3ataw6gy authors: Masur, Henry title: Critically Ill Immunosuppressed Host date: 2009-05-15 journal: Critical Care Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50056-x sha: doc_id: 23669 cord_uid: 3ataw6gy file: cache/cord-023143-fcno330z.json key: cord-023143-fcno330z authors: nan title: Molecular aspects of viral immunity date: 2004-02-19 journal: J Cell Biochem DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240591009 sha: doc_id: 23143 cord_uid: fcno330z file: cache/cord-023925-qrr7jcwe.json key: cord-023925-qrr7jcwe authors: Verhoef, Jan; van Kessel, Kok; Snippe, Harm title: A8 Immune response in human pathology: Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites date: 2011-07-12 journal: Principles of Immunopharmacology DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0136-8_8 sha: doc_id: 23925 cord_uid: qrr7jcwe file: cache/cord-023528-z9rc0ubj.json key: cord-023528-z9rc0ubj authors: Wilkins, Pamela A. title: Disorders of Foals date: 2009-05-18 journal: Equine Internal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50021-4 sha: doc_id: 23528 cord_uid: z9rc0ubj file: cache/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.json key: cord-023817-39r3a4fd authors: Singh, Namita; Burpee, Tyler title: Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses date: 2012 journal: Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_120 sha: doc_id: 23817 cord_uid: 39r3a4fd file: cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.json key: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d authors: O’Ryan, Miguel L.; Nataro, James P.; Cleary, Thomas G. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 journal: Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant DOI: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 sha: doc_id: 23767 cord_uid: rcv4pl0d file: cache/cord-024188-d7tnku8z.json key: cord-024188-d7tnku8z authors: Nissen, Michael D.; Lambert, Stephen B.; Whiley, David M.; Sloots, Theo P. title: Respiratory Infections date: 2010-03-27 journal: PCR for Clinical Microbiology DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9039-3_5 sha: doc_id: 24188 cord_uid: d7tnku8z file: cache/cord-027550-yyqsatqw.json key: cord-027550-yyqsatqw authors: Mammas, Ioannis N.; Drysdale, Simon B.; Rath, Barbara; Theodoridou, Maria; Papaioannou, Georgia; Papatheodoropoulou, Alexia; koutsounaki, Eirini; Koutsaftiki, Chryssie; Kozanidou, Eleftheria; Achtsidis, Vassilis; Korovessi, Paraskevi; Chrousos, George P.; Spandidos, Demetrios A. title: Update on current views and advances on RSV infection (Review) date: 2020-06-15 journal: Int J Mol Med DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4641 sha: doc_id: 27550 cord_uid: yyqsatqw file: cache/cord-025155-ow3r3469.json key: cord-025155-ow3r3469 authors: Lokida, Dewi; Hadi, Usman; Lau, Chuen-Yen; Kosasih, Herman; Liang, C. Jason; Rusli, Musofa; Sudarmono, Pratiwi; Lukman, Nurhayati; Laras, Kanti; Asdie, Rizka Humardewayantie; Murniati, Dewi; Utama, I Made Susila; Mubin, Risna Halim; Karyana, Muhammad; Gasem, Muhammad Hussein; Alisjahbana, Bachti title: Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: observational study results date: 2020-05-24 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05057-9 sha: doc_id: 25155 cord_uid: ow3r3469 file: cache/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.json key: cord-023942-vrs3je1x authors: Powers, Karen S. title: Acute Pulmonary Infections date: 2011-12-16 journal: Pediatric Critical Care Study Guide DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_25 sha: doc_id: 23942 cord_uid: vrs3je1x file: cache/cord-019490-m1cuuehi.json key: cord-019490-m1cuuehi authors: nan title: Abstracts cont. date: 2015-12-28 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.clm_1134_02.x sha: doc_id: 19490 cord_uid: m1cuuehi file: cache/cord-028564-sltofaox.json key: cord-028564-sltofaox authors: Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia; Palma M., Geovani; Aceituno-Melgar, Jorge title: Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date: 2020-07-06 journal: Curr Trop Med Rep DOI: 10.1007/s40475-020-00207-0 sha: doc_id: 28564 cord_uid: sltofaox file: cache/cord-024093-5dplc9xr.json key: cord-024093-5dplc9xr authors: Sizun, J; Soupre, D; Legrand, MC; Giroux, JD; Rubio, S; Cauvin, JM; Chastel, C; Mix, D; de Parscau, L title: Neonatal nosocomial respiratory infection with coronavirus: a prospective study in a neonatal intensive care unit date: 2008-01-21 journal: Acta Paediatr DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13710.x sha: doc_id: 24093 cord_uid: 5dplc9xr file: cache/cord-024795-xa7ke70d.json key: cord-024795-xa7ke70d authors: Kaviani, Aaron; Ince, Dilek; Axelrod, David A. title: Management of Antimicrobial Agents in Abdominal Organ Transplant Patients in Intensive Care Unit date: 2020-01-24 journal: Curr Transplant Rep DOI: 10.1007/s40472-020-00268-0 sha: doc_id: 24795 cord_uid: xa7ke70d file: cache/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.json key: cord-024134-ym7ce5ux authors: Chawla, Sonam; Saxena, Shailendra K. title: Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-04-30 journal: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_14 sha: doc_id: 24134 cord_uid: ym7ce5ux file: cache/cord-025628-9611eglg.json key: cord-025628-9611eglg authors: Bonagura, Vincent Robert; Rosenthal, David Walter title: Infections that cause secondary immune deficiency date: 2020-05-29 journal: Stiehm's Immune Deficiencies DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816768-7.00049-1 sha: doc_id: 25628 cord_uid: 9611eglg file: cache/cord-103342-stqj3ue5.json key: cord-103342-stqj3ue5 authors: Prakash, Meher K; Kaushal, Shaurya; Bhattacharya, Soumyadeep; Chandran, Akshay; Kumar, Aloke; Ansumali, Santosh title: A minimal and adaptive prediction strategy for critical resource planning in a pandemic date: 2020-04-10 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.08.20057414 sha: doc_id: 103342 cord_uid: stqj3ue5 file: cache/cord-174036-b3frnfr7.json key: cord-174036-b3frnfr7 authors: Thomas, Loring J.; Huang, Peng; Yin, Fan; Luo, Xiaoshuang Iris; Almquist, Zack W.; Hipp, John R.; Butts, Carter T. title: Spatial Heterogeneity Can Lead to Substantial Local Variations in COVID-19 Timing and Severity date: 2020-05-20 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 174036 cord_uid: b3frnfr7 file: cache/cord-103436-y1br5hy8.json key: cord-103436-y1br5hy8 authors: Bourgoin, P.; Soliveres, T.; Barbaresi, A.; Loundou, A.; Arnoux, I.; Bernot, D.; Morange, P.-E.; Michelet, P.; Malergue, f.; Markarian, T. title: CD64 and CD169 could help differentiate bacterial from viral infections in Emergency Department date: 2020-11-03 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221259 sha: doc_id: 103436 cord_uid: y1br5hy8 file: cache/cord-025495-udz9i0fw.json key: cord-025495-udz9i0fw authors: Nowak, Jan K.; Walkowiak, Jarosław title: Lithium and coronaviral infections. A scoping review. date: 2020-04-03 journal: F1000Res DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22299.2 sha: doc_id: 25495 cord_uid: udz9i0fw file: cache/cord-103893-p9ul6k5m.json key: cord-103893-p9ul6k5m authors: Omame, A.; Okuonghae, D. title: A co-infection model for Oncogenic HPV and TB with Optimal Control and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis date: 2020-09-18 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.15.20195297 sha: doc_id: 103893 cord_uid: p9ul6k5m file: cache/cord-026595-imn2jxcu.json key: cord-026595-imn2jxcu authors: Qamar, Mariam Khan; Shaikh, Babar Tasneem; Afzal, Aamir title: What Do the Dental Students Know about Infection Control? A Cross-Sectional Study in a Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan date: 2020-06-01 journal: Biomed Res Int DOI: 10.1155/2020/3413087 sha: doc_id: 26595 cord_uid: imn2jxcu file: cache/cord-034436-yhb8m1si.json key: cord-034436-yhb8m1si authors: Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Hassan, A. B. title: Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 across the World date: 2020-07-04 journal: J Nutr Health Aging DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1512-3 sha: doc_id: 34436 cord_uid: yhb8m1si file: cache/cord-169428-g6k0vqrm.json key: cord-169428-g6k0vqrm authors: Schurwanz, Max; Hoeher, Peter Adam; Bhattacharjee, Sunasheer; Damrath, Martin; Stratmann, Lukas; Dressler, Falko title: Infectious Disease Transmission via Aerosol Propagation from a Molecular Communication Perspective: Shannon Meets Coronavirus date: 2020-10-31 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 169428 cord_uid: g6k0vqrm file: cache/cord-146391-jlu7nv6r.json key: cord-146391-jlu7nv6r authors: Ohsawa, Yukio title: COVID-19 Should be Suppressed by Mixed Constraints -- from Simulations on Constrained Scale-Free Networks date: 2020-04-20 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 146391 cord_uid: jlu7nv6r file: cache/cord-029032-s9geepsc.json key: cord-029032-s9geepsc authors: Vargas-García, Cesar; Lis-Gutiérrez, Jenny Paola; Gaitán-Angulo, Mercedes; Lis-Gutiérrez, Melissa title: Parasite-Guest Infection Modeling: Social Science Applications date: 2020-06-22 journal: Advances in Swarm Intelligence DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53956-6_55 sha: doc_id: 29032 cord_uid: s9geepsc file: cache/cord-031252-ji0ef0by.json key: cord-031252-ji0ef0by authors: D'Angelo, Lawrence title: Infectious Disease Problems in Adolescents date: 2020-09-01 journal: J Adolesc Health Care DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0070(20)30007-3 sha: doc_id: 31252 cord_uid: ji0ef0by file: cache/cord-031876-v44o5shw.json key: cord-031876-v44o5shw authors: Mounier, Roman; Kapandji, Natacha; Gricourt, Guillaume; Lobo, David; Rodriguez, Christophe; Pons, Stéphanie; Djediat, Chakib; Woerther, Paul-Louis; Mellano, Vincent; Aït-Mamar, Bouziane; Demontant, Vanessa; Nebbad, Biba; Senova, Yann; Arnaud, Melissa; Cook, Fabrice; Dhonneur, Gilles; Lebeaux, David title: Assessment of Bacterial Colonization of Intracranial Pressure Transducers: A Prospective Study date: 2020-09-15 journal: Neurocrit Care DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01096-x sha: doc_id: 31876 cord_uid: v44o5shw file: cache/cord-201898-d1vbnjff.json key: cord-201898-d1vbnjff authors: Jha, Vishwajeet title: Forecasting the transmission of Covid-19 in India using a data driven SEIRD model date: 2020-06-08 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 201898 cord_uid: d1vbnjff file: cache/cord-242132-fhepdgz9.json key: cord-242132-fhepdgz9 authors: Burlak, Gennadiy title: Is it possible to suspend the spread of an epidemic infection? The dynamic Monte Carlo approach date: 2020-05-28 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 242132 cord_uid: fhepdgz9 file: cache/cord-034133-tx0hciiv.json key: cord-034133-tx0hciiv authors: Engda, Tigist title: The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018 date: 2020-10-22 journal: BMC Med Educ DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02271-6 sha: doc_id: 34133 cord_uid: tx0hciiv file: cache/cord-159554-50077dgk.json key: cord-159554-50077dgk authors: Shan, Fei; Gao, Yaozong; Wang, Jun; Shi, Weiya; Shi, Nannan; Han, Miaofei; Xue, Zhong; Shen, Dinggang; Shi, Yuxin title: Lung Infection Quantification of COVID-19 in CT Images with Deep Learning date: 2020-03-10 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 159554 cord_uid: 50077dgk file: cache/cord-027679-89yt6fzo.json key: cord-027679-89yt6fzo authors: McLoud, Theresa C.; Boiselle, Phillip M. title: Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host date: 2020-06-22 journal: Thoracic Radiology DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02790-8.00003-2 sha: doc_id: 27679 cord_uid: 89yt6fzo file: cache/cord-251991-ghbpga1s.json key: cord-251991-ghbpga1s authors: Harcourt, Jennifer L.; Caidi, Hayat; Anderson, Larry J.; Haynes, Lia M. title: Evaluation of the Calu-3 cell line as a model of in vitro respiratory syncytial virus infection() date: 2011-03-31 journal: J Virol Methods DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.027 sha: doc_id: 251991 cord_uid: ghbpga1s file: cache/cord-253197-9hjvk7p5.json key: cord-253197-9hjvk7p5 authors: Thomas, Evan; Hillman, Bruce J.; Stanisic, Thomas title: Urinary Tract Infection with Atypical Mycobacteria date: 1980-11-30 journal: The Journal of Urology DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55642-6 sha: doc_id: 253197 cord_uid: 9hjvk7p5 file: cache/cord-257255-n5o368ih.json key: cord-257255-n5o368ih authors: Barker, J.; Stevens, D.; Bloomfield, S.F. title: Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes date: 2001-12-21 journal: J Appl Microbiol DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01364.x sha: doc_id: 257255 cord_uid: n5o368ih file: cache/cord-248301-hddxaatp.json key: cord-248301-hddxaatp authors: Howard, Daniel title: Genetic Programming visitation scheduling solution can deliver a less austere COVID-19 pandemic population lockdown date: 2020-06-17 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 248301 cord_uid: hddxaatp file: cache/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.json key: cord-104317-t30dg6oj authors: Parker, Michael T. title: An Ecological Framework of the Human Virome Provides Classification of Current Knowledge and Identifies Areas of Forthcoming Discovery date: 2016-09-30 journal: Yale J Biol Med DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 104317 cord_uid: t30dg6oj file: cache/cord-257539-01s21vh0.json key: cord-257539-01s21vh0 authors: Delvecchio, Rodrigo; Higa, Luiza M.; Pezzuto, Paula; Valadão, Ana Luiza; Garcez, Patrícia P.; Monteiro, Fábio L.; Loiola, Erick C.; Dias, André A.; Silva, Fábio J. M.; Aliota, Matthew T.; Caine, Elizabeth A.; Osorio, Jorge E.; Bellio, Maria; O’Connor, David H.; Rehen, Stevens; de Aguiar, Renato Santana; Savarino, Andrea; Campanati, Loraine; Tanuri, Amilcar title: Chloroquine, an Endocytosis Blocking Agent, Inhibits Zika Virus Infection in Different Cell Models date: 2016-11-29 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v8120322 sha: doc_id: 257539 cord_uid: 01s21vh0 file: cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.json key: cord-026005-f2khcjdy authors: López, Alfonso; Martinson, Shannon A. title: Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date: 2017-02-17 journal: Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6 sha: doc_id: 26005 cord_uid: f2khcjdy file: cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.json key: cord-027860-s97hdhh6 authors: Zeimet, Anthony; McBride, David R.; Basilan, Richard; Roland, William E.; McCrary, David; Hoonmo, Koo title: Infectious Diseases date: 2020-06-22 journal: Textbook of Family Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1160-8.10016-8 sha: doc_id: 27860 cord_uid: s97hdhh6 file: cache/cord-118119-it3q17rp.json key: cord-118119-it3q17rp authors: Odagaki, Takashi title: Self-organized wavy infection curve of COVID-19 date: 2020-10-16 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 118119 cord_uid: it3q17rp file: cache/cord-167157-z0lvcb3z.json key: cord-167157-z0lvcb3z authors: Wang, Xiubin Bruce; Ma, Chaolun title: Controlling the Hidden Growth of COVID-19 date: 2020-05-19 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 167157 cord_uid: z0lvcb3z file: cache/cord-256147-lfwytlj3.json key: cord-256147-lfwytlj3 authors: Gabriella, di Mauro; Cristina, Scavone; Concetta, Rafaniello; Francesco, Rossi; Annalisa, Capuano title: SARS-Cov-2 infection: response of human immune system and possible implications for the rapid test and treatment date: 2020-04-16 journal: Int Immunopharmacol DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106519 sha: doc_id: 256147 cord_uid: lfwytlj3 file: cache/cord-256508-ce59ovan.json key: cord-256508-ce59ovan authors: Asselah, Tarik; Durantel, David; Pasmant, Eric; Lau, George; Schinazi, Raymond F. title: COVID-19: discovery, diagnostics and drug development date: 2020-10-08 journal: J Hepatol DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.031 sha: doc_id: 256508 cord_uid: ce59ovan file: cache/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.json key: cord-257114-pxmflm2c authors: BURGUETE, SERGIO R.; MASELLI, DIEGO J.; FERNANDEZ, JUAN F.; LEVINE, STEPHANIE M. title: Lung transplant infection date: 2012-12-26 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02196.x sha: doc_id: 257114 cord_uid: pxmflm2c file: cache/cord-252691-757mh2mh.json key: cord-252691-757mh2mh authors: Pratt, R. J.; Pellowe, C. M.; Wilson, J. A.; Loveday, H. P.; Harper, P. J.; Jones, S.R.L.J.; McDougall, C.; Wilcox, M. H. title: epic2: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England date: 2007-02-28 journal: Journal of Hospital Infection DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(07)60002-4 sha: doc_id: 252691 cord_uid: 757mh2mh file: cache/cord-253256-909chgl0.json key: cord-253256-909chgl0 authors: Bajwa, Sukhminder Jit Singh; Sarna, Rashi; Bawa, Chashamjot; Mehdiratta, Lalit title: Peri-operative and critical care concerns in coronavirus pandemic date: 2020-03-28 journal: Indian J Anaesth DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_272_20 sha: doc_id: 253256 cord_uid: 909chgl0 file: cache/cord-226245-p0cyzjwf.json key: cord-226245-p0cyzjwf authors: Schneble, Marc; Nicola, Giacomo De; Kauermann, Goran; Berger, Ursula title: Nowcasting fatal COVID-19 infections on a regional level in Germany date: 2020-05-15 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 226245 cord_uid: p0cyzjwf file: cache/cord-257299-z9u12yqb.json key: cord-257299-z9u12yqb authors: Mansi, N.; de Maio, V.; della Volpe, A.; Ripa, G.; Malafronte, L.; de Filippis, C. title: Ear, nose and throat manifestation of viral systemic infections in pediatric patients date: 2009-12-31 journal: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5876(09)70006-0 sha: doc_id: 257299 cord_uid: z9u12yqb file: cache/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.json key: cord-257467-b8o5ghvi authors: Smith, Barbara A. title: Anesthesia as a Risk for Health Care Acquired Infections date: 2010-12-31 journal: Perioperative Nursing Clinics DOI: 10.1016/j.cpen.2010.07.005 sha: doc_id: 257467 cord_uid: b8o5ghvi file: cache/cord-103630-nt3ogyzl.json key: cord-103630-nt3ogyzl authors: Deal, C. L.; Thauland, T. J.; Signer, R.; Nelson, S. F.; Undiagnosed Diseases Network,; Lee, H.; Butte, M. J. title: Recurrent respiratory viral diseases and chronic sequelae due to dominant negative IFIH1 date: 2020-07-06 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.01.20105379 sha: doc_id: 103630 cord_uid: nt3ogyzl file: cache/cord-257392-u6jy6w1m.json key: cord-257392-u6jy6w1m authors: Zhao, Yanfeng; Ben, Haijing; Qu, Su; Zhou, Xinwen; Yan, Liang; Xu, Bin; Zhou, Shuangcheng; Lou, Qiang; Ye, Rong; Zhou, Tianlun; Yang, Pengyuan; Qu, Di title: Proteomic analysis of primary duck hepatocytes infected with duck hepatitis B virus date: 2010-06-07 journal: Proteome Sci DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-28 sha: doc_id: 257392 cord_uid: u6jy6w1m file: cache/cord-255781-55zrmgxq.json key: cord-255781-55zrmgxq authors: Bergman, Scott J.; Ferguson, McKenzie C.; Santanello, Cathy title: Interferons as Therapeutic Agents for Infectious Diseases date: 2011-12-31 journal: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2011.07.008 sha: doc_id: 255781 cord_uid: 55zrmgxq file: cache/cord-253761-wjm8ju3v.json key: cord-253761-wjm8ju3v authors: Haidopoulou, Katerina; Goutaki, Myrofora; Damianidou, Lambrini; Eboriadou, Maria; Antoniadis, Antonis; Papa, Anna title: Human bocavirus infections in hospitalized Greek children date: 2010-03-09 journal: Arch Med Sci DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2010.13515 sha: doc_id: 253761 cord_uid: wjm8ju3v file: cache/cord-254766-585iu5ey.json key: cord-254766-585iu5ey authors: Tauro, Sharyn; Su, Yung-Chang; Thomas, Sandra; Schwarze, Jürgen; Matthaei, Klaus I.; Townsend, Dijana; Simson, Ljubov; Tripp, Ralph A.; Mahalingam, Suresh title: Molecular and cellular mechanisms in the viral exacerbation of asthma date: 2008-08-13 journal: Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.037 sha: doc_id: 254766 cord_uid: 585iu5ey file: cache/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.json key: cord-032181-gmcugd8h authors: Song, Jian-Xin; Zhu, Lin; Zhu, Chuan-Long; Hu, Jin-Hua; Sun, Zi-Jian; Xu, Xiang; Xin, Min-You; Zhang, Qiong-Fang; Zhang, Da-Zhi; Shang, Jia; Huang, Jia-Quan; Xu, Dong title: Main Complications of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure) date: 2019-05-21 journal: Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Hepatitis B DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_2 sha: doc_id: 32181 cord_uid: gmcugd8h file: cache/cord-255479-yd5cbwnx.json key: cord-255479-yd5cbwnx authors: Vu, David M.; Jungkind, Donald; Angelle Desiree LaBeaud, title: Chikungunya Virus date: 2017-06-30 journal: Clinics in Laboratory Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2017.01.008 sha: doc_id: 255479 cord_uid: yd5cbwnx file: cache/cord-257644-9f30s0gy.json key: cord-257644-9f30s0gy authors: Mu, Xingjiang; Pridgeon, Julia W.; Klesius, Phillip H. title: Comparative transcriptional analysis reveals distinct expression patterns of channel catfish genes after the first infection and re-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila date: 2013-09-12 journal: Fish Shellfish Immunol DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.027 sha: doc_id: 257644 cord_uid: 9f30s0gy file: cache/cord-258145-usr7b6dk.json key: cord-258145-usr7b6dk authors: Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Hassan, A. B. title: Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 Across the World date: 2020-07-04 journal: J Nutr Health Aging DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1434-0 sha: doc_id: 258145 cord_uid: usr7b6dk file: cache/cord-259194-9zllvfqb.json key: cord-259194-9zllvfqb authors: Cupples, Sandra A. title: Transplant Infectious Disease: Implications for Critical Care Nurses date: 2011-11-02 journal: Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2011.08.001 sha: doc_id: 259194 cord_uid: 9zllvfqb file: cache/cord-254580-nhpjvgt4.json key: cord-254580-nhpjvgt4 authors: Ricardo, Jose W.; Lipner, Shari R. title: Considerations for Safety in the Use of Systemic Medications for Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis during the COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-05-27 journal: Dermatol Ther DOI: 10.1111/dth.13687 sha: doc_id: 254580 cord_uid: nhpjvgt4 file: cache/cord-257729-s0vo7dlk.json key: cord-257729-s0vo7dlk authors: Bauer, Melissa; Bernstein, Kyra; Dinges, Emily; Delgado, Carlos; El-Sharawi, Nadir; Sultan, Pervez; Mhyre, Jill M.; Landau, Ruth title: Obstetric Anesthesia During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date: 2020-04-20 journal: Anesth Analg DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004856 sha: doc_id: 257729 cord_uid: s0vo7dlk file: cache/cord-256282-vqus7vlg.json key: cord-256282-vqus7vlg authors: Cox, Michael J; Loman, Nicholas; Bogaert, Debby; O'Grady, Justin title: Co-infections: potentially lethal and unexplored in COVID-19 date: 2020-04-24 journal: The Lancet. Microbe DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30009-4 sha: doc_id: 256282 cord_uid: vqus7vlg file: cache/cord-255623-qdpdsye9.json key: cord-255623-qdpdsye9 authors: Pham, Hien T.; Nguyen, Phuc T. T.; Tran, Sinh T.; Phung, Thuy T. B. title: Clinical and Pathogenic Characteristics of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Treated at the Vietnam National Children's Hospital date: 2020-03-11 journal: Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol DOI: 10.1155/2020/7931950 sha: doc_id: 255623 cord_uid: qdpdsye9 file: cache/cord-257399-p6of5fno.json key: cord-257399-p6of5fno authors: Gentry, Chris A; Humphrey, Mary Beth; Thind, Sharanjeet K; Hendrickson, Sage C; Kurdgelashvili, George; Williams, Riley J title: Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-09-21 journal: Lancet Rheumatol DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30305-2 sha: doc_id: 257399 cord_uid: p6of5fno file: cache/cord-262892-n38r8n70.json key: cord-262892-n38r8n70 authors: Sheikh, Jamila; Wynn, Bridget A.; Chakraborty, Rana title: Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date: 2015-05-08 journal: Health of HIV Infected People DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3 sha: doc_id: 262892 cord_uid: n38r8n70 file: cache/cord-259823-ia1g5dt4.json key: cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 authors: Gowin, Ewelina; Bartkowska-Śniatkowska, Alicja; Jończyk-Potoczna, Katarzyna; Wysocka-Leszczyńska, Joanna; Bobkowski, Waldemar; Fichna, Piotr; Sobkowiak, Paulina; Mazur-Melewska, Katarzyna; Bręborowicz, Anna; Wysocki, Jacek; Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska, Danuta title: Assessment of the Usefulness of Multiplex Real-Time PCR Tests in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Process of Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children: A Single-Center Experience date: 2017-01-15 journal: Biomed Res Int DOI: 10.1155/2017/8037963 sha: doc_id: 259823 cord_uid: ia1g5dt4 file: cache/cord-256827-tht5h1tu.json key: cord-256827-tht5h1tu authors: Jain, Neemisha; Lodha, R.; Kabra, S. K. title: Upper respiratory tract infections date: 2001 journal: Indian J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/bf02722930 sha: doc_id: 256827 cord_uid: tht5h1tu file: cache/cord-261150-cdo7y3ob.json key: cord-261150-cdo7y3ob authors: Fthenakis, G. C.; Mavrogianni, V. S.; Gallidis, E.; Papadopoulos, E. title: Interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep date: 2015-02-28 journal: Veterinary Parasitology DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.017 sha: doc_id: 261150 cord_uid: cdo7y3ob file: cache/cord-257662-viy65y72.json key: cord-257662-viy65y72 authors: Burrack, Kristina S.; Morrison, Thomas E. title: The Role of Myeloid Cell Activation and Arginine Metabolism in the Pathogenesis of Virus-Induced Diseases date: 2014-09-08 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00428 sha: doc_id: 257662 cord_uid: viy65y72 file: cache/cord-261756-4lybl57r.json key: cord-261756-4lybl57r authors: Dubert, Marie; Visseaux, Benoit; Birgy, André; Mordant, Pierre; Metivier, Anne-Cécile; Dauriat, Gaelle; Fidouh, Nadhira; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan; Grall, Nathalie; Castier, Yves; Mal, Hervé; Thabut, Gabriel; Lescure, François-Xavier title: Late viral or bacterial respiratory infections in lung transplanted patients: impact on respiratory function date: 2020-02-24 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4877-3 sha: doc_id: 261756 cord_uid: 4lybl57r file: cache/cord-259422-5ex12eun.json key: cord-259422-5ex12eun authors: Graat, Judith M; Schouten, Evert G; Heijnen, Marie-Louise A; Kok, Frans J; Pallast, Esther G.M; de Greeff, Sabine C; Dorigo-Zetsma, J.Wendelien title: A prospective, community-based study on virologic assessment among elderly people with and without symptoms of acute respiratory infection date: 2003-12-11 journal: J Clin Epidemiol DOI: 10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00171-9 sha: doc_id: 259422 cord_uid: 5ex12eun file: cache/cord-258336-zs04l3s0.json key: cord-258336-zs04l3s0 authors: Leotte, Jaqueline; Trombetta, Hygor; Faggion, Heloisa Z.; Almeida, Bernardo M.; Nogueira, Meri B.; Vidal, Luine R.; Raboni, Sonia M. title: Impact and seasonality of human rhinovirus infection in hospitalized patients for two consecutive years date: 2017-06-30 journal: Jornal de Pediatria DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.07.004 sha: doc_id: 258336 cord_uid: zs04l3s0 file: cache/cord-260605-smkr7b15.json key: cord-260605-smkr7b15 authors: Vestby, Lene K.; Grønseth, Torstein; Simm, Roger; Nesse, Live L. title: Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease date: 2020-02-03 journal: Antibiotics (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020059 sha: doc_id: 260605 cord_uid: smkr7b15 file: cache/cord-262524-ununcin0.json key: cord-262524-ununcin0 authors: Bankhead, Armand; Mancini, Emiliano; Sims, Amy C.; Baric, Ralph S.; McWeeney, Shannon; Sloot, Peter M.A. title: A Simulation Framework to Investigate in vitro Viral Infection Dynamics date: 2011-12-31 journal: Procedia Computer Science DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2011.04.195 sha: doc_id: 262524 cord_uid: ununcin0 file: cache/cord-263927-hnsyas9q.json key: cord-263927-hnsyas9q authors: Peci, Adriana; Winter, Anne‐Luise; Gubbay, Jonathan B.; Skowronski, Danuta M.; Balogun, Elizabeth I.; De Lima, Cedric; Crowcroft, Natasha S.; Rebbapragada, Anu title: Community‐acquired respiratory viruses and co‐infection among patients of Ontario sentinel practices, April 2009 to February 2010 date: 2012-08-09 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00418.x sha: doc_id: 263927 cord_uid: hnsyas9q file: cache/cord-260679-tm1s6wvj.json key: cord-260679-tm1s6wvj authors: Lim, Wei Shen title: Pneumonia—Overview date: 2020-05-20 journal: Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11636-8 sha: doc_id: 260679 cord_uid: tm1s6wvj file: cache/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.json key: cord-262104-oig3qrr7 authors: Brüssow, Harald title: COVID‐19: Test, Trace and Isolate‐New Epidemiological Data date: 2020-06-08 journal: Environ Microbiol DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15118 sha: doc_id: 262104 cord_uid: oig3qrr7 file: cache/cord-259050-482nk9je.json key: cord-259050-482nk9je authors: Mätz‐Rensing, K.; Winkelmann, J.; Becker, T.; Burckhardt, I.; Van Der Linden, M.; Köndgen, S.; Leendertz, F.; Kaup, F.‐J. title: Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) date: 2009-06-07 journal: J Med Primatol DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00359.x sha: doc_id: 259050 cord_uid: 482nk9je file: cache/cord-264159-e9071tyv.json key: cord-264159-e9071tyv authors: Lin, Weikang Nicholas; Tay, Matthew Zirui; Lu, Ri; Liu, Yi; Chen, Chia-Hung; Cheow, Lih Feng title: The Role of Single-Cell Technology in the Study and Control of Infectious Diseases date: 2020-06-10 journal: Cells DOI: 10.3390/cells9061440 sha: doc_id: 264159 cord_uid: e9071tyv file: cache/cord-264569-q8nq2gbz.json key: cord-264569-q8nq2gbz authors: GRÜnberg, K.; Sterk, P. J. title: Rhinovirus infections: induction and modulation of airways inflammation in asthma date: 2001-12-24 journal: Clin Exp Allergy DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00011.x sha: doc_id: 264569 cord_uid: q8nq2gbz file: cache/cord-264916-c4n0kyog.json key: cord-264916-c4n0kyog authors: Zimmerman, Keith; Kearns, Fiona; Tzekov, Radouil title: Natural protection of ocular surface from viral infections – a hypothesis date: 2020-07-09 journal: Med Hypotheses DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110082 sha: doc_id: 264916 cord_uid: c4n0kyog file: cache/cord-265751-q1ecpfyg.json key: cord-265751-q1ecpfyg authors: Shahani, Lokesh; Ariza-Heredia, Ella J.; Chemaly, Roy F. title: Antiviral therapy for respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised patients date: 2017-01-16 journal: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1279970 sha: doc_id: 265751 cord_uid: q1ecpfyg file: cache/cord-265964-cnp5bwet.json key: cord-265964-cnp5bwet authors: Tumala, Regie B.; Almazan, Joseph; Alabdulaziz, Hawa; Felemban, Ebaa Marwan; Alsolami, Fatmah; Alquwez, Nahed; Alshammari, Farhan; Tork, Hanan M.M.; Cruz, Jonas Preposi title: Assessment of nursing students perceptions of their training hospital's infection prevention climate: A multi-university study in Saudi Arabia date: 2019-10-31 journal: Nurse Education Today DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.07.003 sha: doc_id: 265964 cord_uid: cnp5bwet file: cache/cord-260472-xvvfguht.json key: cord-260472-xvvfguht authors: Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G.; Konstantinou, George N. title: Antimicrobial strategies: An option to treat allergy? date: 2007-01-31 journal: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.10.004 sha: doc_id: 260472 cord_uid: xvvfguht file: cache/cord-022501-9wnmdvg5.json key: cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 authors: nan title: P1460 – P1884 date: 2015-12-28 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1111/j.1470-9465.2006.12_4_1431.x sha: doc_id: 22501 cord_uid: 9wnmdvg5 file: cache/cord-260267-nau9kayk.json key: cord-260267-nau9kayk authors: Ren, Lili; Gonzalez, Richard; Xie, Zhengde; Xiong, Zhaohui; Liu, Chunyan; Xiang, Zichun; Xiao, Yan; Li, Yongjun; Zhou, Hongli; Li, Jianguo; Yang, Qingqing; Zhang, Jing; Chen, Lan; Wang, Wei; Vernet, Guy; Paranhos-Baccalà, Gláucia; Shen, Kunling; Wang, Jianwei title: Human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in Chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: A comparison study date: 2011-06-01 journal: J Clin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.05.001 sha: doc_id: 260267 cord_uid: nau9kayk file: cache/cord-263811-w0983x19.json key: cord-263811-w0983x19 authors: Decaro, Nicola; Martella, Vito; Buonavoglia, Canio title: Canine Adenoviruses and Herpesvirus date: 2008-05-22 journal: Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.006 sha: doc_id: 263811 cord_uid: w0983x19 file: cache/cord-258333-jmk8hdk2.json key: cord-258333-jmk8hdk2 authors: Sivier, V; Odelin, M.F; Gonthier, R; Pozzetto, B title: Place des viroses respiratoires dans les hyperthermies de sujets âgés hospitalisés au cours d’une saison hivernale date: 2001-12-10 journal: Rev Med Interne DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(01)00489-1 sha: doc_id: 258333 cord_uid: jmk8hdk2 file: cache/cord-261867-6n0g3bz5.json key: cord-261867-6n0g3bz5 authors: Evermann, James F.; Ledbetter, Eric C.; Maes, Roger K. title: Canine Reproductive, Respiratory, and Ocular Diseases due to Canine Herpesvirus date: 2011-10-28 journal: Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.007 sha: doc_id: 261867 cord_uid: 6n0g3bz5 file: cache/cord-265699-0socw0hp.json key: cord-265699-0socw0hp authors: Ortega, Miguel Ángel; Guzmán Merino, Alberto; Fraile-Martínez, Oscar; Recio-Ruiz, Judith; Pekarek, Leonel; G. Guijarro, Luis; García-Honduvilla, Natalio; Álvarez-Mon, Melchor; Buján, Julia; García-Gallego, Sandra title: Dendrimers and Dendritic Materials: From Laboratory to Medical Practice in Infectious Diseases date: 2020-09-14 journal: Pharmaceutics DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090874 sha: doc_id: 265699 cord_uid: 0socw0hp file: cache/cord-266985-9qwttt2y.json key: cord-266985-9qwttt2y authors: Gale, P.; Hill, A.; Kelly, L.; Bassett, J.; McClure, P.; Le Marc, Y.; Soumpasis, I. title: Applications of omics approaches to the development of microbiological risk assessment using RNA virus dose–response models as a case study date: 2014-11-04 journal: J Appl Microbiol DOI: 10.1111/jam.12656 sha: doc_id: 266985 cord_uid: 9qwttt2y file: cache/cord-263744-zrzwhu0j.json key: cord-263744-zrzwhu0j authors: Lin, Sheng-Wen; Shen, Ching-Fen; Cheng, Chao-Min title: Potential Trends of Point-of-Care Diagnostics—The Next Generation of the Laboratory Diagnosis date: 2020-09-30 journal: Diagnostics (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100774 sha: doc_id: 263744 cord_uid: zrzwhu0j file: cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.json key: cord-264408-vk4lt83x authors: Ruiz, Sara I.; Zumbrun, Elizabeth E.; Nalca, Aysegul title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 journal: Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 sha: doc_id: 264408 cord_uid: vk4lt83x file: cache/cord-266963-belin2jq.json key: cord-266963-belin2jq authors: Cowling, Benjamin J; Leung, Gabriel M title: Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak date: 2020-02-13 journal: Euro Surveill DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.6.2000110 sha: doc_id: 266963 cord_uid: belin2jq file: cache/cord-265005-e6rpryrh.json key: cord-265005-e6rpryrh authors: Tomasello, Elena; Pollet, Emeline; Vu Manh, Thien-Phong; Uzé, Gilles; Dalod, Marc title: Harnessing Mechanistic Knowledge on Beneficial Versus Deleterious IFN-I Effects to Design Innovative Immunotherapies Targeting Cytokine Activity to Specific Cell Types date: 2014-10-30 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00526 sha: doc_id: 265005 cord_uid: e6rpryrh file: cache/cord-267003-k7eo2c26.json key: cord-267003-k7eo2c26 authors: Hendaus, Mohamed A; Jomha, Fatima A; Alhammadi, Ahmed H title: Virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review date: 2015-08-24 journal: Ther Clin Risk Manag DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s87789 sha: doc_id: 267003 cord_uid: k7eo2c26 file: cache/cord-267041-i94lyfsh.json key: cord-267041-i94lyfsh authors: Ellner, Jerrold J. title: Management of acute and chronic respiratory tract infections date: 1988-09-16 journal: The American Journal of Medicine DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90456-1 sha: doc_id: 267041 cord_uid: i94lyfsh file: cache/cord-267816-84z9fp2u.json key: cord-267816-84z9fp2u authors: Magdi, Mohamed; Rahil, Ali title: Severe Immune Thrombocytopenia Complicated by Intracerebral Haemorrhage Associated with Coronavirus Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review date: 2019-07-12 journal: Eur J Case Rep Intern Med DOI: 10.12890/2019_001155 sha: doc_id: 267816 cord_uid: 84z9fp2u file: cache/cord-260700-u12aa739.json key: cord-260700-u12aa739 authors: Kainulainen, Leena; Vuorinen, Tytti; Rantakokko-Jalava, Kaisu; Österback, Riikka; Ruuskanen, Olli title: Recurrent and persistent respiratory tract viral infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia date: 2010-06-10 journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.016 sha: doc_id: 260700 cord_uid: u12aa739 file: cache/cord-267531-tqqj4cy0.json key: cord-267531-tqqj4cy0 authors: He, Ying; Lin, Guang-Yu; Wang, Qiong; Cai, Xiao-Ying; Zhang, Yin-Hui; Lin, Chuang-Xing; Lu, Chang-Dong; Lu, Xue-Dong title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China date: 2014-05-14 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12257 sha: doc_id: 267531 cord_uid: tqqj4cy0 file: cache/cord-267023-w5ig7mrl.json key: cord-267023-w5ig7mrl authors: Nori, Priya; Madaline, Theresa; Munjal, Iona; Bhar, Shubha; Guo, Yi; Seo, Susan K.; Porrovecchio, Andrea; Gancher, Elizabeth; Nosanchuk, Joshua; Pirofski, Liise-anne; Ostrowsky, Belinda title: Developing Interactive Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention Curricula for Diverse Learners: A Tailored Approach date: 2017-07-20 journal: Open Forum Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx117 sha: doc_id: 267023 cord_uid: w5ig7mrl file: cache/cord-267115-6jqdi417.json key: cord-267115-6jqdi417 authors: Giobbe, Giovanni Giuseppe; Bonfante, Francesco; Zambaiti, Elisa; Gagliano, Onelia; Jones, Brendan C.; Luni, Camilla; Laterza, Cecilia; Perin, Silvia; Stuart, Hannah T.; Pagliari, Matteo; Bortolami, Alessio; Mazzetto, Eva; Manfredi, Anna; Colantuono, Chiara; Di Filippo, Lucio; Pellegata, Alessandro; Li, Vivian Sze Wing; Eaton, Simon; Thapar, Nikhil; Cacchiarelli, Davide; Elvassore, Nicola; De Coppi, Paolo title: SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in human fetal and pediatric gastric organoids date: 2020-06-24 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.24.167049 sha: doc_id: 267115 cord_uid: 6jqdi417 file: cache/cord-267973-uvz7kavu.json key: cord-267973-uvz7kavu authors: Do, Lien Anh Ha; Bryant, Juliet E.; Tran, Anh Tuan; Nguyen, Bach Hue; Tran, Thi Thu Loan; Tran, Quynh Huong; Vo, Quoc Bao; Tran Dac, Nguyen Anh; Trinh, Hong Nhien; Nguyen, Thi Thanh Hai; Le Binh, Bao Tinh; Le, Khanh; Nguyen, Minh Tien; Thai, Quang Tung; Vo, Thanh Vu; Ngo, Ngoc Quang Minh; Dang, Thi Kim Huyen; Cao, Ngoc Huong; Tran, Thu Van; Ho, Lu Viet; Farrar, Jeremy; de Jong, Menno; van Doorn, H. Rogier title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Viral Infections among Children under Two Years Old in Southern Vietnam 2009-2010: Clinical Characteristics and Disease Severity date: 2016-08-08 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160606 sha: doc_id: 267973 cord_uid: uvz7kavu file: cache/cord-267947-dnv2xl0h.json key: cord-267947-dnv2xl0h authors: Gornet, Jean-Marc; Linh Tran Minh, My; Leleu, Florian; Hassid, Deborah title: What do surgeons need to know about the digestive disorders and paraclinical abnormalities induced by COVID-19? date: 2020-04-24 journal: J Visc Surg DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2020.04.017 sha: doc_id: 267947 cord_uid: dnv2xl0h file: cache/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.json key: cord-267139-r8rg0iqq authors: Scaggs Huang, Felicia A.; Schlaudecker, Elizabeth title: Fever in the Returning Traveler date: 2018-03-31 journal: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.10.009 sha: doc_id: 267139 cord_uid: r8rg0iqq file: cache/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.json key: cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 authors: Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée; Rodríguez-Pérez, Noel; Arias-Cruz, Alfredo; Blandón-Vijil, María Virginia; Del-Río-Navarro, Blanca E.; Estrada-Cardona, Alan; Gereda, José E.; Luna-Pech, Jorge A.; Navarrete-Rodríguez, Elsy Maureen; Onuma-Takane, Ernesto; Pozo-Beltrán, César Fireth; Rojo-Gutiérrez, María Isabel title: Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: trying to untangle facts from fictions date: 2020-10-09 journal: World Allergy Organ J DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476 sha: doc_id: 263749 cord_uid: bbhh5xb1 file: cache/cord-268553-2o4k24og.json key: cord-268553-2o4k24og authors: Lin, Chun; Chen, Huanzhu; He, Ping; Li, Yazhen; Ke, Changwen; Jiao, Xiaoyang title: Etiology and characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in an influenza epidemic period date: 2019-03-08 journal: Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.004 sha: doc_id: 268553 cord_uid: 2o4k24og file: cache/cord-268133-obwo7741.json key: cord-268133-obwo7741 authors: Ponce, José Burgos; Tjioe, Kellen Cristine title: Overlapping findings or oral manifestations in new SARS‐CoV‐2 infection? date: 2020-06-10 journal: Oral Dis DOI: 10.1111/odi.13478 sha: doc_id: 268133 cord_uid: obwo7741 file: cache/cord-269181-1h3wbhq4.json key: cord-269181-1h3wbhq4 authors: Perelmutter, L.; Potvin, L.; Phipps, P. title: Immunoglobulin E response during viral infections date: 1979-08-31 journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(79)90046-0 sha: doc_id: 269181 cord_uid: 1h3wbhq4 file: cache/cord-269095-lwank6hk.json key: cord-269095-lwank6hk authors: Jirru, Ermias; Lee, Stefi; Harris, Rebecca; Yang, Jianjun; Cho, Soo Jung; Stout-Delgado, Heather title: Impact of Influenza on Pneumococcal Vaccine Effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Aged Murine Lung date: 2020-06-11 journal: Vaccines (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020298 sha: doc_id: 269095 cord_uid: lwank6hk file: cache/cord-267132-nb0j6k3h.json key: cord-267132-nb0j6k3h authors: Loveday, H.P.; Wilson, J.A.; Pratt, R.J.; Golsorkhi, M.; Tingle, A.; Bak, A.; Browne, J.; Prieto, J.; Wilcox, M. title: epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England date: 2013-12-10 journal: J Hosp Infect DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60012-2 sha: doc_id: 267132 cord_uid: nb0j6k3h file: cache/cord-024651-578c9ut5.json key: cord-024651-578c9ut5 authors: nan title: 2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2020-05-11 journal: J Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00764-z sha: doc_id: 24651 cord_uid: 578c9ut5 file: cache/cord-267791-v10eh408.json key: cord-267791-v10eh408 authors: Chughtai, Abrar Ahmad; Khan, Wasiq title: Use of personal protective equipment to protect against respiratory infections in Pakistan: A systematic review date: 2019-02-07 journal: J Infect Public Health DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.01.064 sha: doc_id: 267791 cord_uid: v10eh408 file: cache/cord-268758-2o2dwulc.json key: cord-268758-2o2dwulc authors: Daniel, Krupa; Goli, Kiran; Sargent, Anita title: Repeat cesarean section in a COVID-19 positive mother in the United States date: 2020-10-22 journal: SAGE Open Med Case Rep DOI: 10.1177/2050313x20945536 sha: doc_id: 268758 cord_uid: 2o2dwulc file: cache/cord-269652-t7ghng17.json key: cord-269652-t7ghng17 authors: Santos, Roberto Parulan; Tristram, Debra title: A Practical Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Neonatal Infections date: 2015-04-30 journal: Pediatric Clinics of North America DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2014.11.010 sha: doc_id: 269652 cord_uid: t7ghng17 file: cache/cord-268729-n7slf5tx.json key: cord-268729-n7slf5tx authors: Wissinger, E L; Saldana, J; Didierlaurent, A; Hussell, T title: Manipulation of acute inflammatory lung disease date: 2008-05-07 journal: Mucosal Immunol DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.16 sha: doc_id: 268729 cord_uid: n7slf5tx file: cache/cord-269734-u43gt8fh.json key: cord-269734-u43gt8fh authors: Teijaro, J.R. title: Pleiotropic Roles of Type 1 Interferons in Antiviral Immune Responses date: 2016-09-20 journal: Adv Immunol DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.08.001 sha: doc_id: 269734 cord_uid: u43gt8fh file: cache/cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.json key: cord-269975-1ebmq7t8 authors: Duplantier, Allen J.; Shurtleff, Amy C.; Miller, Cheryl; Chiang, Chih-Yuan; Panchal, Rekha G.; Sunay, Melek title: Combating biothreat pathogens: ongoing efforts for countermeasure development and unique challenges date: 2020-05-27 journal: Drug Discovery Targeting Drug-Resistant Bacteria DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818480-6.00007-2 sha: doc_id: 269975 cord_uid: 1ebmq7t8 file: cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.json key: cord-267671-ys43n672 authors: Whary, Mark T.; Baumgarth, Nicole; Fox, James G.; Barthold, Stephen W. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 journal: Laboratory Animal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 sha: doc_id: 267671 cord_uid: ys43n672 file: cache/cord-271122-3fsl5589.json key: cord-271122-3fsl5589 authors: Wathes, D. Claire; Oguejiofor, Chike F.; Thomas, Carole; Cheng, Zhangrui title: Importance of Viral Disease in Dairy Cow Fertility date: 2019-07-24 journal: Engineering (Beijing) DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.020 sha: doc_id: 271122 cord_uid: 3fsl5589 file: cache/cord-271130-6s79q1c1.json key: cord-271130-6s79q1c1 authors: Filoni, Claudia; Helfer-Hungerbuehler, A. Katrin; Catão-Dias, José Luiz; Marques, Mara Cristina; Torres, Luciana Neves; Reinacher, Manfred; Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina title: Putative progressive and abortive feline leukemia virus infection outcomes in captive jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) date: 2017-11-17 journal: Virol J DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0889-z sha: doc_id: 271130 cord_uid: 6s79q1c1 file: cache/cord-267402-kca05rvz.json key: cord-267402-kca05rvz authors: South, Kieron; McCulloch, Laura; McColl, Barry W; Elkind, Mitchell SV; Allan, Stuart M; Smith, Craig J title: Preceding infection and risk of stroke: An old concept revived by the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-24 journal: Int J Stroke DOI: 10.1177/1747493020943815 sha: doc_id: 267402 cord_uid: kca05rvz file: cache/cord-268830-8li6xhbu.json key: cord-268830-8li6xhbu authors: Kozak, Robert; Prost, Karren; Yip, Lily; Williams, Victoria; Leis, Jerome A.; Mubareka, Samira title: Severity of coronavirus respiratory tract infections in adults admitted to acute care in Toronto, Ontario date: 2020-03-29 journal: J Clin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104338 sha: doc_id: 268830 cord_uid: 8li6xhbu file: cache/cord-271076-436nxsua.json key: cord-271076-436nxsua authors: Paul-Pierre, Pastoret title: Emerging diseases, zoonoses and vaccines to control them date: 2009-10-30 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.021 sha: doc_id: 271076 cord_uid: 436nxsua file: cache/cord-270294-g95skuik.json key: cord-270294-g95skuik authors: Johnstone, Jennie; Majumdar, Sumit R.; Fox, Julie D.; Marrie, Thomas J. title: Viral Infection in Adults Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia Prevalence, Pathogens, and Presentation date: 2008-12-31 journal: Chest DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0888 sha: doc_id: 270294 cord_uid: g95skuik file: cache/cord-269627-mx1mjdqc.json key: cord-269627-mx1mjdqc authors: Thiry, Etienne; Addie, Diane; Belák, Sándor; Boucraut-Baralon, Corine; Egberink, Herman; Frymus, Tadeusz; Gruffydd-Jones, Tim; Hartmann, Katrin; Hosie, Margaret J.; Lloret, Albert; Lutz, Hans; Marsilio, Fulvio; Pennisi, Maria Grazia; Radford, Alan D.; Truyen, Uwe; Horzinek, Marian C. title: Feline herpesvirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management date: 2009-07-31 journal: Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.003 sha: doc_id: 269627 cord_uid: mx1mjdqc file: cache/cord-270091-sqrh8ylt.json key: cord-270091-sqrh8ylt authors: Cohen, Pascal; Guillevin, Loïc title: Vascularites associées aux infections virales date: 2004-11-30 journal: La Presse Médicale DOI: 10.1016/s0755-4982(04)98936-1 sha: doc_id: 270091 cord_uid: sqrh8ylt file: cache/cord-272117-erzpz3c0.json key: cord-272117-erzpz3c0 authors: Downey, Jeffrey; Pernet, Erwan; Coulombe, François; Divangahi, Maziar title: Dissecting host cell death programs in the pathogenesis of influenza date: 2018-04-18 journal: Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.03.005 sha: doc_id: 272117 cord_uid: erzpz3c0 file: cache/cord-272752-cobroc5h.json key: cord-272752-cobroc5h authors: Brook, Itzhak title: The challenges of treating tracheobronchitis in a laryngectomee due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: a case report date: 2018-08-20 journal: J Med Case Rep DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1764-2 sha: doc_id: 272752 cord_uid: cobroc5h file: cache/cord-270940-acwkh6ed.json key: cord-270940-acwkh6ed authors: Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari; Uzcategui, Nathalie; Vapalahti, Olli; Vaheri, Antti title: Viral zoonoses in Europe date: 2005-06-29 journal: FEMS Microbiol Rev DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.012 sha: doc_id: 270940 cord_uid: acwkh6ed file: cache/cord-272596-yxvg8357.json key: cord-272596-yxvg8357 authors: WU, Jian Jun; JIN, Yu; LIN, Na; XIE, Zhi Ping; YU, Jie Mei; LI, Jin Song; CAO, Chang Qing; YUAN, Xin Hui; SONG, Jin Rong; ZHANG, Jing; ZHAO, Yang; GAO, Xiao Qian; DUAN, Zhao Jun title: Detection of Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Lanzhou and Nanjing, China date: 2014-11-30 journal: Biomedical and Environmental Sciences DOI: 10.3967/bes2014.110 sha: doc_id: 272596 cord_uid: yxvg8357 file: cache/cord-273536-h7mzqef2.json key: cord-273536-h7mzqef2 authors: Surpure, J. S. title: Pediatric emergencies: newsletter 9 date: 1989 journal: Indian J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/bf02726635 sha: doc_id: 273536 cord_uid: h7mzqef2 file: cache/cord-270892-ycc3csyh.json key: cord-270892-ycc3csyh authors: Rollinger, Judith M.; Schmidtke, Michaela title: The human rhinovirus: human‐pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery date: 2010-12-13 journal: Med Res Rev DOI: 10.1002/med.20176 sha: doc_id: 270892 cord_uid: ycc3csyh file: cache/cord-272052-8vvpm4tx.json key: cord-272052-8vvpm4tx authors: Hartmann, Katrin title: Clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukemia virus infection date: 2011-10-15 journal: Vet Immunol Immunopathol DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.003 sha: doc_id: 272052 cord_uid: 8vvpm4tx file: cache/cord-271653-4q2olzx1.json key: cord-271653-4q2olzx1 authors: Libby, Peter title: The Heart in COVID19: Primary Target or Secondary Bystander? date: 2020-04-10 journal: JACC Basic Transl Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.001 sha: doc_id: 271653 cord_uid: 4q2olzx1 file: cache/cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.json key: cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 authors: Belsy, Acosta; Odalys, Valdés; Alexander, Piñón; Clara, Savón; Angel, Goyenechea; Grehete, Gonzalez; Guelsys, Gonzalez; Luis, Sarmiento; Pedro, Más; Guadalupe, Guzmán María; Alina, Llop; Pilar, Perez Breña Ma; Inmaculada, Casas title: Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes date: 2009-03-12 journal: Arch Virol DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0338-4 sha: doc_id: 272955 cord_uid: kkkrkgg1 file: cache/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.json key: cord-274643-vjb2yt93 authors: Kang, G. title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2008-08-26 journal: International Encyclopedia of Public Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00571-2 sha: doc_id: 274643 cord_uid: vjb2yt93 file: cache/cord-276348-vr5fit8r.json key: cord-276348-vr5fit8r authors: Ogra, Pearay L. title: Respiratory syncytial virus: The virus, the disease and the immune response date: 2004-01-31 journal: Paediatric Respiratory Reviews DOI: 10.1016/s1526-0542(04)90023-1 sha: doc_id: 276348 cord_uid: vr5fit8r file: cache/cord-275166-qduf08kp.json key: cord-275166-qduf08kp authors: Assane, Dieng; Makhtar, Camara; Abdoulaye, Diop; Amary, Fall; Djibril, Boiro; Amadou, Diop; Niokhor, Diouf Jean Baptiste; Amadou, Diop; Cheikh, Loucoubar; Ndongo, Dia; Mbayame, Niang; Lamine, Fall; Bouh, Boye Cheikh Saad title: Viral and Bacterial Etiologies of Acute Respiratory Infections Among Children Under 5 Years in Senegal date: 2018-02-13 journal: Microbiol Insights DOI: 10.1177/1178636118758651 sha: doc_id: 275166 cord_uid: qduf08kp file: cache/cord-274763-i6e3g3te.json key: cord-274763-i6e3g3te authors: Liu, Wen-Kuan; Liu, Qian; Chen, De-Hui; Tan, Wei-Ping; Cai, Yong; Qiu, Shu-Yan; Xu, Duo; Li, Chi; Li, Xiao; Lin, Zheng-Shi; Zhou, Rong title: Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region date: 2018-07-16 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3225-3 sha: doc_id: 274763 cord_uid: i6e3g3te file: cache/cord-272194-h7xnr389.json key: cord-272194-h7xnr389 authors: Wiegers, Hanke M. G.; van Nijen, Lisa; van Woensel, Job B. M.; Bem, Reinout A.; de Jong, Menno D.; Calis, Job C. J. title: Bacterial co-infection of the respiratory tract in ventilated children with bronchiolitis; a retrospective cohort study date: 2019-11-06 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4468-3 sha: doc_id: 272194 cord_uid: h7xnr389 file: cache/cord-271172-y48dovux.json key: cord-271172-y48dovux authors: Potter, Christopher William title: Chapter 25 Respiratory tract viruses date: 1998-12-31 journal: Principles of Medical Biology DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2582(97)80009-8 sha: doc_id: 271172 cord_uid: y48dovux file: cache/cord-273326-gmw8gl2r.json key: cord-273326-gmw8gl2r authors: Saiz, Juan-Carlos; de Oya, Nereida Jiménez; Blázquez, Ana-Belén; Escribano-Romero, Estela; Martín-Acebes, Miguel A. title: Host-Directed Antivirals: A Realistic Alternative to Fight Zika Virus date: 2018-08-24 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v10090453 sha: doc_id: 273326 cord_uid: gmw8gl2r file: cache/cord-274824-kaefedl1.json key: cord-274824-kaefedl1 authors: Turski, Waldemar A.; Wnorowski, Artur; Turski, Gabrielle N.; Turski, Christopher A.; Turski, Lechoslaw title: AhR and IDO1 in pathogenesis of Covid-19 and the “Systemic AhR Activation Syndrome:” a translational review and therapeutic perspectives date: 2020-09-24 journal: Restorative neurology and neuroscience DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201042 sha: doc_id: 274824 cord_uid: kaefedl1 file: cache/cord-277327-il8uaavn.json key: cord-277327-il8uaavn authors: Couch, MD, Robert B.; Englund, MD, Janet A. title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Persons date: 1997-03-17 journal: Am J Med DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00003-x sha: doc_id: 277327 cord_uid: il8uaavn file: cache/cord-278364-58d8kfdf.json key: cord-278364-58d8kfdf authors: Mohapatra, S. title: Sterilization and Disinfection date: 2017-03-31 journal: Essentials of Neuroanesthesia DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805299-0.00059-2 sha: doc_id: 278364 cord_uid: 58d8kfdf file: cache/cord-275997-4ibeidyw.json key: cord-275997-4ibeidyw authors: Goldrick, Barbara A. title: The practice of infection control and applied epidemiology: A historical perspective date: 2005-10-31 journal: Am J Infect Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.250 sha: doc_id: 275997 cord_uid: 4ibeidyw file: cache/cord-278816-l92lkj69.json key: cord-278816-l92lkj69 authors: Brouard, J.; Vabret, A.; Bach, N.; Toutain, F.; Duhamel, J. F.; Freymuth, F. title: Prise en charge des pathologies respiratoires à adénovirus chez l’enfant immunocompétent À propos d’une étude rétrospective de 116 enfants hospitalisés date: 2004-05-31 journal: Antibiotiques DOI: 10.1016/s1294-5501(04)94248-3 sha: doc_id: 278816 cord_uid: l92lkj69 file: cache/cord-271752-h05sten7.json key: cord-271752-h05sten7 authors: Pérez-Arellano, José Luis; Górgolas-Hernández-Mora, Miguel; Salvador, Fernando; Carranza-Rodríguez, Cristina; Ramírez-Olivencia, Germán; Martín-Echeverría, Esteban; Rodríguez-Guardado, Azucena; Norman, Francesca; Velasco-Tirado, Virginia; Zubero-Sulibarría, Zuriñe; Rojo-Marcos, Gerardo; Muñoz-Gutierrez, José; Ramos-Rincón, José Manuel; Sánchez-Seco-Fariñas, M. Paz; Velasco-Arribas, María; Belhassen-García, Moncef; Lago-Nuñez, Mar; Cañas García-Otero, Elías; López-Vélez, Rogelio title: Executive summary of imported infectious diseases after returning from foreign travel: Consensus document of the Spanish Society for Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) date: 2018-03-31 journal: Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.02.009 sha: doc_id: 271752 cord_uid: h05sten7 file: cache/cord-278839-uu2wlpmp.json key: cord-278839-uu2wlpmp authors: Alberca, Ricardo Wesley; Pereira, Nátalli Zanete; Oliveira, Luanda Mara Da Silva; Gozzi-Silva, Sarah Cristina; Sato, Maria Notomi title: Pregnancy, Viral Infection, and COVID-19 date: 2020-07-07 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01672 sha: doc_id: 278839 cord_uid: uu2wlpmp file: cache/cord-278873-x6i5tiju.json key: cord-278873-x6i5tiju authors: Reddy, Vidhatha; Kollhoff, Alexander L; Murase, Jenny E; Martires, Kathryn title: Management guidelines for pregnant healthcare workers exposed to infectious dermatoses date: 2020-04-18 journal: Int J Womens Dermatol DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.04.004 sha: doc_id: 278873 cord_uid: x6i5tiju file: cache/cord-279864-5ouuu49v.json key: cord-279864-5ouuu49v authors: Hou, Jing; Lv, Dachao; Sun, Yuexia; Wang, Pan; Zhang, Qingnan; Sundell, Jan title: Children’s Respiratory Infections in Tianjin Area, China: Associations with Home Environments and Lifestyles date: 2020-06-07 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114069 sha: doc_id: 279864 cord_uid: 5ouuu49v file: cache/cord-273973-3uxg97tu.json key: cord-273973-3uxg97tu authors: Guenette, Alexis; Husain, Shahid title: Infectious Complications Following Solid Organ Transplantation date: 2019-01-31 journal: Critical Care Clinics DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2018.08.004 sha: doc_id: 273973 cord_uid: 3uxg97tu file: cache/cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.json key: cord-275795-ee7qyw5h authors: Monette, Anne; Mouland, Andrew J. title: T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders date: 2018-10-24 journal: Int Rev Cell Mol Biol DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006 sha: doc_id: 275795 cord_uid: ee7qyw5h file: cache/cord-277313-5f5lrn3c.json key: cord-277313-5f5lrn3c authors: Hayakawa, Satoshi; Komine‐Aizawa, Shihoko; Mor, Gil G. title: Covid‐19 pandemic and pregnancy date: 2020-08-10 journal: J Obstet Gynaecol Res DOI: 10.1111/jog.14384 sha: doc_id: 277313 cord_uid: 5f5lrn3c file: cache/cord-280060-gzby85u9.json key: cord-280060-gzby85u9 authors: Rello, Jordi; Manuel, Oriol; Eggimann, Philippe; Richards, Guy; Wejse, Christian; Petersen, Jorgen Eskild; Zacharowski, Kai; Leblebicioglu, Hakan title: Management of infections in critically ill returning travellers in the intensive care unit—II: clinical syndromes and special considerations in immunocompromised patients() date: 2016-04-28 journal: Int J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.020 sha: doc_id: 280060 cord_uid: gzby85u9 file: cache/cord-283405-aozxvxxs.json key: cord-283405-aozxvxxs authors: Vermillion, Meghan S.; Klein, Sabra L. title: Pregnancy and infection: using disease pathogenesis to inform vaccine strategy date: 2018-02-01 journal: NPJ Vaccines DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0042-4 sha: doc_id: 283405 cord_uid: aozxvxxs file: cache/cord-276907-b855tj7x.json key: cord-276907-b855tj7x authors: Giersing, Birgitte K.; Vekemans, Johan; Nava, Samantha; Kaslow, David C.; Moorthy, Vasee title: Report from the World Health Organization’s third Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) meeting, Geneva, 8–10th June 2016 date: 2019-11-28 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.090 sha: doc_id: 276907 cord_uid: b855tj7x file: cache/cord-278682-s4gfbsqy.json key: cord-278682-s4gfbsqy authors: Chan, W-M; Liu, D T L; Chan, P K S; Chong, K K L; Yuen, K S C; Chiu, T Y H; Tam, B S M; Ng, J S K; Lam, D S C title: Precautions in ophthalmic practice in a hospital with a major acute SARS outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong date: 2005-04-29 journal: Eye (Lond) DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701885 sha: doc_id: 278682 cord_uid: s4gfbsqy file: cache/cord-281417-z6k30y1m.json key: cord-281417-z6k30y1m authors: Waggoner, Stephen N; Reighard, Seth D; Gyurova, Ivayla E; Cranert, Stacey A; Mahl, Sarah E; Karmele, Erik P; McNally, Jonathan P; Moran, Michael T; Brooks, Taylor R; Yaqoob, Fazeela; Rydyznski, Carolyn E title: Roles of natural killer cells in antiviral immunity date: 2016-02-29 journal: Current Opinion in Virology DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.10.008 sha: doc_id: 281417 cord_uid: z6k30y1m file: cache/cord-283588-j27q53oz.json key: cord-283588-j27q53oz authors: Gebicki, Jerzy; Wieczorkowska, Marzena title: COVID-19 infection: mitohormetic concept of immune response date: 2020-07-14 journal: Cell Death Discov DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00297-9 sha: doc_id: 283588 cord_uid: j27q53oz file: cache/cord-283138-18q23z8l.json key: cord-283138-18q23z8l authors: Balasubramanian, S.; Rao, Neha Mohan; Goenka, Anu; Roderick, Marion; Ramanan, Athimalaipet V title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children - What We Know So Far and What We Do Not date: 2020-04-09 journal: Indian Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1819-5 sha: doc_id: 283138 cord_uid: 18q23z8l file: cache/cord-277818-8w15dz20.json key: cord-277818-8w15dz20 authors: Jaichenco, Andre L.; Lima, Luciana Cavalcanti title: Infectious Disease Considerations for the Operating Room date: 2018-02-09 journal: A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-42974-0.00050-1 sha: doc_id: 277818 cord_uid: 8w15dz20 file: cache/cord-283779-mudwcypl.json key: cord-283779-mudwcypl authors: Lauretani, Fulvio; Ravazzoni, Giulia; Roberti, Maria Federica; Longobucco, Yari; Adorni, Elisa; Grossi, Margherita; De Iorio, Aurelio; La Porta, Umberto; Fazio, Chiara; Gallini, Elena; Federici, Raffaele; Salvi, Marco; Ciarrocchi, Erika; Rossi, Francesca; Bergamin, Marina; Bussolati, Giacomo; Grieco, Ilaria; Broccoli, Federica; Zucchini, Irene; Ielo, Giuseppe; Morganti, Simonetta; Artoni, Andrea; Arisi, Arianna; Tagliaferri, Sara; Maggio, Marcello title: Assessment and treatment of older individuals with COVID-19 multi-system disease: clinical and ethical implications date: 2020-05-11 journal: Acta Biomed DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9629 sha: doc_id: 283779 cord_uid: mudwcypl file: cache/cord-283826-lgyc3sro.json key: cord-283826-lgyc3sro authors: Stiehm, E. Richard; Orange, Jordan S.; Ballow, Mark; Lehman, Heather title: Therapeutic Use of Immunoglobulins date: 2010-11-05 journal: Adv Pediatr DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2010.08.005 sha: doc_id: 283826 cord_uid: lgyc3sro file: cache/cord-283792-g7wyu8pc.json key: cord-283792-g7wyu8pc authors: Hiltunen, Raimo; Josling, Peter D.; James, Mike H. title: Preventing airborne infection with an intranasal cellulose powder formulation (Nasaleze Travel®) date: 2007 journal: Adv Ther DOI: 10.1007/bf02877720 sha: doc_id: 283792 cord_uid: g7wyu8pc file: cache/cord-277539-xt2nt11e.json key: cord-277539-xt2nt11e authors: Kochhar, Anuraj Singh; Bhasin, Ritasha; Kochhar, Gulsheen Kaur; Dadlani, Himanshu; Thakkar, Balvinder; Singh, Gurkeerat title: Dentistry during and after COVID-19 Pandemic: Pediatric Considerations date: 2020 journal: Int J Clin Pediatr Dent DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1782 sha: doc_id: 277539 cord_uid: xt2nt11e file: cache/cord-279483-gwikyux2.json key: cord-279483-gwikyux2 authors: Wong, Joshua Guoxian; Aung, Aung-Hein; Lian, Weixiang; Lye, David Chien; Ooi, Chee-Kheong; Chow, Angela title: Risk prediction models to guide antibiotic prescribing: a study on adult patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infections in an emergency department date: 2020-11-02 journal: Antimicrob Resist Infect Control DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00825-3 sha: doc_id: 279483 cord_uid: gwikyux2 file: cache/cord-278935-3lgud7l8.json key: cord-278935-3lgud7l8 authors: Chen, Zheng‐Rong; Mize, Maximillion; Wang, Yu‐Qing; Yan, Yong‐Dong; Zhu, Can‐Hong; Wang, Yunji; Ji, Wei title: Clinical and epidemiological profiles of lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children due to human bocavirus in a subtropical area of China date: 2014-04-30 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23952 sha: doc_id: 278935 cord_uid: 3lgud7l8 file: cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.json key: cord-276758-k2imddzr authors: Siegel, Jane D.; Rhinehart, Emily; Jackson, Marguerite; Chiarello, Linda title: 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date: 2007-12-07 journal: Am J Infect Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 sha: doc_id: 276758 cord_uid: k2imddzr file: cache/cord-282204-j1slaefb.json key: cord-282204-j1slaefb authors: Silva, José V.J.; Ludwig-Begall, Louisa F.; Oliveira-Filho, Edmilson F. de; Oliveira, Renato A.S.; Durães-Carvalho, Ricardo; Lopes, Thaísa R.R.; Silva, Daisy E.A.; Gil, Laura H.V.G. title: A scoping review of Chikungunya virus infection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viral co-circulation complications, and control date: 2018-12-31 journal: Acta Tropica DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.003 sha: doc_id: 282204 cord_uid: j1slaefb file: cache/cord-282668-bs634hti.json key: cord-282668-bs634hti authors: Niang, Mbayame Ndiaye; Diop, Ndeye Sokhna; Fall, Amary; Kiori, Davy E.; Sarr, Fatoumata Diene; Sy, Sara; Goudiaby, Déborah; Barry, Mamadou Aliou; Fall, Malick; Dia, Ndongo title: Respiratory viruses in patients with influenza-like illness in Senegal: Focus on human respiratory adenoviruses date: 2017-03-22 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174287 sha: doc_id: 282668 cord_uid: bs634hti file: cache/cord-281249-89eycq64.json key: cord-281249-89eycq64 authors: Falsey, Ann R; Becker, Kenneth L; Swinburne, Andrew J; Nylen, Eric S; Snider, Richard H; Formica, Maria A; Hennessey, Patricia A; Criddle, Mary M; Peterson, Derick R; Walsh, Edward E title: Utility of serum procalcitonin values in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cautionary note date: 2012-02-23 journal: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis DOI: 10.2147/copd.s29149 sha: doc_id: 281249 cord_uid: 89eycq64 file: cache/cord-284386-emh9feb3.json key: cord-284386-emh9feb3 authors: Chatterjee, Saptarshi; Sarkar, Apurba; Chatterjee, Swarnajit; Karmakar, Mintu; Paul, Raja title: Studying the progress of COVID-19 outbreak in India using SIRD model date: 2020-06-23 journal: Indian J Phys Proc Indian Assoc Cultiv Sci (2004) DOI: 10.1007/s12648-020-01766-8 sha: doc_id: 284386 cord_uid: emh9feb3 file: cache/cord-279849-zzkliu76.json key: cord-279849-zzkliu76 authors: DaPalma, T.; Doonan, B.P.; Trager, N.M.; Kasman, L.M. title: A systematic approach to virus–virus interactions date: 2010-01-20 journal: Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.002 sha: doc_id: 279849 cord_uid: zzkliu76 file: cache/cord-280184-91d8i6ix.json key: cord-280184-91d8i6ix authors: Querido, Micaela Machado; Aguiar, Lívia; Neves, Paula; Pereira, Cristiana Costa; Teixeira, João Paulo title: Self-disinfecting surfaces and infection control date: 2019-06-01 journal: Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.009 sha: doc_id: 280184 cord_uid: 91d8i6ix file: cache/cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.json key: cord-283545-vu8lt3w6 authors: Brabb, Thea; Newsome, Denise; Burich, Andrew; Hanes, Martha title: Infectious Diseases date: 2011-12-16 journal: The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00023-7 sha: doc_id: 283545 cord_uid: vu8lt3w6 file: cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.json key: cord-285628-36gyix12 authors: Stull, Jason W.; Weese, J. Scott title: Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date: 2015-03-31 journal: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.009 sha: doc_id: 285628 cord_uid: 36gyix12 file: cache/cord-284216-4sl8xfur.json key: cord-284216-4sl8xfur authors: Sinha, Anirban; Lutter, René; Dekker, Tamara; Dierdorp, Barbara; J. Sterk, Peter; Frey, Urs; Delgado-Eckert, Edgar title: Can Measurements of Inflammatory Biomarkers Be Used to Spot Respiratory Viral Infections? date: 2020-10-17 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v12101175 sha: doc_id: 284216 cord_uid: 4sl8xfur file: cache/cord-285270-amh99u0j.json key: cord-285270-amh99u0j authors: Husain, Shahid; Mooney, Martha L.; Danziger-Isakov, Lara; Mattner, Frauke; Singh, Nina; Avery, Robin; Ison, Michael; Humar, Atul; Padera, Robert F.; Lawler, Leo P.; Fisher, Andy; Drew, Richard J.; Gould, Kate F.; Sole, Amparo; Studer, Sean; Munoz, Patricia; Singer, Lianne G.; Hannan, Margaret title: A 2010 working formulation for the standardization of definitions of infections in cardiothoracic transplant recipients date: 2011-03-17 journal: J Heart Lung Transplant DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.701 sha: doc_id: 285270 cord_uid: amh99u0j file: cache/cord-285467-uxfk6k3c.json key: cord-285467-uxfk6k3c authors: Ragni, Enrico; Mangiavini, Laura; Viganò, Marco; Brini, Anna Teresa; Peretti, Giuseppe Michele; Banfi, Giuseppe; de Girolamo, Laura title: Management of osteoarthritis during COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-05-21 journal: Clin Pharmacol Ther DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1910 sha: doc_id: 285467 cord_uid: uxfk6k3c file: cache/cord-282142-76jr4p7n.json key: cord-282142-76jr4p7n authors: Wang, Yun; Wang, Yiliang; Han, Xiaoxue; Ye, Jiazhuo; Li, Ruiman title: Potential Effect of COVID-19 on Maternal and Infant Outcome: Lesson From SARS date: 2020-08-07 journal: Front Pediatr DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00511 sha: doc_id: 282142 cord_uid: 76jr4p7n file: cache/cord-286337-qk90xb3a.json key: cord-286337-qk90xb3a authors: Hanada, Shigeo; Pirzadeh, Mina; Carver, Kyle Y.; Deng, Jane C. title: Respiratory Viral Infection-Induced Microbiome Alterations and Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia date: 2018-11-16 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02640 sha: doc_id: 286337 cord_uid: qk90xb3a file: cache/cord-285148-bch7814v.json key: cord-285148-bch7814v authors: Singanayagam, Aran; Joshi, Priya V; Mallia, Patrick; Johnston, Sebastian L title: Viruses exacerbating chronic pulmonary disease: the role of immune modulation date: 2012-03-15 journal: BMC Med DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-27 sha: doc_id: 285148 cord_uid: bch7814v file: cache/cord-284195-qarz4o2z.json key: cord-284195-qarz4o2z authors: Ansumali, Santosh; Prakash, Meher K title: A Very Flat Peak: Exponential growth phase of COVID-19 is mostly followed by a prolonged linear growth phase, not an immediate saturation date: 2020-04-11 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.07.20055772 sha: doc_id: 284195 cord_uid: qarz4o2z file: cache/cord-285785-29ohzeug.json key: cord-285785-29ohzeug authors: Chen, Xiaolan; Ali Abdalla, Bahareldin; Li, Zhenhui; Nie, Qinghua title: Epigenetic Regulation by Non-Coding RNAs in the Avian Immune System date: 2020-08-12 journal: Life (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/life10080148 sha: doc_id: 285785 cord_uid: 29ohzeug file: cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.json key: cord-279255-v861kk0i authors: Dhama, Kuldeep; Khan, Sharun; Tiwari, Ruchi; Sircar, Shubhankar; Bhat, Sudipta; Malik, Yashpal Singh; Singh, Karam Pal; Chaicumpa, Wanpen; Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine; Rodriguez-Morales, Alfonso J. title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 journal: Clin Microbiol Rev DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 sha: doc_id: 279255 cord_uid: v861kk0i file: cache/cord-284322-synuzaxm.json key: cord-284322-synuzaxm authors: Borel, Nicole; Dumrese, Claudia; Ziegler, Urs; Schifferli, Andrea; Kaiser, Carmen; Pospischil, Andreas title: Mixed infections with Chlamydia and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus - a new in vitro model of chlamydial persistence date: 2010-07-27 journal: BMC Microbiol DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-201 sha: doc_id: 284322 cord_uid: synuzaxm file: cache/cord-284845-on97zu6w.json key: cord-284845-on97zu6w authors: Falcinelli, Shane D.; Chertow, Daniel S.; Kindrachuk, Jason title: Integration of Global Analyses of Host Molecular Responses with Clinical Data To Evaluate Pathogenesis and Advance Therapies for Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections date: 2016-07-29 journal: ACS Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00104 sha: doc_id: 284845 cord_uid: on97zu6w file: cache/cord-288113-ex4yi28u.json key: cord-288113-ex4yi28u authors: Epalza, Cristina; Hallin, Marie; Busson, Laurent; Debulpaep, Sara; De Backer, Paulette; Vandenberg, Olivier; Levy, Jack title: Role of Viral Molecular Panels in Diagnosing the Etiology of Fever in Infants Younger Than 3 Months date: 2019-11-09 journal: Clin Pediatr (Phila) DOI: 10.1177/0009922819884582 sha: doc_id: 288113 cord_uid: ex4yi28u file: cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.json key: cord-286368-kdwh4hgf authors: Hui, David S.C.; Lee, Nelson; Chan, Paul K.S. title: A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date: 2017-07-05 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/resp.13114 sha: doc_id: 286368 cord_uid: kdwh4hgf file: cache/cord-288505-v4dbswyk.json key: cord-288505-v4dbswyk authors: Roberts, M.T.M.; Lever, A.M.L. title: An analysis of imported infections over a 5-year period at a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom date: 2003-11-30 journal: Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2003.10.002 sha: doc_id: 288505 cord_uid: v4dbswyk file: cache/cord-288930-h13cxuh3.json key: cord-288930-h13cxuh3 authors: Lim, Faye J; Wake, Zoe V; Levy, Avram; Tempone, Simone; Moore, Hannah C; Richmond, Peter C; de Klerk, Nicholas; Conway, Nicholas T; Keil, Anthony D; Effler, Paul V; Smith, David W; Blyth, Christopher C title: Viral Etiology and the Impact of Codetection in Young Children Presenting With Influenza-Like Illness date: 2016-07-20 journal: J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw042 sha: doc_id: 288930 cord_uid: h13cxuh3 file: cache/cord-289139-5ljqnc39.json key: cord-289139-5ljqnc39 authors: Mengelle, C.; Mansuy, J.M.; Pierre, A.; Claudet, I.; Grouteau, E.; Micheau, P.; Sauné, K.; Izopet, J. title: The use of a multiplex real-time PCR assay for diagnosing acute respiratory viral infections in children attending an emergency unit date: 2014-09-03 journal: J Clin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.023 sha: doc_id: 289139 cord_uid: 5ljqnc39 file: cache/cord-286328-ap0wfjhq.json key: cord-286328-ap0wfjhq authors: Lewis, Toby C.; Henderson, Tiffany A.; Carpenter, Ashley R.; Ramirez, Ixsy A.; McHenry, Christina L.; Goldsmith, Adam M.; Ren, Xiaodan; Mentz, Graciela B.; Mukherjee, Bhramar; Robins, Thomas G.; Joiner, Terence A.; Mohammad, Layla S.; Nguyen, Emily R.; Burns, Mark A.; Burke, David T.; Hershenson, Marc B. title: Nasal cytokine responses to natural colds in asthmatic children date: 2012-11-26 journal: Clinical & Experimental Allergy DOI: 10.1111/cea.12005 sha: doc_id: 286328 cord_uid: ap0wfjhq file: cache/cord-288238-36hiiw91.json key: cord-288238-36hiiw91 authors: Keshavarz, Mohsen; Solaymani-Mohammadi, Farid; Namdari, Haideh; Arjeini, Yaser; Mousavi, Mohammad Javad; Rezaei, Farhad title: Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection date: 2020-03-05 journal: Cell Mol Biol Lett DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00211-2 sha: doc_id: 288238 cord_uid: 36hiiw91 file: cache/cord-289650-q2io8vgi.json key: cord-289650-q2io8vgi authors: Hammond, Ffion R.; Lewis, Amy; Elks, Philip M. title: If it’s not one thing, HIF’s another: immunoregulation by hypoxia inducible factors in disease date: 2020-07-06 journal: FEBS J DOI: 10.1111/febs.15476 sha: doc_id: 289650 cord_uid: q2io8vgi file: cache/cord-288945-c9ow1q5c.json key: cord-288945-c9ow1q5c authors: Spengler, Ulrich title: Liver Disease Associated with Non-Hepatitis Viruses date: 2019-11-01 journal: Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65782-3 sha: doc_id: 288945 cord_uid: c9ow1q5c file: cache/cord-289406-54vyzxjf.json key: cord-289406-54vyzxjf authors: Edwards, Suzanne; Small, J. David; Geratz, Joachim Dieter; Alexander, Lorraine K.; Baric, Ralph S. title: An Experimental Model for Myocarditis and Congestive Heart Failure after Rabbit Coronavirus Infection date: 1992-01-17 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/165.1.134 sha: doc_id: 289406 cord_uid: 54vyzxjf file: cache/cord-291711-usvvad21.json key: cord-291711-usvvad21 authors: Radermecker, M. title: Atopie et infections date: 2000-01-31 journal: Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique DOI: 10.1016/s0335-7457(00)80034-9 sha: doc_id: 291711 cord_uid: usvvad21 file: cache/cord-286574-t9z2ynt5.json key: cord-286574-t9z2ynt5 authors: nan title: Speaker presentations date: 2017-09-30 journal: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(17)30340-0 sha: doc_id: 286574 cord_uid: t9z2ynt5 file: cache/cord-292367-ocbsmmt6.json key: cord-292367-ocbsmmt6 authors: El-Masri, Maher M.; Oldfield, Margaret title: Exploring the influence of enforcing infection control directives on the risk of developing healthcare associated infections in the intensive care unit: A retrospective study date: 2012-02-29 journal: Intensive and Critical Care Nursing DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2011.10.003 sha: doc_id: 292367 cord_uid: ocbsmmt6 file: cache/cord-286683-mettlmhz.json key: cord-286683-mettlmhz authors: Ortiz-Prado, Esteban; Simbaña-Rivera, Katherine; Gómez-Barreno, Lenin; Rubio-Neira, Mario; Guaman, Linda P.; Kyriakidis, Nikolaos C; Muslin, Claire; Jaramillo, Ana María Gómez; Barba-Ostria, Carlos; Cevallos-Robalino, Doménica; Sanches-SanMiguel, Hugo; Unigarro, Luis; Zalakeviciute, Rasa; Gadian, Naomi; López-Cortés, Andrés title: Clinical, molecular and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV2 virus and the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review date: 2020-05-30 journal: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 sha: doc_id: 286683 cord_uid: mettlmhz file: cache/cord-292521-tpb12dkq.json key: cord-292521-tpb12dkq authors: Howard, John; Thompson, Thomas Z.; MacArthur, Rodger D.; Rojiani, Amyn M.; White, Joseph title: Widely Disseminated Cryptococcosis Manifesting in a Previously Undiagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive 18-Year-Old date: 2020-10-12 journal: Am J Case Rep DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.924410 sha: doc_id: 292521 cord_uid: tpb12dkq file: cache/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.json key: cord-288494-6qybdxc4 authors: Liao, Qiaohong; Ip, Dennis K M; Tsang, Tim K; Cao, Bin; Jiang, Hui; Liu, Fengfeng; Zheng, Jiandong; Peng, Zhibin; Wu, Peng; Huai, Yang; Lau, Eric H Y; Feng, Luzhao; Leung, Gabriel M; Yu, Hongjie; Cowling, Benjamin J title: A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) in a hospital emergency department setting date: 2014-08-05 journal: BMC Med DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0127-0 sha: doc_id: 288494 cord_uid: 6qybdxc4 file: cache/cord-294568-12eyo13f.json key: cord-294568-12eyo13f authors: Fernandes-Matano, Larissa; Monroy-Muñoz, Irma Eloísa; Angeles-Martínez, Javier; Sarquiz-Martinez, Brenda; Palomec-Nava, Iliana Donají; Pardavé-Alejandre, Hector Daniel; Santos Coy-Arechavaleta, Andrea; Santacruz-Tinoco, Clara Esperanza; González-Ibarra, Joaquín; González-Bonilla, Cesar Raúl; Muñoz-Medina, José Esteban title: Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico date: 2017-05-03 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176298 sha: doc_id: 294568 cord_uid: 12eyo13f file: cache/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.json key: cord-293871-hzes7mwt authors: McGuinness, Sarah L.; Wu, Henry M. title: Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections date: 2018-11-26 journal: Travel Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54696-6.00007-0 sha: doc_id: 293871 cord_uid: hzes7mwt file: cache/cord-292871-vgposxom.json key: cord-292871-vgposxom authors: Falsey, Ann R.; McCann, Robert M.; Hall, William J.; Criddle, Mary M.; Formica, Maria A.; Wycoff, Dennis; Kolassa, John E. title: The “Common Cold” in Frail Older Persons: Impact of Rhinovirus and Coronavirus in a Senior Daycare Center date: 2015-04-27 journal: J Am Geriatr Soc DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb01474.x sha: doc_id: 292871 cord_uid: vgposxom file: cache/cord-289697-g24xib4l.json key: cord-289697-g24xib4l authors: MacDowell, Ana L.; Bacharier, Leonard B. title: Infectious triggers of asthma date: 2005-03-01 journal: Immunol Allergy Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2004.09.011 sha: doc_id: 289697 cord_uid: g24xib4l file: cache/cord-294468-0v4grqa7.json key: cord-294468-0v4grqa7 authors: Kasilingam, Dharun; Prabhakaran, S.P Sathiya; Dinesh Kumar, R; Rajagopal, Varthini; Santhosh Kumar, T; Soundararaj, Ajitha title: Exploring the Growth of COVID‐19 Cases using Exponential Modelling Across 42 Countries and Predicting Signs of Early Containment using Machine Learning date: 2020-08-04 journal: Transbound Emerg Dis DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13764 sha: doc_id: 294468 cord_uid: 0v4grqa7 file: cache/cord-290385-0smnl70i.json key: cord-290385-0smnl70i authors: Chan, Jasper F.W.; Choi, Garnet K.Y.; Yip, Cyril C.Y.; Cheng, Vincent C.C.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung title: Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease date: 2016-03-03 journal: J Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.011 sha: doc_id: 290385 cord_uid: 0smnl70i file: cache/cord-295746-6e6itj3y.json key: cord-295746-6e6itj3y authors: Gu, Young E.; Park, Ji Y.; Lee, Mi K.; Lim, In S. title: Characteristics of human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in hospitalized children in Korea date: 2020-01-19 journal: Pediatr Int DOI: 10.1111/ped.14049 sha: doc_id: 295746 cord_uid: 6e6itj3y file: cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.json key: cord-293151-g3758oes authors: Nemzek, Jean A.; Lester, Patrick A.; Wolfe, A. Marissa; Dysko, Robert C.; Myers, Daniel D. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2015-07-10 journal: Laboratory Animal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00012-2 sha: doc_id: 293151 cord_uid: g3758oes file: cache/cord-296256-ipe92w4y.json key: cord-296256-ipe92w4y authors: Evelyn, Obando; Jaime, Fernández-Sarmiento; David, Montoya; Lorena, Acevedo; Jenifer, Arroyave; Oscar, Gamboa title: Prevalence, clinical outcomes and rainfall association of acute respiratory infection by human metapneumovirus in children in Bogotá, Colombia date: 2019-10-10 journal: BMC Pediatr DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1734-x sha: doc_id: 296256 cord_uid: ipe92w4y file: cache/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.json key: cord-290783-ipoelk4h authors: Crouch, C. F. title: Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: Enhancement of lactogenic immunity date: 1985-09-30 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(85)90056-8 sha: doc_id: 290783 cord_uid: ipoelk4h file: cache/cord-296567-six7u615.json key: cord-296567-six7u615 authors: Hussain, Akhtar; Cristina do Vale Moreira, Nayla title: Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic date: 2020-04-10 journal: Diabetes Metab Syndr DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.002 sha: doc_id: 296567 cord_uid: six7u615 file: cache/cord-290674-1kdc6xk8.json key: cord-290674-1kdc6xk8 authors: Hershenson, Marc B. title: Rhinovirus-Induced Exacerbations of Asthma and COPD date: 2013-02-21 journal: Scientifica (Cairo) DOI: 10.1155/2013/405876 sha: doc_id: 290674 cord_uid: 1kdc6xk8 file: cache/cord-296635-8r3tm966.json key: cord-296635-8r3tm966 authors: Breed, Andrew C.; Breed, Martin F.; Meers, Joanne; Field, Hume E. title: Evidence of Endemic Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus)—Implications for Disease Risk Management date: 2011-12-14 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028816 sha: doc_id: 296635 cord_uid: 8r3tm966 file: cache/cord-298181-ypgb7uuc.json key: cord-298181-ypgb7uuc authors: Hendaus, Mohamed A title: Why Are Children With Bronchiolitis At Risk Of Urinary Tract Infections? date: 2019-11-14 journal: Risk Manag Healthc Policy DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s222470 sha: doc_id: 298181 cord_uid: ypgb7uuc file: cache/cord-297834-me1ajoyb.json key: cord-297834-me1ajoyb authors: Schountz, Tony; Prescott, Joseph title: Hantavirus Immunology of Rodent Reservoirs: Current Status and Future Directions date: 2014-03-14 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v6031317 sha: doc_id: 297834 cord_uid: me1ajoyb file: cache/cord-295873-kykyubdq.json key: cord-295873-kykyubdq authors: Morikawa, Saeko; Kohdera, Urara; Hosaka, Taisuke; Ishii, Kousuke; Akagawa, Shohei; Hiroi, Satoshi; Kase, Tetsuo title: Seasonal variations of respiratory viruses and etiology of human rhinovirus infection in children date: 2015-10-22 journal: J Clin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.10.001 sha: doc_id: 295873 cord_uid: kykyubdq file: cache/cord-298131-zolwjl9u.json key: cord-298131-zolwjl9u authors: Xiao, Shuqi; Jia, Jianyu; Mo, Delin; Wang, Qiwei; Qin, Limei; He, Zuyong; Zhao, Xiao; Huang, Yuankai; Li, Anning; Yu, Jingwei; Niu, Yuna; Liu, Xiaohong; Chen, Yaosheng title: Understanding PRRSV Infection in Porcine Lung Based on Genome-Wide Transcriptome Response Identified by Deep Sequencing date: 2010-06-29 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011377 sha: doc_id: 298131 cord_uid: zolwjl9u file: cache/cord-273019-hbpfz8rt.json key: cord-273019-hbpfz8rt authors: Glingston, R. Sahaya; Deb, Rachayeeta; Kumar, Sachin; Nagotu, Shirisha title: Organelle dynamics and viral infections: at cross roads date: 2018-06-25 journal: Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.002 sha: doc_id: 273019 cord_uid: hbpfz8rt file: cache/cord-297790-tpjxt0w5.json key: cord-297790-tpjxt0w5 authors: Mandl, Judith N.; Schneider, Caitlin; Schneider, David S.; Baker, Michelle L. title: Going to Bat(s) for Studies of Disease Tolerance date: 2018-09-20 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02112 sha: doc_id: 297790 cord_uid: tpjxt0w5 file: cache/cord-298227-av1ev8ta.json key: cord-298227-av1ev8ta authors: Kähler, Christian J.; Hain, Rainer title: Fundamental protective mechanisms of face masks against droplet infections date: 2020-06-28 journal: J Aerosol Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105617 sha: doc_id: 298227 cord_uid: av1ev8ta file: cache/cord-300747-fnli688g.json key: cord-300747-fnli688g authors: Calvo, Cristina; García‐García, María Luz; Pozo, Francisco; Carballo, Daniel; Martínez‐Monteserín, Eduardo; Casas, Inmaculada title: Infections and coinfections by respiratory human bocavirus during eight seasons in hospitalized children date: 2016-05-06 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24562 sha: doc_id: 300747 cord_uid: fnli688g file: cache/cord-300187-fr6tme32.json key: cord-300187-fr6tme32 authors: Kearns, Shawn title: Infectious Hepatopathies in Dogs and Cats date: 2009-11-26 journal: Top Companion Anim Med DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.06.004 sha: doc_id: 300187 cord_uid: fr6tme32 file: cache/cord-299255-wnf8fozk.json key: cord-299255-wnf8fozk authors: Chan, M.Y.; Smith, M.A. title: Infections in Pregnancy date: 2017-11-27 journal: Comprehensive Toxicology DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64293-9 sha: doc_id: 299255 cord_uid: wnf8fozk file: cache/cord-300314-fbppvt75.json key: cord-300314-fbppvt75 authors: Bikov, Andras; Boots, Agnes; Bjerg, Anders; Jacinto, Tiago; Olland, Anne; Skoczyński, Szymon title: 13th ERS Lung Science Conference. The most important take home messages: News from the Underground date: 2015-06-17 journal: Breathe (Sheff) DOI: 10.1183/20734735.04015 sha: doc_id: 300314 cord_uid: fbppvt75 file: cache/cord-299918-0ahvoak4.json key: cord-299918-0ahvoak4 authors: Aykac, Kubra; Karadag‐Oncel, Eda; Tanır Basaranoglu, Sevgen; Alp, Alpaslan; Cengiz, Ali Bulent; Ceyhan, Mehmet; Kara, Ates title: Respiratory viral infections in infants with possible sepsis date: 2018-09-24 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25309 sha: doc_id: 299918 cord_uid: 0ahvoak4 file: cache/cord-300230-a3jk6w90.json key: cord-300230-a3jk6w90 authors: Ding, Ji-Guang; Sun, Qing-Feng; Li, Ke-Cheng; Zheng, Ming-Hua; Miao, Xiao-Hui; Ni, Wu; Hong, Liang; Yang, Jin-Xian; Ruan, Zhan-Wei; Zhou, Rui-Wei; Zhou, Hai-Jiao; He, Wen-Fei title: Retrospective analysis of nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in China during 2003 and 2007 date: 2009-07-25 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-115 sha: doc_id: 300230 cord_uid: a3jk6w90 file: cache/cord-301276-eer1l8vg.json key: cord-301276-eer1l8vg authors: Sehrawat, Sharvan; Rouse, Barry T. title: Opinion: Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility? date: 2020-07-09 journal: Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.07.002 sha: doc_id: 301276 cord_uid: eer1l8vg file: cache/cord-302277-c66xm2n4.json key: cord-302277-c66xm2n4 authors: Bakaletz, Lauren O. title: Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases date: 2004 journal: Nat Rev Microbiol DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro928 sha: doc_id: 302277 cord_uid: c66xm2n4 file: cache/cord-298905-c2uuvfm5.json key: cord-298905-c2uuvfm5 authors: Horzinek, M. C. title: Molecular pathogenesis of virus infections date: 1987 journal: Experientia DOI: 10.1007/bf01945522 sha: doc_id: 298905 cord_uid: c2uuvfm5 file: cache/cord-300815-1vy787md.json key: cord-300815-1vy787md authors: Fang, Li-Qun; Sun, Yu; Zhao, Guo-Ping; Liu, Li-Juan; Jiang, Zhe-Jun; Fan, Zheng-Wei; Wang, Jing-Xue; Ji, Yang; Ma, Mai-Juan; Teng, Juan; Zhu, Yan; Yu, Ping; Li, Kai; Tian, Ying-Jie; Cao, Wu-Chun title: Travel-related infections in mainland China, 2014–16: an active surveillance study date: 2018-07-20 journal: Lancet Public Health DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30127-0 sha: doc_id: 300815 cord_uid: 1vy787md file: cache/cord-302056-wvf6cpib.json key: cord-302056-wvf6cpib authors: Benatia, D.; Godefroy, R.; Lewis, J. title: Estimating COVID-19 Prevalence in the United States: A Sample Selection Model Approach date: 2020-04-30 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 sha: doc_id: 302056 cord_uid: wvf6cpib file: cache/cord-301677-b6mnn27h.json key: cord-301677-b6mnn27h authors: Soleimanian, Saeede; Yaghobi, Ramin title: Harnessing Memory NK Cell to Protect Against COVID-19 date: 2020-08-20 journal: Front Pharmacol DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01309 sha: doc_id: 301677 cord_uid: b6mnn27h file: cache/cord-301904-mjfbvl5n.json key: cord-301904-mjfbvl5n authors: Schultz-Cherry, S. title: Astroviruses date: 2014-11-28 journal: Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02539-3 sha: doc_id: 301904 cord_uid: mjfbvl5n file: cache/cord-302619-3hbbpmnt.json key: cord-302619-3hbbpmnt authors: Strausbaugh, L. J. title: Emerging health care-associated infections in the geriatric population. date: 2001 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 302619 cord_uid: 3hbbpmnt file: cache/cord-303320-3tjhisfg.json key: cord-303320-3tjhisfg authors: Petersen, Eskild; Chen, Lin Hwei title: Reflections on travel-associated infections in Europe date: 2015-01-31 journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)71055-2 sha: doc_id: 303320 cord_uid: 3tjhisfg file: cache/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.json key: cord-300793-tuq8z6gm authors: Weiss, Robin A; McMichael, Anthony J title: Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date: 2004 journal: Nat Med DOI: 10.1038/nm1150 sha: doc_id: 300793 cord_uid: tuq8z6gm file: cache/cord-303299-p15irs4e.json key: cord-303299-p15irs4e authors: Dzien, Alexander; Dzien-Bischinger, Christine; Lechleitner, Monika; Winner, Hannes; Weiss, Günter title: Will the COVID-19 pandemic slow down in the Northern hemisphere by the onset of summer? An epidemiological hypothesis date: 2020-06-23 journal: Infection DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01460-1 sha: doc_id: 303299 cord_uid: p15irs4e file: cache/cord-303517-8971aq02.json key: cord-303517-8971aq02 authors: Cajamarca-Baron, Jairo; Guavita-Navarro, Diana; Buitrago-Bohorquez, Jhon; Gallego-Cardona, Laura; Navas, Angela; Cubides, Hector; Arredondo, Ana María; Escobar, Alejandro; Rojas-Villarraga, Adriana title: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Patients with some Degree of Immunosuppression date: 2020-10-16 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2020.08.001 sha: doc_id: 303517 cord_uid: 8971aq02 file: cache/cord-299261-ew99nraq.json key: cord-299261-ew99nraq authors: Cipriano, L. E.; Haddara, W. M. R.; Zaric, G. S.; Enns, E. A. title: IMPACT OF UNIVERSITY RE-OPENING ON TOTAL COMMUNITY COVID-19 BURDEN date: 2020-09-18 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.18.20197467 sha: doc_id: 299261 cord_uid: ew99nraq file: cache/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.json key: cord-300965-ivczo1a7 authors: Brown, M. M. title: Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns date: 2017-08-29 journal: J Med Humanit DOI: 10.1007/s10912-017-9470-4 sha: doc_id: 300965 cord_uid: ivczo1a7 file: cache/cord-302833-6kntd89t.json key: cord-302833-6kntd89t authors: Radonovich, Lewis J.; Bessesen, Mary T.; Cummings, Derek A.; Eagan, Aaron; Gaydos, Charlotte; Gibert, Cynthia; Gorse, Geoffrey J.; Nyquist, Ann-Christine; Reich, Nicholas G.; Rodrigues-Barradas, Maria; Savor-Price, Connie; Shaffer, Ronald E.; Simberkoff, Michael S.; Perl, Trish M. title: The Respiratory Protection Effectiveness Clinical Trial (ResPECT): a cluster-randomized comparison of respirator and medical mask effectiveness against respiratory infections in healthcare personnel date: 2016-06-02 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1494-2 sha: doc_id: 302833 cord_uid: 6kntd89t file: cache/cord-303490-rixuuytu.json key: cord-303490-rixuuytu authors: Pazos, Michael A.; Kraus, Thomas A.; Muñoz-Fontela, César; Moran, Thomas M. title: Estrogen Mediates Innate and Adaptive Immune Alterations to Influenza Infection in Pregnant Mice date: 2012-07-05 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040502 sha: doc_id: 303490 cord_uid: rixuuytu file: cache/cord-303966-z6u3d2ec.json key: cord-303966-z6u3d2ec authors: Shears, P. title: Poverty and infection in the developing world: Healthcare-related infections and infection control in the tropics date: 2007-10-22 journal: J Hosp Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.08.016 sha: doc_id: 303966 cord_uid: z6u3d2ec file: cache/cord-302379-jh6jxwyn.json key: cord-302379-jh6jxwyn authors: Jevon, Phil; Abdelrahman, Ahmed; Pigadas, Nick title: Management of odontogenic infections and sepsis: an update date: 2020-09-25 journal: Br Dent J DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2114-5 sha: doc_id: 302379 cord_uid: jh6jxwyn file: cache/cord-302403-kahi8cbc.json key: cord-302403-kahi8cbc authors: Miller, Robert F.; Lipman, Marc C.I. title: Pulmonary Infections date: 2009-05-15 journal: Clinical Respiratory Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-032304825-5.10034-0 sha: doc_id: 302403 cord_uid: kahi8cbc file: cache/cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.json key: cord-305207-fgvbrg8d authors: Ohara, Hiroshi; Pokhrel, Bharat M.; Dahal, Rajan K.; Mishra, Shyam K.; Kattel, Hari P.; Shrestha, Dharma L.; Haneishi, Yumiko; Sherchand, Jeevan B. title: Fact-finding Survey of Nosocomial Infection Control in Hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal—A Basis for Improvement date: 2013-06-29 journal: Trop Med Health DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2013-03 sha: doc_id: 305207 cord_uid: fgvbrg8d file: cache/cord-305457-t7qw1oy2.json key: cord-305457-t7qw1oy2 authors: Zhang, Youhong; Enden, Giora; Wei, Wei; Zhou, Feng; Chen, Jie; Merchuk, Jose C. title: Baculovirus transit through insect cell membranes: A mechanistic approach date: 2020-09-21 journal: Chem Eng Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115727 sha: doc_id: 305457 cord_uid: t7qw1oy2 file: cache/cord-299786-wuve0tjz.json key: cord-299786-wuve0tjz authors: Anderson, Robert title: Manipulation of cell surface macromolecules by flaviviruses date: 2004-02-27 journal: Adv Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(03)59007-8 sha: doc_id: 299786 cord_uid: wuve0tjz file: cache/cord-301225-h178zpb3.json key: cord-301225-h178zpb3 authors: Gautret, Philippe; Parola, Philippe; Wilson, Mary Elizabeth title: Fever in Returned Travelers date: 2018-11-26 journal: Travel Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54696-6.00056-2 sha: doc_id: 301225 cord_uid: h178zpb3 file: cache/cord-302247-moor7dfc.json key: cord-302247-moor7dfc authors: Richards, James; Rodan, Ilona title: Feline Vaccination Guidelines date: 2001-05-31 journal: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(01)50602-6 sha: doc_id: 302247 cord_uid: moor7dfc file: cache/cord-304251-dohglrm1.json key: cord-304251-dohglrm1 authors: Scully, C; Samaranayake, LP title: Emerging and changing viral diseases in the new millennium date: 2015-08-06 journal: Oral Dis DOI: 10.1111/odi.12356 sha: doc_id: 304251 cord_uid: dohglrm1 file: cache/cord-307144-g8d1xkub.json key: cord-307144-g8d1xkub authors: Monaghan, N. P. title: Emerging infections – implications for dental care date: 2016-07-08 journal: Br Dent J DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.486 sha: doc_id: 307144 cord_uid: g8d1xkub file: cache/cord-307016-4hdsb5oq.json key: cord-307016-4hdsb5oq authors: Allen, Upton; Green, Michael title: Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Complications After Solid Organ Transplantation in Children date: 2010-04-30 journal: Pediatric Clinics of North America DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2010.01.005 sha: doc_id: 307016 cord_uid: 4hdsb5oq file: cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.json key: cord-306266-8qdrshz3 authors: Scully, Crispian title: Respiratory medicine date: 2014-06-25 journal: Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00015-1 sha: doc_id: 306266 cord_uid: 8qdrshz3 file: cache/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.json key: cord-303741-1ou0cy5k authors: Stafstrom, Carl E.; Jantzie, Lauren L. title: COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date: 2020-09-10 journal: Children (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/children7090133 sha: doc_id: 303741 cord_uid: 1ou0cy5k file: cache/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.json key: cord-304720-0lgup7yj authors: Robbins, R.C.; Almond, G.; Byers, E. title: Swine Diseases and Disorders date: 2014-08-21 journal: Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00134-0 sha: doc_id: 304720 cord_uid: 0lgup7yj file: cache/cord-305890-mdwjrfzp.json key: cord-305890-mdwjrfzp authors: Bönsch, Claudia; Kempf, Christoph; Mueller, Ivo; Manning, Laurens; Laman, Moses; Davis, Timothy M. E.; Ros, Carlos title: Chloroquine and Its Derivatives Exacerbate B19V-Associated Anemia by Promoting Viral Replication date: 2010-04-27 journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000669 sha: doc_id: 305890 cord_uid: mdwjrfzp file: cache/cord-306111-wn1gxhk9.json key: cord-306111-wn1gxhk9 authors: Dommett, R. M.; Klein, N; Turner, M. W. title: Mannose‐binding lectin in innate immunity: past, present and future date: 2006-09-01 journal: Tissue Antigens DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00649.x sha: doc_id: 306111 cord_uid: wn1gxhk9 file: cache/cord-306278-c4q4la5c.json key: cord-306278-c4q4la5c authors: Esposito, Susanna; Zampiero, Alberto; Bianchini, Sonia; Mori, Alessandro; Scala, Alessia; Tagliabue, Claudia; Sciarrabba, Calogero Sathya; Fossali, Emilio; Piralla, Antonio; Principi, Nicola title: Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Respiratory Infections Due to Adenovirus in Children Living in Milan, Italy, during 2013 and 2014 date: 2016-04-05 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152375 sha: doc_id: 306278 cord_uid: c4q4la5c file: cache/cord-303054-s1clwunc.json key: cord-303054-s1clwunc authors: Velly, Lionel; Gayat, Etienne; Jong, Audrey De; Quintard, Hervé; Weiss, Emmanuel; Cuvillon, Philippe; Audibert, Gerard; Amour, Julien; Beaussier, Marc; Biais, Matthieu; Bloc, Sébastien; Bonnet, Marie Pierre; Bouzat, Pierre; Brezac, Gilles; Dahyot-Fizelier, Claire; Dahmani, Souhayl; de Queiroz, Mathilde; Maria, Sophie Di; Ecoffey, Claude; Futier, Emmanuel; Geeraerts, Thomas; Jaber, Haithem; Heyer, Laurent; Hoteit, Rim; Joannes-Boyau, Olivier; Kern, Delphine; Langeron, Olivier; Lasocki, Sigismond; Launey, Yoan; Saché, Frederic le; Lukaszewicz, Anne Claire; Maurice-Szamburski, Axel; Mayeur, Nicolas; Michel, Fabrice; Minville, Vincent; Mirek, Sébastien; Montravers, Philippe; Morau, Estelle; Muller, Laurent; Muret, Jane; Nouette-Gaulain, Karine; Orban, Jean Christophe; Orliaguet, Gilles; Perrigault, Pierre François; Plantet, Florence; Pottecher, Julien; Quesnel, Christophe; Reubrecht, Vanessa; Rozec, Bertrand; Tavernier, Benoit; Veber, Benoit; Veyckmans, Francis; Charbonneau, Hélène; Constant, Isabelle; Frasca, Denis; Fischer, Marc-Olivier; Huraux, Catherine; Blet, Alice; Garnier, Marc title: Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-06-05 journal: Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.05.012 sha: doc_id: 303054 cord_uid: s1clwunc file: cache/cord-305085-bv7udg9k.json key: cord-305085-bv7udg9k authors: Lawrence, Robert M. title: Chapter 13 Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding date: 2011-12-31 journal: Breastfeeding DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0788-5.10013-6 sha: doc_id: 305085 cord_uid: bv7udg9k file: cache/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.json key: cord-302918-0nk7zyod authors: Broor, S.; Bharaj, P.; Chahar, H. S. title: Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen date: 2008-11-01 journal: J Biosci DOI: 10.1007/s12038-008-0067-y sha: doc_id: 302918 cord_uid: 0nk7zyod file: cache/cord-304088-xkg0ylz8.json key: cord-304088-xkg0ylz8 authors: Zhu, Han; Rhee, June-Wha; Cheng, Paul; Waliany, Sarah; Chang, Amy; Witteles, Ronald M.; Maecker, Holden; Davis, Mark M.; Nguyen, Patricia K.; Wu, Sean M. title: Cardiovascular Complications in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences of Viral Toxicities and Host Immune Response date: 2020-04-21 journal: Curr Cardiol Rep DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01292-3 sha: doc_id: 304088 cord_uid: xkg0ylz8 file: cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.json key: cord-307899-427a7i3h authors: BITTLE, JAMES L.; MUIR, SUSIE title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 journal: Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 sha: doc_id: 307899 cord_uid: 427a7i3h file: cache/cord-307813-elom30nx.json key: cord-307813-elom30nx authors: Yip, Tsz-Fung; Selim, Aisha Sami Mohammed; Lian, Ida; Lee, Suki Man-Yan title: Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment date: 2018-07-10 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547 sha: doc_id: 307813 cord_uid: elom30nx file: cache/cord-310055-9qj8d2f7.json key: cord-310055-9qj8d2f7 authors: Gerace, Elisabetta; Lo Presti, Vincenzo Di Marco; Biondo, Carmelo title: Cryptosporidium Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Differential Diagnosis date: 2019-10-22 journal: Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) DOI: 10.1556/1886.2019.00019 sha: doc_id: 310055 cord_uid: 9qj8d2f7 file: cache/cord-309138-44qpk2vf.json key: cord-309138-44qpk2vf authors: Khanna, Kanika; Kohli, Sukhmeen Kaur; Kaur, Ravdeep; Bhardwaj, Abhay; Bhardwaj, Vinay; Ohri, Puja; Sharma, Anket; Ahmad, Ajaz; Bhardwaj, Renu; Ahmad, Parvaiz title: Herbal Immune-boosters: Substantial Warriors of Pandemic Covid-19 Battle date: 2020-10-03 journal: Phytomedicine DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361 sha: doc_id: 309138 cord_uid: 44qpk2vf file: cache/cord-305146-iprzeigk.json key: cord-305146-iprzeigk authors: Chughtai, Abrar Ahmad; Khan, Wasiq title: Use of personal protective equipment to protect against respiratory infections in Pakistan: A systematic review date: 2020-03-04 journal: J Infect Public Health DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.02.032 sha: doc_id: 305146 cord_uid: iprzeigk file: cache/cord-310205-j57x9ke6.json key: cord-310205-j57x9ke6 authors: Alcaide, Maria L.; Bisno, Alan L. title: Pharyngitis and Epiglottitis date: 2007-06-08 journal: Infect Dis Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.001 sha: doc_id: 310205 cord_uid: j57x9ke6 file: cache/cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.json key: cord-309642-wwaa6ls0 authors: Potgieter, Leon N.D. title: Pathogenesis of Viral Infections date: 1986-11-30 journal: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50129-7 sha: doc_id: 309642 cord_uid: wwaa6ls0 file: cache/cord-309478-yhmgopmr.json key: cord-309478-yhmgopmr authors: Jin, Ying-Hui; Huang, Qiao; Wang, Yun-Yun; Zeng, Xian-Tao; Luo, Li-Sha; Pan, Zhen-Yu; Yuan, Yu-Feng; Chen, Zhi-Min; Cheng, Zhen-Shun; Huang, Xing; Wang, Na; Li, Bing-Hui; Zi, Hao; Zhao, Ming-Juan; Ma, Lin-Lu; Deng, Tong; Wang, Ying; Wang, Xing-Huan title: Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey date: 2020-05-11 journal: Mil Med Res DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00254-8 sha: doc_id: 309478 cord_uid: yhmgopmr file: cache/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.json key: cord-308184-w8ewm8ve authors: Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo; Marotto, Daniela; Antivalle, Marco; Salaffi, Fausto; Atzeni, Fabiola; Maconi, Giovanni; Monteleone, Giovanni; Rizzardini, Giuliano; Antinori, Spinello; Galli, Massimo; Ardizzone, Sandro title: How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion date: 2020-05-05 journal: Autoimmun Rev DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102574 sha: doc_id: 308184 cord_uid: w8ewm8ve file: cache/cord-309274-2npxrrhr.json key: cord-309274-2npxrrhr authors: Lee, M.K.; Chiu, C.S.; Chow, V.C.; Lam, R.K.; Lai, R.W. title: Prevalence of hospital infection and antibiotic use at a University Medical Center in Hong Kong date: 2007-02-02 journal: J Hosp Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.12.013 sha: doc_id: 309274 cord_uid: 2npxrrhr file: cache/cord-309488-8guapzke.json key: cord-309488-8guapzke authors: Dodd, R. title: Other emerging viral pathogens date: 2006-08-15 journal: ISBT Sci Ser DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2824.2006.00043.x sha: doc_id: 309488 cord_uid: 8guapzke file: cache/cord-310042-9z8rkzq8.json key: cord-310042-9z8rkzq8 authors: Aysha, Al‐Ani; Rentsch, Clarissa; Prentice, Ralley; Johnson, Doug; Bryant, Robert V.; Ward, Mark G.; Costello, Samuel P.; Lewindon, Peter; Ghaly, Simon; Connor, Susan J.; Begun, Jakob; Christensen, Britt title: Practical management of inflammatory bowel disease patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: expert commentary from the Gastroenterological Society of Australia Inflammatory Bowel Disease faculty date: 2020-07-12 journal: Intern Med J DOI: 10.1111/imj.14889 sha: doc_id: 310042 cord_uid: 9z8rkzq8 file: cache/cord-310371-pylrg91h.json key: cord-310371-pylrg91h authors: Bishop, R.F.; Kirkwood, C.D. title: Enteric Viruses date: 2008-07-30 journal: Encyclopedia of Virology DOI: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00386-1 sha: doc_id: 310371 cord_uid: pylrg91h file: cache/cord-308816-nux087gc.json key: cord-308816-nux087gc authors: de Graaf, Dirk C; Vanopdenbosch, Emmanuel; Ortega-Mora, Luis M; Abbassi, Hayet; Peeters, Johan E title: A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals date: 2000-01-10 journal: Int J Parasitol DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00076-4 sha: doc_id: 308816 cord_uid: nux087gc file: cache/cord-310840-h49dx92d.json key: cord-310840-h49dx92d authors: Eslamy, Hedieh K.; Newman, Beverley title: Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date: 2011-09-30 journal: Radiologic Clinics of North America DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.007 sha: doc_id: 310840 cord_uid: h49dx92d file: cache/cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.json key: cord-311908-sgdq6j6x authors: Atkins, G. J.; McQuaid, S.; Morris‐Downes, M. M.; Galbraith, S. E.; Amor, S.; Cosby, S. L.; Sheahan, B. J. title: Transient virus infection and multiple sclerosis date: 2000-09-28 journal: Rev Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/1099-1654(200009/10)10:5<291::aid-rmv278>3.0.co;2-u sha: doc_id: 311908 cord_uid: sgdq6j6x file: cache/cord-312197-d5d8amk7.json key: cord-312197-d5d8amk7 authors: Edmond, Karen; Zaidi, Anita title: New Approaches to Preventing, Diagnosing, and Treating Neonatal Sepsis date: 2010-03-09 journal: PLoS Med DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000213 sha: doc_id: 312197 cord_uid: d5d8amk7 file: cache/cord-312795-0e4esl2o.json key: cord-312795-0e4esl2o authors: Puig-Domingo, M.; Marazuela, M.; Giustina, A. title: COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology date: 2020-04-11 journal: Endocrine DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5 sha: doc_id: 312795 cord_uid: 0e4esl2o file: cache/cord-312797-hohzjx74.json key: cord-312797-hohzjx74 authors: Hamelin, Marie-Ève; Abed, Yacine; Boivin, Guy title: Human Metapneumovirus: A New Player among Respiratory Viruses date: 2004-04-01 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1086/382536 sha: doc_id: 312797 cord_uid: hohzjx74 file: cache/cord-308201-lavcsqov.json key: cord-308201-lavcsqov authors: Desforges, Marc; Le Coupanec, Alain; Dubeau, Philippe; Bourgouin, Andréanne; Lajoie, Louise; Dubé, Mathieu; Talbot, Pierre J. title: Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date: 2019-12-20 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v12010014 sha: doc_id: 308201 cord_uid: lavcsqov file: cache/cord-310239-mmvuij3k.json key: cord-310239-mmvuij3k authors: Arentz, Susan; Yang, Guoyan; Goldenberg, Joshua; Beardsley, Jennifer; Myers, Stephen P.; Mertz, Dominik; Leeder, Stephen; Hunter, Jennifer title: Clinical significance summary: Preliminary results of a rapid review of zinc for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral respiratory infections date: 2020-08-01 journal: Adv Integr Med DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.009 sha: doc_id: 310239 cord_uid: mmvuij3k file: cache/cord-310942-191m0e65.json key: cord-310942-191m0e65 authors: Boga, Jose Antonio; Coto‐Montes, Ana; Rosales‐Corral, Sergio A.; Tan, Dun‐Xian; Reiter, Russel J. title: Beneficial actions of melatonin in the management of viral infections: a new use for this “molecular handyman”? date: 2012-04-18 journal: Rev Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1714 sha: doc_id: 310942 cord_uid: 191m0e65 file: cache/cord-312803-fxuynxjd.json key: cord-312803-fxuynxjd authors: Gómez-Ríos, Manuel Ángel; Casans-Francés, Rubén; Abad-Gurumeta, Alfredo; Taboada-López, Elena title: Preventing Infection of Patients and Healthcare Workers Should Be the New Normal in the Era of Novel Coronavirus Epidemics: Comment date: 2020-06-16 journal: Anesthesiology DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003373 sha: doc_id: 312803 cord_uid: fxuynxjd file: cache/cord-314359-fw14b5cv.json key: cord-314359-fw14b5cv authors: Bajaj, Satish Kumar; Tombach, Bernd title: Respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients: Lung findings using chest computed tomography date: 2016-11-23 journal: Radiol Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.jrid.2016.11.001 sha: doc_id: 314359 cord_uid: fw14b5cv file: cache/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.json key: cord-312438-zr9zx7pv authors: Hoo, Regina; Nakimuli, Annettee; Vento-Tormo, Roser title: Innate Immune Mechanisms to Protect Against Infection at the Human Decidual-Placental Interface date: 2020-09-10 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02070 sha: doc_id: 312438 cord_uid: zr9zx7pv file: cache/cord-314449-ukqux772.json key: cord-314449-ukqux772 authors: Curtis, L.T. title: Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: review of non-pharmacological interventions date: 2008-06-02 journal: J Hosp Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.03.018 sha: doc_id: 314449 cord_uid: ukqux772 file: cache/cord-314600-x8mmuf3y.json key: cord-314600-x8mmuf3y authors: Biagi, Carlotta; Rocca, Alessandro; Poletti, Giulia; Fabi, Marianna; Lanari, Marcello title: Rhinovirus Infection in Children with Acute Bronchiolitis and Its Impact on Recurrent Wheezing and Asthma Development date: 2020-10-21 journal: Microorganisms DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101620 sha: doc_id: 314600 cord_uid: x8mmuf3y file: cache/cord-312964-vsrqmmv7.json key: cord-312964-vsrqmmv7 authors: Doyle, William J.; Alper, Cuneyt M. title: Prevention of otitis media caused by viral upper respiratory tract infection: Vaccines, antivirals, and other approaches date: 2003 journal: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep DOI: 10.1007/s11882-003-0093-7 sha: doc_id: 312964 cord_uid: vsrqmmv7 file: cache/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.json key: cord-314500-89ovdnxl authors: Dunachie, Susanna; Chamnan, Parinya title: The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries date: 2018-12-04 journal: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try124 sha: doc_id: 314500 cord_uid: 89ovdnxl file: cache/cord-315304-pge45105.json key: cord-315304-pge45105 authors: Kotton, C.N.; Kuehnert, M.J.; Fishman, J.A. title: Organ Transplantation, Risks date: 2015-03-06 journal: Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02629-5 sha: doc_id: 315304 cord_uid: pge45105 file: cache/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.json key: cord-315726-ltjurdrq authors: Acheson, D.W.K. title: Food and Waterborne Illnesses date: 2009-02-17 journal: Encyclopedia of Microbiology DOI: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00183-8 sha: doc_id: 315726 cord_uid: ltjurdrq file: cache/cord-316500-vik30moa.json key: cord-316500-vik30moa authors: Cardillo, Lorena; Piegari, Giuseppe; Iovane, Valentina; Viscardi, Maurizio; Alfano, Flora; Cerrone, Anna; Pagnini, Ugo; Montagnaro, Serena; Galiero, Giorgio; Pisanelli, Giuseppe; Fusco, Giovanna title: Lifestyle as Risk Factor for Infectious Causes of Death in Young Dogs: A Retrospective Study in Southern Italy (2015–2017) date: 2020-06-05 journal: Vet Med Int DOI: 10.1155/2020/6207297 sha: doc_id: 316500 cord_uid: vik30moa file: cache/cord-316513-dbzj101e.json key: cord-316513-dbzj101e authors: Sen-Crowe, Brendon; McKenney, Mark; Elkbuli, Adel title: Utilizing technology as a method of contact tracing and surveillance to minimize the risk of contracting COVID-19 infection date: 2020-07-04 journal: Am J Emerg Med DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.003 sha: doc_id: 316513 cord_uid: dbzj101e file: cache/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.json key: cord-314390-q36ye9ff authors: Kang, Gagandeep title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2016-10-24 journal: International Encyclopedia of Public Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00486-0 sha: doc_id: 314390 cord_uid: q36ye9ff file: cache/cord-314505-7qh8dsew.json key: cord-314505-7qh8dsew authors: Stegelmeier, Ashley A.; van Vloten, Jacob P.; Mould, Robert C.; Klafuric, Elaine M.; Minott, Jessica A.; Wootton, Sarah K.; Bridle, Byram W.; Karimi, Khalil title: Myeloid Cells during Viral Infections and Inflammation date: 2019-02-19 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v11020168 sha: doc_id: 314505 cord_uid: 7qh8dsew file: cache/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.json key: cord-315794-se0sq3c3 authors: Lamps, L W title: Infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract date: 2006-12-14 journal: Histopathology DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02544.x sha: doc_id: 315794 cord_uid: se0sq3c3 file: cache/cord-315730-fzgxuak7.json key: cord-315730-fzgxuak7 authors: Penman, Sophie L.; Kiy, Robyn T.; Jensen, Rebecca L.; Beoku‐Betts, Christopher; Alfirevic, Ana; Back, David; Khoo, Saye H.; Owen, Andrew; Pirmohamed, Munir; Park, B. Kevin; Meng, Xiaoli; Goldring, Christopher E.; Chadwick, Amy E. title: Safety perspectives on presently considered drugs for the treatment of COVID‐19 date: 2020-07-17 journal: Br J Pharmacol DOI: 10.1111/bph.15204 sha: doc_id: 315730 cord_uid: fzgxuak7 file: cache/cord-317028-f3bpwm5j.json key: cord-317028-f3bpwm5j authors: Olmsted, Russell N. title: Prevention by Design: Construction and Renovation of Health Care Facilities for Patient Safety and Infection Prevention date: 2016-08-09 journal: Infect Dis Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.005 sha: doc_id: 317028 cord_uid: f3bpwm5j file: cache/cord-317499-mxt7stat.json key: cord-317499-mxt7stat authors: Saraya, Takeshi; Kurai, Daisuke; Ishii, Haruyuki; Ito, Anri; Sasaki, Yoshiko; Niwa, Shoichi; Kiyota, Naoko; Tsukagoshi, Hiroyuki; Kozawa, Kunihisa; Goto, Hajime; Takizawa, Hajime title: Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus date: 2014-05-26 journal: Front Microbiol DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00226 sha: doc_id: 317499 cord_uid: mxt7stat file: cache/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.json key: cord-317548-ft7lkpzq authors: Proud, David title: Upper airway viral infections date: 2007-07-05 journal: Pulm Pharmacol Ther DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.06.004 sha: doc_id: 317548 cord_uid: ft7lkpzq file: cache/cord-314841-b5l6epy3.json key: cord-314841-b5l6epy3 authors: Falsey, Ann Regina title: Respiratory viral infections date: 2019-08-15 journal: Genomic and Precision Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801496-7.00009-5 sha: doc_id: 314841 cord_uid: b5l6epy3 file: cache/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.json key: cord-316894-zhmuzv7z authors: Stetzenbach, L.D. title: Airborne Infectious Microorganisms date: 2009-02-17 journal: Encyclopedia of Microbiology DOI: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00177-2 sha: doc_id: 316894 cord_uid: zhmuzv7z file: cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.json key: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 authors: Overgaauw, Paul A.M.; Vinke, Claudia M.; van Hagen, Marjan A.E.; Lipman, Len J.A. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113789 sha: doc_id: 318061 cord_uid: xe8lljz0 file: cache/cord-318063-bainw3d6.json key: cord-318063-bainw3d6 authors: Haque, Mainul; Sartelli, Massimo; McKimm, Judy; Abu Bakar, Muhamad title: Health care-associated infections – an overview date: 2018-11-15 journal: Infect Drug Resist DOI: 10.2147/idr.s177247 sha: doc_id: 318063 cord_uid: bainw3d6 file: cache/cord-317661-v93mde6l.json key: cord-317661-v93mde6l authors: Vaid, Shashank; Cakan, Caglar; Bhandari, Mohit title: Using Machine Learning to Estimate Unobserved COVID-19 Infections in North America date: 2020-05-07 journal: J Bone Joint Surg Am DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00715 sha: doc_id: 317661 cord_uid: v93mde6l file: cache/cord-318172-bdotp9ko.json key: cord-318172-bdotp9ko authors: Blanco, Jorge C. G.; Core, Susan; Pletneva, Lioubov M.; March, Thomas H.; Boukhvalova, Marina S.; Kajon, Adriana E. title: PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBODY TREATMENT AND INTRAMUSCULAR IMMUNIZATION REDUCE INFECTIOUS HUMAN RHINOVIRUS 16 LOAD IN THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT OF CHALLENGED COTTON RATS date: 2014-01-01 journal: Trials in Vaccinology DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2014.02.003 sha: doc_id: 318172 cord_uid: bdotp9ko file: cache/cord-320145-582kmoyo.json key: cord-320145-582kmoyo authors: Cardinal, R. N.; Meiser-Stedman, C. E.; Christmas, D. M.; Price, A. C.; Denman, C.; Underwood, B. R.; Shanquan, C.; Banerjee, S. N.; White, S. R.; Su, L.; Ford, T. J.; Chamberlain, S. R.; Walsh, C. M. title: Simulating a community mental health service during the COVID-19 pandemic: effects of clinician-clinician encounters, clinician-patient-family encounters, symptom-triggered protective behaviour, and household clustering date: 2020-05-03 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.27.20081505 sha: doc_id: 320145 cord_uid: 582kmoyo file: cache/cord-318826-l922zqci.json key: cord-318826-l922zqci authors: Holschbach, Chelsea L.; Peek, Simon F. title: Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date: 2018-03-31 journal: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005 sha: doc_id: 318826 cord_uid: l922zqci file: cache/cord-318984-8m9ygzn5.json key: cord-318984-8m9ygzn5 authors: Chen, Yin-Yin; Chen, Liang-Yu; Lin, Seng-Yi; Chou, Pesus; Liao, Shu-Yuan; Wang, Fu-Der title: Surveillance on secular trends of incidence and mortality for device–associated infection in the intensive care unit setting at a tertiary medical center in Taiwan, 2000–2008: A retrospective observational study date: 2012-09-10 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-209 sha: doc_id: 318984 cord_uid: 8m9ygzn5 file: cache/cord-317198-mean7sj9.json key: cord-317198-mean7sj9 authors: Giamberardin, Heloisa I.G.; Homsani, Sheila; Bricks, Lucia F.; Pacheco, Ana P.O.; Guedes, Matilde; Debur, Maria C.; Raboni, Sonia M. title: Clinical and epidemiological features of respiratory virus infections in preschool children over two consecutive influenza seasons in southern Brazil date: 2016-02-09 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24477 sha: doc_id: 317198 cord_uid: mean7sj9 file: cache/cord-318282-ocgfgx9r.json key: cord-318282-ocgfgx9r authors: Boyce, John M; Cookson, Barry; Christiansen, Keryn; Hori, Satoshi; Vuopio-Varkila, Jaana; Kocagöz, Sesin; Öztop, A Yasemin; Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Christina MJE; Harbarth, Stephan; Pittet, Didier title: Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus date: 2005-10-31 journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70243-7 sha: doc_id: 318282 cord_uid: ocgfgx9r file: cache/cord-318852-gouz6tth.json key: cord-318852-gouz6tth authors: Lee, J.S.E.; Goy, R.W.L.; Sng, B.L.; Lew, E. title: Considerations and strategies in the organisation of obstetric anaesthesia care during the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore date: 2020-04-20 journal: Int J Obstet Anesth DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2020.04.003 sha: doc_id: 318852 cord_uid: gouz6tth file: cache/cord-318944-13zk6cco.json key: cord-318944-13zk6cco authors: Bizzoca, Maria Eleonora; Campisi, Giuseppina; Lo Muzio, Lorenzo title: Covid-19 Pandemic: What Changes for Dentists and Oral Medicine Experts? A Narrative Review and Novel Approaches to Infection Containment date: 2020-05-27 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113793 sha: doc_id: 318944 cord_uid: 13zk6cco file: cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.json key: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 authors: Ruiz, Sara I.; Zumbrun, Elizabeth E.; Nalca, Aysegul title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 journal: Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 sha: doc_id: 319933 cord_uid: yp9ofhi8 file: cache/cord-320454-dhfl92et.json key: cord-320454-dhfl92et authors: Srivastava, S.; Shetty, N. title: Healthcare-associated infections in neonatal units: lessons from contrasting worlds date: 2007-03-12 journal: J Hosp Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.01.014 sha: doc_id: 320454 cord_uid: dhfl92et file: cache/cord-320548-oigyut2k.json key: cord-320548-oigyut2k authors: Zumla, Alimuddin; Memish, Ziad A; Maeurer, Markus; Bates, Matthew; Mwaba, Peter; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A; Denning, David W; Hayden, Frederick G; Hui, David S title: Emerging novel and antimicrobial-resistant respiratory tract infections: new drug development and therapeutic options date: 2014-09-01 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70828-x sha: doc_id: 320548 cord_uid: oigyut2k file: cache/cord-320909-p93gxjm2.json key: cord-320909-p93gxjm2 authors: Natoli, S.; Oliveira, V.; Calabresi, P.; Maia, L. F.; Pisani, A. title: Does SARS‐Cov‐2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models date: 2020-05-22 journal: Eur J Neurol DOI: 10.1111/ene.14277 sha: doc_id: 320909 cord_uid: p93gxjm2 file: cache/cord-321132-xdpb3ukt.json key: cord-321132-xdpb3ukt authors: Lhomme, Sebastien; Garrouste, Cyril; Kamar, Nassim; Saune, Karine; Abravanel, Florence; Mansuy, Jean-Michel; Dubois, Martine; Rostaing, Lionel; Izopet, Jacques title: Influence of Polyproline Region and Macro Domain Genetic Heterogeneity on HEV Persistence in Immunocompromised Patients date: 2014-01-15 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit438 sha: doc_id: 321132 cord_uid: xdpb3ukt file: cache/cord-321481-vrfwczve.json key: cord-321481-vrfwczve authors: Watashi, Koichi; Urban, Stephan; Li, Wenhui; Wakita, Takaji title: NTCP and Beyond: Opening the Door to Unveil Hepatitis B Virus Entry date: 2014-02-19 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022892 sha: doc_id: 321481 cord_uid: vrfwczve file: cache/cord-321584-4bu0lps0.json key: cord-321584-4bu0lps0 authors: Mitchell, Brett G.; Russo, Philip L.; Kiernan, Martin; Curryer, Cassie title: Nurses' and midwives’ cleaning knowledge, attitudes and practices: An Australian study date: 2020-09-30 journal: Infect Dis Health DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2020.09.002 sha: doc_id: 321584 cord_uid: 4bu0lps0 file: cache/cord-321756-a7eh4dkb.json key: cord-321756-a7eh4dkb authors: Kwofie, Theophilus B; Anane, Yaw A; Nkrumah, Bernard; Annan, Augustina; Nguah, Samuel B; Owusu, Michael title: Respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ghana date: 2012-04-10 journal: Virol J DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-78 sha: doc_id: 321756 cord_uid: a7eh4dkb file: cache/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.json key: cord-321835-qn33sx8x authors: Bailey, Emily S.; Fieldhouse, Jane K.; Choi, Jessica Y.; Gray, Gregory C. title: A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses date: 2018-04-09 journal: Front Public Health DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00104 sha: doc_id: 321835 cord_uid: qn33sx8x file: cache/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.json key: cord-321949-s1qu3odd authors: Anderson, Evan J; Weber, Stephen G title: Rotavirus infection in adults date: 2004-01-28 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)00928-4 sha: doc_id: 321949 cord_uid: s1qu3odd file: cache/cord-322380-udjoghr6.json key: cord-322380-udjoghr6 authors: Nash, Anthony A.; Dalziel, Robert G.; Fitzgerald, J. Ross title: Early Stages of Infection After Pathogen Entry date: 2015-02-06 journal: Mims' Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397188-3.00003-2 sha: doc_id: 322380 cord_uid: udjoghr6 file: cache/cord-323643-lu3ngt6r.json key: cord-323643-lu3ngt6r authors: Chow, C.B. title: Post-SARS infection control in the hospital and clinic date: 2004-11-05 journal: Paediatr Respir Rev DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2004.07.006 sha: doc_id: 323643 cord_uid: lu3ngt6r file: cache/cord-320663-xypg6evo.json key: cord-320663-xypg6evo authors: Market, Marisa; Angka, Leonard; Martel, Andre B.; Bastin, Donald; Olanubi, Oladunni; Tennakoon, Gayashan; Boucher, Dominique M.; Ng, Juliana; Ardolino, Michele; Auer, Rebecca C. title: Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies date: 2020-06-23 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512 sha: doc_id: 320663 cord_uid: xypg6evo file: cache/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.json key: cord-322899-uxvlagt3 authors: Gorji, Ali; Ghadiri, Maryam Khaleghi title: The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-11-06 journal: Nutrition DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111047 sha: doc_id: 322899 cord_uid: uxvlagt3 file: cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.json key: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx authors: Kahn, R. E.; Morozov, I.; Feldmann, H.; Richt, J. A. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 journal: Zoonoses Public Health DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x sha: doc_id: 323311 cord_uid: xl2fv0qx file: cache/cord-323112-e78zpa9c.json key: cord-323112-e78zpa9c authors: WATERER, Grant; WUNDERINK, Richard title: Respiratory infections: A current and future threat date: 2009-07-16 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01554.x sha: doc_id: 323112 cord_uid: e78zpa9c file: cache/cord-323551-22v2hn3v.json key: cord-323551-22v2hn3v authors: Galanti, M.; Birger, R.; Ud-Dean, M.; Filip, I.; Morita, H.; Comito, D.; Anthony, S.; Freyer, G. A.; Ibrahim, S.; Lane, B.; Matienzo, N.; Ligon, C.; Rabadan, R.; Shittu, A.; Tagne, E.; Shaman, J. title: Rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection across age groups date: 2019-04-15 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000505 sha: doc_id: 323551 cord_uid: 22v2hn3v file: cache/cord-324148-bllyruh8.json key: cord-324148-bllyruh8 authors: Loubet, Paul; Mathieu, Pauline; Lenzi, Nezha; Galtier, Florence; Lainé, Fabrice; Lesieur, Zineb; Vanhems, Philippe; Duval, Xavier; Postil, Deborah; Amour, Sélilah; Rogez, Sylvie; Lagathu, Gisèle; L'Honneur, Anne-Sophie; Foulongne, Vincent; Houhou, Nadhira; Lina, Bruno; Carrat, Fabrice; Launay, Odile title: Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection in adults hospitalized for community-acquired influenza-like illness in France, 2012-2018: a retrospective observational study date: 2020-04-10 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.005 sha: doc_id: 324148 cord_uid: bllyruh8 file: cache/cord-324333-huris8br.json key: cord-324333-huris8br authors: Lee, Na Hyun; Choi, Hee Joung; Kim, Yeo Hyang title: Clinical usefulness of serum procalcitonin level in distinguishing between Kawasaki disease and other infections in febrile children date: 2017-04-25 journal: Korean J Pediatr DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.4.112 sha: doc_id: 324333 cord_uid: huris8br file: cache/cord-324398-68je1l3o.json key: cord-324398-68je1l3o authors: Kashiwazaki, Hiromi; Nomura, Risa; Matsuyama, Shutoku; Taguchi, Fumihiro; Watanabe, Rihito title: Spongiform degeneration induced by neuropathogenic murine coronavirus infection date: 2011-01-23 journal: Pathol Int DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02639.x sha: doc_id: 324398 cord_uid: 68je1l3o file: cache/cord-322104-f1dukpso.json key: cord-322104-f1dukpso authors: Niederman, M.S. title: PNEUMONIA | Community Acquired Pneumonia, Bacterial and Other Common Pathogens date: 2006-05-13 journal: Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b0-12-370879-6/00310-0 sha: doc_id: 322104 cord_uid: f1dukpso file: cache/cord-323668-evzzfu04.json key: cord-323668-evzzfu04 authors: Yin, Zhixin; Guan, Dawei; Fan, Qin; Su, Juan; Zheng, Wenling; Ma, Wenli; Ke, Changwen title: lncRNA expression signatures in response to enterovirus 71 infection date: 2013-01-11 journal: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.101 sha: doc_id: 323668 cord_uid: evzzfu04 file: cache/cord-324635-27q3nxte.json key: cord-324635-27q3nxte authors: Bouza, Emilio; Brenes, Francisco José; Domingo, Javier Díez; Bouza, José María Eiros; González, José; Gracia, Diego; González, Ricardo Juárez; Muñoz, Patricia; Torregrossa, Roberto Petidier; Casado, José Manuel Ribera; Cordero, Primitivo Ramos; Rovira, Eduardo Rodríguez; Torralba, María Eva Sáez; Rexach, José Antonio Serra; García, Javier Tovar; Bravo, Carlos Verdejo; Palomo, Esteban title: The situation of infection in the elderly in Spain: a multidisciplinary opinion document date: 2020-09-08 journal: Rev Esp Quimioter DOI: 10.37201/req/057.2020 sha: doc_id: 324635 cord_uid: 27q3nxte file: cache/cord-324923-29kudfjp.json key: cord-324923-29kudfjp authors: Sarma, U.; Ghosh, B. title: Quantitative modeling and analysis show country-specific quarantine measures can circumvent COVID19 infection spread post lockdown date: 2020-05-26 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107169 sha: doc_id: 324923 cord_uid: 29kudfjp file: cache/cord-325613-oamw57gx.json key: cord-325613-oamw57gx authors: Zhong, Peipei; Zhang, Hailin; Chen, Xiaofang; Lv, Fangfang title: Clinical characteristics of the lower respiratory tract infection caused by a single infection or coinfection of the human parainfluenza virus in children date: 2019-05-29 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25499 sha: doc_id: 325613 cord_uid: oamw57gx file: cache/cord-324301-bzrh2fni.json key: cord-324301-bzrh2fni authors: Zambon, Maria title: Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS date: 2005-05-01 journal: Medicine DOI: 10.1383/medc.33.5.130.64960 sha: doc_id: 324301 cord_uid: bzrh2fni file: cache/cord-324775-3x5os79m.json key: cord-324775-3x5os79m authors: Crowe, J.E. title: Human Respiratory Viruses date: 2008-07-30 journal: Encyclopedia of Virology DOI: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00488-x sha: doc_id: 324775 cord_uid: 3x5os79m file: cache/cord-325172-a8ntxnmm.json key: cord-325172-a8ntxnmm authors: Yip, Ming Shum; Leung, Nancy Hiu Lan; Cheung, Chung Yan; Li, Ping Hung; Lee, Horace Hok Yeung; Daëron, Marc; Peiris, Joseph Sriyal Malik; Bruzzone, Roberto; Jaume, Martial title: Antibody-dependent infection of human macrophages by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2014-05-06 journal: Virol J DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-82 sha: doc_id: 325172 cord_uid: a8ntxnmm file: cache/cord-326138-16kpn9db.json key: cord-326138-16kpn9db authors: Weinstein, Robert A.; Singh, Kamaljit title: Laboratory-Acquired Infections date: 2009-07-01 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1086/599104 sha: doc_id: 326138 cord_uid: 16kpn9db file: cache/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.json key: cord-326328-9w2p3xla authors: JENKINS, IAN A.; SAUNDERS, MICHAEL title: Infections of the airway date: 2009-06-25 journal: Paediatr Anaesth DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02999.x sha: doc_id: 326328 cord_uid: 9w2p3xla file: cache/cord-324788-echu0zmf.json key: cord-324788-echu0zmf authors: Aich, Palok; Potter, Andrew A; Griebel, Philip J title: Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date: 2009-07-30 journal: Int J Gen Med DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 324788 cord_uid: echu0zmf file: cache/cord-324880-s1oqkqef.json key: cord-324880-s1oqkqef authors: Xu, Lili; Gao, Hengmiao; Zeng, Jiansheng; Liu, Jun; Lu, Cong; Guan, Xiaolei; Qian, Suyun; Xie, Zhengde title: A fatal case associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in a young child date: 2018-05-11 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3123-8 sha: doc_id: 324880 cord_uid: s1oqkqef file: cache/cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.json key: cord-326961-ti6mrzxf authors: Aly, Mariam Mohsen; Elchaghaby, Marwa Aly title: Impact of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on Egyptian dentists’ fear and dental practice (a cross-sectional survey) date: 2020-10-12 journal: BDJ Open DOI: 10.1038/s41405-020-00047-0 sha: doc_id: 326961 cord_uid: ti6mrzxf file: cache/cord-323463-osf6t7cw.json key: cord-323463-osf6t7cw authors: Cercenado, Emilia; Garau, Javier; Almirante, Benito; Ramón Azanza, José; Cantón, Rafael; Cisterna, Ramón; María Eiros, José; Fariñas, Carmen; Fortún, Jesús; Gudiol, Francisco; Mensa, José; Pachón, Jerónimo; Pascual, Álvaro; Luis Pérez, José; Rodríguez, Alejandro; Sánchez, Miguel; Vila, Jordi title: Update on bacterial pathogens: virulence and resistance date: 2008-04-30 journal: Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(08)76378-x sha: doc_id: 323463 cord_uid: osf6t7cw file: cache/cord-324950-ux7shvji.json key: cord-324950-ux7shvji authors: Saade, Georges; Deblanc, Céline; Bougon, Juliette; Marois-Créhan, Corinne; Fablet, Christelle; Auray, Gaël; Belloc, Catherine; Leblanc-Maridor, Mily; Gagnon, Carl A.; Zhu, Jianzhong; Gottschalk, Marcelo; Summerfield, Artur; Simon, Gaëlle; Bertho, Nicolas; Meurens, François title: Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract date: 2020-06-16 journal: Vet Res DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00807-8 sha: doc_id: 324950 cord_uid: ux7shvji file: cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.json key: cord-325436-pp3q022y authors: Alkhatib, Ahmad title: Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date: 2020-08-28 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12092633 sha: doc_id: 325436 cord_uid: pp3q022y file: cache/cord-328196-fpk9elm8.json key: cord-328196-fpk9elm8 authors: Sykes, Jane E. title: Immunodeficiencies Caused by Infectious Diseases date: 2010-05-13 journal: Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.01.006 sha: doc_id: 328196 cord_uid: fpk9elm8 file: cache/cord-326887-lyewg2c9.json key: cord-326887-lyewg2c9 authors: Bloomfield, Sally F.; Aiello, Allison E.; Cookson, Barry; O'Boyle, Carol; Larson, Elaine L. title: The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers date: 2007-12-10 journal: Am J Infect Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001 sha: doc_id: 326887 cord_uid: lyewg2c9 file: cache/cord-331413-fejho1of.json key: cord-331413-fejho1of authors: Nakayama, Eiichi; Hasegawa, Keiko; Morozumi, Miyuki; Kobayashi, Reiko; Chiba, Naoko; Ubukata, Kimiko; Iitsuka, Taketoshi; Tajima, Takeshi; Sunakawa, Keisuke title: Rapid optimization of antimicrobial chemotherapy given to pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia using PCR techniques with serology and standard culture date: 2007-12-31 journal: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy DOI: 10.1007/s10156-007-0535-6 sha: doc_id: 331413 cord_uid: fejho1of file: cache/cord-327493-v2iatbol.json key: cord-327493-v2iatbol authors: Kwon, Hyo Jin; Rhie, Young Jun; Seo, Won Hee; Jang, Gi‐Young; Choi, Byung Min; Lee, Jung Hwa; Lee, Chang‐Kyu; Kim, Yun Kyung title: Clinical manifestations of respiratory adenoviral infection among hospitalized children in Korea date: 2013-08-05 journal: Pediatr Int DOI: 10.1111/ped.12108 sha: doc_id: 327493 cord_uid: v2iatbol file: cache/cord-328795-rs1sd42z.json key: cord-328795-rs1sd42z authors: Falsey, Ann R.; Branche, Angela R. title: Rhinoviruses date: 2016-10-24 journal: International Encyclopedia of Public Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00386-6 sha: doc_id: 328795 cord_uid: rs1sd42z file: cache/cord-327888-4g3x5dje.json key: cord-327888-4g3x5dje authors: Yuan, C. T.; Dembry, L. M.; Higa, B.; Fu, M.; Wang, H.; Bradley, E. H. title: Perceptions of hand hygiene practices in China date: 2009-02-28 journal: Journal of Hospital Infection DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.09.017 sha: doc_id: 327888 cord_uid: 4g3x5dje file: cache/cord-328720-o9h1vquo.json key: cord-328720-o9h1vquo authors: Davis, Cristina E.; Hill, Jane E.; Frank, Matthias; McCartney, Mitchell M.; Schivo, Michael; Bean, Heather D. title: Breath analysis for respiratory infections date: 2020-09-18 journal: Breathborne Biomarkers and the Human Volatilome DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819967-1.00021-9 sha: doc_id: 328720 cord_uid: o9h1vquo file: cache/cord-329904-e05ywn5e.json key: cord-329904-e05ywn5e authors: Jose, Merin; Desai, Krishna title: Fatal Superimposed Bacterial Sepsis in a Healthy Coronavirus (COVID-19) Patient date: 2020-05-29 journal: Cureus DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8350 sha: doc_id: 329904 cord_uid: e05ywn5e file: cache/cord-329263-o5e2go23.json key: cord-329263-o5e2go23 authors: Kaplan, Nasser M.; Dove, Winifred; Abd‐Eldayem, Sawsan A.; Abu‐Zeid, Ahmad F.; Shamoon, Hiyam E.; Hart, C. Anthony title: Molecular epidemiology and disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus in relation to other potential pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in Jordan date: 2007-11-26 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21067 sha: doc_id: 329263 cord_uid: o5e2go23 file: cache/cord-332516-eaqpiq1o.json key: cord-332516-eaqpiq1o authors: Joseph, Carol; Togawa, Yu; Shindo, Nahoko title: Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza date: 2013-08-27 journal: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12089 sha: doc_id: 332516 cord_uid: eaqpiq1o file: cache/cord-331827-amg309uz.json key: cord-331827-amg309uz authors: Keske, Şiran; Gümüş, Terman; Köymen, Tamer; Sandıkçı, Sunay; Tabak, Levet; Ergönül, Önder title: Human metapneumovirus infection: Diagnostic impact of radiologic imaging date: 2019-02-01 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25402 sha: doc_id: 331827 cord_uid: amg309uz file: cache/cord-332379-340wczmq.json key: cord-332379-340wczmq authors: Pennington, Matthew R.; Saha, Amrita; Painter, David F.; Gavazzi, Christina; Ismail, Ashrafali M.; Zhou, Xiaohong; Chodosh, James; Rajaiya, Jaya title: Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface date: 2019-09-13 journal: Microorganisms DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090351 sha: doc_id: 332379 cord_uid: 340wczmq file: cache/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.json key: cord-328287-3qgzulgj authors: Moni, Mohammad Ali; Liò, Pietro title: Network-based analysis of comorbidities risk during an infection: SARS and HIV case studies date: 2014-10-24 journal: BMC Bioinformatics DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-333 sha: doc_id: 328287 cord_uid: 3qgzulgj file: cache/cord-331673-xv1tcugl.json key: cord-331673-xv1tcugl authors: Reina, Giacomo; Peng, Shiyuan; Jacquemin, Lucas; Andrade, Andrés Felipe; Bianco, Alberto title: Hard Nanomaterials in Time of Viral Pandemics date: 2020-07-15 journal: ACS Nano DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04117 sha: doc_id: 331673 cord_uid: xv1tcugl file: cache/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.json key: cord-331500-l3hkn2li authors: Luyt, Charles-Edouard; Bouadma, Lila; Morris, Andrew Conway; Dhanani, Jayesh A.; Kollef, Marin; Lipman, Jeffrey; Martin-Loeches, Ignacio; Nseir, Saad; Ranzani, Otavio T.; Roquilly, Antoine; Schmidt, Matthieu; Torres, Antoni; Timsit, Jean-François title: Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS date: 2020-11-11 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06292-z sha: doc_id: 331500 cord_uid: l3hkn2li file: cache/cord-332344-upsn0zb4.json key: cord-332344-upsn0zb4 authors: Jeswin, Joseph; Xie, Xiao-lu; Ji, Qiao-lin; Wang, Ke-jian; Liu, Hai-peng title: Proteomic analysis by iTRAQ in red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, hematopoietic tissue cells post white spot syndrome virus infection date: 2016-02-01 journal: Fish Shellfish Immunol DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.035 sha: doc_id: 332344 cord_uid: upsn0zb4 file: cache/cord-333355-ykmp4ven.json key: cord-333355-ykmp4ven authors: Kuchar, E.; Miśkiewicz, K.; Nitsch-Osuch, Aneta; Szenborn, L. title: Pathophysiology of Clinical Symptoms in Acute Viral Respiratory Tract Infections date: 2015-03-19 journal: Pulmonary Infection DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_110 sha: doc_id: 333355 cord_uid: ykmp4ven file: cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.json key: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 authors: Grant, William B.; Lahore, Henry; McDonnell, Sharon L.; Baggerly, Carole A.; French, Christine B.; Aliano, Jennifer L.; Bhattoa, Harjit P. title: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date: 2020-04-02 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988 sha: doc_id: 332533 cord_uid: iqe6sdq2 file: cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.json key: cord-332737-iclruwmx authors: Webley, Wilmore C.; Hahn, David L. title: Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides date: 2017-05-19 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z sha: doc_id: 332737 cord_uid: iclruwmx file: cache/cord-332747-u46xryoo.json key: cord-332747-u46xryoo authors: Mingorance, Lidia; Castro, Victoria; Ávila-Pérez, Ginés; Calvo, Gema; Rodriguez, María Josefa; Carrascosa, José L.; Pérez-del-Pulgar, Sofía; Forns, Xavier; Gastaminza, Pablo title: Host phosphatidic acid phosphatase lipin1 is rate limiting for functional hepatitis C virus replicase complex formation date: 2018-09-18 journal: PLoS Pathog DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007284 sha: doc_id: 332747 cord_uid: u46xryoo file: cache/cord-333024-1yrmun3z.json key: cord-333024-1yrmun3z authors: von Lilienfeld-Toal, Marie; Berger, Annemarie; Christopeit, Maximilian; Hentrich, Marcus; Heussel, Claus Peter; Kalkreuth, Jana; Klein, Michael; Kochanek, Matthias; Penack, Olaf; Hauf, Elke; Rieger, Christina; Silling, Gerda; Vehreschild, Maria; Weber, Thomas; Wolf, Hans-Heinrich; Lehners, Nicola; Schalk, Enrico; Mayer, Karin title: Community acquired respiratory virus infections in cancer patients—Guideline on diagnosis and management by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for haematology and Medical Oncology date: 2016-09-25 journal: Eur J Cancer DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.08.015 sha: doc_id: 333024 cord_uid: 1yrmun3z file: cache/cord-333724-a3dufzxt.json key: cord-333724-a3dufzxt authors: Wong, T. E.; Thurston, G. M.; Barlow, N.; Cahill, N.; Carichino, L.; Maki, K.; Ross, D.; Schneider, J. title: Evaluating the Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rates on College Campuses to Wastewater Surveillance date: 2020-10-11 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.09.20210245 sha: doc_id: 333724 cord_uid: a3dufzxt file: cache/cord-333041-69n2wwn3.json key: cord-333041-69n2wwn3 authors: Pal, Anandita; Gowdy, Kymberly M.; Oestreich, Kenneth J.; Beck, Melinda; Shaikh, Saame Raza title: Obesity-Driven Deficiencies of Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators May Drive Adverse Outcomes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection date: 2020-08-11 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01997 sha: doc_id: 333041 cord_uid: 69n2wwn3 file: cache/cord-333286-lr32e0w4.json key: cord-333286-lr32e0w4 authors: Lehtoranta, Liisa; Latvala, Sinikka; Lehtinen, Markus J. title: Role of Probiotics in Stimulating the Immune System in Viral Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Review date: 2020-10-16 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12103163 sha: doc_id: 333286 cord_uid: lr32e0w4 file: cache/cord-333730-qsx0m68e.json key: cord-333730-qsx0m68e authors: Tsai, Y. C.; Tsai, T. F. title: Oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants with antiviral potential, including SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review date: 2020-09-03 journal: Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis DOI: 10.1177/1759720x20947296 sha: doc_id: 333730 cord_uid: qsx0m68e file: cache/cord-333853-p2kbjwpy.json key: cord-333853-p2kbjwpy authors: Smee, Donald F.; Wong, Min-Hui; Russell, Andrew; Ennis, Jane; Turner, Jeffrey D. title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201) date: 2011-10-13 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026330 sha: doc_id: 333853 cord_uid: p2kbjwpy file: cache/cord-335871-zieuc7vk.json key: cord-335871-zieuc7vk authors: Brazee, Patricia L.; Sznajder, Jacob I. title: Targeting the Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex to Modulate the Host Response and Improve Influenza A Virus Induced Lung Injury date: 2020-05-13 journal: Arch Bronconeumol DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.04.019 sha: doc_id: 335871 cord_uid: zieuc7vk file: cache/cord-333950-e0hd3iuu.json key: cord-333950-e0hd3iuu authors: Maillard, Jean-Yves; Bloomfield, Sally F.; Courvalin, Patrice; Essack, Sabiha Y.; Gandra, Sumanth; Gerba, Charles P.; Rubino, Joseph R.; Scott, Elizabeth A. title: Reducing antibiotic prescribing and addressing the global problem of antibiotic resistance by targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings: A Position Paper date: 2020-04-18 journal: Am J Infect Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.04.011 sha: doc_id: 333950 cord_uid: e0hd3iuu file: cache/cord-335614-qh98622y.json key: cord-335614-qh98622y authors: Xu, Puzhi; Liu, Ping; Zhou, Changming; Shi, Yan; Wu, Qingpeng; Yang, Yitian; Li, Guyue; Hu, Guoliang; Guo, Xiaoquan title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus date: 2019-11-16 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v11111070 sha: doc_id: 335614 cord_uid: qh98622y file: cache/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.json key: cord-336045-8qcj5uiy authors: Langlois, Isabelle title: Viral diseases of ferrets date: 2005-03-01 journal: Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2004.09.008 sha: doc_id: 336045 cord_uid: 8qcj5uiy file: cache/cord-334027-xhfmio7k.json key: cord-334027-xhfmio7k authors: Fagre, Anna C.; Kading, Rebekah C. title: Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses? date: 2019-03-03 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v11030215 sha: doc_id: 334027 cord_uid: xhfmio7k file: cache/cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.json key: cord-334369-xgw7o5gd authors: Innes, Elisabeth A.; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Wells, Beth; Pawlowic, Mattie C. title: A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis date: 2020-01-23 journal: Trends Parasitol DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.016 sha: doc_id: 334369 cord_uid: xgw7o5gd file: cache/cord-336456-wg8vfh6w.json key: cord-336456-wg8vfh6w authors: Webb, Glynn W.; Kelly, Sophie; Dalton, Harry R. title: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E: Clinical and Epidemiological Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention date: 2020-11-01 journal: Clin Microbiol Newsl DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2020.10.001 sha: doc_id: 336456 cord_uid: wg8vfh6w file: cache/cord-339039-6gyo9rya.json key: cord-339039-6gyo9rya authors: Bonvehí, Pablo E.; Temporiti, Elena R. title: Transmission and Control of Respiratory Viral Infections in the Healthcare Setting date: 2018-04-30 journal: Curr Treat Options Infect Dis DOI: 10.1007/s40506-018-0163-y sha: doc_id: 339039 cord_uid: 6gyo9rya file: cache/cord-337105-jlmh79qv.json key: cord-337105-jlmh79qv authors: Jacob, Fadi; Pather, Sarshan R.; Huang, Wei-Kai; Zhang, Feng; Hao Wong, Samuel Zheng; Zhou, Haowen; Cubitt, Beatrice; Fan, Wenqiang; Chen, Catherine Z.; Xu, Miao; Pradhan, Manisha; Zhang, Daniel Y.; Zheng, Wei; Bang, Anne G.; Song, Hongjun; Carlos de la Torre, Juan; Ming, Guo-li title: Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism Predominates in Choroid Plexus Epithelium date: 2020-09-21 journal: Cell Stem Cell DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.09.016 sha: doc_id: 337105 cord_uid: jlmh79qv file: cache/cord-336510-qzm9wgde.json key: cord-336510-qzm9wgde authors: Ellermann-Eriksen, Svend title: Macrophages and cytokines in the early defence against herpes simplex virus date: 2005-08-03 journal: Virol J DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-59 sha: doc_id: 336510 cord_uid: qzm9wgde file: cache/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.json key: cord-339578-eg19rfvi authors: Garcia-Garcia, Maria Luz; Calvo, Cristina; Ruiz, Sara; Pozo, Francisco; del Pozo, Victoria; Remedios, Laura; Exposito, Nadia; Tellez, Ana; Casas, Inmaculada title: Role of viral coinfections in asthma development date: 2017-12-05 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189083 sha: doc_id: 339578 cord_uid: eg19rfvi file: cache/cord-337284-joq1aqn6.json key: cord-337284-joq1aqn6 authors: Barrera‐López, Pedro; Pérez‐Riveros, Erika D.; Moreno‐Montoya, José; Ballesteros, Silvia Marcela; Valencia, Sergio A.; De la Hoz‐Valle, José A. title: Co‐infection of other respiratory pathogens and HIV in COVID‐19 patients: is there a pattern? date: 2020-07-24 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26331 sha: doc_id: 337284 cord_uid: joq1aqn6 file: cache/cord-339852-9rq7zzqs.json key: cord-339852-9rq7zzqs authors: Theamboonlers, Apiradee; Samransamruajkit, Rujipat; Thongme, Chittima; Amonsin, Alongkorn; Chongsrisawat, Voranush; Poovorawan, Yong title: Human Coronavirus Infection among Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Thailand date: 2006-11-30 journal: Intervirology DOI: 10.1159/000097392 sha: doc_id: 339852 cord_uid: 9rq7zzqs file: cache/cord-339328-wizu3arz.json key: cord-339328-wizu3arz authors: Jain, Sanjay K. title: The Promise of Molecular Imaging in the Study and Treatment of Infectious Diseases date: 2017-02-02 journal: Mol Imaging Biol DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1055-0 sha: doc_id: 339328 cord_uid: wizu3arz file: cache/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.json key: cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 authors: Edwards, Michael R.; Bartlett, Nathan W.; Hussell, Tracy; Openshaw, Peter; Johnston, Sebastian L. title: The microbiology of asthma date: 2012-06-06 journal: Nat Rev Microbiol DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2801 sha: doc_id: 342464 cord_uid: 6vk2oxo5 file: cache/cord-341827-z9r5i0ky.json key: cord-341827-z9r5i0ky authors: Macias-Ordonez, R.; Villasenor-Amador, D. title: The misleading illusion of COVID-19 confirmed case data: alternative estimates and a monitoring tool date: 2020-05-25 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107516 sha: doc_id: 341827 cord_uid: z9r5i0ky file: cache/cord-342133-khrljehj.json key: cord-342133-khrljehj authors: Principi, Nicola; Piralla, Antonio; Zampiero, Alberto; Bianchini, Sonia; Umbrello, Giulia; Scala, Alessia; Bosis, Samantha; Fossali, Emilio; Baldanti, Fausto; Esposito, Susanna title: Bocavirus Infection in Otherwise Healthy Children with Respiratory Disease date: 2015-08-12 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135640 sha: doc_id: 342133 cord_uid: khrljehj file: cache/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.json key: cord-340629-1fle5fpz authors: O’Shea, Helen; Blacklaws, Barbara A.; Collins, Patrick J.; McKillen, John; Fitzgerald, Rose title: Viruses Associated With Foodborne Infections date: 2019-05-21 journal: Reference Module in Life Sciences DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90273-5 sha: doc_id: 340629 cord_uid: 1fle5fpz file: cache/cord-336663-fawcn6em.json key: cord-336663-fawcn6em authors: Liu, Chunyan; Xiao, Yan; Zhang, Jing; Ren, Lili; Li, Jianguo; Xie, Zhengde; Xu, Baoping; Yang, Yan; Qian, Suyun; Wang, Jianwei; Shen, Kunling title: Adenovirus infection in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China, 2007 to 2012 date: 2015-10-01 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1126-2 sha: doc_id: 336663 cord_uid: fawcn6em file: cache/cord-340028-6oicmeam.json key: cord-340028-6oicmeam authors: Zhavoronkov, Alex title: Geroprotective and senoremediative strategies to reduce the comorbidity, infection rates, severity, and lethality in gerophilic and gerolavic infections date: 2020-03-31 journal: Aging (Albany NY) DOI: 10.18632/aging.102988 sha: doc_id: 340028 cord_uid: 6oicmeam file: cache/cord-340357-gyvvcnuf.json key: cord-340357-gyvvcnuf authors: Fallahi, Hamid Reza; Keyhan, Seied Omid; Zandian, Dana; Kim, Seong-Gon; Cheshmi, Behzad title: Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review date: 2020-04-24 journal: Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg DOI: 10.1186/s40902-020-00256-5 sha: doc_id: 340357 cord_uid: gyvvcnuf file: cache/cord-341548-gazsszs6.json key: cord-341548-gazsszs6 authors: Buscho, R. O.; Saxtan, D.; Shultz, P. S.; Finch, E.; Mufson, M. A. title: Infections with Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae during Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis date: 1978-04-17 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/137.4.377 sha: doc_id: 341548 cord_uid: gazsszs6 file: cache/cord-341987-lsvifqyo.json key: cord-341987-lsvifqyo authors: Kalyanasundaram, Sridhar; Krishnamurthy, Kandamaran; Sridhar, Aparna; Narayanan, Vidya Kanamkote; Rajendra Santosh, Arvind Babu; Rahman, Sayeeda title: Novel Corona Virus Pandemic and Neonatal Care: It’s Too Early to Speculate on Impact! date: 2020-08-03 journal: SN Compr Clin Med DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00440-8 sha: doc_id: 341987 cord_uid: lsvifqyo file: cache/cord-342915-r9kv67we.json key: cord-342915-r9kv67we authors: Hayden, Frederick G. title: Advances in antivirals for non‐influenza respiratory virus infections date: 2013-11-01 journal: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12173 sha: doc_id: 342915 cord_uid: r9kv67we file: cache/cord-343074-dsubeaso.json key: cord-343074-dsubeaso authors: Lee, Wan‐Ji; Jung, Hee‐Dong; Cheong, Hyang‐Min; Kim, Kisoon title: Molecular epidemiology of a post‐influenza pandemic outbreak of acute respiratory infections in Korea caused by human adenovirus type 3 date: 2014-06-01 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23984 sha: doc_id: 343074 cord_uid: dsubeaso file: cache/cord-344093-3bniy5b5.json key: cord-344093-3bniy5b5 authors: Peteranderl, Christin; Herold, Susanne title: The Impact of the Interferon/TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling Axis on Disease Progression in Respiratory Viral Infection and Beyond date: 2017-03-22 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00313 sha: doc_id: 344093 cord_uid: 3bniy5b5 file: cache/cord-345381-9cckppk2.json key: cord-345381-9cckppk2 authors: Klimek, Ludger; Pfaar, Oliver; Worm, Margitta; Eiwegger, Thomas; Hagemann, Jan; Ollert, Markus; Untersmayr, Eva; Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin; Vultaggio, Alessandra; Agache, Ioana; Bavbek, Sevim; Bossios, Apostolos; Casper, Ingrid; Chan, Susan; Chatzipetrou, Alexia; Vogelberg, Christian; Firinu, Davide; Kauppi, Paula; Kolios, Antonios; Kothari, Akash; Matucci, Andrea; Palomares, Oscar; Szépfalusi, Zsolt; Pohl, Wolfgang; Hötzenecker, Wolfram; Rosenkranz, Alexander R.; Bergmann, Karl-Christian; Bieber, Thomas; Buhl, Roland; Buters, Jeroen; Darsow, Ulf; Keil, Thomas; Kleine-Tebbe, Jörg; Lau, Susanne; Maurer, Marcus; Merk, Hans; Mösges, Ralph; Saloga, Joachim; Staubach, Petra; Jappe, Uta; Rabe, Klaus F.; Rabe, Uta; Vogelmeier, Claus; Biedermann, Tilo; Jung, Kirsten; Schlenter, Wolfgang; Ring, Johannes; Chaker, Adam; Wehrmann, Wolfgang; Becker, Sven; Freudelsperger, Laura; Mülleneisen, Norbert; Nemat, Katja; Czech, Wolfgang; Wrede, Holger; Brehler, Randolf; Fuchs, Thomas; Tomazic, Peter-Valentin; Aberer, Werner; Fink-Wagner, Antje-Henriette; Horak, Fritz; Wöhrl, Stefan; Niederberger-Leppin, Verena; Pali-Schöll, Isabella; Pohl, Wolfgang; Roller-Wirnsberger, Regina; Spranger, Otto; Valenta, Rudolf; Akdis, Mübecell; Matricardi, Paolo M.; Spertini, François; Khaltaev, Nicolai; Michel, Jean-Pierre; Nicod, Larent; Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter; Idzko, Marco; Hamelmann, Eckard; Jakob, Thilo; Werfel, Thomas; Wagenmann, Martin; Taube, Christian; Jensen-Jarolim, Erika; Korn, Stephanie; Hentges, Francois; Schwarze, Jürgen; O´Mahony, Liam; Knol, Edward F.; del Giacco, Stefano; Chivato Pérez, Tomás; Bousquet, Jean; Bedbrook, Anna; Zuberbier, Torsten; Akdis, Cezmi; Jutel, Marek title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date: 2020-09-07 journal: Allergol Select DOI: 10.5414/alx02166e sha: doc_id: 345381 cord_uid: 9cckppk2 file: cache/cord-345339-kyboibtq.json key: cord-345339-kyboibtq authors: Steiner, Israel; Nisipianu, Puiu; Wirguin, Itzhak title: Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis date: 2001 journal: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep DOI: 10.1007/s11910-001-0030-x sha: doc_id: 345339 cord_uid: kyboibtq file: cache/cord-347064-ljd121no.json key: cord-347064-ljd121no authors: José, Ricardo J.; Brown, Jeremy S. title: Opportunistic bacterial, viral and fungal infections of the lung date: 2016-05-05 journal: Medicine (Abingdon) DOI: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.03.015 sha: doc_id: 347064 cord_uid: ljd121no file: cache/cord-347761-wgodcsav.json key: cord-347761-wgodcsav authors: Cant, Andrew; Cole, Theresa title: Infections in the Immunocompromised date: 2009-10-24 journal: Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VI DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0981-7_1 sha: doc_id: 347761 cord_uid: wgodcsav file: cache/cord-346673-kyc1wks5.json key: cord-346673-kyc1wks5 authors: NICKBAKHSH, S.; THORBURN, F.; VON WISSMANN, B.; McMENAMIN, J.; GUNSON, R. N.; MURCIA, P. R. title: Extensive multiplex PCR diagnostics reveal new insights into the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections date: 2016-03-02 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816000339 sha: doc_id: 346673 cord_uid: kyc1wks5 file: cache/cord-344084-z4t2wkgk.json key: cord-344084-z4t2wkgk authors: Ellwanger, Joel Henrique; Kulmann-Leal, Bruna; Kaminski, Valéria de Lima; Rodrigues, Andressa Gonçalves; de Souza Bragatte, Marcelo Alves; Chies, José Artur Bogo title: Beyond HIV infection: neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases date: 2020-05-30 journal: Virus Res DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040 sha: doc_id: 344084 cord_uid: z4t2wkgk file: cache/cord-343690-rafvxgx1.json key: cord-343690-rafvxgx1 authors: Hartmann, Katrin title: Clinical Aspects of Feline Retroviruses: A Review date: 2012-10-31 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v4112684 sha: doc_id: 343690 cord_uid: rafvxgx1 file: cache/cord-347460-9vechh4x.json key: cord-347460-9vechh4x authors: Chang, Feng-Yee; Chen, Hsiang-Cheng; Chen, Pei-Jer; Ho, Mei-Shang; Hsieh, Shie-Liang; Lin, Jung-Chung; Liu, Fu-Tong; Sytwu, Huey-Kang title: Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-06-04 journal: J Biomed Sci DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00663-w sha: doc_id: 347460 cord_uid: 9vechh4x file: cache/cord-344297-qqohijqi.json key: cord-344297-qqohijqi authors: Smith, Jacqueline; Sadeyen, Jean-Remy; Cavanagh, David; Kaiser, Pete; Burt, David W. title: The early immune response to infection of chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in susceptible and resistant birds date: 2015-10-09 journal: BMC Vet Res DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0575-6 sha: doc_id: 344297 cord_uid: qqohijqi file: cache/cord-346318-d8oq3dyw.json key: cord-346318-d8oq3dyw authors: Fang, Yeqing; Deng, Qiwen; Yu, Zhijian; Wang, Hongyan; Zhang, Songrong title: Reply: Practical experiences on the prevention and treatment strategies to fight against COVID-19 in hospital date: 2020-05-05 journal: QJM DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa158 sha: doc_id: 346318 cord_uid: d8oq3dyw file: cache/cord-343728-udjjijyu.json key: cord-343728-udjjijyu authors: Muggia, Victoria A.; Puius, Yoram A. title: Nocardia ignorata Infection in Heart Transplant Patient date: 2020-11-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.202756 sha: doc_id: 343728 cord_uid: udjjijyu file: cache/cord-344009-hm36pepp.json key: cord-344009-hm36pepp authors: Nathanson, N. title: Virus perpetuation in populations: biological variables that determine persistence or eradication date: 2005 journal: Infectious Diseases from Nature: Mechanisms of Viral Emergence and Persistence DOI: 10.1007/3-211-29981-5_2 sha: doc_id: 344009 cord_uid: hm36pepp file: cache/cord-348844-4rpbsj48.json key: cord-348844-4rpbsj48 authors: Wessel, Lindsay; Hua, Yi; Wu, Jianhong; Moghadas, Seyed M title: Public health interventions for epidemics: implications for multiple infection waves date: 2011-02-25 journal: BMC Public Health DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-s1-s2 sha: doc_id: 348844 cord_uid: 4rpbsj48 file: cache/cord-346539-kxnrf5g5.json key: cord-346539-kxnrf5g5 authors: Riggioni, Carmen; Comberiati, Pasquale; Giovannini, Mattia; Agache, Ioana; Akdis, Mübeccel; Alves‐Correia, Magna; Antó, Josep M.; Arcolaci, Alessandra; Kursat Azkur, Ahmet; Azkur, Dilek; Beken, Burcin; Boccabella, Cristina; Bousquet, Jean; Breiteneder, Heimo; Carvalho, Daniela; De las Vecillas, Leticia; Diamant, Zuzana; Eguiluz‐Gracia, Ibon; Eiwegger, Thomas; Eyerich, Stefanie; Fokkens, Wytske; Gao, Ya‐dong; Hannachi, Farah; Johnston, Sebastian L.; Jutel, Marek; Karavelia, Aspasia; Klimek, Ludger; Moya, Beatriz; Nadeau, Kari; O'Hehir, Robyn; O'Mahony, Liam; Pfaar, Oliver; Sanak, Marek; Schwarze, Jürgen; Sokolowska, Milena; Torres, María J.; van de Veen, Willem; van Zelm, Menno C.; Wang, De Yun; Zhang, Luo; Jiménez‐Saiz, Rodrigo; Akdis, Cezmi A. title: A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 date: 2020-06-14 journal: Allergy DOI: 10.1111/all.14449 sha: doc_id: 346539 cord_uid: kxnrf5g5 file: cache/cord-347000-zxytdb0b.json key: cord-347000-zxytdb0b authors: Foweraker, Juliet title: Recent advances in the microbiology of respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis date: 2009-01-20 journal: Br Med Bull DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldn050 sha: doc_id: 347000 cord_uid: zxytdb0b file: cache/cord-347039-eap592i7.json key: cord-347039-eap592i7 authors: Lee, Seung-Hwan; Dimock, Ken; Gray, Douglas A; Beauchemin, Nicole; Holmes, Kathryn V.; Belouchi, Majid; Realson, John; Vidal, Silvia M. title: Maneuvering for advantage: the genetics of mouse susceptibility to virus infection date: 2003-08-31 journal: Trends in Genetics DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00172-0 sha: doc_id: 347039 cord_uid: eap592i7 file: cache/cord-347246-0vofftmj.json key: cord-347246-0vofftmj authors: Everitt, J I; Richter, C B title: Infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract: implications for toxicology studies. date: 1990-04-17 journal: Environ Health Perspect DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 347246 cord_uid: 0vofftmj file: cache/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.json key: cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 authors: Ahanchian, Hamid; Jones, Carmen M; Chen, Yueh-sheng; Sly, Peter D title: Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them? date: 2012-09-13 journal: BMC Pediatr DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-147 sha: doc_id: 346253 cord_uid: 0mnsm6s4 file: cache/cord-346836-6jyv0q5e.json key: cord-346836-6jyv0q5e authors: Ikegami, Tetsuro; Makino, Shinji title: The Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever date: 2011-05-06 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v3050493 sha: doc_id: 346836 cord_uid: 6jyv0q5e file: cache/cord-345222-otfnrarh.json key: cord-345222-otfnrarh authors: Ciccarelli, Simona; Stolfi, Ilaria; Caramia, Giuseppe title: Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis date: 2013-10-29 journal: Infect Drug Resist DOI: 10.2147/idr.s12718 sha: doc_id: 345222 cord_uid: otfnrarh file: cache/cord-350186-fogm1gkg.json key: cord-350186-fogm1gkg authors: MAMMAS, IOANNIS N.; GREENOUGH, ANNE; THEODORIDOU, MARIA; KRAMVIS, ANNA; CHRISTAKI, ILIANA; KOUTSAFTIKI, CHRYSSIE; KOUTSAKI, MARIA; PORTALIOU, DIMITRA M.; KOSTAGIANNI, GEORGIA; PANAGOPOULOU, PARASKEVI; SOURVINOS, GEORGE; SPANDIDOS, DEMETRIOS A. title: Current views and advances on Paediatric Virology: An update for paediatric trainees date: 2015-11-24 journal: Exp Ther Med DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2890 sha: doc_id: 350186 cord_uid: fogm1gkg file: cache/cord-349396-a6zyioc1.json key: cord-349396-a6zyioc1 authors: Tsurumi, Amy; Flaherty, Patrick J.; Que, Yok-Ai; Ryan, Colleen M.; Mendoza, April E.; Almpani, Marianna; Bandyopadhaya, Arunava; Ogura, Asako; Dhole, Yashoda V.; Goodfield, Laura F.; Tompkins, Ronald G.; Rahme, Laurence G. title: Multi-biomarker Prediction Models for Multiple Infection Episodes Following Blunt Trauma date: 2020-10-07 journal: iScience DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101659 sha: doc_id: 349396 cord_uid: a6zyioc1 file: cache/cord-349298-8s69wprh.json key: cord-349298-8s69wprh authors: MUNYWOKI, P. K.; KOECH, D. C.; AGOTI, C. N.; KIBIRIGE, N.; KIPKOECH, J.; CANE, P. A.; MEDLEY, G. F.; NOKES, D. J. title: Influence of age, severity of infection, and co-infection on the duration of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) shedding date: 2014-06-05 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001393 sha: doc_id: 349298 cord_uid: 8s69wprh file: cache/cord-350618-rtilfnzi.json key: cord-350618-rtilfnzi authors: Lambelet, Valentine; Vouga, Manon; Pomar, Léo; Favre, Guillaume; Gerbier, Eva; Panchaud, Alice; Baud, David title: Sars‐CoV‐2 in the context of past coronaviruses epidemics: Consideration for prenatal care date: 2020-05-26 journal: Prenat Diagn DOI: 10.1002/pd.5759 sha: doc_id: 350618 cord_uid: rtilfnzi file: cache/cord-350749-ihkxouz8.json key: cord-350749-ihkxouz8 authors: Panda, Aditya K; Tripathy, Rina; Das, Bidyut K title: Plasmodium falciparum Infection May Protect a Population from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection date: 2020-07-29 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa455 sha: doc_id: 350749 cord_uid: ihkxouz8 file: cache/cord-345472-qrddwebe.json key: cord-345472-qrddwebe authors: Sebina, Ismail; Phipps, Simon title: The Contribution of Neutrophils to the Pathogenesis of RSV Bronchiolitis date: 2020-07-27 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v12080808 sha: doc_id: 345472 cord_uid: qrddwebe file: cache/cord-350715-x92g6bnk.json key: cord-350715-x92g6bnk authors: Zheng, Yutong; Yan, Meitian; Wang, Lan; Luan, Liang; Liu, Jing; Tian, Xiao; Wan, Nan title: Analysis of the application value of serum antibody detection for staging of COVID‐19 infection date: 2020-07-23 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26330 sha: doc_id: 350715 cord_uid: x92g6bnk file: cache/cord-350928-vj5qlzpj.json key: cord-350928-vj5qlzpj authors: Arnott, Alicia; Vong, Sirenda; Rith, Sareth; Naughtin, Monica; Ly, Sowath; Guillard, Bertrand; Deubel, Vincent; Buchy, Philippe title: Human bocavirus amongst an all‐ages population hospitalised with acute lower respiratory infections in Cambodia date: 2012-04-25 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00369.x sha: doc_id: 350928 cord_uid: vj5qlzpj file: cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.json key: cord-349821-5ykwwq75 authors: Ippolito, G.; Puro, V.; Heptonstall, J. title: Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date: 2006-09-09 journal: Cell Mol Life Sci DOI: 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y sha: doc_id: 349821 cord_uid: 5ykwwq75 file: cache/cord-352178-irjhmxsg.json key: cord-352178-irjhmxsg authors: Saxton-Shaw, Kali D.; Ledermann, Jeremy P.; Borland, Erin M.; Stovall, Janae L.; Mossel, Eric C.; Singh, Amber J.; Wilusz, Jeffrey; Powers, Ann M. title: O'nyong nyong Virus Molecular Determinants of Unique Vector Specificity Reside in Non-Structural Protein 3 date: 2013-01-24 journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001931 sha: doc_id: 352178 cord_uid: irjhmxsg file: cache/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.json key: cord-349647-cfjrwt44 authors: Girkin, Jason; Maltby, Steven; Singanayagam, Aran; Bartlett, Nathan; Mallia, Patrick title: Chapter 8 In vivo experimental models of infection and disease date: 2019-12-31 journal: Rhinovirus Infections DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816417-4.00008-1 sha: doc_id: 349647 cord_uid: cfjrwt44 file: cache/cord-353786-284qn075.json key: cord-353786-284qn075 authors: Chen, Zhi-Min; Fu, Jun-Fen; Shu, Qiang; Chen, Ying-Hu; Hua, Chun-Zhen; Li, Fu-Bang; Lin, Ru; Tang, Lan-Fang; Wang, Tian-Lin; Wang, Wei; Wang, Ying-Shuo; Xu, Wei-Ze; Yang, Zi-Hao; Ye, Sheng; Yuan, Tian-Ming; Zhang, Chen-Mei; Zhang, Yuan-Yuan title: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus date: 2020-02-05 journal: World J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5 sha: doc_id: 353786 cord_uid: 284qn075 file: cache/cord-351319-ylg93l9q.json key: cord-351319-ylg93l9q authors: Evers, Dorothea; van der Bom, Johanna G.; Tijmensen, Janneke; Middelburg, Rutger A.; de Haas, Masja; Zalpuri, Saurabh; de Vooght, Karen M. K.; van de Kerkhof, Daan; Visser, Otto; Péquériaux, Nathalie C. V.; Hudig, Francisca; Zwaginga, Jaap Jan title: Red cell alloimmunisation in patients with different types of infections date: 2016-08-18 journal: Br J Haematol DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14307 sha: doc_id: 351319 cord_uid: ylg93l9q file: cache/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.json key: cord-353214-qo98m7jx authors: Jhaveri, Ravi; Shapiro, Eugene D. title: Fever Without Localizing Signs date: 2017-07-18 journal: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00014-1 sha: doc_id: 353214 cord_uid: qo98m7jx file: cache/cord-352230-8mazd3eu.json key: cord-352230-8mazd3eu authors: Beeraka, Narasimha M.; Sadhu, Surya P.; Madhunapantula, SubbaRao V.; Rao Pragada, Rajeswara; Svistunov, Andrey A.; Nikolenko, Vladimir N.; Mikhaleva, Liudmila M.; Aliev, Gjumrakch title: Strategies for Targeting SARS CoV-2: Small Molecule Inhibitors—The Current Status date: 2020-09-18 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552925 sha: doc_id: 352230 cord_uid: 8mazd3eu file: cache/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.json key: cord-354656-9ao33rq8 authors: Cossart, Yvonne E title: The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date: 2014-07-07 journal: Med J Aust DOI: 10.5694/mja14.00112 sha: doc_id: 354656 cord_uid: 9ao33rq8 file: cache/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.json key: cord-354068-4qlk6y7h authors: Friedrich, Brian M.; Trefry, John C.; Biggins, Julia E.; Hensley, Lisa E.; Honko, Anna N.; Smith, Darci R.; Olinger, Gene G. title: Potential Vaccines and Post-Exposure Treatments for Filovirus Infections date: 2012-09-21 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v4091619 sha: doc_id: 354068 cord_uid: 4qlk6y7h file: cache/cord-355872-z6vsjmxn.json key: cord-355872-z6vsjmxn authors: Colón-López, Daisy D.; Stefan, Christopher P.; Koehler, Jeffrey W. title: Emerging viral infections date: 2019-08-15 journal: Genomic and Precision Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801496-7.00010-1 sha: doc_id: 355872 cord_uid: z6vsjmxn file: cache/cord-353787-24c98ug8.json key: cord-353787-24c98ug8 authors: Jackson, J. A. title: Immunology in wild nonmodel rodents: an ecological context for studies of health and disease date: 2015-04-27 journal: Parasite Immunol DOI: 10.1111/pim.12180 sha: doc_id: 353787 cord_uid: 24c98ug8 file: cache/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.json key: cord-352222-zq9o66i4 authors: Rajatonirina, Soatiana; Razanajatovo, Norosoa Harline; Ratsima, Elisoa Hariniana; Orelle, Arnaud; Ratovoson, Rila; Andrianirina, Zo Zafitsara; Andriatahina, Todisoa; Ramparany, Lovasoa; Herindrainy, Perlinot; Randrianirina, Frédérique; Heraud, Jean-Michel; Richard, Vincent title: Outcome Risk Factors during Respiratory Infections in a Paediatric Ward in Antananarivo, Madagascar 2010–2012 date: 2013-09-12 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072839 sha: doc_id: 352222 cord_uid: zq9o66i4 file: cache/cord-351490-2fx0w30u.json key: cord-351490-2fx0w30u authors: Russell, Clark D.; Baillie, J. Kenneth title: Treatable traits and therapeutic targets: Goals for systems biology in infectious disease date: 2017-04-27 journal: Curr Opin Syst Biol DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2017.04.003 sha: doc_id: 351490 cord_uid: 2fx0w30u file: cache/cord-354492-6r6qs4pp.json key: cord-354492-6r6qs4pp authors: Messina, Giovanni; Polito, Rita; Monda, Vincenzo; Cipolloni, Luigi; Di Nunno, Nunzio; Di Mizio, Giulio; Murabito, Paolo; Carotenuto, Marco; Messina, Antonietta; Pisanelli, Daniela; Valenzano, Anna; Cibelli, Giuseppe; Scarinci, Alessia; Monda, Marcellino; Sessa, Francesco title: Functional Role of Dietary Intervention to Improve the Outcome of COVID-19: A Hypothesis of Work date: 2020-04-28 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093104 sha: doc_id: 354492 cord_uid: 6r6qs4pp file: cache/cord-354200-51wk3h75.json key: cord-354200-51wk3h75 authors: Miller, A. C.; Hannah, L.; Futoma, J.; Foti, N. J.; Fox, E. B.; D'Amour, A.; Sandler, M.; Saurous, R. A.; Lewnard, J. title: Statistical deconvolution for inference of infection time series date: 2020-10-20 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.16.20212753 sha: doc_id: 354200 cord_uid: 51wk3h75 file: cache/cord-352433-sts48u9i.json key: cord-352433-sts48u9i authors: Galanti, Marta; Shaman, Jeffrey title: Direct Observation of Repeated Infections With Endemic Coronaviruses date: 2020-07-07 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa392 sha: doc_id: 352433 cord_uid: sts48u9i file: cache/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.json key: cord-355171-oi3ezlsl authors: MACINTYRE, C. R.; SEALE, H.; YANG, P.; ZHANG, Y.; SHI, W.; ALMATROUDI, A.; MOA, A.; WANG, X.; LI, X.; PANG, X.; WANG, Q. title: Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date: 2013-12-05 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s095026881300304x sha: doc_id: 355171 cord_uid: oi3ezlsl file: cache/cord-354720-fu19u2b0.json key: cord-354720-fu19u2b0 authors: White-Dzuro, Gabrielle; Gibson, Lauren E.; Zazzeron, Luca; White-Dzuro, Colin; Sullivan, Zachary; Diiorio, Daren A.; Low, Sarah A.; Chang, Marvin G.; Bittner, Edward A. title: Multisystem effects of COVID-19: a concise review for practitioners date: 2020-11-04 journal: Postgraduate medicine DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1823094 sha: doc_id: 354720 cord_uid: fu19u2b0 file: cache/cord-355906-yeaw9nr8.json key: cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 authors: Nedjadi, Taoufik; El-Kafrawy, Sherif; Sohrab, Sayed S.; Desprès, Philippe; Damanhouri, Ghazi; Azhar, Esam title: Tackling dengue fever: Current status and challenges date: 2015-12-09 journal: Virol J DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0444-8 sha: doc_id: 355906 cord_uid: yeaw9nr8 file: cache/cord-354931-0bwf8f1i.json key: cord-354931-0bwf8f1i authors: Song, Jae-Hyoung; Shim, Aeri; Kim, Yeon-Jeong; Ahn, Jae-Hee; Kwon, Bo-Eun; Pham, Thuy Trang; Lee, Jongkook; Chang, Sun-Young; Ko, Hyun-Jeong title: Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pochonin D, a Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, against Rhinovirus Infection date: 2018-05-02 journal: Biomol Ther (Seoul) DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.233 sha: doc_id: 354931 cord_uid: 0bwf8f1i file: cache/cord-356188-rwf78stz.json key: cord-356188-rwf78stz authors: Oshansky, Christine M.; Thomas, Paul G. title: The human side of influenza date: 2012-07-01 journal: Journal of Leukocyte Biology DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011506 sha: doc_id: 356188 cord_uid: rwf78stz file: cache/cord-356040-qdpkidn8.json key: cord-356040-qdpkidn8 authors: Ghazawi, Feras M.; Lim, Megan; Dutz, Jan P.; Kirchhof, Mark G. title: Infection risk of dermatologic therapeutics during the COVID‐19 pandemic: an evidence‐based recalibration date: 2020-07-03 journal: Int J Dermatol DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15028 sha: doc_id: 356040 cord_uid: qdpkidn8 file: cache/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.json key: cord-353190-7qcoxl81 authors: Nicklas, Werner; Bleich, André; Mähler, Michael title: Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice date: 2012-05-17 journal: The Laboratory Mouse DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-382008-2.00019-2 sha: doc_id: 353190 cord_uid: 7qcoxl81 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-infection-cord === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3732 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3818 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3671 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3191 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3562 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3733 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3977 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3726 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3880 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3820 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 5063 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005007-pofm8b5x author: Higgins, P. G. title: Interferons and viral infections date: 1984 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005007-pofm8b5x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005007-pofm8b5x.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005007-pofm8b5x.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003855-so8xl199 author: Ebert, Gregor title: Virology Downunder, a meeting commentary from the 2019 Lorne Infection and Immunity Conference, Australia date: 2019-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003855-so8xl199.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003855-so8xl199.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-003855-so8xl199.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009169-hzxgi1t0 author: Sun, Bingwei title: Nosocomial infection in China: Management status and solutions date: 2016-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009169-hzxgi1t0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009169-hzxgi1t0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-009169-hzxgi1t0.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001972-1zisomq5 author: Wang, Xue title: Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection Increases Apoptosis and HIV-1 Replication in HIV-1 Infected Jurkat Cells date: 2016-02-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001972-1zisomq5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001972-1zisomq5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001972-1zisomq5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001455-n7quwr4s author: Rapin, Noreen title: Activation of Innate Immune-Response Genes in Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) Infected with the Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans date: 2014-11-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001455-n7quwr4s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001455-n7quwr4s.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001455-n7quwr4s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000457-e50a0suk author: Rhim, Jung-Woo title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of childhood pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection: an observational cohort study date: 2011-08-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000457-e50a0suk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000457-e50a0suk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-000457-e50a0suk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003053-5sucu1cg author: Yang, Liu title: Risk factors for infectious complications of ANCA-associated vasculitis: a cohort study date: 2018-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003053-5sucu1cg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003053-5sucu1cg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-003053-5sucu1cg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010162-hfo35gsq author: Saikku, Pekka title: Atypical respiratory pathogens date: 2014-12-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010162-hfo35gsq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010162-hfo35gsq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010162-hfo35gsq.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005902-5zuij5i3 author: Frank, Johannes title: Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Extremities date: 2008-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005902-5zuij5i3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005902-5zuij5i3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005902-5zuij5i3.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007176-61e9obb3 author: Jackson, George Gee title: Viroses Causing Common Respiratory Infections in Man. III. Respiratory Syncytial Viroses and Coronavimses date: 1973-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007176-61e9obb3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007176-61e9obb3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007176-61e9obb3.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003598-m2fsrwvw author: Elbahesh, Husni title: Response Modifiers: Tweaking the Immune Response Against Influenza A Virus date: 2019-04-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003598-m2fsrwvw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003598-m2fsrwvw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003598-m2fsrwvw.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009144-3slh1nbk author: Jacobs, J.W. title: RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL AND OTHER VIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN INFANTS date: 1971-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009144-3slh1nbk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009144-3slh1nbk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009144-3slh1nbk.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003926-ycdaw2vh author: Maslow, Joel N. title: Zika Vaccine Development—Current Progress and Challenges for the Future date: 2019-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010175-p2py9wau author: Winter, Harland title: GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS date: 1996-04-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009380-5uptbat3 author: Evermann, James F. title: Diagnostic Medicine: The Challenge of Differentiating Infection from Disease and Making Sense for the Veterinary Clinician date: 2007-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007013-tlvgyzft author: Chan, Kok Fei title: Investigating Viral Interference Between Influenza A Virus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Ferret Model of Infection date: 2018-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007013-tlvgyzft.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007013-tlvgyzft.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007013-tlvgyzft.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010255-gvkc2hjd author: Chrystie, I.L. title: ASYMPTOMATIC ENDEMIC ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN THE NEWBORN date: 1978-06-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010255-gvkc2hjd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010255-gvkc2hjd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-010255-gvkc2hjd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007445-2folsh35 author: Tuffaha, Amjad title: THE ROLE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC ASTHMA date: 2000-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007445-2folsh35.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007445-2folsh35.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-007445-2folsh35.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006523-zxn4oqly author: Lodha, Rakesh title: Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units date: 2001 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006523-zxn4oqly.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006523-zxn4oqly.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006523-zxn4oqly.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006261-yw5k8qkz author: Heath, Gregory W. title: Exercise and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Is There a Relationship? date: 2012-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006261-yw5k8qkz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006261-yw5k8qkz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006261-yw5k8qkz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002659-566uoozj author: Fujimoto, Yousuke title: Pulmonary inflammation and cytokine dynamics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a mouse model of bronchial asthma during A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection date: 2017-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002659-566uoozj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002659-566uoozj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002659-566uoozj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016223-nk8xwa0t author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Strict Isolation date: 2018-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016223-nk8xwa0t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016223-nk8xwa0t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016223-nk8xwa0t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016962-8vjaot6i author: Pantanowitz, Liron title: Microbiology date: 2011-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016962-8vjaot6i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016962-8vjaot6i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016962-8vjaot6i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003357-4qrg6lqu author: Wang, Yingchen title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017 date: 2018-11-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003357-4qrg6lqu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003357-4qrg6lqu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003357-4qrg6lqu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010233-772e35kx author: Monto, Arnold S. title: Respiratory illness caused by picornavirus infection: a review of clinical outcomes date: 2002-01-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010233-772e35kx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010233-772e35kx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010233-772e35kx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-008499-tl3i7uzd author: Robb, James A. title: Intrauterine latent herpes simplex virus infection(): I. Spontaneous abortion date: 2007-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-008499-tl3i7uzd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-008499-tl3i7uzd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-008499-tl3i7uzd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003387-82573enr author: Nam, Gyu-Hwi title: Gene expression profiles alteration after infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) date: 2018-12-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003387-82573enr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003387-82573enr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003387-82573enr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016020-awanrm9u author: Fox, Julie D. title: Respiratory Pathogens date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016020-awanrm9u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016020-awanrm9u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016020-awanrm9u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006464-s8rjoyse author: Bauer, Michael title: Infectious and Immunologic Phenotype of MECP2 Duplication Syndrome date: 2015-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006464-s8rjoyse.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006464-s8rjoyse.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006464-s8rjoyse.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003099-a0acr28o author: Koch, R. M. title: The endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammatory response is enhanced during the acute phase of influenza infection date: 2018-07-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003099-a0acr28o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003099-a0acr28o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003099-a0acr28o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003425-c5jdp5jv author: Fu, Yangxi title: Human adenovirus type 7 infection causes a more severe disease than type 3 date: 2019-01-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003425-c5jdp5jv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003425-c5jdp5jv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003425-c5jdp5jv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002043-z1b7pj3s author: Wang, Xue-Yang title: Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera) Larval Midgut Response to BmNPV in Susceptible and Near-Isogenic Resistant Strains date: 2016-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002043-z1b7pj3s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002043-z1b7pj3s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002043-z1b7pj3s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001120-fxd533b4 author: Everitt, Aaron R. title: Defining the Range of Pathogens Susceptible to Ifitm3 Restriction Using a Knockout Mouse Model date: 2013-11-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001120-fxd533b4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001120-fxd533b4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001120-fxd533b4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009101-376snefs author: Strodtbeck, Frances title: Viral Infections of the Newborn date: 2015-12-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009101-376snefs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009101-376snefs.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009101-376snefs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009507-l74c9x0n author: Singh, Amandeep title: Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date: 2008-01-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016127-tbot0fc9 author: Hurtado, F. J. title: Sepsis: Clinical Approach, Evidence-Based at the Bedside date: 2009-11-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016127-tbot0fc9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016127-tbot0fc9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016127-tbot0fc9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016208-u12ngkpc author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Intensive Patient Treatment date: 2018-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016208-u12ngkpc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016208-u12ngkpc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016208-u12ngkpc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004247-lagv3tp7 author: Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob title: Reassessing therapeutic antibodies for neglected and tropical diseases date: 2020-01-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004247-lagv3tp7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004247-lagv3tp7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004247-lagv3tp7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009193-244ii7e2 author: Giancane, Gabriella title: Opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analysis by the Pharmachild Safety Adjudication Committee date: 2020-04-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009193-244ii7e2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009193-244ii7e2.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009193-244ii7e2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007797-toam6r5y author: Franquet, Tomás title: Imaging of Pulmonary Infection date: 2019-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007797-toam6r5y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007797-toam6r5y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-007797-toam6r5y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011968-abd891ej author: Lai, Yen-Chung title: Roles of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Dengue Pathogenesis: From Pathogenic Factor to Therapeutic Target date: 2020-06-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011968-abd891ej.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011968-abd891ej.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011968-abd891ej.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009577-29u7pdpk author: Gonzalez‐Scarano, F. title: Molecular pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections date: 2004-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009577-29u7pdpk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009577-29u7pdpk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009577-29u7pdpk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016966-b23o5roz author: Verhoef, Jan title: Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016966-b23o5roz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016966-b23o5roz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016966-b23o5roz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009967-fyqc5bat author: Gleckman, Richard title: Cost‐Effective Antibiotic Prescribing date: 2012-01-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009967-fyqc5bat.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009967-fyqc5bat.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009967-fyqc5bat.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016782-aods92rf author: Lessenger, James E. title: Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016782-aods92rf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016109-vbzy11hc author: Damjanovic, V. title: Outbreaks of Infection in the ICU: What’s up at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century? date: 2011-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016109-vbzy11hc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016109-vbzy11hc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016109-vbzy11hc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006819-sxz1s6kz author: Daniel Givens, M. title: Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality date: 2008-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015640-zdwmxaz3 author: Tong, C. Y. W. title: Clinical Virology in NICU, PICU and AICU date: 2011-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015640-zdwmxaz3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015640-zdwmxaz3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-015640-zdwmxaz3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016426-aw3wirmb author: Wohrley, Julie D. title: The Role of the Environment and Colonization in Healthcare-Associated Infections date: 2018-07-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016426-aw3wirmb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016426-aw3wirmb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016426-aw3wirmb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011095-79ce5900 author: Meskill, Sarah D. title: Respiratory Virus Co-infection in Acute Respiratory Infections in Children date: 2020-01-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011095-79ce5900.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011095-79ce5900.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011095-79ce5900.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009773-pbm2vs5h author: TRIGG, C. J. title: Bronchial inflammation and the common cold: a comparison of atopic and non‐atopic individuals date: 2006-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009773-pbm2vs5h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009773-pbm2vs5h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009773-pbm2vs5h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002222-rgqwm3vb author: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A. title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem: A Long-Term Study date: 2016-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002222-rgqwm3vb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002222-rgqwm3vb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002222-rgqwm3vb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006129-5rog0s98 author: Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of MicroRNAs in Viral Diseases: Expectations and Limitations date: 2012-08-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006129-5rog0s98.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006129-5rog0s98.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006129-5rog0s98.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014965-efmozngq author: nan title: Infectious diseases other than CMV (1st Section) date: 2001-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014965-efmozngq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014965-efmozngq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-014965-efmozngq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007362-pjpkz6wv author: Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle title: The Pathologies of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection: A Window on the Pathogenesis date: 2016-01-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007362-pjpkz6wv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007362-pjpkz6wv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007362-pjpkz6wv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016572-6fu5s89c author: Hage, Chadi A. title: Endemic mycosis date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016572-6fu5s89c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016572-6fu5s89c.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016572-6fu5s89c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004586-i8tacj63 author: nan title: Empfehlung zur Prävention nosokomialer Infektionen bei neonatologischen Intensivpflegepatienten mit einem Geburtsgewicht unter 1500 g: Mitteilung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut date: 2007-10-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004586-i8tacj63.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004586-i8tacj63.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004586-i8tacj63.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003915-kje8lvgl author: Pigeyre, Laetitia title: Interaction of a Densovirus with Glycans of the Peritrophic Matrix Mediates Oral Infection of the Lepidopteran Pest Spodoptera frugiperda date: 2019-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003915-kje8lvgl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003915-kje8lvgl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-003915-kje8lvgl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017252-88b3preq author: Morgan, Carrie I. title: Pneumonia date: 2014-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017252-88b3preq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007367-e31zhty6 author: Tassier, Troy title: Network position and health care worker infections date: 2015-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007367-e31zhty6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007367-e31zhty6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007367-e31zhty6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018651-phb44k66 author: Hammoud, Dima A. title: Neuroimaging date: 2017-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018651-phb44k66.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018651-phb44k66.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018651-phb44k66.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015967-kqfyasmu author: Tagore, Somnath title: Epidemic Models: Their Spread, Analysis and Invasions in Scale-Free Networks date: 2015-03-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015967-kqfyasmu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015967-kqfyasmu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-015967-kqfyasmu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006578-wv3wc0ct author: Stevens, D. L. title: Invasive streptococcal infections date: 2001 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006578-wv3wc0ct.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006578-wv3wc0ct.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006578-wv3wc0ct.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017537-ztdz4a2s author: Bologna, Mauro title: Biological Agents and Bioterrorism date: 2014-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015922-5wwy0m2k author: Marty, Francisco M. title: Infection in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015922-5wwy0m2k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015922-5wwy0m2k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-015922-5wwy0m2k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001542-f089bs8r author: Lai, Kang Yiu title: Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus date: 2014-11-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001542-f089bs8r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001542-f089bs8r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001542-f089bs8r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017815-0t7jvvz5 author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: General Information date: 2018-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017815-0t7jvvz5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017815-0t7jvvz5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017815-0t7jvvz5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017531-fm8gl5b3 author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Scenarios: Serious, Infectious Diseases date: 2018-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017531-fm8gl5b3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017531-fm8gl5b3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017531-fm8gl5b3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-013837-x95r6bz8 author: Chai, Qiyao title: New insights into the evasion of host innate immunity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis date: 2020-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-013837-x95r6bz8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-013837-x95r6bz8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-013837-x95r6bz8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017831-anadq4j9 author: Lai, Yi-Horng title: Network Analysis of Comorbidities: Case Study of HIV/AIDS in Taiwan date: 2015-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017831-anadq4j9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017831-anadq4j9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017831-anadq4j9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017420-tjwxec77 author: Stephens, R. Scott title: Neutropenic Fever in the Intensive Care Unit date: 2019-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017420-tjwxec77.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017420-tjwxec77.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017420-tjwxec77.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007575-5ekgabx5 author: Luby, James P. title: Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Pneumonias in Adults Due to Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, and Viruses date: 2016-01-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019977-kj0eaw6v author: nan title: Neonatal bacterial infection: A changing scene? date: 2005-04-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019977-kj0eaw6v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019977-kj0eaw6v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-019977-kj0eaw6v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018208-sc8j1ate author: Qu, Bo title: The Accuracy of Mean-Field Approximation for Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible Epidemic Spreading with Heterogeneous Infection Rates date: 2016-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018208-sc8j1ate.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018208-sc8j1ate.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018208-sc8j1ate.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017575-msc99cit author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Dangerous Microbes date: 2018-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017575-msc99cit.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017575-msc99cit.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-017575-msc99cit.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020560-jnemlabp author: Tewari, Hemant title: Severe Tropical Infections date: 2012-03-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020560-jnemlabp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020560-jnemlabp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-020560-jnemlabp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016882-c9ts2g7w author: Ribeiro, Edna title: Viruses Present Indoors and Analyses Approaches date: 2017-06-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016882-c9ts2g7w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016882-c9ts2g7w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016882-c9ts2g7w.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-017503-g2n4d0wi author: Manson, David title: Diagnostic Imaging of Neonatal Pneumonia date: 2010-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017503-g2n4d0wi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017503-g2n4d0wi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017503-g2n4d0wi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018058-n3majqes author: Modrow, Susanne title: Historical Overview date: 2013-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018058-n3majqes.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017518-u2gsa4lg author: Divatia, J. V. title: Nosocomial Infections and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Cancer Patients date: 2019-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017518-u2gsa4lg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017518-u2gsa4lg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-017518-u2gsa4lg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017021-n6rpuvwd author: Marriott, Deborah J. title: Common Infections Following Lung Transplantation date: 2018-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021399-gs3i7wbe author: Dada, M.A. title: SUDDEN NATURAL DEATH | Infectious Diseases date: 2005-11-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021399-gs3i7wbe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021399-gs3i7wbe.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021399-gs3i7wbe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011438-imbpgsub author: Zhang, Yun title: Host–Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection date: 2020-03-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020700-iko8gy1e author: Calvo, Cristina title: Respiratory viral infections in a cohort of children during the first year of life and their role in the development of wheezing() date: 2017-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020700-iko8gy1e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020700-iko8gy1e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-020700-iko8gy1e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016704-99v4brjf author: Nicholson, Felicity title: Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017959-g0nf1iwm author: Lipkin, W. Ian title: Diagnosis, Discovery and Dissection of Viral Diseases date: 2014-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017959-g0nf1iwm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017959-g0nf1iwm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017959-g0nf1iwm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021588-ec7udsmw author: Craighead, John E. title: Enteric Viral Disease date: 2007-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021588-ec7udsmw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021588-ec7udsmw.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021588-ec7udsmw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018907-c84t1bo5 author: Bin-Hussain, Ibrahim title: Infections in the Immunocompromised Host date: 2012 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017030-tzuyo6tx author: Henao-Martínez, Andrés F. title: Infections in Heart, Lung, and Heart-Lung Transplantation date: 2018-12-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018421-wy3mtafh author: Waghmare, Alpana title: Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, and Bocavirus After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation or Solid Organ Transplantation date: 2016-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018421-wy3mtafh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018421-wy3mtafh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018421-wy3mtafh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017862-9fkjjmvf author: Smith, Roger P. title: Respiratory Disorders date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022254-8y5sq72c author: Nathanson, Neal title: IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND VIRUS INFECTION OF RODENTS date: 2012-12-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022254-8y5sq72c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022254-8y5sq72c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022254-8y5sq72c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001397-nrq4ncdf author: Mlera, Luwanika title: The role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology date: 2014-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001397-nrq4ncdf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001397-nrq4ncdf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001397-nrq4ncdf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018220-8m11ig06 author: Duncan, Coley B. title: Viral Infections date: 2009-02-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021069-v9f9874x author: Morrison, Lynda A. title: Viral pathogenesis and central nervous system infection date: 2004-11-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021069-v9f9874x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021069-v9f9874x.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021069-v9f9874x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019964-9leljj8j author: nan title: Recent research in infectious disease date: 2005-01-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019964-9leljj8j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019964-9leljj8j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-019964-9leljj8j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019089-oots4fe4 author: Laya, Bernard F. title: Infections date: 2013-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021552-6jbm869r author: HURST, CHRISTON J. title: Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses date: 2007-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019100-rce6kyu4 author: Heymann, Peter W. title: VIRUS-INDUCED WHEEZING IN CHILDREN: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Rhinovirus date: 1998-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019100-rce6kyu4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019100-rce6kyu4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-019100-rce6kyu4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017534-0ai8chbu author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Background Information: Isolation Routines date: 2018-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017534-0ai8chbu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017534-0ai8chbu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-017534-0ai8chbu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018017-c8myq6bi author: Iversen, Patrick L. title: The Threat from Viruses date: 2018-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022453-xe5v7947 author: BABIUK, L.A. title: Viral Gastroenteritis in Ruminants date: 2013-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022453-xe5v7947.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022453-xe5v7947.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022453-xe5v7947.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018808-h2zb87oa author: Tantawichien, Terapong title: Dengue date: 2018-03-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018808-h2zb87oa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018808-h2zb87oa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018808-h2zb87oa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018461-lq1m9h41 author: Elgazzar, Abdelhamid H. title: Inflammation date: 2014-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018461-lq1m9h41.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018461-lq1m9h41.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018461-lq1m9h41.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017583-72mbsib7 author: Devarajan, Padma V. title: Infectious Diseases: Need for Targeted Drug Delivery date: 2014-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017583-72mbsib7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017583-72mbsib7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017583-72mbsib7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019009-3ngfv96u author: Gea-Banacloche, Juan title: Risks and Epidemiology of Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation date: 2016-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022122-6ssdamhp author: Berry, Winter S. title: Otitis, Sinusitis, and Mastoiditis: Ear or Facial Pain Following a Common Cold date: 2018-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022122-6ssdamhp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022122-6ssdamhp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022122-6ssdamhp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023463-vr6uaw3a author: Liu, Wei title: Risk factors for SARS infection among hospital healthcare workers in Beijing: a case control study date: 2009-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023463-vr6uaw3a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023463-vr6uaw3a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023463-vr6uaw3a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017393-kx8kmdej author: Herbers, Alexandra title: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Febrile Neutropenia date: 2009-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017393-kx8kmdej.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017393-kx8kmdej.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017393-kx8kmdej.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018785-tcr5xlf8 author: Nambiar, Puja title: Infection in Kidney Transplantation date: 2018-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018785-tcr5xlf8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018785-tcr5xlf8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018785-tcr5xlf8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018659-rxzy6k3b author: Danziger-Isakov, Lara title: Posttransplant Complications and Comorbidities date: 2018-01-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018319-tylkbh4h author: Chemaly, Roy F. title: Respiratory Viruses date: 2011-01-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018319-tylkbh4h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018319-tylkbh4h.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018319-tylkbh4h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021424-kocwsyi7 author: Shannon, M. Frances title: Genomic Approaches to the Host Response to Pathogens date: 2009-01-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021424-kocwsyi7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021424-kocwsyi7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021424-kocwsyi7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021977-yu0hrg6h author: Pham, Phuong-Thu T. title: Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient: Infections and Malignant Neoplasms date: 2010-12-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021977-yu0hrg6h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021977-yu0hrg6h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021977-yu0hrg6h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022176-hprwqi4n author: Löscher, Thomas title: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2009-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022119-bzd9e1q6 author: Orzell, Susannah title: Pharyngitis and Pharyngeal Space Infections: fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing date: 2018-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022119-bzd9e1q6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022119-bzd9e1q6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022119-bzd9e1q6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018302-lmly43rd author: Renaud, Christian title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Transplant Recipients date: 2016-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018302-lmly43rd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018302-lmly43rd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018302-lmly43rd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022337-f3a349cb author: Busse, William W. title: Infections date: 2007-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022337-f3a349cb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022337-f3a349cb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022337-f3a349cb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021770-zn7na974 author: Slifka, Mark K. title: Passive Immunization date: 2017-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021770-zn7na974.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016990-ot1wi3xi author: Zaki, Sherif R. title: Viral Infections of the Lung date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023817-39r3a4fd author: Singh, Namita title: Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses date: 2012 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018061-jy3km0fr author: AL KASSAA, Imad title: Antiviral Probiotics: A New Concept in Medical Sciences date: 2016-12-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018061-jy3km0fr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018061-jy3km0fr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018061-jy3km0fr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023369-xwclh6ih author: Kim, Faith title: Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review date: 2020-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022399-66mzbynu author: Hopkins, Graham title: Basic microbiology date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022399-66mzbynu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022399-66mzbynu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022399-66mzbynu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018101-zd4v222b author: Kawashima, Kent title: Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies date: 2016-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-008716-38sqkh9m author: Schmidt, Alexander C title: Current research on respiratory viral infections: Third International Symposium date: 2001-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-008716-38sqkh9m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-008716-38sqkh9m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-008716-38sqkh9m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018545-fk17n2bx author: Dorofaeff, Tavey title: Infections in the PICU date: 2012 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018545-fk17n2bx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018545-fk17n2bx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018545-fk17n2bx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021465-2pj26fmv author: PERDUE, MICHAEL L. title: Impact of Avian Viruses date: 2007-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022103-4zk8i6qb author: Siegel, Jane D. title: Pediatric Healthcare Epidemiology date: 2017-07-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022103-4zk8i6qb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022103-4zk8i6qb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022103-4zk8i6qb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022203-t2f0vr1w author: Dowers, Kristy L title: The pyrexic cat date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021596-5s8lksxp author: Colegrove, Kathleen M. title: Pinnipediae date: 2018-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021596-5s8lksxp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021596-5s8lksxp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021596-5s8lksxp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024188-d7tnku8z author: Nissen, Michael D. title: Respiratory Infections date: 2010-03-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024188-d7tnku8z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024188-d7tnku8z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024188-d7tnku8z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024093-5dplc9xr author: Sizun, J title: Neonatal nosocomial respiratory infection with coronavirus: a prospective study in a neonatal intensive care unit date: 2008-01-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024093-5dplc9xr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024093-5dplc9xr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024093-5dplc9xr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023925-qrr7jcwe author: Verhoef, Jan title: A8 Immune response in human pathology: Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites date: 2011-07-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023925-qrr7jcwe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023925-qrr7jcwe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023925-qrr7jcwe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103342-stqj3ue5 author: Prakash, Meher K title: A minimal and adaptive prediction strategy for critical resource planning in a pandemic date: 2020-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103342-stqj3ue5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103342-stqj3ue5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-103342-stqj3ue5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018555-3lta1tbp author: Overstreet, Robin M. title: Host–Symbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from Guest to Pest date: 2016-01-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018555-3lta1tbp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018555-3lta1tbp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018555-3lta1tbp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019051-gtruu1op author: Weber, Olaf title: The role of viruses in the etiology and pathogenesis of common cold date: 2009-11-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019051-gtruu1op.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019051-gtruu1op.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-019051-gtruu1op.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022472-q2qtl26d author: Fishman, Jay A. title: Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022472-q2qtl26d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022472-q2qtl26d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022472-q2qtl26d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016499-5iqpl23p author: Mackay, Ian M. title: Rhinoviruses date: 2014-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028564-sltofaox author: Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia title: Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date: 2020-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-028564-sltofaox.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029032-s9geepsc author: Vargas-García, Cesar title: Parasite-Guest Infection Modeling: Social Science Applications date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029032-s9geepsc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029032-s9geepsc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029032-s9geepsc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103436-y1br5hy8 author: Bourgoin, P. title: CD64 and CD169 could help differentiate bacterial from viral infections in Emergency Department date: 2020-11-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103436-y1br5hy8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103436-y1br5hy8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-103436-y1br5hy8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025155-ow3r3469 author: Lokida, Dewi title: Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: observational study results date: 2020-05-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025155-ow3r3469.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025155-ow3r3469.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-025155-ow3r3469.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024795-xa7ke70d author: Kaviani, Aaron title: Management of Antimicrobial Agents in Abdominal Organ Transplant Patients in Intensive Care Unit date: 2020-01-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024795-xa7ke70d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024795-xa7ke70d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-024795-xa7ke70d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-242132-fhepdgz9 author: Burlak, Gennadiy title: Is it possible to suspend the spread of an epidemic infection? The dynamic Monte Carlo approach date: 2020-05-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-242132-fhepdgz9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-242132-fhepdgz9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-242132-fhepdgz9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026595-imn2jxcu author: Qamar, Mariam Khan title: What Do the Dental Students Know about Infection Control? A Cross-Sectional Study in a Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan date: 2020-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026595-imn2jxcu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026595-imn2jxcu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-026595-imn2jxcu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023698-wvk200j0 author: Hammerschlag, Margaret R. title: Chlamydia pneumoniae date: 2014-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023698-wvk200j0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023698-wvk200j0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023698-wvk200j0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034436-yhb8m1si author: Abdulah, Deldar Morad title: Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 across the World date: 2020-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034436-yhb8m1si.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034436-yhb8m1si.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-034436-yhb8m1si.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-146391-jlu7nv6r author: Ohsawa, Yukio title: COVID-19 Should be Suppressed by Mixed Constraints -- from Simulations on Constrained Scale-Free Networks date: 2020-04-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-146391-jlu7nv6r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-146391-jlu7nv6r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-146391-jlu7nv6r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-159554-50077dgk author: Shan, Fei title: Lung Infection Quantification of COVID-19 in CT Images with Deep Learning date: 2020-03-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-159554-50077dgk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-159554-50077dgk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-159554-50077dgk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031876-v44o5shw author: Mounier, Roman title: Assessment of Bacterial Colonization of Intracranial Pressure Transducers: A Prospective Study date: 2020-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031876-v44o5shw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031876-v44o5shw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-031876-v44o5shw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014540-27hnlu5v author: Sutthiruk, Nantanit title: Abstracts from the 8th International Congress of the Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC): Bangkok, Thailand. 12-15 February 2017 date: 2017-02-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014540-27hnlu5v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014540-27hnlu5v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-014540-27hnlu5v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022305-uvor9rts author: Jacoby, Robert O. title: Viral Diseases date: 2013-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022305-uvor9rts.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022305-uvor9rts.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022305-uvor9rts.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021413-1ht1xm88 author: Kraft, Lisbeth M. title: Viral Diseases of the Digestive System date: 2013-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002757-upwe0cpj author: Sullivan, Kathleen E. title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2017-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025495-udz9i0fw author: Nowak, Jan K. title: Lithium and coronaviral infections. A scoping review. date: 2020-04-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025495-udz9i0fw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025495-udz9i0fw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-025495-udz9i0fw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-169428-g6k0vqrm author: Schurwanz, Max title: Infectious Disease Transmission via Aerosol Propagation from a Molecular Communication Perspective: Shannon Meets Coronavirus date: 2020-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-169428-g6k0vqrm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-169428-g6k0vqrm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-169428-g6k0vqrm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253197-9hjvk7p5 author: Thomas, Evan title: Urinary Tract Infection with Atypical Mycobacteria date: 1980-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253197-9hjvk7p5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253197-9hjvk7p5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253197-9hjvk7p5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103893-p9ul6k5m author: Omame, A. title: A co-infection model for Oncogenic HPV and TB with Optimal Control and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103893-p9ul6k5m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103893-p9ul6k5m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-103893-p9ul6k5m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-201898-d1vbnjff author: Jha, Vishwajeet title: Forecasting the transmission of Covid-19 in India using a data driven SEIRD model date: 2020-06-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-201898-d1vbnjff.txt cache: ./cache/cord-201898-d1vbnjff.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-201898-d1vbnjff.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027550-yyqsatqw author: Mammas, Ioannis N. title: Update on current views and advances on RSV infection (Review) date: 2020-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027550-yyqsatqw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027550-yyqsatqw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-027550-yyqsatqw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024134-ym7ce5ux author: Chawla, Sonam title: Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-251991-ghbpga1s author: Harcourt, Jennifer L. title: Evaluation of the Calu-3 cell line as a model of in vitro respiratory syncytial virus infection() date: 2011-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-251991-ghbpga1s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-251991-ghbpga1s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-251991-ghbpga1s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017012-yl0vanuh author: Herberg, Jethro title: Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022380-49oti4zg author: Panlilio, Adelisa L title: Occupational Infectious Diseases date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022380-49oti4zg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022380-49oti4zg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022380-49oti4zg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034133-tx0hciiv author: Engda, Tigist title: The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018 date: 2020-10-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034133-tx0hciiv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034133-tx0hciiv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-034133-tx0hciiv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-174036-b3frnfr7 author: Thomas, Loring J. title: Spatial Heterogeneity Can Lead to Substantial Local Variations in COVID-19 Timing and Severity date: 2020-05-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-174036-b3frnfr7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-174036-b3frnfr7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-174036-b3frnfr7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023669-3ataw6gy author: Masur, Henry title: Critically Ill Immunosuppressed Host date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023669-3ataw6gy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023669-3ataw6gy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-023669-3ataw6gy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022582-2e9i3m4b author: Potsic, William P. title: Otolaryngologic Disorders date: 2012-03-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022084-hap7flng author: ARRUDA, EURICO title: Respiratory Tract Viral Infections date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022084-hap7flng.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017364-d9zmdm23 author: Crowe, James E. title: Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus date: 2014-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257539-01s21vh0 author: Delvecchio, Rodrigo title: Chloroquine, an Endocytosis Blocking Agent, Inhibits Zika Virus Infection in Different Cell Models date: 2016-11-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257539-01s21vh0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257539-01s21vh0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257539-01s21vh0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 20071 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43581 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43998 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43717 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44093 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45295 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43791 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45147 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022163-7klzsrpu author: Broder, Christopher C. title: Henipaviruses date: 2016-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022163-7klzsrpu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022163-7klzsrpu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-022163-7klzsrpu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016690-3gsq724l author: Li, Hongjun title: HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date: 2013-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256147-lfwytlj3 author: Gabriella, di Mauro title: SARS-Cov-2 infection: response of human immune system and possible implications for the rapid test and treatment date: 2020-04-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256147-lfwytlj3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256147-lfwytlj3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-256147-lfwytlj3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023942-vrs3je1x author: Powers, Karen S. title: Acute Pulmonary Infections date: 2011-12-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-118119-it3q17rp author: Odagaki, Takashi title: Self-organized wavy infection curve of COVID-19 date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-118119-it3q17rp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-118119-it3q17rp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-118119-it3q17rp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025628-9611eglg author: Bonagura, Vincent Robert title: Infections that cause secondary immune deficiency date: 2020-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025628-9611eglg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025628-9611eglg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-025628-9611eglg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023724-5at0rhqk author: Cann, Alan J. title: Infection date: 2015-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023724-5at0rhqk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023724-5at0rhqk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023724-5at0rhqk.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45211 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44484 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w author: Heath, Joan A. title: Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control date: 2009-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031252-ji0ef0by author: D'Angelo, Lawrence title: Infectious Disease Problems in Adolescents date: 2020-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031252-ji0ef0by.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031252-ji0ef0by.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-031252-ji0ef0by.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021966-5m21bsrw author: Shaw, Alan R. title: Vaccines date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021966-5m21bsrw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021966-5m21bsrw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021966-5m21bsrw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-167157-z0lvcb3z author: Wang, Xiubin Bruce title: Controlling the Hidden Growth of COVID-19 date: 2020-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-167157-z0lvcb3z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-167157-z0lvcb3z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-167157-z0lvcb3z.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44768 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45788 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45693 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45897 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45456 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253761-wjm8ju3v author: Haidopoulou, Katerina title: Human bocavirus infections in hospitalized Greek children date: 2010-03-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253761-wjm8ju3v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253761-wjm8ju3v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253761-wjm8ju3v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022521-r72jtoso author: Miller, Tracie L. title: Gastrointestinal Complications of Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes date: 2010-12-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022521-r72jtoso.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022521-r72jtoso.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022521-r72jtoso.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46402 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45971 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253256-909chgl0 author: Bajwa, Sukhminder Jit Singh title: Peri-operative and critical care concerns in coronavirus pandemic date: 2020-03-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253256-909chgl0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253256-909chgl0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-253256-909chgl0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103630-nt3ogyzl author: Deal, C. L. title: Recurrent respiratory viral diseases and chronic sequelae due to dominant negative IFIH1 date: 2020-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103630-nt3ogyzl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103630-nt3ogyzl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-103630-nt3ogyzl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-248301-hddxaatp author: Howard, Daniel title: Genetic Programming visitation scheduling solution can deliver a less austere COVID-19 pandemic population lockdown date: 2020-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-248301-hddxaatp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-248301-hddxaatp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-248301-hddxaatp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104317-t30dg6oj author: Parker, Michael T. title: An Ecological Framework of the Human Virome Provides Classification of Current Knowledge and Identifies Areas of Forthcoming Discovery date: 2016-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-226245-p0cyzjwf author: Schneble, Marc title: Nowcasting fatal COVID-19 infections on a regional level in Germany date: 2020-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-226245-p0cyzjwf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-226245-p0cyzjwf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-226245-p0cyzjwf.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47825 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257255-n5o368ih author: Barker, J. title: Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes date: 2001-12-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257255-n5o368ih.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257255-n5o368ih.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-257255-n5o368ih.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017867-8cn4c6cu author: Collántes-Fernández, Esther title: Trichomonas date: 2017-11-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017867-8cn4c6cu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017867-8cn4c6cu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017867-8cn4c6cu.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49931 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49726 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 48054 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45965 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50196 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45652 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027679-89yt6fzo author: McLoud, Theresa C. title: Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027679-89yt6fzo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027679-89yt6fzo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-027679-89yt6fzo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257299-z9u12yqb author: Mansi, N. title: Ear, nose and throat manifestation of viral systemic infections in pediatric patients date: 2009-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257299-z9u12yqb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257299-z9u12yqb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257299-z9u12yqb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254580-nhpjvgt4 author: Ricardo, Jose W. title: Considerations for Safety in the Use of Systemic Medications for Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis during the COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254580-nhpjvgt4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254580-nhpjvgt4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254580-nhpjvgt4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257467-b8o5ghvi author: Smith, Barbara A. title: Anesthesia as a Risk for Health Care Acquired Infections date: 2010-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022520-ebj51v9o author: Marini, Robert P. title: Biology and Diseases of Ferrets date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258145-usr7b6dk author: Abdulah, Deldar Morad title: Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 Across the World date: 2020-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258145-usr7b6dk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258145-usr7b6dk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258145-usr7b6dk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257392-u6jy6w1m author: Zhao, Yanfeng title: Proteomic analysis of primary duck hepatocytes infected with duck hepatitis B virus date: 2010-06-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257392-u6jy6w1m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257392-u6jy6w1m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257392-u6jy6w1m.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51652 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50439 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50986 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51534 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49574 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51172 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023748-3kfy36hg author: Lye, Patricia S. title: Fever date: 2017-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259194-9zllvfqb author: Cupples, Sandra A. title: Transplant Infectious Disease: Implications for Critical Care Nurses date: 2011-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259194-9zllvfqb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259194-9zllvfqb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259194-9zllvfqb.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50896 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52030 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255479-yd5cbwnx author: Vu, David M. title: Chikungunya Virus date: 2017-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255479-yd5cbwnx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255479-yd5cbwnx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255479-yd5cbwnx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263927-hnsyas9q author: Peci, Adriana title: Community‐acquired respiratory viruses and co‐infection among patients of Ontario sentinel practices, April 2009 to February 2010 date: 2012-08-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263927-hnsyas9q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263927-hnsyas9q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263927-hnsyas9q.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52204 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255781-55zrmgxq author: Bergman, Scott J. title: Interferons as Therapeutic Agents for Infectious Diseases date: 2011-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255781-55zrmgxq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255781-55zrmgxq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255781-55zrmgxq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257729-s0vo7dlk author: Bauer, Melissa title: Obstetric Anesthesia During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date: 2020-04-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257729-s0vo7dlk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257729-s0vo7dlk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257729-s0vo7dlk.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 26691 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52181 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53064 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52267 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53428 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53514 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254766-585iu5ey author: Tauro, Sharyn title: Molecular and cellular mechanisms in the viral exacerbation of asthma date: 2008-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021499-up5vftj4 author: Brayton, Cory title: Viral Infections date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007417-az8xd66p author: Hansbro, Nicole G. title: Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: New therapeutic directions date: 2008-01-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007417-az8xd66p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007417-az8xd66p.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-007417-az8xd66p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257644-9f30s0gy author: Mu, Xingjiang title: Comparative transcriptional analysis reveals distinct expression patterns of channel catfish genes after the first infection and re-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila date: 2013-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257644-9f30s0gy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257644-9f30s0gy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257644-9f30s0gy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257399-p6of5fno author: Gentry, Chris A title: Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257399-p6of5fno.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257399-p6of5fno.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257399-p6of5fno.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260267-nau9kayk author: Ren, Lili title: Human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in Chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: A comparison study date: 2011-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260267-nau9kayk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260267-nau9kayk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-260267-nau9kayk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263744-zrzwhu0j author: Lin, Sheng-Wen title: Potential Trends of Point-of-Care Diagnostics—The Next Generation of the Laboratory Diagnosis date: 2020-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263744-zrzwhu0j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263744-zrzwhu0j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-263744-zrzwhu0j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022592-g7rmzsv5 author: Wynn, James L. title: Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis date: 2016-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257114-pxmflm2c author: BURGUETE, SERGIO R. title: Lung transplant infection date: 2012-12-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262524-ununcin0 author: Bankhead, Armand title: A Simulation Framework to Investigate in vitro Viral Infection Dynamics date: 2011-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262524-ununcin0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262524-ununcin0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-262524-ununcin0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017622-aqhyt7jg author: Robertson, Lucy J. title: Cryptosporidiosis in Farmed Animals date: 2013-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256508-ce59ovan author: Asselah, Tarik title: COVID-19: discovery, diagnostics and drug development date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256508-ce59ovan.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256508-ce59ovan.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256508-ce59ovan.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55502 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55931 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258333-jmk8hdk2 author: Sivier, V title: Place des viroses respiratoires dans les hyperthermies de sujets âgés hospitalisés au cours d’une saison hivernale date: 2001-12-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258333-jmk8hdk2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258333-jmk8hdk2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-258333-jmk8hdk2.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57791 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55988 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57830 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56608 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022383-pz0htccp author: Kohn, Dennis F. title: Biology and Diseases of Rats date: 2013-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56821 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269181-1h3wbhq4 author: Perelmutter, L. title: Immunoglobulin E response during viral infections date: 1979-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269181-1h3wbhq4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269181-1h3wbhq4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-269181-1h3wbhq4.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58890 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267003-k7eo2c26 author: Hendaus, Mohamed A title: Virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review date: 2015-08-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267003-k7eo2c26.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267003-k7eo2c26.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-267003-k7eo2c26.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57436 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57542 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58459 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50126 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57304 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57980 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55496 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57638 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58550 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262104-oig3qrr7 author: Brüssow, Harald title: COVID‐19: Test, Trace and Isolate‐New Epidemiological Data date: 2020-06-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57254 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59481 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59098 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57984 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58897 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59488 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59492 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267531-tqqj4cy0 author: He, Ying title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China date: 2014-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267531-tqqj4cy0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267531-tqqj4cy0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267531-tqqj4cy0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267041-i94lyfsh author: Ellner, Jerrold J. title: Management of acute and chronic respiratory tract infections date: 1988-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267041-i94lyfsh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267041-i94lyfsh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-267041-i94lyfsh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260700-u12aa739 author: Kainulainen, Leena title: Recurrent and persistent respiratory tract viral infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia date: 2010-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260700-u12aa739.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260700-u12aa739.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260700-u12aa739.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271653-4q2olzx1 author: Libby, Peter title: The Heart in COVID19: Primary Target or Secondary Bystander? date: 2020-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271653-4q2olzx1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271653-4q2olzx1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271653-4q2olzx1.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55650 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60286 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-267139-r8rg0iqq author: Scaggs Huang, Felicia A. title: Fever in the Returning Traveler date: 2018-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022252-9yiuuye3 author: Mims, Cedric A. title: Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage date: 2013-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60288 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272752-cobroc5h author: Brook, Itzhak title: The challenges of treating tracheobronchitis in a laryngectomee due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: a case report date: 2018-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272752-cobroc5h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272752-cobroc5h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-272752-cobroc5h.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58795 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60011 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60835 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60827 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283588-j27q53oz author: Gebicki, Jerzy title: COVID-19 infection: mitohormetic concept of immune response date: 2020-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283588-j27q53oz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283588-j27q53oz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-283588-j27q53oz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273536-h7mzqef2 author: Surpure, J. S. title: Pediatric emergencies: newsletter 9 date: 1989 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273536-h7mzqef2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273536-h7mzqef2.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273536-h7mzqef2.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60410 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60782 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271076-436nxsua author: Paul-Pierre, Pastoret title: Emerging diseases, zoonoses and vaccines to control them date: 2009-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271076-436nxsua.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271076-436nxsua.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271076-436nxsua.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55146 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60853 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61581 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61596 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269095-lwank6hk author: Jirru, Ermias title: Impact of Influenza on Pneumococcal Vaccine Effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Aged Murine Lung date: 2020-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269095-lwank6hk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269095-lwank6hk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-269095-lwank6hk.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61600 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61809 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269627-mx1mjdqc author: Thiry, Etienne title: Feline herpesvirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management date: 2009-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269627-mx1mjdqc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269627-mx1mjdqc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269627-mx1mjdqc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272596-yxvg8357 author: WU, Jian Jun title: Detection of Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Lanzhou and Nanjing, China date: 2014-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272596-yxvg8357.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272596-yxvg8357.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272596-yxvg8357.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61808 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 27618 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267973-uvz7kavu author: Do, Lien Anh Ha title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Viral Infections among Children under Two Years Old in Southern Vietnam 2009-2010: Clinical Characteristics and Disease Severity date: 2016-08-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267973-uvz7kavu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267973-uvz7kavu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267973-uvz7kavu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274763-i6e3g3te author: Liu, Wen-Kuan title: Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region date: 2018-07-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274763-i6e3g3te.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274763-i6e3g3te.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274763-i6e3g3te.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author: nan title: Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date: 2014-08-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267402-kca05rvz author: South, Kieron title: Preceding infection and risk of stroke: An old concept revived by the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267402-kca05rvz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267402-kca05rvz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267402-kca05rvz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271130-6s79q1c1 author: Filoni, Claudia title: Putative progressive and abortive feline leukemia virus infection outcomes in captive jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) date: 2017-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271130-6s79q1c1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271130-6s79q1c1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271130-6s79q1c1.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61472 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61240 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61766 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62555 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62752 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61971 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276348-vr5fit8r author: Ogra, Pearay L. title: Respiratory syncytial virus: The virus, the disease and the immune response date: 2004-01-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276348-vr5fit8r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276348-vr5fit8r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276348-vr5fit8r.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61761 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270091-sqrh8ylt author: Cohen, Pascal title: Vascularites associées aux infections virales date: 2004-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270091-sqrh8ylt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270091-sqrh8ylt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-270091-sqrh8ylt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260605-smkr7b15 author: Vestby, Lene K. title: Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease date: 2020-02-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260605-smkr7b15.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260605-smkr7b15.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-260605-smkr7b15.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62675 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62483 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61810 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269734-u43gt8fh author: Teijaro, J.R. title: Pleiotropic Roles of Type 1 Interferons in Antiviral Immune Responses date: 2016-09-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269734-u43gt8fh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269734-u43gt8fh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-269734-u43gt8fh.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62268 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63526 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61967 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274643-vjb2yt93 author: Kang, G. title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2008-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62905 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278816-l92lkj69 author: Brouard, J. title: Prise en charge des pathologies respiratoires à adénovirus chez l’enfant immunocompétent À propos d’une étude rétrospective de 116 enfants hospitalisés date: 2004-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278816-l92lkj69.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278816-l92lkj69.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-278816-l92lkj69.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63375 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64234 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64213 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64765 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63825 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272117-erzpz3c0 author: Downey, Jeffrey title: Dissecting host cell death programs in the pathogenesis of influenza date: 2018-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272117-erzpz3c0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272117-erzpz3c0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272117-erzpz3c0.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64222 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63957 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288505-v4dbswyk author: Roberts, M.T.M. title: An analysis of imported infections over a 5-year period at a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom date: 2003-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288505-v4dbswyk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288505-v4dbswyk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288505-v4dbswyk.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64294 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65263 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64673 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63813 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278935-3lgud7l8 author: Chen, Zheng‐Rong title: Clinical and epidemiological profiles of lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children due to human bocavirus in a subtropical area of China date: 2014-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278935-3lgud7l8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278935-3lgud7l8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278935-3lgud7l8.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65032 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64010 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64249 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64778 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289650-q2io8vgi author: Hammond, Ffion R. title: If it’s not one thing, HIF’s another: immunoregulation by hypoxia inducible factors in disease date: 2020-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289650-q2io8vgi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289650-q2io8vgi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289650-q2io8vgi.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65458 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023168-cd7adns8 author: Thachil, Jecko title: Haematological Diseases in the Tropics date: 2013-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65150 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288113-ex4yi28u author: Epalza, Cristina title: Role of Viral Molecular Panels in Diagnosing the Etiology of Fever in Infants Younger Than 3 Months date: 2019-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288113-ex4yi28u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288113-ex4yi28u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288113-ex4yi28u.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 66201 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64774 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289406-54vyzxjf author: Edwards, Suzanne title: An Experimental Model for Myocarditis and Congestive Heart Failure after Rabbit Coronavirus Infection date: 1992-01-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289406-54vyzxjf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289406-54vyzxjf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289406-54vyzxjf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023367-ujflw19b author: Newcomer, Benjamin W. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292367-ocbsmmt6 author: El-Masri, Maher M. title: Exploring the influence of enforcing infection control directives on the risk of developing healthcare associated infections in the intensive care unit: A retrospective study date: 2012-02-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292367-ocbsmmt6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292367-ocbsmmt6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-292367-ocbsmmt6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285467-uxfk6k3c author: Ragni, Enrico title: Management of osteoarthritis during COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285467-uxfk6k3c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285467-uxfk6k3c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-285467-uxfk6k3c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283779-mudwcypl author: Lauretani, Fulvio title: Assessment and treatment of older individuals with COVID-19 multi-system disease: clinical and ethical implications date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284195-qarz4o2z author: Ansumali, Santosh title: A Very Flat Peak: Exponential growth phase of COVID-19 is mostly followed by a prolonged linear growth phase, not an immediate saturation date: 2020-04-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284195-qarz4o2z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284195-qarz4o2z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-284195-qarz4o2z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296256-ipe92w4y author: Evelyn, Obando title: Prevalence, clinical outcomes and rainfall association of acute respiratory infection by human metapneumovirus in children in Bogotá, Colombia date: 2019-10-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296256-ipe92w4y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296256-ipe92w4y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-296256-ipe92w4y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269975-1ebmq7t8 author: Duplantier, Allen J. title: Combating biothreat pathogens: ongoing efforts for countermeasure development and unique challenges date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301276-eer1l8vg author: Sehrawat, Sharvan title: Opinion: Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility? date: 2020-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301276-eer1l8vg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301276-eer1l8vg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301276-eer1l8vg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283405-aozxvxxs author: Vermillion, Meghan S. title: Pregnancy and infection: using disease pathogenesis to inform vaccine strategy date: 2018-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283405-aozxvxxs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283405-aozxvxxs.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283405-aozxvxxs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288494-6qybdxc4 author: Liao, Qiaohong title: A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) in a hospital emergency department setting date: 2014-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298181-ypgb7uuc author: Hendaus, Mohamed A title: Why Are Children With Bronchiolitis At Risk Of Urinary Tract Infections? date: 2019-11-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298181-ypgb7uuc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298181-ypgb7uuc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-298181-ypgb7uuc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293871-hzes7mwt author: McGuinness, Sarah L. title: Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections date: 2018-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279849-zzkliu76 author: DaPalma, T. title: A systematic approach to virus–virus interactions date: 2010-01-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279849-zzkliu76.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279849-zzkliu76.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279849-zzkliu76.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285628-36gyix12 author: Stull, Jason W. title: Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date: 2015-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-285628-36gyix12.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294568-12eyo13f author: Fernandes-Matano, Larissa title: Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico date: 2017-05-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294568-12eyo13f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294568-12eyo13f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-294568-12eyo13f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290783-ipoelk4h author: Crouch, C. F. title: Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: Enhancement of lactogenic immunity date: 1985-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277818-8w15dz20 author: Jaichenco, Andre L. title: Infectious Disease Considerations for the Operating Room date: 2018-02-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277818-8w15dz20.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277818-8w15dz20.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-277818-8w15dz20.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303299-p15irs4e author: Dzien, Alexander title: Will the COVID-19 pandemic slow down in the Northern hemisphere by the onset of summer? An epidemiological hypothesis date: 2020-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303299-p15irs4e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303299-p15irs4e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303299-p15irs4e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300747-fnli688g author: Calvo, Cristina title: Infections and coinfections by respiratory human bocavirus during eight seasons in hospitalized children date: 2016-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300747-fnli688g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300747-fnli688g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-300747-fnli688g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286337-qk90xb3a author: Hanada, Shigeo title: Respiratory Viral Infection-Induced Microbiome Alterations and Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia date: 2018-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286337-qk90xb3a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286337-qk90xb3a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286337-qk90xb3a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296635-8r3tm966 author: Breed, Andrew C. title: Evidence of Endemic Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus)—Implications for Disease Risk Management date: 2011-12-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296635-8r3tm966.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296635-8r3tm966.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-296635-8r3tm966.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author: Hui, David S.C. title: A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date: 2017-07-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288238-36hiiw91 author: Keshavarz, Mohsen title: Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection date: 2020-03-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283826-lgyc3sro author: Stiehm, E. Richard title: Therapeutic Use of Immunoglobulins date: 2010-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283826-lgyc3sro.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283826-lgyc3sro.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283826-lgyc3sro.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252691-757mh2mh author: Pratt, R. J. title: epic2: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England date: 2007-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252691-757mh2mh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252691-757mh2mh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-252691-757mh2mh.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-302619-3hbbpmnt author: Strausbaugh, L. J. title: Emerging health care-associated infections in the geriatric population. date: 2001 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302619-3hbbpmnt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302619-3hbbpmnt.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-302619-3hbbpmnt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298905-c2uuvfm5 author: Horzinek, M. C. title: Molecular pathogenesis of virus infections date: 1987 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298905-c2uuvfm5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298905-c2uuvfm5.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-298905-c2uuvfm5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300815-1vy787md author: Fang, Li-Qun title: Travel-related infections in mainland China, 2014–16: an active surveillance study date: 2018-07-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300815-1vy787md.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300815-1vy787md.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300815-1vy787md.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017331-ru7mvfc0 author: Samanta, Indranil title: Infectious Diseases date: 2017-02-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017331-ru7mvfc0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017331-ru7mvfc0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017331-ru7mvfc0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290385-0smnl70i author: Chan, Jasper F.W. title: Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease date: 2016-03-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290385-0smnl70i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290385-0smnl70i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-290385-0smnl70i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305457-t7qw1oy2 author: Zhang, Youhong title: Baculovirus transit through insect cell membranes: A mechanistic approach date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305457-t7qw1oy2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305457-t7qw1oy2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305457-t7qw1oy2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305207-fgvbrg8d author: Ohara, Hiroshi title: Fact-finding Survey of Nosocomial Infection Control in Hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal—A Basis for Improvement date: 2013-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302247-moor7dfc author: Richards, James title: Feline Vaccination Guidelines date: 2001-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298131-zolwjl9u author: Xiao, Shuqi title: Understanding PRRSV Infection in Porcine Lung Based on Genome-Wide Transcriptome Response Identified by Deep Sequencing date: 2010-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298131-zolwjl9u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298131-zolwjl9u.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-298131-zolwjl9u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author: Zeimet, Anthony title: Infectious Diseases date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305890-mdwjrfzp author: Bönsch, Claudia title: Chloroquine and Its Derivatives Exacerbate B19V-Associated Anemia by Promoting Viral Replication date: 2010-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305890-mdwjrfzp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305890-mdwjrfzp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-305890-mdwjrfzp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312803-fxuynxjd author: Gómez-Ríos, Manuel Ángel title: Preventing Infection of Patients and Healthcare Workers Should Be the New Normal in the Era of Novel Coronavirus Epidemics: Comment date: 2020-06-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312803-fxuynxjd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312803-fxuynxjd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-312803-fxuynxjd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309274-2npxrrhr author: Lee, M.K. title: Prevalence of hospital infection and antibiotic use at a University Medical Center in Hong Kong date: 2007-02-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309274-2npxrrhr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309274-2npxrrhr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-309274-2npxrrhr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306278-c4q4la5c author: Esposito, Susanna title: Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Respiratory Infections Due to Adenovirus in Children Living in Milan, Italy, during 2013 and 2014 date: 2016-04-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306278-c4q4la5c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306278-c4q4la5c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306278-c4q4la5c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310055-9qj8d2f7 author: Gerace, Elisabetta title: Cryptosporidium Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Differential Diagnosis date: 2019-10-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310055-9qj8d2f7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310055-9qj8d2f7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310055-9qj8d2f7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316513-dbzj101e author: Sen-Crowe, Brendon title: Utilizing technology as a method of contact tracing and surveillance to minimize the risk of contracting COVID-19 infection date: 2020-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316513-dbzj101e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316513-dbzj101e.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-316513-dbzj101e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304251-dohglrm1 author: Scully, C title: Emerging and changing viral diseases in the new millennium date: 2015-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304251-dohglrm1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304251-dohglrm1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-304251-dohglrm1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300965-ivczo1a7 author: Brown, M. M. title: Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns date: 2017-08-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307016-4hdsb5oq author: Allen, Upton title: Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Complications After Solid Organ Transplantation in Children date: 2010-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307016-4hdsb5oq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307016-4hdsb5oq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-307016-4hdsb5oq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297790-tpjxt0w5 author: Mandl, Judith N. title: Going to Bat(s) for Studies of Disease Tolerance date: 2018-09-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297790-tpjxt0w5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297790-tpjxt0w5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-297790-tpjxt0w5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312795-0e4esl2o author: Puig-Domingo, M. title: COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology date: 2020-04-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312795-0e4esl2o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312795-0e4esl2o.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312795-0e4esl2o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308184-w8ewm8ve author: Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo title: How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion date: 2020-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312797-hohzjx74 author: Hamelin, Marie-Ève title: Human Metapneumovirus: A New Player among Respiratory Viruses date: 2004-04-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312797-hohzjx74.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312797-hohzjx74.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312797-hohzjx74.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017184-1ewi3dka author: nan title: Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301225-h178zpb3 author: Gautret, Philippe title: Fever in Returned Travelers date: 2018-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301225-h178zpb3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301225-h178zpb3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-301225-h178zpb3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309478-yhmgopmr author: Jin, Ying-Hui title: Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309478-yhmgopmr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309478-yhmgopmr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309478-yhmgopmr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310042-9z8rkzq8 author: Aysha, Al‐Ani title: Practical management of inflammatory bowel disease patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: expert commentary from the Gastroenterological Society of Australia Inflammatory Bowel Disease faculty date: 2020-07-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310042-9z8rkzq8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310042-9z8rkzq8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310042-9z8rkzq8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303741-1ou0cy5k author: Stafstrom, Carl E. title: COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304088-xkg0ylz8 author: Zhu, Han title: Cardiovascular Complications in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences of Viral Toxicities and Host Immune Response date: 2020-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304088-xkg0ylz8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304088-xkg0ylz8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-304088-xkg0ylz8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299261-ew99nraq author: Cipriano, L. E. title: IMPACT OF UNIVERSITY RE-OPENING ON TOTAL COMMUNITY COVID-19 BURDEN date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299261-ew99nraq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299261-ew99nraq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299261-ew99nraq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305146-iprzeigk author: Chughtai, Abrar Ahmad title: Use of personal protective equipment to protect against respiratory infections in Pakistan: A systematic review date: 2020-03-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305146-iprzeigk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305146-iprzeigk.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305146-iprzeigk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309488-8guapzke author: Dodd, R. title: Other emerging viral pathogens date: 2006-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309488-8guapzke.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309488-8guapzke.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-309488-8guapzke.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310371-pylrg91h author: Bishop, R.F. title: Enteric Viruses date: 2008-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-302918-0nk7zyod author: Broor, S. title: Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen date: 2008-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301677-b6mnn27h author: Soleimanian, Saeede title: Harnessing Memory NK Cell to Protect Against COVID-19 date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301677-b6mnn27h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301677-b6mnn27h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-301677-b6mnn27h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310205-j57x9ke6 author: Alcaide, Maria L. title: Pharyngitis and Epiglottitis date: 2007-06-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310205-j57x9ke6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310205-j57x9ke6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-310205-j57x9ke6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311908-sgdq6j6x author: Atkins, G. J. title: Transient virus infection and multiple sclerosis date: 2000-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310239-mmvuij3k author: Arentz, Susan title: Clinical significance summary: Preliminary results of a rapid review of zinc for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral respiratory infections date: 2020-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310239-mmvuij3k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310239-mmvuij3k.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310239-mmvuij3k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309138-44qpk2vf author: Khanna, Kanika title: Herbal Immune-boosters: Substantial Warriors of Pandemic Covid-19 Battle date: 2020-10-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309138-44qpk2vf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309138-44qpk2vf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 13 resourceName b'cord-309138-44qpk2vf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315304-pge45105 author: Kotton, C.N. title: Organ Transplantation, Risks date: 2015-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315304-pge45105.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315304-pge45105.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315304-pge45105.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312197-d5d8amk7 author: Edmond, Karen title: New Approaches to Preventing, Diagnosing, and Treating Neonatal Sepsis date: 2010-03-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312197-d5d8amk7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312197-d5d8amk7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312197-d5d8amk7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314359-fw14b5cv author: Bajaj, Satish Kumar title: Respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients: Lung findings using chest computed tomography date: 2016-11-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314359-fw14b5cv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314359-fw14b5cv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-314359-fw14b5cv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312964-vsrqmmv7 author: Doyle, William J. title: Prevention of otitis media caused by viral upper respiratory tract infection: Vaccines, antivirals, and other approaches date: 2003 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312964-vsrqmmv7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312964-vsrqmmv7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-312964-vsrqmmv7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303054-s1clwunc author: Velly, Lionel title: Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316500-vik30moa author: Cardillo, Lorena title: Lifestyle as Risk Factor for Infectious Causes of Death in Young Dogs: A Retrospective Study in Southern Italy (2015–2017) date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316500-vik30moa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316500-vik30moa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-316500-vik30moa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314600-x8mmuf3y author: Biagi, Carlotta title: Rhinovirus Infection in Children with Acute Bronchiolitis and Its Impact on Recurrent Wheezing and Asthma Development date: 2020-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314600-x8mmuf3y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314600-x8mmuf3y.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-314600-x8mmuf3y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317548-ft7lkpzq author: Proud, David title: Upper airway viral infections date: 2007-07-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306111-wn1gxhk9 author: Dommett, R. M. title: Mannose‐binding lectin in innate immunity: past, present and future date: 2006-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306111-wn1gxhk9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306111-wn1gxhk9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-306111-wn1gxhk9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315794-se0sq3c3 author: Lamps, L W title: Infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract date: 2006-12-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314500-89ovdnxl author: Dunachie, Susanna title: The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries date: 2018-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317028-f3bpwm5j author: Olmsted, Russell N. title: Prevention by Design: Construction and Renovation of Health Care Facilities for Patient Safety and Infection Prevention date: 2016-08-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317028-f3bpwm5j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317028-f3bpwm5j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-317028-f3bpwm5j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314390-q36ye9ff author: Kang, Gagandeep title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2016-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023143-fcno330z author: nan title: Molecular aspects of viral immunity date: 2004-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-023143-fcno330z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317661-v93mde6l author: Vaid, Shashank title: Using Machine Learning to Estimate Unobserved COVID-19 Infections in North America date: 2020-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317661-v93mde6l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317661-v93mde6l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317661-v93mde6l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317499-mxt7stat author: Saraya, Takeshi title: Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus date: 2014-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317499-mxt7stat.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317499-mxt7stat.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-317499-mxt7stat.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-308816-nux087gc author: de Graaf, Dirk C title: A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals date: 2000-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-308816-nux087gc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318852-gouz6tth author: Lee, J.S.E. title: Considerations and strategies in the organisation of obstetric anaesthesia care during the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore date: 2020-04-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author: Scully, Crispian title: Respiratory medicine date: 2014-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310942-191m0e65 author: Boga, Jose Antonio title: Beneficial actions of melatonin in the management of viral infections: a new use for this “molecular handyman”? date: 2012-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310942-191m0e65.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310942-191m0e65.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310942-191m0e65.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316894-zhmuzv7z author: Stetzenbach, L.D. title: Airborne Infectious Microorganisms date: 2009-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312438-zr9zx7pv author: Hoo, Regina title: Innate Immune Mechanisms to Protect Against Infection at the Human Decidual-Placental Interface date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320145-582kmoyo author: Cardinal, R. N. title: Simulating a community mental health service during the COVID-19 pandemic: effects of clinician-clinician encounters, clinician-patient-family encounters, symptom-triggered protective behaviour, and household clustering date: 2020-05-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320145-582kmoyo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320145-582kmoyo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320145-582kmoyo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310840-h49dx92d author: Eslamy, Hedieh K. title: Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date: 2011-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314841-b5l6epy3 author: Falsey, Ann Regina title: Respiratory viral infections date: 2019-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314841-b5l6epy3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314841-b5l6epy3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-314841-b5l6epy3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321132-xdpb3ukt author: Lhomme, Sebastien title: Influence of Polyproline Region and Macro Domain Genetic Heterogeneity on HEV Persistence in Immunocompromised Patients date: 2014-01-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321132-xdpb3ukt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321132-xdpb3ukt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321132-xdpb3ukt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318984-8m9ygzn5 author: Chen, Yin-Yin title: Surveillance on secular trends of incidence and mortality for device–associated infection in the intensive care unit setting at a tertiary medical center in Taiwan, 2000–2008: A retrospective observational study date: 2012-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318984-8m9ygzn5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318984-8m9ygzn5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318984-8m9ygzn5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309642-wwaa6ls0 author: Potgieter, Leon N.D. title: Pathogenesis of Viral Infections date: 1986-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308201-lavcsqov author: Desforges, Marc title: Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date: 2019-12-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318172-bdotp9ko author: Blanco, Jorge C. G. title: PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBODY TREATMENT AND INTRAMUSCULAR IMMUNIZATION REDUCE INFECTIOUS HUMAN RHINOVIRUS 16 LOAD IN THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT OF CHALLENGED COTTON RATS date: 2014-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318172-bdotp9ko.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318172-bdotp9ko.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318172-bdotp9ko.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314449-ukqux772 author: Curtis, L.T. title: Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: review of non-pharmacological interventions date: 2008-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314449-ukqux772.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314449-ukqux772.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-314449-ukqux772.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304720-0lgup7yj author: Robbins, R.C. title: Swine Diseases and Disorders date: 2014-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021453-vf8xbaug author: Dysko, Robert C. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317198-mean7sj9 author: Giamberardin, Heloisa I.G. title: Clinical and epidemiological features of respiratory virus infections in preschool children over two consecutive influenza seasons in southern Brazil date: 2016-02-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317198-mean7sj9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317198-mean7sj9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-317198-mean7sj9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299786-wuve0tjz author: Anderson, Robert title: Manipulation of cell surface macromolecules by flaviviruses date: 2004-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299786-wuve0tjz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299786-wuve0tjz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299786-wuve0tjz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320909-p93gxjm2 author: Natoli, S. title: Does SARS‐Cov‐2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models date: 2020-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320909-p93gxjm2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320909-p93gxjm2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-320909-p93gxjm2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324148-bllyruh8 author: Loubet, Paul title: Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection in adults hospitalized for community-acquired influenza-like illness in France, 2012-2018: a retrospective observational study date: 2020-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324148-bllyruh8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324148-bllyruh8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-324148-bllyruh8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321756-a7eh4dkb author: Kwofie, Theophilus B title: Respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ghana date: 2012-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321756-a7eh4dkb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321756-a7eh4dkb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321756-a7eh4dkb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318063-bainw3d6 author: Haque, Mainul title: Health care-associated infections – an overview date: 2018-11-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318063-bainw3d6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318063-bainw3d6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-318063-bainw3d6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323551-22v2hn3v author: Galanti, M. title: Rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection across age groups date: 2019-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323551-22v2hn3v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323551-22v2hn3v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323551-22v2hn3v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325613-oamw57gx author: Zhong, Peipei title: Clinical characteristics of the lower respiratory tract infection caused by a single infection or coinfection of the human parainfluenza virus in children date: 2019-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325613-oamw57gx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325613-oamw57gx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-325613-oamw57gx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315726-ltjurdrq author: Acheson, D.W.K. title: Food and Waterborne Illnesses date: 2009-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321584-4bu0lps0 author: Mitchell, Brett G. title: Nurses' and midwives’ cleaning knowledge, attitudes and practices: An Australian study date: 2020-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321584-4bu0lps0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321584-4bu0lps0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321584-4bu0lps0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302403-kahi8cbc author: Miller, Robert F. title: Pulmonary Infections date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302403-kahi8cbc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302403-kahi8cbc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302403-kahi8cbc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323112-e78zpa9c author: WATERER, Grant title: Respiratory infections: A current and future threat date: 2009-07-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323112-e78zpa9c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323112-e78zpa9c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323112-e78zpa9c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321835-qn33sx8x author: Bailey, Emily S. title: A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses date: 2018-04-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323643-lu3ngt6r author: Chow, C.B. title: Post-SARS infection control in the hospital and clinic date: 2004-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323643-lu3ngt6r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323643-lu3ngt6r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323643-lu3ngt6r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318282-ocgfgx9r author: Boyce, John M title: Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus date: 2005-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318282-ocgfgx9r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318282-ocgfgx9r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318282-ocgfgx9r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324333-huris8br author: Lee, Na Hyun title: Clinical usefulness of serum procalcitonin level in distinguishing between Kawasaki disease and other infections in febrile children date: 2017-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324333-huris8br.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324333-huris8br.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-324333-huris8br.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307813-elom30nx author: Yip, Tsz-Fung title: Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment date: 2018-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307813-elom30nx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322380-udjoghr6 author: Nash, Anthony A. title: Early Stages of Infection After Pathogen Entry date: 2015-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322380-udjoghr6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322380-udjoghr6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-322380-udjoghr6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321481-vrfwczve author: Watashi, Koichi title: NTCP and Beyond: Opening the Door to Unveil Hepatitis B Virus Entry date: 2014-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321481-vrfwczve.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321481-vrfwczve.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321481-vrfwczve.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322899-uxvlagt3 author: Gorji, Ali title: The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323668-evzzfu04 author: Yin, Zhixin title: lncRNA expression signatures in response to enterovirus 71 infection date: 2013-01-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323668-evzzfu04.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323668-evzzfu04.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323668-evzzfu04.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324301-bzrh2fni author: Zambon, Maria title: Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS date: 2005-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324301-bzrh2fni.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324301-bzrh2fni.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-324301-bzrh2fni.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324880-s1oqkqef author: Xu, Lili title: A fatal case associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in a young child date: 2018-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324880-s1oqkqef.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324880-s1oqkqef.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-324880-s1oqkqef.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326138-16kpn9db author: Weinstein, Robert A. title: Laboratory-Acquired Infections date: 2009-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324398-68je1l3o author: Kashiwazaki, Hiromi title: Spongiform degeneration induced by neuropathogenic murine coronavirus infection date: 2011-01-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324398-68je1l3o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324398-68je1l3o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324398-68je1l3o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326961-ti6mrzxf author: Aly, Mariam Mohsen title: Impact of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on Egyptian dentists’ fear and dental practice (a cross-sectional survey) date: 2020-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314505-7qh8dsew author: Stegelmeier, Ashley A. title: Myeloid Cells during Viral Infections and Inflammation date: 2019-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314505-7qh8dsew.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314505-7qh8dsew.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-314505-7qh8dsew.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320454-dhfl92et author: Srivastava, S. title: Healthcare-associated infections in neonatal units: lessons from contrasting worlds date: 2007-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320454-dhfl92et.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320454-dhfl92et.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-320454-dhfl92et.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325172-a8ntxnmm author: Yip, Ming Shum title: Antibody-dependent infection of human macrophages by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2014-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325172-a8ntxnmm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325172-a8ntxnmm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325172-a8ntxnmm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315730-fzgxuak7 author: Penman, Sophie L. title: Safety perspectives on presently considered drugs for the treatment of COVID‐19 date: 2020-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315730-fzgxuak7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315730-fzgxuak7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-315730-fzgxuak7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321949-s1qu3odd author: Anderson, Evan J title: Rotavirus infection in adults date: 2004-01-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320548-oigyut2k author: Zumla, Alimuddin title: Emerging novel and antimicrobial-resistant respiratory tract infections: new drug development and therapeutic options date: 2014-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320548-oigyut2k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320548-oigyut2k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-320548-oigyut2k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331827-amg309uz author: Keske, Şiran title: Human metapneumovirus infection: Diagnostic impact of radiologic imaging date: 2019-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331827-amg309uz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331827-amg309uz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331827-amg309uz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327493-v2iatbol author: Kwon, Hyo Jin title: Clinical manifestations of respiratory adenoviral infection among hospitalized children in Korea date: 2013-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324775-3x5os79m author: Crowe, J.E. title: Human Respiratory Viruses date: 2008-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324923-29kudfjp author: Sarma, U. title: Quantitative modeling and analysis show country-specific quarantine measures can circumvent COVID19 infection spread post lockdown date: 2020-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324923-29kudfjp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324923-29kudfjp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324923-29kudfjp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279255-v861kk0i author: Dhama, Kuldeep title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331413-fejho1of author: Nakayama, Eiichi title: Rapid optimization of antimicrobial chemotherapy given to pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia using PCR techniques with serology and standard culture date: 2007-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331413-fejho1of.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331413-fejho1of.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331413-fejho1of.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329904-e05ywn5e author: Jose, Merin title: Fatal Superimposed Bacterial Sepsis in a Healthy Coronavirus (COVID-19) Patient date: 2020-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329904-e05ywn5e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329904-e05ywn5e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-329904-e05ywn5e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328196-fpk9elm8 author: Sykes, Jane E. title: Immunodeficiencies Caused by Infectious Diseases date: 2010-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328196-fpk9elm8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328196-fpk9elm8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-328196-fpk9elm8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318826-l922zqci author: Holschbach, Chelsea L. title: Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date: 2018-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318826-l922zqci.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328795-rs1sd42z author: Falsey, Ann R. title: Rhinoviruses date: 2016-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328795-rs1sd42z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328795-rs1sd42z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-328795-rs1sd42z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327888-4g3x5dje author: Yuan, C. T. title: Perceptions of hand hygiene practices in China date: 2009-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327888-4g3x5dje.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327888-4g3x5dje.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-327888-4g3x5dje.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275795-ee7qyw5h author: Monette, Anne title: T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders date: 2018-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326328-9w2p3xla author: JENKINS, IAN A. title: Infections of the airway date: 2009-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328720-o9h1vquo author: Davis, Cristina E. title: Breath analysis for respiratory infections date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328720-o9h1vquo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328720-o9h1vquo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-328720-o9h1vquo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324788-echu0zmf author: Aich, Palok title: Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date: 2009-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329263-o5e2go23 author: Kaplan, Nasser M. title: Molecular epidemiology and disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus in relation to other potential pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in Jordan date: 2007-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329263-o5e2go23.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329263-o5e2go23.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329263-o5e2go23.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318944-13zk6cco author: Bizzoca, Maria Eleonora title: Covid-19 Pandemic: What Changes for Dentists and Oral Medicine Experts? A Narrative Review and Novel Approaches to Infection Containment date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318944-13zk6cco.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318944-13zk6cco.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318944-13zk6cco.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322104-f1dukpso author: Niederman, M.S. title: PNEUMONIA | Community Acquired Pneumonia, Bacterial and Other Common Pathogens date: 2006-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322104-f1dukpso.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322104-f1dukpso.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-322104-f1dukpso.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332344-upsn0zb4 author: Jeswin, Joseph title: Proteomic analysis by iTRAQ in red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, hematopoietic tissue cells post white spot syndrome virus infection date: 2016-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332344-upsn0zb4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332344-upsn0zb4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332344-upsn0zb4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325436-pp3q022y author: Alkhatib, Ahmad title: Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date: 2020-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332516-eaqpiq1o author: Joseph, Carol title: Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza date: 2013-08-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332516-eaqpiq1o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332516-eaqpiq1o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332516-eaqpiq1o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337284-joq1aqn6 author: Barrera‐López, Pedro title: Co‐infection of other respiratory pathogens and HIV in COVID‐19 patients: is there a pattern? date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337284-joq1aqn6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337284-joq1aqn6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-337284-joq1aqn6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333041-69n2wwn3 author: Pal, Anandita title: Obesity-Driven Deficiencies of Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators May Drive Adverse Outcomes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection date: 2020-08-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333041-69n2wwn3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333041-69n2wwn3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-333041-69n2wwn3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335871-zieuc7vk author: Brazee, Patricia L. title: Targeting the Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex to Modulate the Host Response and Improve Influenza A Virus Induced Lung Injury date: 2020-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335871-zieuc7vk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335871-zieuc7vk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-335871-zieuc7vk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339852-9rq7zzqs author: Theamboonlers, Apiradee title: Human Coronavirus Infection among Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Thailand date: 2006-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339852-9rq7zzqs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339852-9rq7zzqs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339852-9rq7zzqs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333853-p2kbjwpy author: Smee, Donald F. title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201) date: 2011-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333853-p2kbjwpy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333853-p2kbjwpy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-333853-p2kbjwpy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341827-z9r5i0ky author: Macias-Ordonez, R. title: The misleading illusion of COVID-19 confirmed case data: alternative estimates and a monitoring tool date: 2020-05-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341827-z9r5i0ky.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341827-z9r5i0ky.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-341827-z9r5i0ky.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339578-eg19rfvi author: Garcia-Garcia, Maria Luz title: Role of viral coinfections in asthma development date: 2017-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333730-qsx0m68e author: Tsai, Y. C. title: Oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants with antiviral potential, including SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review date: 2020-09-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333730-qsx0m68e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333730-qsx0m68e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333730-qsx0m68e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333355-ykmp4ven author: Kuchar, E. title: Pathophysiology of Clinical Symptoms in Acute Viral Respiratory Tract Infections date: 2015-03-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333355-ykmp4ven.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333355-ykmp4ven.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-333355-ykmp4ven.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331500-l3hkn2li author: Luyt, Charles-Edouard title: Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS date: 2020-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333024-1yrmun3z author: von Lilienfeld-Toal, Marie title: Community acquired respiratory virus infections in cancer patients—Guideline on diagnosis and management by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for haematology and Medical Oncology date: 2016-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333024-1yrmun3z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333024-1yrmun3z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-333024-1yrmun3z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341548-gazsszs6 author: Buscho, R. O. title: Infections with Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae during Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis date: 1978-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341548-gazsszs6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341548-gazsszs6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-341548-gazsszs6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333950-e0hd3iuu author: Maillard, Jean-Yves title: Reducing antibiotic prescribing and addressing the global problem of antibiotic resistance by targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings: A Position Paper date: 2020-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333950-e0hd3iuu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333950-e0hd3iuu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333950-e0hd3iuu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333286-lr32e0w4 author: Lehtoranta, Liisa title: Role of Probiotics in Stimulating the Immune System in Viral Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Review date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333286-lr32e0w4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333286-lr32e0w4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-333286-lr32e0w4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339039-6gyo9rya author: Bonvehí, Pablo E. title: Transmission and Control of Respiratory Viral Infections in the Healthcare Setting date: 2018-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339039-6gyo9rya.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339039-6gyo9rya.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339039-6gyo9rya.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320663-xypg6evo author: Market, Marisa title: Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies date: 2020-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346318-d8oq3dyw author: Fang, Yeqing title: Reply: Practical experiences on the prevention and treatment strategies to fight against COVID-19 in hospital date: 2020-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346318-d8oq3dyw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346318-d8oq3dyw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-346318-d8oq3dyw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 author: Grant, William B. title: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date: 2020-04-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341987-lsvifqyo author: Kalyanasundaram, Sridhar title: Novel Corona Virus Pandemic and Neonatal Care: It’s Too Early to Speculate on Impact! date: 2020-08-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341987-lsvifqyo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341987-lsvifqyo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-341987-lsvifqyo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336663-fawcn6em author: Liu, Chunyan title: Adenovirus infection in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China, 2007 to 2012 date: 2015-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336663-fawcn6em.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336663-fawcn6em.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-336663-fawcn6em.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336456-wg8vfh6w author: Webb, Glynn W. title: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E: Clinical and Epidemiological Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention date: 2020-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336456-wg8vfh6w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336456-wg8vfh6w.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336456-wg8vfh6w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343728-udjjijyu author: Muggia, Victoria A. title: Nocardia ignorata Infection in Heart Transplant Patient date: 2020-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343728-udjjijyu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343728-udjjijyu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343728-udjjijyu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342133-khrljehj author: Principi, Nicola title: Bocavirus Infection in Otherwise Healthy Children with Respiratory Disease date: 2015-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342133-khrljehj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324950-ux7shvji author: Saade, Georges title: Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract date: 2020-06-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324950-ux7shvji.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324950-ux7shvji.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324950-ux7shvji.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335614-qh98622y author: Xu, Puzhi title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus date: 2019-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335614-qh98622y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335614-qh98622y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-335614-qh98622y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347064-ljd121no author: José, Ricardo J. title: Opportunistic bacterial, viral and fungal infections of the lung date: 2016-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347064-ljd121no.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347064-ljd121no.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347064-ljd121no.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340357-gyvvcnuf author: Fallahi, Hamid Reza title: Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review date: 2020-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340357-gyvvcnuf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340357-gyvvcnuf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-340357-gyvvcnuf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332737-iclruwmx author: Webley, Wilmore C. title: Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides date: 2017-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343074-dsubeaso author: Lee, Wan‐Ji title: Molecular epidemiology of a post‐influenza pandemic outbreak of acute respiratory infections in Korea caused by human adenovirus type 3 date: 2014-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343074-dsubeaso.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343074-dsubeaso.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343074-dsubeaso.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324635-27q3nxte author: Bouza, Emilio title: The situation of infection in the elderly in Spain: a multidisciplinary opinion document date: 2020-09-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324635-27q3nxte.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324635-27q3nxte.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324635-27q3nxte.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345339-kyboibtq author: Steiner, Israel title: Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis date: 2001 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345339-kyboibtq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345339-kyboibtq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345339-kyboibtq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339328-wizu3arz author: Jain, Sanjay K. title: The Promise of Molecular Imaging in the Study and Treatment of Infectious Diseases date: 2017-02-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339328-wizu3arz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339328-wizu3arz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339328-wizu3arz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 author: Edwards, Michael R. title: The microbiology of asthma date: 2012-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334369-xgw7o5gd author: Innes, Elisabeth A. title: A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis date: 2020-01-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332747-u46xryoo author: Mingorance, Lidia title: Host phosphatidic acid phosphatase lipin1 is rate limiting for functional hepatitis C virus replicase complex formation date: 2018-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332747-u46xryoo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332747-u46xryoo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332747-u46xryoo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328287-3qgzulgj author: Moni, Mohammad Ali title: Network-based analysis of comorbidities risk during an infection: SARS and HIV case studies date: 2014-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336045-8qcj5uiy author: Langlois, Isabelle title: Viral diseases of ferrets date: 2005-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333724-a3dufzxt author: Wong, T. E. title: Evaluating the Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rates on College Campuses to Wastewater Surveillance date: 2020-10-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333724-a3dufzxt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333724-a3dufzxt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333724-a3dufzxt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342915-r9kv67we author: Hayden, Frederick G. title: Advances in antivirals for non‐influenza respiratory virus infections date: 2013-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342915-r9kv67we.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342915-r9kv67we.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-342915-r9kv67we.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340028-6oicmeam author: Zhavoronkov, Alex title: Geroprotective and senoremediative strategies to reduce the comorbidity, infection rates, severity, and lethality in gerophilic and gerolavic infections date: 2020-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340028-6oicmeam.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340028-6oicmeam.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-340028-6oicmeam.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293151-g3758oes author: Nemzek, Jean A. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2015-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293151-g3758oes.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344009-hm36pepp author: Nathanson, N. title: Virus perpetuation in populations: biological variables that determine persistence or eradication date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344009-hm36pepp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344009-hm36pepp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-344009-hm36pepp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334027-xhfmio7k author: Fagre, Anna C. title: Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses? date: 2019-03-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334027-xhfmio7k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334027-xhfmio7k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-334027-xhfmio7k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350749-ihkxouz8 author: Panda, Aditya K title: Plasmodium falciparum Infection May Protect a Population from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection date: 2020-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350749-ihkxouz8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350749-ihkxouz8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-350749-ihkxouz8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323463-osf6t7cw author: Cercenado, Emilia title: Update on bacterial pathogens: virulence and resistance date: 2008-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323463-osf6t7cw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323463-osf6t7cw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323463-osf6t7cw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345381-9cckppk2 author: Klimek, Ludger title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date: 2020-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350715-x92g6bnk author: Zheng, Yutong title: Analysis of the application value of serum antibody detection for staging of COVID‐19 infection date: 2020-07-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350715-x92g6bnk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350715-x92g6bnk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-350715-x92g6bnk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347246-0vofftmj author: Everitt, J I title: Infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract: implications for toxicology studies. date: 1990-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347246-0vofftmj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347246-0vofftmj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347246-0vofftmj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283545-vu8lt3w6 author: Brabb, Thea title: Infectious Diseases date: 2011-12-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346673-kyc1wks5 author: NICKBAKHSH, S. title: Extensive multiplex PCR diagnostics reveal new insights into the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections date: 2016-03-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346673-kyc1wks5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346673-kyc1wks5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346673-kyc1wks5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347761-wgodcsav author: Cant, Andrew title: Infections in the Immunocompromised date: 2009-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347761-wgodcsav.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347761-wgodcsav.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347761-wgodcsav.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344297-qqohijqi author: Smith, Jacqueline title: The early immune response to infection of chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in susceptible and resistant birds date: 2015-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344297-qqohijqi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344297-qqohijqi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-344297-qqohijqi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348844-4rpbsj48 author: Wessel, Lindsay title: Public health interventions for epidemics: implications for multiple infection waves date: 2011-02-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348844-4rpbsj48.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348844-4rpbsj48.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-348844-4rpbsj48.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332379-340wczmq author: Pennington, Matthew R. title: Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface date: 2019-09-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332379-340wczmq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349396-a6zyioc1 author: Tsurumi, Amy title: Multi-biomarker Prediction Models for Multiple Infection Episodes Following Blunt Trauma date: 2020-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349396-a6zyioc1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349396-a6zyioc1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349396-a6zyioc1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349298-8s69wprh author: MUNYWOKI, P. K. title: Influence of age, severity of infection, and co-infection on the duration of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) shedding date: 2014-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349298-8s69wprh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349298-8s69wprh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349298-8s69wprh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340629-1fle5fpz author: O’Shea, Helen title: Viruses Associated With Foodborne Infections date: 2019-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337105-jlmh79qv author: Jacob, Fadi title: Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism Predominates in Choroid Plexus Epithelium date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337105-jlmh79qv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337105-jlmh79qv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337105-jlmh79qv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347460-9vechh4x author: Chang, Feng-Yee title: Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date: 2020-06-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347000-zxytdb0b author: Foweraker, Juliet title: Recent advances in the microbiology of respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis date: 2009-01-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347000-zxytdb0b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347000-zxytdb0b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347000-zxytdb0b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331673-xv1tcugl author: Reina, Giacomo title: Hard Nanomaterials in Time of Viral Pandemics date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331673-xv1tcugl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331673-xv1tcugl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331673-xv1tcugl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350928-vj5qlzpj author: Arnott, Alicia title: Human bocavirus amongst an all‐ages population hospitalised with acute lower respiratory infections in Cambodia date: 2012-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350928-vj5qlzpj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350928-vj5qlzpj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-350928-vj5qlzpj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350186-fogm1gkg author: MAMMAS, IOANNIS N. title: Current views and advances on Paediatric Virology: An update for paediatric trainees date: 2015-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350186-fogm1gkg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350186-fogm1gkg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350186-fogm1gkg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347039-eap592i7 author: Lee, Seung-Hwan title: Maneuvering for advantage: the genetics of mouse susceptibility to virus infection date: 2003-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347039-eap592i7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347039-eap592i7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347039-eap592i7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354656-9ao33rq8 author: Cossart, Yvonne E title: The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date: 2014-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353214-qo98m7jx author: Jhaveri, Ravi title: Fever Without Localizing Signs date: 2017-07-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353786-284qn075 author: Chen, Zhi-Min title: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus date: 2020-02-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353786-284qn075.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353786-284qn075.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-353786-284qn075.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352178-irjhmxsg author: Saxton-Shaw, Kali D. title: O'nyong nyong Virus Molecular Determinants of Unique Vector Specificity Reside in Non-Structural Protein 3 date: 2013-01-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352178-irjhmxsg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352178-irjhmxsg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352178-irjhmxsg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351490-2fx0w30u author: Russell, Clark D. title: Treatable traits and therapeutic targets: Goals for systems biology in infectious disease date: 2017-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351490-2fx0w30u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351490-2fx0w30u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-351490-2fx0w30u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350618-rtilfnzi author: Lambelet, Valentine title: Sars‐CoV‐2 in the context of past coronaviruses epidemics: Consideration for prenatal care date: 2020-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350618-rtilfnzi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350618-rtilfnzi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350618-rtilfnzi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author: Ippolito, G. title: Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date: 2006-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344093-3bniy5b5 author: Peteranderl, Christin title: The Impact of the Interferon/TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling Axis on Disease Progression in Respiratory Viral Infection and Beyond date: 2017-03-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344093-3bniy5b5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344093-3bniy5b5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-344093-3bniy5b5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343690-rafvxgx1 author: Hartmann, Katrin title: Clinical Aspects of Feline Retroviruses: A Review date: 2012-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343690-rafvxgx1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343690-rafvxgx1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-343690-rafvxgx1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355872-z6vsjmxn author: Colón-López, Daisy D. title: Emerging viral infections date: 2019-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355872-z6vsjmxn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355872-z6vsjmxn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-355872-z6vsjmxn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351319-ylg93l9q author: Evers, Dorothea title: Red cell alloimmunisation in patients with different types of infections date: 2016-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351319-ylg93l9q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351319-ylg93l9q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-351319-ylg93l9q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352433-sts48u9i author: Galanti, Marta title: Direct Observation of Repeated Infections With Endemic Coronaviruses date: 2020-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352433-sts48u9i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352433-sts48u9i.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352433-sts48u9i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352222-zq9o66i4 author: Rajatonirina, Soatiana title: Outcome Risk Factors during Respiratory Infections in a Paediatric Ward in Antananarivo, Madagascar 2010–2012 date: 2013-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 author: Ahanchian, Hamid title: Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them? date: 2012-09-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355171-oi3ezlsl author: MACINTYRE, C. R. title: Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date: 2013-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356040-qdpkidn8 author: Ghazawi, Feras M. title: Infection risk of dermatologic therapeutics during the COVID‐19 pandemic: an evidence‐based recalibration date: 2020-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356040-qdpkidn8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356040-qdpkidn8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-356040-qdpkidn8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354931-0bwf8f1i author: Song, Jae-Hyoung title: Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pochonin D, a Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, against Rhinovirus Infection date: 2018-05-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354931-0bwf8f1i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354931-0bwf8f1i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354931-0bwf8f1i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326887-lyewg2c9 author: Bloomfield, Sally F. title: The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers date: 2007-12-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326887-lyewg2c9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326887-lyewg2c9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-326887-lyewg2c9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345472-qrddwebe author: Sebina, Ismail title: The Contribution of Neutrophils to the Pathogenesis of RSV Bronchiolitis date: 2020-07-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345472-qrddwebe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345472-qrddwebe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345472-qrddwebe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354720-fu19u2b0 author: White-Dzuro, Gabrielle title: Multisystem effects of COVID-19: a concise review for practitioners date: 2020-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354720-fu19u2b0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354720-fu19u2b0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354720-fu19u2b0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267132-nb0j6k3h author: Loveday, H.P. title: epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England date: 2013-12-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267132-nb0j6k3h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267132-nb0j6k3h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-267132-nb0j6k3h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353787-24c98ug8 author: Jackson, J. A. title: Immunology in wild nonmodel rodents: an ecological context for studies of health and disease date: 2015-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353787-24c98ug8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353787-24c98ug8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353787-24c98ug8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346836-6jyv0q5e author: Ikegami, Tetsuro title: The Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever date: 2011-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346836-6jyv0q5e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346836-6jyv0q5e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-346836-6jyv0q5e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354492-6r6qs4pp author: Messina, Giovanni title: Functional Role of Dietary Intervention to Improve the Outcome of COVID-19: A Hypothesis of Work date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354492-6r6qs4pp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354492-6r6qs4pp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-354492-6r6qs4pp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 author: Nedjadi, Taoufik title: Tackling dengue fever: Current status and challenges date: 2015-12-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355906-yeaw9nr8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355906-yeaw9nr8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-355906-yeaw9nr8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354200-51wk3h75 author: Miller, A. C. title: Statistical deconvolution for inference of infection time series date: 2020-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354200-51wk3h75.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354200-51wk3h75.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354200-51wk3h75.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352230-8mazd3eu author: Beeraka, Narasimha M. title: Strategies for Targeting SARS CoV-2: Small Molecule Inhibitors—The Current Status date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352230-8mazd3eu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352230-8mazd3eu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352230-8mazd3eu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354068-4qlk6y7h author: Friedrich, Brian M. title: Potential Vaccines and Post-Exposure Treatments for Filovirus Infections date: 2012-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345222-otfnrarh author: Ciccarelli, Simona title: Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis date: 2013-10-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356188-rwf78stz author: Oshansky, Christine M. title: The human side of influenza date: 2012-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346539-kxnrf5g5 author: Riggioni, Carmen title: A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 date: 2020-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346539-kxnrf5g5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346539-kxnrf5g5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346539-kxnrf5g5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349647-cfjrwt44 author: Girkin, Jason title: Chapter 8 In vivo experimental models of infection and disease date: 2019-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344084-z4t2wkgk author: Ellwanger, Joel Henrique title: Beyond HIV infection: neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases date: 2020-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344084-z4t2wkgk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344084-z4t2wkgk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-344084-z4t2wkgk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032181-gmcugd8h author: Song, Jian-Xin title: Main Complications of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure) date: 2019-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336510-qzm9wgde author: Ellermann-Eriksen, Svend title: Macrophages and cytokines in the early defence against herpes simplex virus date: 2005-08-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336510-qzm9wgde.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336510-qzm9wgde.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-336510-qzm9wgde.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy author: López, Alfonso title: Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date: 2017-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276758-k2imddzr author: Siegel, Jane D. title: 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date: 2007-12-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy author: nan title: Oral presentations date: 2014-12-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs author: nan title: Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity date: 2011-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022583-9lmudxrh author: nan title: Antimikrobielle und antiinfektiöse Maßnahmen date: 2016-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022583-9lmudxrh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022583-9lmudxrh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-022583-9lmudxrh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305085-bv7udg9k author: Lawrence, Robert M. title: Chapter 13 Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding date: 2011-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305085-bv7udg9k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305085-bv7udg9k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-305085-bv7udg9k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353190-7qcoxl81 author: Nicklas, Werner title: Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice date: 2012-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267671-ys43n672 author: Whary, Mark T. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-267671-ys43n672.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004675-n8mlxe7p author: nan title: 2019 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2019-02-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006466-e1phpqes author: nan title: 2018 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2018-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024651-578c9ut5 author: nan title: 2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019490-m1cuuehi author: nan title: Abstracts cont. date: 2015-12-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019490-m1cuuehi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019490-m1cuuehi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-019490-m1cuuehi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 author: nan title: P1460 – P1884 date: 2015-12-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022501-9wnmdvg5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022501-9wnmdvg5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 10 resourceName b'cord-022501-9wnmdvg5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7 author: nan title: Oral and Poster Manuscripts date: 2011-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 26 resourceName b'cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-infection-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002043-z1b7pj3s author = Wang, Xue-Yang title = Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera) Larval Midgut Response to BmNPV in Susceptible and Near-Isogenic Resistant Strains date = 2016-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5879 sentences = 359 flesch = 42 summary = obtained numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in metabolism, immunity, and inflammatory responses in Microtus fortis following infection with Schistosoma japonicum based on comparative transcriptome analysis [20] . reported that several genes related to physical barriers, immune response, proteolytic/metabolic enzymes, heat-shock proteins, and hormonal signaling were possibly involved in silkworm resistance against Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) infection; although these genes might be induced by the virus in order to increase infectivity [21] . After BmNPV infection, the expression levels of 4 genes were down-regulation in BC9 and A35 (resistant strain) (Fig 6) , which was consistent with the transcriptome data. Based on their role in apoptosis activation, hosts need to increase the expression level of these genes to promote apoptosis when exposed to a virus; this supposition explains the up-regulation of genes involved in apoptosis in the transcriptome following BmNPV infection. cache = ./cache/cord-002043-z1b7pj3s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002043-z1b7pj3s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003053-5sucu1cg author = Yang, Liu title = Risk factors for infectious complications of ANCA-associated vasculitis: a cohort study date = 2018-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3911 sentences = 235 flesch = 44 summary = In this study, we retrospectively analysed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and discussed major infection episodes occurring during immunosuppressive therapy in a single centre. All clinical and laboratory data were collected retrospectively at diagnosis and during the follow-up period, including the patients' age, gender, medical history, routine blood analysis, 24-h urine protein excretion, urinary sediment red blood cell count, serum albumin and serum creatinine (SCr), liver enzymes, immunoglobulin and T lymphocyte counts, serum ANCAs, lung involvement, Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) [16] , the usage of immunosuppressive agents, methlyprednisone pulse therapy, plasma exchange, and adverse events including major infection. Single factor analysis revealed that risk factors for complicated infection in patients with AAV included age, smoking, pulmonary involvement, hemoglobulin, albumin, SCr level, CD4 + T cell count, BVAS, and immunosuppressive therapy with MMF, CYC and TW. cache = ./cache/cord-003053-5sucu1cg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003053-5sucu1cg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001455-n7quwr4s author = Rapin, Noreen title = Activation of Innate Immune-Response Genes in Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) Infected with the Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans date = 2014-11-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3719 sentences = 198 flesch = 50 summary = title: Activation of Innate Immune-Response Genes in Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) Infected with the Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans Using tissue samples collected at the termination of an experiment to explore the pathogenesis of White Nose Syndrome in Little Brown Bats, we determined if hibernating bats infected with the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans could respond to infection by activating genes responsible for innate immune and stress responses. We found that bats responded to infection with a significant increase in lungs of transcripts for Cathelicidin (an anti-microbial peptide) as well as the immune modulators tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukins 10 and 23. We used samples collected during the experiment to address the question: Can hibernating bats respond to infection by activating genes responsible for innate immune and stress responses? We determined levels of transcripts for several immune and stress response genes (Table 1) in lungs from infected and control bats. cache = ./cache/cord-001455-n7quwr4s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001455-n7quwr4s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004247-lagv3tp7 author = Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob title = Reassessing therapeutic antibodies for neglected and tropical diseases date = 2020-01-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6756 sentences = 314 flesch = 42 summary = This mAb was protective in an in vitro, antigen-dependent, cellular cytotoxicity assay with rat macrophages or eosinophils and also in vivo during the early phase of infection Second, beyond the cell-surface proteins, schistosomes also express a large number of glycans as part of their glycoprotein and glycolipid repertoire, and an antibody response against those glycans is mounted by the infected host [80] . In addition to antibodies that directly target and inhibit the fungal pathogen, mAbs can be directed to checkpoints that control the host immune response. In addition to highlighting the potential of mAbs as therapeutics, these studies have demonstrated the diversity of inhibitory actions that mAbs can perform on cryptococcal cells, which can include opsonization and increased phagocytosis, inhibition of fungal growth, capsular polysaccharide release and biofilm formation, antibody-mediated target cleavage, and augmentation of the host response [104] [105] [106] [107] . cache = ./cache/cord-004247-lagv3tp7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004247-lagv3tp7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003926-ycdaw2vh author = Maslow, Joel N. title = Zika Vaccine Development—Current Progress and Challenges for the Future date = 2019-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3766 sentences = 189 flesch = 43 summary = Of note, the first demonstration of immunoprotection was as part of a 1953 study to define the ultrastructural characteristics of Zika virus, that found intramuscular vaccination of mice with infectious viral filtrates protected against cerebral infection [36] . In pre-clinical studies, vaccinated mice and non-human primates were shown to develop B and T-cell immune responses against the Zika virus envelope and protected against development of neurologic disease and death in immunosuppressed, interferon α, β receptor deficient (IFNAR) mice [43] . A subsequent study in non-human primates vaccinated twice at four-week intervals with alum generated binding and microneutralization antibody titers of 3.54 and 3.55 log10, respectively, and complete protection against viremia and viruria following challenge with either Brazilian or Puerto Rican strains of Zika virus [47] . Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study cache = ./cache/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007176-61e9obb3 author = Jackson, George Gee title = Viroses Causing Common Respiratory Infections in Man. III. Respiratory Syncytial Viroses and Coronavimses date = 1973-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4090 sentences = 299 flesch = 50 summary = RS virus was estimated, from sucrose density gradient centrifugation studies, to be 90-120 nm in diameter [2] ; viral particles in infected cells measured 65 nm by electron microscopy. All adults tested possessed detectable levels of neutralizing antibody to RS virus before challenge, but the titer of naturally acquired antibody had no significant effect on subsequent RS infection of volunteers and was poorly correlated with development of mild clinical illnesses. The neutralization test is more sensitive than CF when serum from infants is used, but rises in neutralizing antibody have been detected in only half of the virus-positive infections in this age group. Virus structures were detected 6-8 hr later [17] .· Infection of WI-38 cells with strain 229E resulted in a reorganization of the cytoplasm, as determined by electron microscopy. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adult volunteers. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adult volunteers. Morphology and development of respiratory syncytial virus in cell culture cache = ./cache/cord-007176-61e9obb3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007176-61e9obb3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003598-m2fsrwvw author = Elbahesh, Husni title = Response Modifiers: Tweaking the Immune Response Against Influenza A Virus date = 2019-04-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4171 sentences = 225 flesch = 35 summary = Like many viruses, IAV is reliant on host factors and signaling-pathways for its replication, which could potentially offer alternative options to treat infections. Clinical treatment options for severe influenza virus infections remain limited and relying heavily on the administration of antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) and supportive critical care (9). While virus-targeted therapies remain the standard approach, IV's mutability and adaptation to current antivirals has highlighted the need for new therapeutic options that target host factors that regulate IV infections and resulting immune responses. Host kinases regulate not only IAV entry and replication but also initiate antiviral signaling cascades that regulate expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines during infections and present viable targets for intervention (24, (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) . Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase impairs influenza virus-induced primary and secondary host gene responses and protects mice from lethal H5N1 infection cache = ./cache/cord-003598-m2fsrwvw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003598-m2fsrwvw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004586-i8tacj63 author = nan title = Empfehlung zur Prävention nosokomialer Infektionen bei neonatologischen Intensivpflegepatienten mit einem Geburtsgewicht unter 1500 g: Mitteilung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut date = 2007-10-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9346 sentences = 878 flesch = 33 summary = F Die Reinigung der Innenseite des belegten Inkubators kann mit Wasser von Trinkwasserqualität erfolgen (siehe oben), wobei für jeden Inkubator (patientenbezogen) ein frisches, keimarmes Tuch verwendet werden muss (Kategorie IB). Transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit Outbreak of nosocomial sepsis and pneumonia in a newborn intensive care unit by multiresistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: high impact on mortality Nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: clinical and hygienic measures in a neonatal intensive care unit Nosocomial outbreak of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit controlled by a change in antibiotic policy Coronavirus-related nosocomial viral respiratory infections in a neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit by active surveillance and aggressive infection control measures Clinical and molecular biological analysis of a nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a neonatal intensive care unit cache = ./cache/cord-004586-i8tacj63.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004586-i8tacj63.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003387-82573enr author = Nam, Gyu-Hwi title = Gene expression profiles alteration after infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) date = 2018-12-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5177 sentences = 279 flesch = 43 summary = title: Gene expression profiles alteration after infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) In this study, we carried out transcriptome analysis using the olive flounder gill tissues after infection of three types of pathogens (Virus; Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, Bacteria; Streptococcus parauberis, and Parasite; Miamiensis avidus), respectively. Our goals are to provide plenty of genomic knowledge about olive flounder transcripts for further research and report genes, which were changed in their expression after specific pathogen infection. To profile gene expression after infection of three pathogens (VHSV, Streptococcus parauberis, and Miamiensis avidus), transcriptome analysis was conducted using gill tissues of olive flounders, respectively. In this study, we understood the relation between three types of pathogen infection and differential gene expression in the olive flounder genome through transcriptome analysis, respectively. cDNA microarray analysis of viral hemorrhagic septicemia infected olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus: immune gene expression at different water temperature cache = ./cache/cord-003387-82573enr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003387-82573enr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001972-1zisomq5 author = Wang, Xue title = Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection Increases Apoptosis and HIV-1 Replication in HIV-1 Infected Jurkat Cells date = 2016-02-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3921 sentences = 197 flesch = 46 summary = These data indicate that HIV-1 replication can be activated by pH1N1 virus in HIV-1-infected cells resulting in induction of cell death through apoptotic pathways. Cells treated with pH1N1 had higher level of NF-kB phosphorylation and increased protein expression of NFAT and AP-1 ( Figure 3B ) relative to HIV-1 infection alone, suggesting pH1N1 infection can activate host transcription factors required for HIV-1 replication in Jurkat cells. These data indicate that pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection can increase accumulation of CD4 protein and induce T cell signaling and activate host transcription factors required for HIV-1 replication. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can induce cell death through apoptotic signaling pathways and promote HIV-1 replication through the MAPK and TCR-related signaling pathways in HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells. Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is also able to reactivate HIV-1 replication from its state of latent infection through activating apoptosis and TCR-signaling pathways. cache = ./cache/cord-001972-1zisomq5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001972-1zisomq5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009169-hzxgi1t0 author = Sun, Bingwei title = Nosocomial infection in China: Management status and solutions date = 2016-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1627 sentences = 102 flesch = 36 summary = Investigations revealed a severe nosocomial infection resulting in deaths attributed to negligence by staff with poor infection prevention and control standards. Second, the under-reporting of nosocomial infection and the number of full-time staff experienced in infection control have been highlighted by health administrators during the performance appraisal of health care institutions. Failure to comply with standard regulations of hand hygiene or even handwashing after examining patients with infections, lack of standardized or complete disinfection of surgical instruments, failure to implement surgical standards, failure to consider oxygen humidifiers as an important source of lower respiratory infection, and inappropriate measures of disinfection and isolation are some of the factors that artificially increase nosocomial infection. • To improve environmental hygiene, a national system of sanitation should be created to provide population access to adequate sanitation measures given the current unsanitary conditions in hospitals sustainable care and development and nosocomial infection management. cache = ./cache/cord-009169-hzxgi1t0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009169-hzxgi1t0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001542-f089bs8r author = Lai, Kang Yiu title = Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus date = 2014-11-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11274 sentences = 604 flesch = 42 summary = These may include monoclonal antibody (mAbs)-based therapies (e.g. ZMapp), anti-sense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO AVI-6002), lipid nanoparticle small interfering RNA (LNP-siRNA: TKM-Ebola), and an EBOV glycoprotein-based vaccine using live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-EBOGP) or a chimpanzee adenovirus (rChAd-EBOGP)-based vector. The GP2 of the EBOV is able to counter the interferon (IFN)-inducible antiviral protein tetherin which restricts the VP40-dependent budding of the progeny viral particles from infected cells [16] [17] [18] . Currently available therapeutic agents that are effective in targeting the EBOV infection in cell or animal studies may include convalescent plasma, favipiravir, chloroquine, amiodarone, dronedarone, verapamil, clomiphene, toremifene, IFN-β, Na + /K + exchangers, Na + /K + -ATPase pump inhibitors, and antioxidants. The anti-EBOV activity of clomiphene and toremifene is dependent not on its estrogen receptor antagonistic action but upon the ability of both drugs to induce a Niemann-Pick C-like phenotype to inhibit viral entry at late endosome. cache = ./cache/cord-001542-f089bs8r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001542-f089bs8r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003855-so8xl199 author = Ebert, Gregor title = Virology Downunder, a meeting commentary from the 2019 Lorne Infection and Immunity Conference, Australia date = 2019-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1899 sentences = 95 flesch = 39 summary = The bat innate immune response appears to be 'pre-activated' with higher basal levels of type I interferon expression, in contrast to humans, who are very quick responders to viral infections, but require a lot more dampening of their immune signals afterwards to get back to basal levels. demonstrated that bats' response to stress in form of viral infections is more targeted and thus potentially more effective by numerous adaptions and modifications of the innate immune system. In the 'Pathogenesis and Prevention of Infection' session, Rosa Coldbeck-Shackley working with Michael Beard at the University of Adelaide, Australia, and also colleagues at the Hudson Institute, presented findings on the importance of interferon-epsilon (IFN-ɛ) in the innate immune response to ZIKV infection. Also in the 'Pathogenesis and Prevention of Infection' session, Allison Abendroth (University of Sydney) presented 'Disarming the killer: targeting of natural killer cells by varicella zoster virus'. cache = ./cache/cord-003855-so8xl199.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003855-so8xl199.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003357-4qrg6lqu author = Wang, Yingchen title = Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017 date = 2018-11-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5191 sentences = 260 flesch = 47 summary = Conclusion: This study demonstrated that common respiratory viruses were partially responsible for hospitalized lower respiratory tract infections in adult patients from Harbin, China, with parainfluenza virus as the dominant viral pathogen. Viral infections played an important role in pediatric lower respiratory tract infections, and the corresponding common viral pathogens were influenza A and B virus (IAV and IBV), parainfluenza virus (PIV, type 1 to 3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human adenovirus (ADV) (Pavia, 2011) . In this report, the prevalence of common viruses in the lower respiratory tract infection of hospitalized adult patients from Harbin, China was explored in hopes of revealing the clinical and pathogenic features of respiratory viruses. The overall detection rate of viral infection among hospitalized adult patients in this report is 14.5%, which was consistent with the result of 16.8% in the age group above 14 years old by a national survey from 2009 to 2013 in China (Feng et al., 2014) . cache = ./cache/cord-003357-4qrg6lqu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003357-4qrg6lqu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005007-pofm8b5x author = Higgins, P. G. title = Interferons and viral infections date = 1984 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1595 sentences = 98 flesch = 35 summary = This has been shown to occur in some children who are abnormally susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections (2) and also in some instances of fulminating hepatitis, when giving exogenous interferon appears to activate the patient's own interferon production (3). As interferon's antiviral effect is mediated through the protection of non-infected cells and not by any direct action on the virus particle, interferon's prophylactic effect will probably be greater than its therapeutic action. For example it is now known that there is a critical concentration of interferon and frequency of administration below which intranasal interferon fails to protect against experimental rhinovirus infection (26) and that the beneficial effect of interferon in zoster in patients with malignancies is directly related to the amount given (16, 27) . Effect of human leukocyte interferon on hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chxonic active hepatitis cache = ./cache/cord-005007-pofm8b5x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005007-pofm8b5x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005902-5zuij5i3 author = Frank, Johannes title = Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Extremities date = 2008-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3543 sentences = 223 flesch = 47 summary = As a consequence, early clinical diagnoses with thorough surgical debridement of the infected liquid necrotic fascia as well as correct antibiotic treatment are needed. An amputation in the extremities is not the primary treatment, but in cases where the whole tissue is necrotic and most muscles involved, this might be the only option to stop further spreading and systemic sepsis with multiple organ failure. After primary intensive care and control of the infection and sepsis (mostly after 1 week) reconstructive procedures are initialized reaching from secondary wound closure and skin grafting to flap coverage saving viable tissue and restore function. Besides the basic treatment including intensive care medicine and surgical debridement numerous adjuvant therapies have been recommended with respect to the systemic management of these infections as well as possibilities for local wound treatment. Conclusion Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a life threatening soft tissue infection, characterized by foudroyant spreading necrosis of the involved fascias. cache = ./cache/cord-005902-5zuij5i3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005902-5zuij5i3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000457-e50a0suk author = Rhim, Jung-Woo title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of childhood pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection: an observational cohort study date = 2011-08-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3745 sentences = 182 flesch = 48 summary = METHODS: We evaluated the epidemiologic characteristics of all the subjects infected with the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (2,971 patients, ≤ 15 years of age), and the clinical and laboratory findings of the inpatients (217 patients, 80 had pneumonia) between 1 September 2009 and 31 January 2010 in a single hospital throughout the epidemic. In addition, during the study period we observed a dramatic effect of early treatment with corticosteroids and oseltamivir for patients with severe pneumonia including rapidly progressive pneumonia [9, 10] . We retrospectively evaluated all patients with 2009 H1N1 virus infection during the pandemic (2,971 patients) for epidemiologic characteristics, and for clinical characteristics, we reviewed the medical records and chest radiographic findings of 217 children admitted to The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital between 1 September 2009 and 31 January 2010. In pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infections, children of all ages were evenly affected, and males were predominant in pneumonia patients. cache = ./cache/cord-000457-e50a0suk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000457-e50a0suk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006464-s8rjoyse author = Bauer, Michael title = Infectious and Immunologic Phenotype of MECP2 Duplication Syndrome date = 2015-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5413 sentences = 279 flesch = 44 summary = Our data for the first time show systematically that increased susceptibility to infections in MECP2 duplication syndrome is associated with IgA/IgG(2)-deficiency, low antibody titers against pneumococci and elevated acute-phase responses. The single patient who has to date not developed severe infections despite We further investigated whether patients with MECP2 duplication syndrome showed stronger acute phase responses, which we could confirm in 7/10 patients in terms of elevated CRP values above 200 mg/l during non-invasive infections, mainly pneumoniae. In summary we here show for the first time systematically that patients with MECP2 duplication syndrome are at increased risk for in particular non-invasive but also for invasive infections with potentially encapsulated bacteria, that this increased susceptibility to infections may be associated with IgG 2 -subclass deficiency/ low titers against pneumococci and elevated acute-phase responses, while the precise role of T-cell immunity and in particular the extent of impaired IFNγsecretion and its role for the observed infectious phenotype is still to be defined. cache = ./cache/cord-006464-s8rjoyse.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006464-s8rjoyse.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010175-p2py9wau author = Winter, Harland title = GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS date = 1996-04-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4337 sentences = 226 flesch = 32 summary = The observations that transmission is increased in women who were symptomatic or who had more advanced AIDS27 and that zidovudine therapy given during pregnancy reduces perinatal transmission3 suggest that viral burden is an important factor in vertical transmission; however, the effects of maternal nutritional status, micronutrient deficiency, or acute infection on viral replication are difficult to evaluate. Gastrointestinal bleeding is unusual in HIV-infected children, but, when present, it may be caused by focal ulcerations in the colon, stomach, small intestine, or esophagus from cytomegalovirus-induced disease. Many of the medications used to treat complications of HIV disease cause hepatocellular injury or cholestasis; however, infectious agents, such as hepatitis B, that cause hepatocellular injury by immune mechanisms have milder clinical courses in immunodeficient hosts.Z4 Preservation of immune function in HIV-infected children could account for the apparent increase in chronic active hepatitis in the pediatric population compared with the incidence in Although abnormalities in liver function tests are not diagnostic, they are beneficial as screening procedures. cache = ./cache/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-008499-tl3i7uzd author = Robb, James A. title = Intrauterine latent herpes simplex virus infection(): I. Spontaneous abortion date = 2007-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6147 sentences = 328 flesch = 43 summary = Herpes simplex virus (HSV, probably type 2) antigen was detected in nonpregnant and pregnant endometria, placentae, umbilical cords, and neonatal tissues (companion paper) by avidinbiotin complex immunohistochemical studies. Spontaneous and therapeutic abortion material, endometrial curettage tissue, full-term placentae and umbilical cords, and stillborn and liveborn neonatal tissues were studied by HSV-specific immunohistochemical methods to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of these HSV antigens in cases in which HSV infection was not suspected or detectable as HSV cytologic abnormalities by light microscopy, virus particles by transmission electron microscopy, or infectious HSV by direct cultnre. T h e following findings strongly support our hypothesis that the staining detected in the target and patient tissues with the Dako rabbit anti-HSV 2 IgG (lot 1188, our screening antibody) is specific for HSV and, probably, for type 2 infection in t h e products of conception, placentae, umbilical cords, and endometrial curettage specimens: cache = ./cache/cord-008499-tl3i7uzd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-008499-tl3i7uzd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003915-kje8lvgl author = Pigeyre, Laetitia title = Interaction of a Densovirus with Glycans of the Peritrophic Matrix Mediates Oral Infection of the Lepidopteran Pest Spodoptera frugiperda date = 2019-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9040 sentences = 462 flesch = 47 summary = As orally transmitted viruses, densoviruses, are also challenged by the complexity of the insect gut barriers, more specifically by the chitinous peritrophic matrix, that lines and protects the midgut epithelium; how capsids stick to and cross these barriers to reach their final cell destination where replication goes has been poorly studied in insects. In addition, we showed that JcDV early infection results in (i) an arrest of N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) secretion by epithelial cells associated with a disorganization of the PM structure mimicking the effect of chitin-binding plant lectin; (ii) substantial changes in the expression of gut genes, which may also contribute to an early gut dysfunction and participate to viral pathogenesis. Results presented here show that JcDV capsids display carbohydrate-binding properties that insure recognition of the peritrophic matrix and determines caterpillars oral infection. cache = ./cache/cord-003915-kje8lvgl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003915-kje8lvgl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006523-zxn4oqly author = Lodha, Rakesh title = Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units date = 2001 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5227 sentences = 340 flesch = 37 summary = The common nosocomial infections in PICU are bloodstream infections (20–30% of all infections), lower respiratory tract infections (20–35%), and urinary tract infections (15–20%); there may be some differences in their incidence in different PICUs. The risk of nosocomial infections depends on the host characteristics, the number of interventions, invasive procedures, asepsis of techniques, the duration of stay in the PICU and inappropriate use of antimicrobials. 3 In the same study, it was observed that 91% of all nosocomial bloodstream infections occurred in children with central venous lines, 95% of nosocomial pneumonias occurred in those on mechanical ventilation and 77% of UTIs in children with urinary catheters. Transtracheal aspiration in non-intubated patients, percutaneous thin needle lung aspirations, bronchoalveolar lavage (bronchoscopic or blind), and protected bronchoscopic samples of the lower airways have all been suggested as methods for diagnosis, where contamination of lower respiratory secretions with upper airway flora is prevent-ed29~~ In the absence of gold standard criteria for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia, quantitative cultures and microscopic examination of the lower respiratory tract secretions are the diagnostic tests of choice. cache = ./cache/cord-006523-zxn4oqly.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006523-zxn4oqly.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006261-yw5k8qkz author = Heath, Gregory W. title = Exercise and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Is There a Relationship? date = 2012-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6209 sentences = 329 flesch = 44 summary = Few studies have investigated the common belief that moderate physical activity is beneficial in decreasing risk of respiratory tract infections and improving immune function. Laboratory and clinical studies suggest that changes in immune parameters associated with heavy train ing lead to adverse health effects, particularly an increase in the incidence or severity of upper respiratory tract infections. During this time, the women in the exercise group experienced fewer upper respiratory tract infection symptom days, improved cardiorespiratory fitness, and increased natural killer cell numbers compared with their sedentary controls. This study indicates that intensity of exercise may playa role, and that moderate activity may actually improve immune function and associated upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. Clinical studies examining the effects of moderate levels of physical activity have shown possible enhanced immune responses with a concomitant impact on the length and severity of an upper respiratory tract infection. The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute upper respiratory tract infections cache = ./cache/cord-006261-yw5k8qkz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006261-yw5k8qkz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-013837-x95r6bz8 author = Chai, Qiyao title = New insights into the evasion of host innate immunity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis date = 2020-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11189 sentences = 603 flesch = 31 summary = In this review, we describe the emerging role of cytosolic nucleic acid-sensing pathways at the host–Mtb interface and summarize recently revealed mechanisms by which Mtb circumvents host cellular innate immune strategies such as membrane trafficking and integrity, cell death and autophagy. [19] [20] [21] The involvement of the cGAS-mediated DNA-sensing pathway in host anti-Mtb immunity is indicated by the findings that cGAS expression is upregulated and that cGAS is colocalized with mycobacteria in human TB lesions, and its deficiency impairs the induction of type I IFN responses and autophagy in Mtb-infected macrophages. 23 Therefore, specifically targeting mycobacterial ESX-1 products or host regulatory factors might enable the selective regulation of inflammasome and cGAS/STING pathway activation and, hence, contribute to the recovery of the equilibrium between Th1-type cytokine and type I IFN responses in TB patients to improve their anti-Mtb immunity. cache = ./cache/cord-013837-x95r6bz8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-013837-x95r6bz8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007367-e31zhty6 author = Tassier, Troy title = Network position and health care worker infections date = 2015-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11003 sentences = 567 flesch = 55 summary = We estimate, using an agent-based model, the effect of network position of different hospital worker groups on the spread of infectious diseases in a hospital. Following the theoretical discussion, we use our newly collected data on healthcare worker and patient contacts to model the spread of an infectious disease in a hospital setting. The model allows us to identify the healthcare worker groups that would be expected to play the largest role in the spread of infectious diseases, in terms of network position, in this hospital setting. Because of these difficulties we use a simulation approach to help us measure the average and marginal effects of individuals belonging to different worker groups in our hospital contact data. We discuss the data and use agent-based models to identify the healthcare workers whose position in the hospital contact network has the potential to create large numbers of infections in the hospital. cache = ./cache/cord-007367-e31zhty6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007367-e31zhty6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003425-c5jdp5jv author = Fu, Yangxi title = Human adenovirus type 7 infection causes a more severe disease than type 3 date = 2019-01-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5640 sentences = 334 flesch = 45 summary = RESULTS: Clinical characteristics revealed that HAdV-7 infection caused more severe pneumonia, toxic encephalopathy, respiratory failure, longer mean hospitalization, significantly lower white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts, compared to those of HAdV-3. In the present study, therefore, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of the comparative clinical features of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 infection, as well as a serial of experiments, were performed to better understand the association between severity of the disease and the serotypes of HAdVs. Participants, demographic data, clinical data analysis Patients ranging in age from 1 month to 16 years and requiring inpatient treatment due to acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) at the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between June, 2009 and May, 2015, were enrolled in this study. Since type-specific adenovirus infection is known to cause different tissue tropisms and clinical manifestations as indicated before, viral loads and fitness of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 were evaluated in several human epithelial cells to determine if there were differences. cache = ./cache/cord-003425-c5jdp5jv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003425-c5jdp5jv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015922-5wwy0m2k author = Marty, Francisco M. title = Infection in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10254 sentences = 489 flesch = 33 summary = Other prophylactic strategies commonly utilized in HSCT patients include acyclovir to prevent herpes simplex virus (HSV) and VZV reactivation, fluoroquinolones [5] to prevent gram-negative sepsis and fluconazole to prevent yeast infection. It has been suggested that EBV viral load surveillance in peripheral blood be carried out in high risk patients (those with primary EBV infection, anti-T cell antibody therapy for GVHD, HLA-mismatched or T cell-depleted HSCT recipients), with decreased immunosuppression +/− antiviral therapy (acyclovir or ganciclovir) carried out in the setting of high viral loads [1, 4, 41, 42] . Infliximab use in patients with severe graftversus-host disease and other emerging risk factors of non-Candida invasive fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cohort study cache = ./cache/cord-015922-5wwy0m2k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015922-5wwy0m2k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007575-5ekgabx5 author = Luby, James P. title = Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Pneumonias in Adults Due to Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, and Viruses date = 2016-01-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11991 sentences = 735 flesch = 39 summary = Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. cache = ./cache/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001397-nrq4ncdf author = Mlera, Luwanika title = The role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology date = 2014-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15593 sentences = 812 flesch = 46 summary = Avenues for additional studies include determining if the multifunctional flavivirus protein NS5 has a role in viral persistence, the development of relevant animal models of viral persistence as well as investigating the host responses that allow vector borne flavivirus replication without detrimental effects on infected cells. The SL1 structure is essential for viral replication and acts as a promoter which is targeted initially by NS5 and then delivered to the 3 0 end via cyclization (Filomatori et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2008; Lodeiro et al., 2009) Although there is low nucleotide conservation between flaviviruses and different CS homology (Hahn et al., 1987) , the 5 0 UTRs of TBFVs share the same genomic organization as the MBFVs (Kofler et al., 2006) Structural proteins Capsid (C) 11 kDa, 114 aa Cytosol/nucleus The capsid protein is a dimeric alpha-helical (Jones et al., 2003) protein and assembles into an icosahedral structure, measuring 30 nm in diameter, which initiates encapsidation of the associated genomic RNA in virus-induced membrane invaginations of the ER (Welsch et al., 2009 ). cache = ./cache/cord-001397-nrq4ncdf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001397-nrq4ncdf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009577-29u7pdpk author = Gonzalez‐Scarano, F. title = Molecular pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections date = 2004-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6374 sentences = 294 flesch = 41 summary = To cause systemic illness, a virus must first enter the host animal, undergo primary replication at a site near its portal of entry, and then ultimately spread to distant target tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS). An infecting animal virus faces two main blocks to penetration of the CNS or any other specific target organ: (1) a variety of barriers prevent the free access of viruses to target cells, and (2) even when these barriers are ineffective, only certain cell types will support the internalization and replication of a particular virus. Monoclonal antibody variants have been used to map the antigenic sites of the influenza hemagglutinin 122, 76, 771 and have been used successfully to define important regions of the cellular binding proteins of rabies virus, reovirus, coronaviruses, and the California serogroup-all CNS pathogens. Viruses bind to the plasma membrane of susceptible target cells through specific receptors which may be proteins (HIV), lipids (vesicular stomatitis virus), or contain sialic acid (reovirus, influenza) [21, 641. cache = ./cache/cord-009577-29u7pdpk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009577-29u7pdpk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009193-244ii7e2 author = Giancane, Gabriella title = Opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analysis by the Pharmachild Safety Adjudication Committee date = 2020-04-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7024 sentences = 311 flesch = 42 summary = BACKGROUND: To derive a list of opportunistic infections (OI) through the analysis of the juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients in the Pharmachild registry by an independent Safety Adjudication Committee (SAC). With the advent of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), in a chronic condition like juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), regulatory authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have demanded from pharmaceutical companies and clinical researchers to evaluate the long-term safety of drugs used in children enrolled in phase II-III clinical trials [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Primary objectives of the present study were to derive a consensus-based list of opportunistic pathogens for use in children with JIA and confirm its role in identifying OI through the evaluation of the infectious events reported in Pharmachild registry by an independent Safety Adjudication Committee (SAC). cache = ./cache/cord-009193-244ii7e2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009193-244ii7e2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007013-tlvgyzft author = Chan, Kok Fei title = Investigating Viral Interference Between Influenza A Virus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Ferret Model of Infection date = 2018-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4939 sentences = 320 flesch = 49 summary = Previously, we used the ferret model to demonstrate that viral interference can occur following infection with human influenza A and B viruses and will prevent, delay, or limit subsequent infection with an influenza virus of a different type, subtype, or lineage [10, 11] . The peak of hRSV shedding was delayed in ferrets infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 followed by hRSV as compared to control animals infected with hRSV alone (median, 8 vs 6 days; P = .0091 by the Mann-Whitney test; Figure 2Ci ). The median duration of A(H1N1)pdm09 shedding was increased in ferrets infected with hRSV followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 as compared to control animals infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 alone (8 vs 7 days; P = .0196 by the Mann-Whitney test; Figure 2Civ ). Notably, increased expression of inflammatory mediators following infection with influenza virus as compared to hRSV has been observed in studies assessing human clinical samples and in vitro airway epithelial cell cultures [36] [37] [38] [39] . cache = ./cache/cord-007013-tlvgyzft.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007013-tlvgyzft.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007445-2folsh35 author = Tuffaha, Amjad title = THE ROLE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC ASTHMA date = 2000-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4973 sentences = 217 flesch = 34 summary = To more comprehensively evaluate the relationships among virus infection, atopy (cytokine dysregulation of Thl / Th2 imbalance), and immune system or lung developmental components, a rat model of virus-induced airway dysfunction has been studied extensively.'l' In this model, infection with PIV type 1 during a critical developmental time period (when the animals are weaning [ 3 4 weeks of age] as opposed to when they are neonates [4-5 days] or adults) produces chronic (8-12 weeks fol-lowing infection), episodic, reversible airway inflammation and remodeling with associated alterations in airway physiology (increased resistance and rnethacholine responsiveness) that resemble human asthma in high (brown Norway strain) but not low (F344 strain) IgEantibody producing rats.62 The temporal progression of this asthma-like syndrome is associated with a Thl / Th2 imbalance within the lung, and its development can be significantly attenuated by the exogenous administration of IFN-8 just prior to and during the viral infection in the brown Norway responder strain.lo2 This model further supports the concept of both genetic (atopy; cytokine dysregulation or imbalance) and environmental factors (virus infection) being important in the inception of the asthmatic phenotype, as well as a developmental component contributing. cache = ./cache/cord-007445-2folsh35.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007445-2folsh35.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016223-nk8xwa0t author = Andersen, Bjørg Marit title = Strict Isolation date = 2018-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4884 sentences = 387 flesch = 61 summary = The unit should be located in a separate ward, preferably in a separate building with direct access via an external sluice and internal access through a negative air pressure sluice with sufficient areal for donning and doffing and for a safe treatment of infectious equipment and waste. Technical staff, handling medical equipment, including collection tanks and autoclaves, shall be specially trained in infection control and must be able to use a sluice function with the use of PPE, when entering these disinfection areas. • Out sluicing needs plenty of space for washbasin and suitable hand disinfectant, for doffing (undressing) and for the use of at least three waste bags (disposal, textiles and reusable equipment). Option if not autoclave/decontaminator in the isolation unit: Infectious waste bag is treated exterior with 5% chloramine and double packed in new yellow thick plastic bag in the sluice. cache = ./cache/cord-016223-nk8xwa0t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016223-nk8xwa0t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002659-566uoozj author = Fujimoto, Yousuke title = Pulmonary inflammation and cytokine dynamics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a mouse model of bronchial asthma during A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection date = 2017-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4768 sentences = 275 flesch = 57 summary = Cytokine levels and virus titres in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice with and without asthma after A(H1N1)pdm09 or seasonal H1N1 infection were examined. Virus titres in asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice were highest at 3 days post-infection, and decreased by 7 days post-infection, although the levels at this time point were still higher than that in any other group. In the present study, we investigated the sequential changes in intra-tracheal cytokine production, viral loads, and pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of bronchial asthma during the first 7 days after A(H1N1)pdm09 or seasonal H1N1 influenza infection. In contrast, the levels in control mice increased to 161.4 pg/mL by 3 days post-seasonal virus infection, which were similar to those in asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice (p = 1.00), and these levels were maintained until 7 days post-infection. The notable findings in the present study were the early peak in both IL-6 and TNF-α levels, the high inflammatory cell infiltration in BAL fluids, and the severe pulmonary inflammation at 3 days post-infection in asthmatic/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice. cache = ./cache/cord-002659-566uoozj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002659-566uoozj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016426-aw3wirmb author = Wohrley, Julie D. title = The Role of the Environment and Colonization in Healthcare-Associated Infections date = 2018-07-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7354 sentences = 337 flesch = 28 summary = Studies have failed to show benefit for a combination of AST and isolation in reducing VRE infection or colonization; however, outbreaks of VRE have been successfully controlled in hospital settings with use of active surveillance, contact precautions, patient isolation, and cohorting [57] . A cluster randomized trial in intensive care units found that universal gown and glove use did not reduce overall acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO); there was, however, a small reduction in MRSA transmission noted as a secondary outcome [59] . Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and its association with infection among infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units Contamination of hands with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after contact with environmental surfaces and after contact with the skin of colonized patients Analysis of data from the German Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System regarding the placement of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in private rooms in intensive care units Role of decolonization in a comprehensive strategy to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: an observational cohort study cache = ./cache/cord-016426-aw3wirmb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016426-aw3wirmb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009380-5uptbat3 author = Evermann, James F. title = Diagnostic Medicine: The Challenge of Differentiating Infection from Disease and Making Sense for the Veterinary Clinician date = 2007-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2922 sentences = 173 flesch = 44 summary = Diagnostic medicine has taken on a new, broader meaning in the 1990s and reflects an expansion of clinical investigation from the diagnosis of disease to include detection of infection (Evermann, 1998) . Disease diagnosis has customarily used diagnostic assays for early recognition of disease and rapid implementation of therapy in an individual animal basis, and when appropriate use of corrective management (segregation, culling, vaccination, etc.) on a population basis. With a combination of more sensitive diagnostic assays, the veterinarian's concern to know the state of the preclinical infection, economic incentives to minimize disease by effectively controlling the infection, and concern over potential zoonotic diseases, laboratory diagnosis has taken on a different strategy. However, with early testing the problems of detecting cross-reacting viruses (feline enteric coronaviruses) increases, as does the question of whether the preclinical result accurately identifies an animal that is just infected or will progress onto disease (Evermann et al., 1995; Foley et al., 1997) . cache = ./cache/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010162-hfo35gsq author = Saikku, Pekka title = Atypical respiratory pathogens date = 2014-12-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3069 sentences = 179 flesch = 38 summary = The main atypical pathogens in respiratory tract infections are classified on the basis of their ability to cause atypical pneumonia. The majority of these pathogens cause upper respiratory tract infections more often than overt pneumonias. In the following sections the main bacterial agents causing atypical respiratory tract infections are discussed, with a special emphasis on the latest bacterial addition, Chlamydia pneumoniae. Respiratory tract infections caused by Chlamydia psittaci are directly dependent on exposure to birds carrying the pathogen. The role that Chlamydia pneumoniae plays in other acute respiratory tract infections is still under study. It should also be attempted in Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in order to obtain information on disease associations and strain variability of this newly recognized pathogen. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pnenmoniae strain TWAR Chlamydia pnenmoniae, strain TWAR, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and viral infections in acute respiratory disease in a university student health clinic population cache = ./cache/cord-010162-hfo35gsq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010162-hfo35gsq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007362-pjpkz6wv author = Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle title = The Pathologies of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection: A Window on the Pathogenesis date = 2016-01-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9006 sentences = 442 flesch = 40 summary = Pathologic lesions caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections comprise a wide spectrum of type, degree, and, by implication, pathogenesis, including congenital defects, necrotic-erosive lesions in mucosal epithelia and skin, and reactive as well as degenerative changes in lymphoid tissues. 3, 22, 29 In PI calves, BVDV can be isolated from lung tissue, and virus antigen is widespread in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells, however, without accompanying histopathologic changes (see section on persistent infection without overt clinical disease and Fig. 5 ).17 Conversely, a proportion (the size varying with study) of cattle succumbing to BRD are positive for BVDV, by virus isolation from or antigen detection in lung tissue, but the ensuing pathologic changes cannot be distinguished from those of other viral pathogens in the BRD complex (perhaps with the exception of BHV-P5), and usually are dominated by the pathology caused by the secondary bacterial agent. cache = ./cache/cord-007362-pjpkz6wv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007362-pjpkz6wv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-008716-38sqkh9m author = Schmidt, Alexander C title = Current research on respiratory viral infections: Third International Symposium date = 2001-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24743 sentences = 1086 flesch = 43 summary = Renewed efforts in vaccine development against respiratory viruses began in the 1960s with the observation that infants and young children, after having recovered from respiratory tract infection with adenoviruses, shed virus from their gastrointestinal tract for an extended period of time without experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms. Earlier studies of viral pathogens in immunocompromised adults indicated that CMV, herpes simplex, influenza, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, and RSV cause lower respiratory infection (Connolly et al., 1994) . Children with RSV, adenovirus or influenza virus infections have a 30% risk of developing AOM within 2 weeks of the onset of the respiratory tract infection (Henderson et al., 1982) , and coinfection with bacteria and viruses also adversely influences the outcome of AOM. Populations at high risk for complications resulting from respiratory viral infections are now better defined and a more targeted prophylaxis is possible, be it passive prophylaxis against RSV disease with monoclonal antibody preparations or active prophylaxis with influenza-or adenovirus vaccines. cache = ./cache/cord-008716-38sqkh9m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-008716-38sqkh9m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010233-772e35kx author = Monto, Arnold S. title = Respiratory illness caused by picornavirus infection: a review of clinical outcomes date = 2002-01-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4597 sentences = 241 flesch = 37 summary = The search terms used were picornavirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, viral respiratory infection, upper respiratory infection, disease burden, economic, cost, complications, asthma, COPD, immunocompromised, elderly, otitis media, and sinusitis. In fact, because rhinovirus-induced illnesses are so common, they produce more restriction of activity and physician consultations annually than respiratory illnesses caused by other viruses or bacteria.s This article reviews the clinical impact and outcomes associated with picomavirusinduced respiratory infection in specific populations at risk for complications secondary to these infections. 15 In addition, these advances in technology have confirmed the results of earlier studies, further demonstrating the significance of rhinoviruses in causing or predisposing patients to otitis media and sinusitis and exacerbating other chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). cache = ./cache/cord-010233-772e35kx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010233-772e35kx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002757-upwe0cpj author = Sullivan, Kathleen E. title = Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date = 2017-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24212 sentences = 1364 flesch = 40 summary = The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. In developing countries where polio is still endemic and oral polio vaccine is essential for eradicating the disease, it is of utmost importance that all PIDD patients and family members should not receive live oral polio (OPV) because of the reported prolonged excretion of the virus for months and even years [24] . As for host factors, although severe and fatal cases have been described in healthy immunocompetent hosts [129, 130] , there is evidence to suggest that children under the age of 10 [130] and immunocompromised hosts either secondary to hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressant treatment for organ transplantation, or HIV infection are at a greater risk to develop more severe disease with higher case fatality rates [131, 132] . cache = ./cache/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009144-3slh1nbk author = Jacobs, J.W. title = RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL AND OTHER VIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN INFANTS date = 1971-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3288 sentences = 218 flesch = 60 summary = Diagnosis by virus isolation and serology was attempted in 377 cases of respiratory-tract infection in infants under one year of age admitted to hospital during two winters. THERE have been few intensive studies of respiratoryvirus infections of infants.1-5 To prevent these infections, it is necessary to know which viruses cause the most severe illness and whether maternal antibody plays any part in their prevention. We report here the results of a survey of respiratory-virus infections in infants under one year of age in hospital. In this survey, as in others, R.s. virus was the commonest cause of respiratory illness requiring admission at this age (40°0), and the illnesses were more severe than those associated with other viruses (table iv). 23 Effect of Maternal Antibody The few parainfluenza virus infections observed in this survey occurred only in infants more than four months of age. cache = ./cache/cord-009144-3slh1nbk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009144-3slh1nbk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006578-wv3wc0ct author = Stevens, D. L. title = Invasive streptococcal infections date = 2001 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8839 sentences = 531 flesch = 45 summary = The risk for secondary cases is likely related to close or intimate contact and crowding, as well as host factors such as: (1) active viral infections such as varicella or influenza; (2) recent surgical wounds and childbirth (author's unpublished observations); (3) absence of type specific opsonic antibody against the group A streptococcus causing the index case; and (4) absence of neutralizing antibody against pyrogenic exotoxin A or B. 17 Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and B induce human mononuclear cells to synthesize not only TNFα 75 but also IL-1 76 and IL-6, [76] [77] [78] suggesting that TNF could mediate the fever, shock, and organ failure observed in patients with StrepTSS. Multi-locus enzyme electrophoresis demonstrates two patterns, which correspond to M-1 and M-3 type organisms that produce pyrogenic exotoxin A, a finding that fits epidemiologic studies implicating these strains in invasive group A streptococcal infections 54 in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-006578-wv3wc0ct.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006578-wv3wc0ct.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001120-fxd533b4 author = Everitt, Aaron R. title = Defining the Range of Pathogens Susceptible to Ifitm3 Restriction Using a Knockout Mouse Model date = 2013-11-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4874 sentences = 252 flesch = 47 summary = We showed that Ifitm3 does not impact on the restriction or pathogenesis of bacterial (Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or protozoan (Plasmodium berghei) pathogens, despite in vitro evidence. Here we sought therefore to expand and define the role of Ifitm3 in pathogen restriction by assessing the susceptibility of Ifitm3-deficient (Ifitm3 -/-) mice to bacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis), a parasite (Plasmodium berghei) and a virus (respiratory syncytial virus, RSV) to determine the specificity of this crucial antimicrobial protein. Similarly, bacterial counts revealed no significant differences between wild type and Ifitm3 -/-mice; together showing that Ifitm3 does not play a role in resistance or susceptibility to Salmonella infection. The experimental challenge revealed there to be no significant difference in phenotype seen in Ifitm3 -/-mice compared with wild type littermate controls, with both showing susceptibility to ECM ( Figure 5A ). cache = ./cache/cord-001120-fxd533b4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001120-fxd533b4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002222-rgqwm3vb author = Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A. title = Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem: A Long-Term Study date = 2016-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7544 sentences = 339 flesch = 46 summary = By screening a large number of predominantly fecal samples (n = 631) obtained from five carnivore species in the Serengeti ecosystem, East Africa, sapovirus RNA was detected in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta, family Hyaenidae), African lion (Panthera leo, family Felidae), and bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis, family Canidae), but not in golden or silver-backed jackals (Canis aureus and C. Long-term monitoring of sapovirus in a population of individually known spotted hyenas from 2001 to 2012 revealed: i) a relatively high overall infection prevalence (34.8%); ii) the circulation of several genetically diverse variants; iii) large fluctuations in infection prevalence across years, indicative of outbreaks; iv) no significant difference in the likelihood of infection between animals in different age categories. A total of 20 partial RdRp gene sequences (16 from spotted hyenas, 3 from African lions and 1 from bat-eared foxes) were obtained and used for the phylogenetic analysis, together with publically available sequence data from 25 representatives of all sapovirus genogroups, divergent unclassified sapoviruses, and other genera in the Caliciviridae family, including Norovirus and Vesivirus. cache = ./cache/cord-002222-rgqwm3vb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002222-rgqwm3vb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016990-ot1wi3xi author = Zaki, Sherif R. title = Viral Infections of the Lung date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19585 sentences = 1132 flesch = 36 summary = 105, [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] The pathology is more prominent in larger bronchi, and inflammation may vary in intensity in individual patients, Viral inclusions cannot be identified by light microscopy (Fig, 11 .8D), Secondary bacterial infections with organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (group A streptococcus [GAS]), Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae may occur as a complication in about 50% to 75% of fatal cases and make it difficult to recognize the pathologic changes associated with the primary viral infec-445 tion ,190,192,193 The histopathologic features in other organs may include myocarditis, cerebral edema, rhabdomyolysis, and hemophagocytosis (Figs, 11.8H and 11.9E,F), Immunohistochemistry and ISH assays demonstrate that viral antigens and nucleic acids are usually sparse and are primarily seen in the bronchioepithelial cells of larger bronchioles (Figs. cache = ./cache/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016962-8vjaot6i author = Pantanowitz, Liron title = Microbiology date = 2011-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4533 sentences = 393 flesch = 49 summary = Bacteriology covers important bacterial causes of infection including those due to mycobacteria and filamentous bacteria. Bacteria, along with some fungi (mainly • • Candida spp.) and archaea (single-celled microorganisms), make up the normal human flora of the skin, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, conjunctiva, and vagina (lactobacilli). Infection causes lung disease but may also disseminate to involve the hematopoietic system, gastrointestinal tract, as well as skin and soft tissue. These morphological features are helpful in differentiating the zygomycetes from other fungal agents of infection that may be seen in cytologic specimens (Table 4 .5). Infection may involve virtually any organ including the lungs, skin, bones, and brain ( Fig. 4.15 ). Budding is characterized by a central yeast with multiple surrounding daughter buds, that morphologically resembles a "ship's wheel." Infection (paracoccidioidomycosis) is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, typically found in Brazil and elsewhere in South America. Other species that cause human disease include C. cache = ./cache/cord-016962-8vjaot6i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016962-8vjaot6i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006819-sxz1s6kz author = Daniel Givens, M. title = Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality date = 2008-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7666 sentences = 538 flesch = 46 summary = The clinical presentations of disease due to reproductive pathogens are emphasized, with a focus on assisting development of complete lists of causes that result in abortion and infertility in these species. Fetal maceration results when abortion or parturition fails to occur following fetal death and CL regression (occasionally in bovine www.theriojournal.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Theriogenology 70 (2008) 270-285 Table 1 Infectious causes of infertility and abortion in domestic animals Infected animals can experience signs of infertility due to early embryonic death and abortion between 4 and 7 months of gestation. Transmission occurs via contact with materials contaminated by infected respiratory or vaginal discharges; the bacteria then spread hematogenously to the fetus. Affected animals might have no clinical signs of disease, but serve as a source of infection, or they can abort late in gestation and have stillbirths. cache = ./cache/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016572-6fu5s89c author = Hage, Chadi A. title = Endemic mycosis date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9004 sentences = 571 flesch = 43 summary = All three illnesses occur in normal hosts, although histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis are also major opportunistic mycoses in patients with depressed cell-mediated immunity, and especially in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [4] , [5] . Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis are major T-cell opportunistic infections, as demonstrated by the very aggressive course seen in patients with AIDS, in whom T-cell deficiency is most severe. The most severe form of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) occurs in patients with AIDS with profound T-cell dysfunction [21] . By that time, most patients have either recovered or have required other more invasive methods of diagnosis because of rapidly worsening disease There are two ways to make a rapid diagnosis of PDH, sampling and examination of likely infected tissue with the use of special stains and the use of the ultrasensitive assay for fungal antigens. cache = ./cache/cord-016572-6fu5s89c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016572-6fu5s89c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007797-toam6r5y author = Franquet, Tomás title = Imaging of Pulmonary Infection date = 2019-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4850 sentences = 267 flesch = 28 summary = Community acquired pneumonia refers to an acute infection of the lung in patients who did not meet any of the criteria for HCAP, presenting select clinical features (e.g., cough, fever, sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain) and accompanied by an acute infiltrate on a chest radiograph. Chest radiographs are of limited value in predicting the causative pathogen but are of good use to determine the extent of pneumonia and to detect complications (i.e., cavitation, abscess formation, pneumothorax, pleural effusion), to detect additional or alternative diagnoses, and, in some cases, to guide invasive diagnostic procedures. Risk factors for the development of staphylococcal pneumonia include underlying pulmonary disease (e.g., COPD, carcinoma), chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes mellitus, renal failure), or viral infection. The lower lobes contrast-enhanced CT image shows a mixed opacity of consolidation (arrow) and ground-glass opacity (small arrows) consistent with lobar pneumonia tend to be affected, and the radiographic pattern is similar to that seen with S. cache = ./cache/cord-007797-toam6r5y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007797-toam6r5y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011968-abd891ej author = Lai, Yen-Chung title = Roles of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Dengue Pathogenesis: From Pathogenic Factor to Therapeutic Target date = 2020-06-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5705 sentences = 268 flesch = 38 summary = Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that mediates diverse immune responses, and the serum level of MIF positively correlates with disease severity in patients with dengue. In another study, it was demonstrated that live DENV2-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is required for autophagy activation, viral replication and pathogenesis in HuH-7 and A549 cells [57] . In our study, since UV-inactivated viral particles could not induce MIF secretion or expression, it is possible that DENV infection triggered RNA sensing or pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation, which was followed by the release of preformed MIF from the cytosol through the vesicle trafficking secretory pathway. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induced by dengue virus infection increases vascular permeability Minocycline suppresses dengue virus replication by down-regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-induced autophagy Dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 induces vascular leakage through macrophage migration inhibitory factor and autophagy cache = ./cache/cord-011968-abd891ej.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011968-abd891ej.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014965-efmozngq author = nan title = Infectious diseases other than CMV (1st Section) date = 2001-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8007 sentences = 453 flesch = 51 summary = To evaluate the influence of the helicobacter pylori (h.p.) infection on gastrointestinal complications after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation (STX) we tested 114 patients (54 female, 60 male) by the 13C-urea breath test prior to initiation of conditioning therapy. 26 immunocompromised patients (15-70 y, median 44; 17 leukemia, 7 myeloma, 2 lymphoma) received 32 courses of ABLC at the median daily dose of 2 mg/kg rounded off to the nearest vial size (range, 1.3-2.7 mg/kg) after autologous (n=7) or allogeneic (n=8) stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy (n=17). Seven of the 12 allogeneic transplanted patients with at least one positive PCR-result had a VZV-disease. All (n=2) of the autologous transplanted patients with a positive PCR-result developed a VZV-disease. Background: Severe acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGvHD) of the gut is still a major complication after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) as response rates to treatment (tx) of intestinal GvHD (iGvHD) are lower than those observed for GvHD of the skin. cache = ./cache/cord-014965-efmozngq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014965-efmozngq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006129-5rog0s98 author = Hemida, Maged Gomaa title = Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of MicroRNAs in Viral Diseases: Expectations and Limitations date = 2012-08-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7443 sentences = 508 flesch = 50 summary = [12] Answering back, certain host miRNAs alter the cell gene expression to defend the cells against the viral infection by interfering with viral proteins or other cellular factors as a type of immune response against these particular viruses. [40] These virus-encoded miRNAs play important roles in the establishment of latent infection, as well as the pathogenesis of virally induced diseases. According to the most recent studies, herpesviruses utilize their encoded miRNAs in a wide range of biologic functions, such as inhibition of apoptosis, immune evasion, control of cellular proliferation, and regulation of viral replication. [58] Downregulation of UL114 protein, using miR-UL112-1, results in inhibition of viral DNA replication and subsequently triggers the latent phase of infection, making the virus able to evade the host immune system. cache = ./cache/cord-006129-5rog0s98.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006129-5rog0s98.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016127-tbot0fc9 author = Hurtado, F. J. title = Sepsis: Clinical Approach, Evidence-Based at the Bedside date = 2009-11-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4875 sentences = 315 flesch = 44 summary = Since 2002 the Surviving Sepsis Campaign was introduced with the initial goal of increasing clinicians' awareness about severe sepsis mortality and to improve outcome in this patient population. Despite the fact that most of these recommendations were not supported by high levels of evidence, they represented the international consensus on the best available standards of care for the management of sepsis. Mortality increases according to the presence of shock, and metabolic markers like arterial lactate are useful to characterize disease severity and the response to treatment [8] . The current management of severe sepsis and septic shock aims to control infection, achieve hemodynamic stabilization, modulate the immune response, and provide metabolic and organ support. The SSC is a global initiative that involves several international organizations with the common objective of elaborating evidence-based guidelines and recommendations for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock cache = ./cache/cord-016127-tbot0fc9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016127-tbot0fc9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author = nan title = Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date = 2014-08-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 36900 sentences = 2254 flesch = 49 summary = Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey Ig class switch recombination deficiencies are rare PIDs (1:500,000 births) with normal or elevated serum IgM and low IgG, IgA and IgE levels, defective or normal somatic hypermutation, defective T/B cooperation (50%), intrinsic B cell defect (50%), susceptibility to bacterial infections begining from the first year of age (impaired B cell immunity) and lack of germinal centres in secondary lymphoid organs. Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Even following the introduction of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a small number of children suffering from severe, refractory autoimmune (AI), rheumatic and/or autoinflammatory disorders will not get into clinical remission (CR) and will potentially further suffer from multiple side-effects of combined and long-term immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies, in particular severe infections (Marodi L, Casanova JL. cache = ./cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009967-fyqc5bat author = Gleckman, Richard title = Cost‐Effective Antibiotic Prescribing date = 2012-01-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5938 sentences = 307 flesch = 30 summary = Recent studies have confirmed the efficacy and reduced expense of oral antibiotics prescribed for selected children with osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.1"22 In 1973, it was reported that favorable results ensued when oral antibiotic therapy was prescribed for hospitalized patients with serious infectionsz3 Fourteen patients with osteomyelitis were treated successfully with oral cephalexin after they had received a short course of parenteral cephaloridine. Adults with disseminated gonococcal infection can be effectively treated with a one week program consisting initially of 2 million units of penicillin G administered every 4 hours followed by oral ampicillin or amoxicillin prescribed as 500 mg four times daily.34,35 Hospitalization is usually recommended to establish the diagnosis of disseminated gonococcal disease since misdiagnosis occurs not infrequently with this disorder.33 Selected patients can complete the oral regimens in an outpatient setting or, alternatively, they can be treated entirely without ho~pitalization.~~ Acceptable oral regimens consist of giving amoxicillin (500 mg four times daily), tetracycline (500 mg four times daily), or erythromycin (500 mg four times daily) for at least 7 days. cache = ./cache/cord-009967-fyqc5bat.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009967-fyqc5bat.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016020-awanrm9u author = Fox, Julie D. title = Respiratory Pathogens date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4603 sentences = 220 flesch = 30 summary = In addition, despite the well-recognized association of viral infections with upper and lower respiratory tract infections, the current diagnostic virology procedures do not provide an answer rapidly enough to with parainfluenza virus type 4, human coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, and some enteroviruses would not ordinarily be identified without RNA detection methods. Published diagnostic methods for detection of respiratory pathogen DNA or RNA directly from clinical specimens utilize target amplification procedures such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA).Although direct detection methods based on nucleic acid hybridization would be theoretically possible, the amount of target nucleic acid in specimens may be minimal and such methods would lack sensitivity compared to amplification methods, unless the organism was propagated before analysis. Thus, the molecular amplification procedures reported for direct detection of respiratory pathogens in clinical samples include PCR (e.g., Reference 19 and Figure 41 assays have utilized bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA; e.g., Reference 22 ). cache = ./cache/cord-016020-awanrm9u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016020-awanrm9u.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009507-l74c9x0n author = Singh, Amandeep title = Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date = 2008-01-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4395 sentences = 291 flesch = 42 summary = To generate the appropriate differential diagnosis in this case, there are several key features of the patient's history and physical examination that aid in the understanding of his pathologic process: 1) symptom development occurred soon after emigration from Indonesia, 2) the patient's primary symptoms were pulmonary in origin, and 3) secondary cardiac involvement resulted in a large, initially asymptomatic pericardial effusion. 10 Acute infection begins with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-1058F), severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. In our patient, the most likely cause of the pericardial effusion was infection with tuberculosis. To summarize, this patient's recent immigration, symptoms of intermittent fever and of chronic cough that failed to respond to outpatient antibiotics, and development of large pericardial effusion all are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. cache = ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016690-3gsq724l author = Li, Hongjun title = HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date = 2013-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 26772 sentences = 1583 flesch = 46 summary = Its difference from the clinical manifestations of non-HIV infected patients is as the following: (1) More common pulmonary infi ltration with multiple involvements and rare cavities; (2) Higher incidence of dissemination (87-96 %) commonly along with blood fl ow and higher incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (60-70 %); (3) More common lymph node tuberculosis, such as hilar, mediastinal and extrapleural lymphadenectasis; (4) Lower positive rate of tuberculin test (PPD); (5) More patients with no expectoration, with sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli staining is negative; (6) Higher incidence of resistant strains, high recurrence rate, and higher mortality (Table 17 .1 ). Based on the course of the disease, the diagnostic imaging demonstrations of Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection can be divided into early stage, showing round liked fl aky blurry shadows surrounding unilateral hilum that has blurry boundary; middle stage (parenchymal change), showing central sphere liked high density shadow surrounding unilateral hilum, in parenchymal changes and with clear boundary; advanced stage (necrosis) showing secondary cavity of the pulmonary mass, possibly with hydropneumothorax and pleurisy. cache = ./cache/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016109-vbzy11hc author = Damjanovic, V. title = Outbreaks of Infection in the ICU: What’s up at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century? date = 2011-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5492 sentences = 287 flesch = 46 summary = We used the same framework as in the second edition of this book; however, outbreaks were not presented separately per ICU type but according to causative organisms, in the following order: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), aerobic Gramnegative bacilli (AGNB), Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. A paper from Italy published in 2002 reported a unique experience of controlling a MRSA outbreak of 8 months' duration in a medical/surgical AICU in 1998 using enterally administered vancomycin in mechanically ventilated patients [5] . In 2005, a report from Italy described an outbreak of VRE colonisation and infection in an ICU that lasted 16 months (2001-2002) [12] . A report from The Netherlands published in 2001 described an outbreak of infections with a multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella strain [19] associated with contaminated roll boards in operating rooms. cache = ./cache/cord-016109-vbzy11hc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016109-vbzy11hc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016208-u12ngkpc author = Andersen, Bjørg Marit title = Intensive Patient Treatment date = 2018-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4579 sentences = 334 flesch = 50 summary = Intensive care units (ICUs) are treating hospital's poorest patients that need medical assistance during the most extreme period of their life. Intensive patients are treated with extensive invasive procedures, which may cause a risk of hospital infections in 10–30% of the cases. The hospital's management should provide resources and written guidelines regarding infection control work, proper patient/care ratio, sufficient patient areas, isolation capacity and documented competence. Intensive care unit (ICU) should have a large enough area and furnished for a good, safe and effective infection protection [1] . Recent studies indicate that patients in separate ICU rooms will have fewer hospital infections and thus a lower risk of fatal outcome [72, 73] . An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with increased risk of patient death in an intensive care unit Single rooms may help to prevent nosocomial blood stream infection and cross-transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units cache = ./cache/cord-016208-u12ngkpc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016208-u12ngkpc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003099-a0acr28o author = Koch, R. M. title = The endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammatory response is enhanced during the acute phase of influenza infection date = 2018-07-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3883 sentences = 194 flesch = 39 summary = In vitro studies in which influenza-infected alveolar macrophages were subsequently stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial compound that induces a profound innate immune response, revealed increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , indicative of a priming effect on these cells by influenza. Likewise, murine influenza infection resulted in increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both plasma and lungs, and enhanced pulmonary neutrophil influx upon pneumococcal infection 7 days later [10] . In the present study, we demonstrate that a systemic LPS challenge in the acute phase of influenza infection (4 days post-infection) results in an enhanced pulmonary, but not systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Our results are in accordance with in vitro data reporting a cellular priming effect of influenza observed upon secondary stimulation with LPS [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , as well as with other murine in vivo studies that report increased inflammation and pulmonary neutrophil influx or sequestration upon a secondary bacterial infection or LPS challenge in the acute phase of influenza infection [9, 10] . cache = ./cache/cord-003099-a0acr28o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003099-a0acr28o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014540-27hnlu5v author = Sutthiruk, Nantanit title = Abstracts from the 8th International Congress of the Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC): Bangkok, Thailand. 12-15 February 2017 date = 2017-02-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24509 sentences = 1304 flesch = 46 summary = A secondary questionnaire was sent to determine whether any cases showed a positive blood or cerebral spinal fluid culture for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing GNB, AmpC β-lactamases producing GNB, or carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriacae (CRE) between April 2012 and March 2015.The following data were collected; demographic data pertaining to both the care facilities and patients, clinical diagnosis, and outcomes. Utilization of diagnosis-procedure combination data for advancing the antimicrobial stewardship program Haruo Nakayama, Toshiko Ota, Naoko Shirane, Chikako Matuoka, Kentaro Kodama, Masanobu Ohtsuka Toho University Ohashi medical center, Tokyo, Japan Background Infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria results in increased morbidity, mortality and economic burden. The purpose of this study was to test the effectively of the Infection Control Risk Assessment (ICRA) monitoring tool developed by the Infection Prevention and Control Unit (IPCU) of Asian Hospital and Medical Center with the aim to increase the compliance of construction workers to recommended infection prevention and control measures during construction, renovation and demolition in the hospital. cache = ./cache/cord-014540-27hnlu5v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014540-27hnlu5v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007417-az8xd66p author = Hansbro, Nicole G. title = Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: New therapeutic directions date = 2008-01-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 29677 sentences = 1459 flesch = 41 summary = Whether an infection induces disease depends on viral (type (E.g. RSV, RV)), host (genetic susceptibility, age, immune responses) and environmental (allergen exposure, season) factors. With respect to allergy RSV infection might only trigger defective immunity in genetically susceptible individuals or that allergic inflammatory and immune responses may promote the influx of virus-specific cells into the airways increasing inflammation and AHR (Schwarze et al., 1999c) . Nevertheless most studies suggest that Th1 responses may result in viral clearance and mild symptoms whereas an aberrant bias towards a Th2 phenotype may lead to more intense RSV-induced disease and promote the development of asthma . Animal models have been used to determine if RSV can induce the development of asthma by triggering pro-asthmatic immune responses that lead to variable airflow obstruction and airway inflammation. Further studies are required to elucidate the links between infection, immune responses and susceptibility to chronic respiratory diseases and why some individuals but not others develop persistent wheeze and asthma. cache = ./cache/cord-007417-az8xd66p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007417-az8xd66p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016782-aods92rf author = Lessenger, James E. title = Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4986 sentences = 304 flesch = 49 summary = Workers, visitors, inspectors, veterinarians, and people who live on or adjacent to farms, ranches, feedlots, processing plants, and other agricultural endeavors are at risk for contracting diseases from animals, poultry, or fish. Methods of preventing the transmission of infectious material from animals and poultry to agricultural workers mirror in many ways the safety techniques for protection from chemicals, trauma and other hazards (see Chapter 6) . Key to the prevention of the transmission of animal disease to humans is the proper processing of food products. Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish 369 Protective physical barriers in farm, ranch, or plant design allow for the raising or processing of food products without actual contact of humans with the animals or products. Production animals include cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, deer, and other animals grown in small to large farms and ranches for human consumption. cache = ./cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010255-gvkc2hjd author = Chrystie, I.L. title = ASYMPTOMATIC ENDEMIC ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN THE NEWBORN date = 1978-06-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1634 sentences = 98 flesch = 53 summary = RoTAViRUSES are the commonest cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in infancy and childhood,',' and a common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in newborn calves3 and piglets.4 Rotavirus infection is world-wide and iri children admitted to hospital is most common between 6 months and 2 years of age;5 virus is seldom detected in the stools of symptomless age-matched controls. ' 7 Although the babies were infected as early as the third day of life, virus excretion was most frequent among 5-9 day-old babies, who showed few if any of the symptoms of infection found in older children.' This paper describes a 12-month study of the incidence of infection, the amount of virus excreted by breast-fed and bottle-fed babies, and the pattern of virus spread during the transfer of maternity wards to quarters in a newly built hospital wing. cache = ./cache/cord-010255-gvkc2hjd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010255-gvkc2hjd.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015640-zdwmxaz3 author = Tong, C. Y. W. title = Clinical Virology in NICU, PICU and AICU date = 2011-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6051 sentences = 356 flesch = 44 summary = Viruses are significant causes of nosocomial infections, particularly in intensive care unit (ICU) where seriously ill and vulnerable patients are being cared for. Adherence to effective infection control measures (hand hygiene, enteric precautions; Table 20 .3), as well as adequate staffing and patient cohorting/ isolation can therefore help prevent or manage an outbreak [41] . Neonates and immunocompromised patients can shed the virus for a prolonged time over months, which emphasises the need for rigorous adherence to effective infection control measures (Table 20. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) should therefore be offered to all health care workers who have significant exposure to blood or body fluid from a patient known to be at high risk of or to have HIV infection. Preliminary estimation of risk factors for admission to intensive care units and for death in patients infected with A(H1N1)2009 influenza virus cache = ./cache/cord-015640-zdwmxaz3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015640-zdwmxaz3.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017012-yl0vanuh author = Herberg, Jethro title = Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23980 sentences = 1301 flesch = 34 summary = Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) . cache = ./cache/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017021-n6rpuvwd author = Marriott, Deborah J. title = Common Infections Following Lung Transplantation date = 2018-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11695 sentences = 672 flesch = 39 summary = • physical factors such as denervation of the allograft resulting in a reduced cough reflex and anastomotic site stenosis with distal infection • the 'net state of immunosuppression'-the result of all factors including host immune system, anti-rejection immunosuppressive therapy and concomitant viral infections such as cytomegalovirus that contribute to a patient's risk of infection • epidemiological exposure to organisms, including donor-derived infections, community acquired infections, travel related infections and healthcare associated infections • the use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents in the post-transplant period Longer treatment is required for severe or disseminated infection or for infection involving the central nervous system and/or bone and joint and in pulmonary disease with ongoing AFB detectable in sputum (>2 months) • streptomycin should not be used in the lung transplant setting because of the associated high-risk of nephrotoxicity. cache = ./cache/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016966-b23o5roz author = Verhoef, Jan title = Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4302 sentences = 220 flesch = 43 summary = Effective treatment, however, was not possible at that time; prevention and spread of infectious diseases depended solely on proper hygienic means.At the beginning of the 20th century, passive and active vaccination procedures were developed against a number of these pathogenic micro-organisms in order to prevent the diseases in question (rabies, diphtheria, tetanus, etc.) and due to the discovery of antimicrobial chemicals (Ehrlich) and antibiotics (Fleming), the threat of infectious diseases seemed to be minimized. CYTOKINES, such as IL-2 (INTERLEUKIN-2), GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and TNF-α (TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR α), stimulate non-specifically the proliferation, maturation, and Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites Jan Verhoef and Harm Snippe A7 function of the cells involved in defence (see Chapter A.4). cache = ./cache/cord-016966-b23o5roz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016966-b23o5roz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009773-pbm2vs5h author = TRIGG, C. J. title = Bronchial inflammation and the common cold: a comparison of atopic and non‐atopic individuals date = 2006-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5955 sentences = 379 flesch = 51 summary = The aim of this study was to examine bronchial epithelial tissue in naturally acquired cold virus infections, in order to determine whether there are differences between the lower airway infiammatory response and ICAM-1 expression in atopic and nonatopic subjects. Wilcoxon's signed rank test was used to compare baseline and acute phase results and the Mann-Whitney {/-test to compare changes in T-cell infiltration during colds between atopic and non-atopic subjects, between viral diagnostic groups and between symptom groups. There was a greater increase in bronchial responsiveness in non-atopic subjects and those without diagnosed viral infection but the difference between groups was not significant. (Paired /-test: geometric mean 1.53-fold increase, confidence interval 1.04 2.25-fold, P = 0.02.) The effect of atopy and viral diagnosis on changes in infiammatory cell infiltration of the bronchial mucosa is shown in Table 4 . The table shows the change from baseline in numbers of inflammatory cells in atopic and non-atopic subjects and in those with and without positive viral diagnoses. cache = ./cache/cord-009773-pbm2vs5h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009773-pbm2vs5h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016704-99v4brjf author = Nicholson, Felicity title = Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14635 sentences = 861 flesch = 57 summary = The risk of exposure to infections, particularly blood-borne viruses (BBVs), can be minimized by adopting measures that are considered good practice in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia (1) (2) (3) . Studies of prisoners in western countries have shown a higher prevalence of antibodies to HBV and other BBVs than the general population (12) (13) (14) ; the most commonly reported risk factor is intravenous drug use. HBIG is given in conjunction with the first dose of vaccine to individuals who are deemed at high risk of acquiring disease and the incident occurred within 72 hours of presentation. In 1998, 56% of reported cases were from people born outside the United Kingdom and 3% were associated with HIV infection (70, 71) . Those in contact with disease (either through exposure at home or from an infected detainee) should receive prophylactic treatment as soon as possible (see Subheading 8.3.7.). cache = ./cache/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009101-376snefs author = Strodtbeck, Frances title = Viral Infections of the Newborn date = 2015-12-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3383 sentences = 175 flesch = 41 summary = The fetus and newborn are particularly vulnerable to viral infection for numerous reasons, including a developing immune system that is inadequate for preventing infection and containing the spread of viruses, lack of immunologic experience with viruses, and the presence of rapidly growing cells and tissues (Strodtbeck, 1986) . Because of the affinity of viruses for rapidly growing cells, newborn infection results in multiple outcomes that are determined by the specific virus and the gestational age at the onset of infection. Clinical viral infection in newborns usually results in a more rapid progression to full-blown disease and earlier onset of symptomatic organ involvement than would be seen in adults with the same infection (Overall, 1992; Smith, 1993; Strodtbeck, 1986) . Until such time, the major thrusts of management of neonatal viral disease are prevention of the infection and supportive care for the acutely ill newborn. cache = ./cache/cord-009101-376snefs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009101-376snefs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016499-5iqpl23p author = Mackay, Ian M. title = Rhinoviruses date = 2014-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23394 sentences = 1156 flesch = 45 summary = A convenience population of 15 healthy children (1-9 years old) without asthma were followed during at least three seasons, and picornaviruses were detected in 5 % of 740 specimens (21 % of infections) not associated with symptoms, The impact of HRV typing and of sampling based only on symptoms. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children Comparison of results of detection of rhinovirus by PCR and viral culture in human nasal wash specimens from subjects with and without clinical symptoms of respiratory illness Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines cache = ./cache/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017030-tzuyo6tx author = Henao-Martínez, Andrés F. title = Infections in Heart, Lung, and Heart-Lung Transplantation date = 2018-12-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11531 sentences = 740 flesch = 32 summary = There are several factors predisposing thoracic transplant recipients to infections: (A) factors present before transplantation: age, presence of comorbidities (e.g., chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, etc.), nutrition status, latent infections, colonization with healthcare-associated organisms, and occult community-acquired infections; (B) factors during the surgery: duration of the transplant procedure, graft injury including ischemic time, colonization or latent infection of the graft, surgical instrumentation (e.g., mechanical ventilation, invasive devices such as catheters, drains, Foley catheters, etc.), ICU stay, and need for re-interventions; and (C) factors present after transplant: degree of immunosuppression, CMV infection, and rejections ( Mechanical ventilation (MV) for >5 days immediately following transplant surgery and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) from airway cultures in the recipient were considered risk factors for invasive SA infections in a retrospective study of patients with lung and heart-lung transplants [20] . cache = ./cache/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011095-79ce5900 author = Meskill, Sarah D. title = Respiratory Virus Co-infection in Acute Respiratory Infections in Children date = 2020-01-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4976 sentences = 276 flesch = 33 summary = One study in children under age 5 years old found that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and parainfluenza viruses (PIV) were more likely to be causative of disease [8] . In an evaluation of children under 18 years old admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia, the most common cause of infection, whether bacterial or viral, was RSV quickly followed by rhinovirus [12] . While some studies do have RSV and rhinovirus as the leading cause of pneumonia in children, another important common viral contributor is influenza [15] . [55] did a systemic review of patients of all ages with respiratory illnesses and found that studies that recruited young children were more likely to report high rates of co-infection and that there were inconclusive results on risk of hospitalization or ICU admission. Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. cache = ./cache/cord-011095-79ce5900.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011095-79ce5900.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001521-l36f1gp7 author = nan title = Oral and Poster Manuscripts date = 2011-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 183363 sentences = 11362 flesch = 53 summary = The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses. cache = ./cache/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016882-c9ts2g7w author = Ribeiro, Edna title = Viruses Present Indoors and Analyses Approaches date = 2017-06-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10251 sentences = 466 flesch = 37 summary = It's well known that approximately 60% of total human respiratory and gastrointestinal infections are acquired indoor, since viruses have a rapid spread in the community and can be transmitted easily, especially in crowded and poorly ventilated environments, causing high morbidity and decline in quality of life and productivity. Viruses' inductors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza and norovirus are transmitted from patients primarily by contact and/or droplet routes, while airborne transmission occurs over a limited distance (Srikanth et al., 2008) . It is well-known that viruses are shed in large numbers, with transmission routes extraordinary diverse, including direct contact with infected persons, faecal-oral transmission (through contaminated food and water), droplet and airborne transmission, and can survive for long periods on surfaces or fomites, emphasizing the possible role of surfaces in the transmission of viruses (Barker et al., 2001; La Rosa et al., 2013) . cache = ./cache/cord-016882-c9ts2g7w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016882-c9ts2g7w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015967-kqfyasmu author = Tagore, Somnath title = Epidemic Models: Their Spread, Analysis and Invasions in Scale-Free Networks date = 2015-03-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7927 sentences = 412 flesch = 48 summary = For instance, hub individuals of such high-risk individuals help in maintaining sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in different populations where majority belong to long-term monogamous relationships, whereas in case of SARS epidemic, a significant proportion of all infections are due to high risk connected individuals. Likewise, models for epidemic spread in static heavy-tailed networks have illustrated that with a degree distribution having moments resulted in lesser prevalence and/or termination for smaller rates of infection [14] . Generally, epidemic models consider contact networks to be static in nature, where all links are existent throughout the infection course. But, in cases like HIV, which spreads through a population over longer time scales, the course of infection spread is heavily dependent on the properties of the contact individuals. Likewise, for a wide range of scale-free networks, epidemic threshold is not existent, and infections with low spreading rate prevail over the entire population [10] . cache = ./cache/cord-015967-kqfyasmu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015967-kqfyasmu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017184-1ewi3dka author = nan title = Primary Immunodeficiencies date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 44492 sentences = 2035 flesch = 45 summary = In this disease, microorganism phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes appears annulled, and the patient is subject to severe infections supported by capsular bacteria: the deficiency, described in association with severe and recurrent infantile infections [175, 485, 487] , depends on the lack of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) [487] , its Primary Immunodeficiencies a possible atopy dependence on IgA underproduction rather than on IgE hyperproduction ( Fig. 4.1 ): in children with levels of IgA at the minimum normal level, and followed from birth until the age of 18-23 months, a greater severity of atopic manifestations and an increased cumulative incidence of asthma, AD and otitis media with effusion (OME) were observed compared to controls. cache = ./cache/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011438-imbpgsub author = Zhang, Yun title = Host–Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection date = 2020-03-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9294 sentences = 567 flesch = 41 summary = Upon IAV infection, host innate immune system is triggered and activated to restrict virus replication and clear pathogens. In the current review, we present a general description on recent work regarding different host cells and molecules facilitating antiviral defenses against IAV infection and how IAVs antagonize host immune responses. Host innate immunity, including phagocytic cells, interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, etc., applies multiple mechanisms in defending IAV infection [105] . Influenza A virus nucleoprotein induces apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells: Implications of a novel interaction between nucleoprotein and host protein Clusterin Antiviral response elicited against avian influenza virus infection following activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7 signaling pathway is attributable to interleukin (IL)-1β production The human interferon-induced MxA protein inhibits early stages of influenza A virus infection by retaining the incoming viral genome in the cytoplasm Cell death regulation during influenza A virus infection by matrix (M1) protein: A model of viral control over the cellular survival pathway cache = ./cache/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017252-88b3preq author = Morgan, Carrie I. title = Pneumonia date = 2014-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6424 sentences = 315 flesch = 32 summary = Despite immunizations and public health initiatives, the most common bacterial causes of CAP have remained largely unchanged over the last several decades and include: Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus infl uenzae (including non-typable strains) and Moraxella catarrhalis [ 7 , 8 , 21 , 23 ] . Chest CT is helpful to further evaluate diffi cult cases, particularly immunocompromised children with ill-defi ned infi ltrates on CXR, complex empyema or effusion, or recurrent or chronic pneumonia [ 11 ] . Respiratory failure in an immunocompromised child frequently necessitates a chest CT to better visualize the pattern and extent of disease, aid in diagnosis of the etiology, determine the need for more invasive procedures, and to increase the sensitivity of assessing treatment response [ 11 ] . Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections cache = ./cache/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009664-kb9fnbgy author = nan title = Oral presentations date = 2014-12-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 71112 sentences = 3948 flesch = 47 summary = Because of the conflicting reports and lack of published data from paediatric patients, we sought to assess possible MIC change over time and to compare results generated by using different methodologies including Etest, agar dilution, and broth microdilution (MicroScan) methods. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NO plays a key role in the eradication of the leishmania parasite Objective: To determine whether a NO donor patch (developed by electrospinning technique) is as effective as meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of CL while causing less adverse events Methods: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 178 patients diagnosed with CL in Santander, Colombia, South-America. To follow the development and spread of the resistance among these strains is difficult, as antibiotic susceptibility testing of clinically relevant anaerobes in different routine laboratories in Europe is less and less frequently carried out due to the fact, that clinicians treat many presumed anaerobic infections empirically. cache = ./cache/cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004675-n8mlxe7p author = nan title = 2019 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2019-02-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 86427 sentences = 5050 flesch = 46 summary = However, the mean infusion rate per site was similar between patients aged <18 years ( XMEN disease (X-linked Immunodeficency with Magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection and Neoplasia) is a primary immune deficiency caused by mutations in MAGT1 and characterized by chronic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), EBV-driven lymphoma, CD4 T-cell lymphopenia, and dysgammaglobulinemia. We present the case of a 1-year old Hispanic infant with a pathogenic variant in MAGT1 gene that clinically manifested with early Pneumocystis jirovecii and cytomegalovirus (CMV) interstitial pneumonia, and EBV chronic infection with good response to intravenous immunoglobulins supplementation without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy. Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, IDGS, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Hypomorphic Recombination Activating Gene 1 (RAG1) mutations result in residual T-and B-cell development in both humans and mice and have been found in patients presenting with delayed-onset combined immune deficiency with granulomas and/or autoimmunity (CID-G/AI). cache = ./cache/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017531-fm8gl5b3 author = Andersen, Bjørg Marit title = Scenarios: Serious, Infectious Diseases date = 2018-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3604 sentences = 288 flesch = 53 summary = All transport of infectious patients from the place of arrival to the hospital should take place in ambulances using the same infection control regime as for the individual infectious disease (contact infection, airborne infection, strict isolation); see isolation regimes; Chaps. • Ambulance staff and other personnel use the contact and airborne infection regime when picking up and transporting a patient. Short-time airborne isolation of exposed cases until the infection state is clarified/effect of antibacterial therapy 82.5.6 Anthrax After Staying in Turkey, Sick on the Plane Home 82.5.6.1 Patient: Strict Isolation-Air Pressure Isolate with Pressure [21, 22] Example: Two out of six people who have been on family visits in Turkey for a week, on farms with goats and skin production, are acutely ill on the plane home with cough, shortness of breath and fever. Less severe disease: isolation of index case and close contacts • Registering: All exposed persons are registered (name, address, telephone number) and followed up. cache = ./cache/cord-017531-fm8gl5b3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017531-fm8gl5b3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017518-u2gsa4lg author = Divatia, J. V. title = Nosocomial Infections and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Cancer Patients date = 2019-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8766 sentences = 421 flesch = 33 summary = These infection rates can be significantly reduced by the implementing and improving compliance with the "care bundles." This chapter will address the common nosocomial infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), and surgical site infections (SSI), including preventive strategies and care bundles for the same. (a) Patient factors such as extremes of age, immunosuppression due to malignancy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), patients requiring emergency admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), duration of stay more than 7 days, chronic illness like renal failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, presence of indwelling catheters, ventilation, total parenteral nutrition, trauma, abdominal surgeries, and impaired functional status [44, 45] (b) Organizational factors such as the poor environmental hygiene inside the hospital or ICU, lack of efficient infection control measures, inadequate manpower such as an inadequate nurse to patient ratio or inadequate waste management staff, and inadequate equipment for patient use (c) Iatrogenic factors such as ignorance regarding infection control practices, lack of training in infection control, etc. cache = ./cache/cord-017518-u2gsa4lg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017518-u2gsa4lg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017537-ztdz4a2s author = Bologna, Mauro title = Biological Agents and Bioterrorism date = 2014-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3324 sentences = 198 flesch = 51 summary = For this very stimulating course, I want to share with you some of my studies and even some of my scientific and phylosophical considerations on biological agents living in the environment and their relations with humans, in the very wide concepts of ecological relationships, parasitism, immunolgical defenses and infectious disease mechanisms. All these concepts must be studied and considered in the event of criminal use of biological agents (bioterrorism) aimed at harming human populations in time and in geographical space. In the light of recent concern and interest about the potential for biological terrorism (biofarware) there are several diseases and bacterial toxins that must be considered in particular, like anthrax [ 1 , 2 ] , smallpox [ 3 , 4 ] , plague [ 5 ] , botulinum toxin [ 6 ] , and tularemia [ 7 ] . cache = ./cache/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017393-kx8kmdej author = Herbers, Alexandra title = Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Febrile Neutropenia date = 2009-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13295 sentences = 566 flesch = 31 summary = Despite numerous clinical studies, since the 1970s, no single empirical antibiotic regimen has been shown to be superior for initial treatment of patients who become febrile during a neutropenic episode after therapy with chemotherapy drugs for hematological malignancies (see Table 5 -2) [4, 9, [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] . Similarly, bacteremias due to Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium species as well as candidemias are more frequently encountered in patients with acute leukemia who suffer from neutropenic enterocolitis or typhlitis, the most serious disturbance of the delicate balance between mucosal damage and microbial flora in the setting of prolonged exposure to antibiotics after intermediate or high-dose cytarabine chemotherapy. In addition, if a persistently neutropenic patient has no complaints and displays no clinical, radiological, or laboratory evidence of infection, cessation of antibiotic therapy or a change to oral antimicrobials should be considered after 4 days without symptoms. cache = ./cache/cord-017393-kx8kmdej.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017393-kx8kmdej.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018017-c8myq6bi author = Iversen, Patrick L. title = The Threat from Viruses date = 2018-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11563 sentences = 615 flesch = 51 summary = Numerous emerging infections caused by viral agents have imposed high impact on human survival (Table 3 .3). The apparent success of these viruses is that as they move from reservoir hosts to humans and as humans become immune to the initial infection, the population of diverse genomes offers multiple chances to adapt by finding a "fit" genome version which can propagate until the next transition requiring adaption. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1) HTLV-1 is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus, defined by their use of reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, that makes a DNA copy of the RNA 7 kb viral genome. If we combine cardiovascular events and neoplasia caused by infection, then infectious disease is the most significant threat to human life and qualifies as the area of greatest impact. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) is a single stranded DNA virus that infects humans but are not known to cause disease. is a 5229 base double-stranded DNA virus infecting less than 5 percent of the human population. cache = ./cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017815-0t7jvvz5 author = Andersen, Bjørg Marit title = General Information date = 2018-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3819 sentences = 301 flesch = 58 summary = A modern isolate for patients with infections comprises (1) a sluice with a good space for dressing and undressing of personal protective equipment (PPE) and for hand hygiene, (2) a large patient room and (3) a bathroom/disinfection room with own decontaminator or autoclave and with separate entrance from the patient's room. A modern isolate for patients with impaired immune defence is similar to the infection isolates, with following exceptions: usually no need for decontaminator, hepafiltered clean air into the room and with a defined positive air pressure. Airborne infection isolation units: at least 10% of the bed capacity for adults and 10-15% of children in hospitals should be isolates well equipped with negative pressure, separate ventilation and private bath/disinfection room with decontaminator. Protective isolation: good hand hygiene, clean gown, surgical mask, surgical cap, room-bound shoes. cache = ./cache/cord-017815-0t7jvvz5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017815-0t7jvvz5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006466-e1phpqes author = nan title = 2018 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2018-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 92230 sentences = 5516 flesch = 46 summary = Whole exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation, previously reported (c.1425+1G>T) Conclusions: In summary, this report emphasizes the suspicion of a combined immunodeficiency in the presence of multiple abscesses by Mycoplasma, the usefulness of rDNA 16s in order to achieve proper Objectives: We describe a 15-year-old male patient with novel heterozygous mutation of EP300 gene; his first manifestations were initially characterized by infections, cytopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia suggesting a Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), but later on, persisting lymphopenia was suggestive of a combined immunodeficiency. Conclusions: Close monitoring of immune function in early life for patients with CHH and CID as well as the availability of suitable donors assists in determining management, including HSCT Introduction/Background: Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) represents a group of distinct inherited disorders, which inhibit the normal extravasation of neutrophils and their recruitment to sites of infection or inflammation. cache = ./cache/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017503-g2n4d0wi author = Manson, David title = Diagnostic Imaging of Neonatal Pneumonia date = 2010-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6295 sentences = 320 flesch = 39 summary = Given the fulminant potential for some etiologic pathogens which cause neonatal pneumonia, any abnormality on the chest radiograph which may suggest a pulmonary infection warrants the initiation of broad spectrum antibiotic coverage (Dennehy 1987; Kirkpatrick and Mueller 1998; Speck et al. Furthermore, many of these neonates do not suffer from pneumonia in isolation, but may also have complicating features such as hyaline membrane disease, meconium or amniotic fl uid aspiration, persistent fl pulmonary hypertension, transient tachypnea of the newborn, secondary ARDS, patency of the ductus arteriosus, or a variety of other causes of neonatal respiratory distress. Others have suggested that air-space disease in the presence of a pleural effusion is more suggestive of bacterial pneumonia than of other causes of neonatal respiratory distress, especially when group B streptococcus is the etiologic agent (Haney et al. cache = ./cache/cord-017503-g2n4d0wi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017503-g2n4d0wi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017420-tjwxec77 author = Stephens, R. Scott title = Neutropenic Fever in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2019-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5865 sentences = 290 flesch = 34 summary = Neutropenic patients with septic shock tend to have more frequently positive blood cultures, more fungal infections, more multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, and higher mortality rates than immunocompetent patients. Accordingly, current guidelines for the management of neutropenic fever and sepsis recommend monotherapy with an antipseudomonal beta-lactam unless otherwise dictated by circumstances such as patient allergies, the presence of resistant organisms, or refractory hemodynamic instability [28, 57, 61] . The use of surveillance rectal cultures, performed pre-transplant and then weekly after HSCT, to identify patients with MDR infections and allow immediate initiation of antibiotic therapy targeted against MDR organisms may result in better outcomes [26] . Patients with neutropenia and sepsis are at high risk of developing multi-organ failure, particularly the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [4, 5] . Neutropenic sepsis continues to confer a poor prognosis, with recent data suggesting an approximate 46% mortality rate in patients with hematologic malignancies who develop septic shock [7, 39, 47] . cache = ./cache/cord-017420-tjwxec77.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017420-tjwxec77.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018651-phb44k66 author = Hammoud, Dima A. title = Neuroimaging date = 2017-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2940 sentences = 133 flesch = 34 summary = A common approach is the use of recombinant viruses engineered to express a luciferase enzyme which allows performing longitudinal imaging, accurately determining the site(s) of infection, describing the temporal systemic dissemination of the virus, and eventually quantifying viral titers in various organs. More recent examples include the use of recombinant murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) expressing the firefly luciferase (Fluc) to monitor virus progression after CNS infection [11] and of recombinant Dengue virus, for realtime evaluation of replication kinetics in the brain of infected mice [12] . Other examples of reporter gene use include imaging of Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis with spatiotemporal demonstration of recrudescence of the infection from the CNS of immunocompromised mice [15] . More complex models such as the transgenic reporter mouse strain that expresses Fluc under the regulatory control of a concatenated Gal4 promoter [18] and the transgenic reporter mouse in which luciferase expression is driven by the nuclear factor B (NF-B)-dependent portion of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 long terminal repeat (HIV-1 LTR) [19] allowed the visualization of brain luciferase expression in response to adenovirus infection [18] and LPS intraperitoneal injection [19] , respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-018651-phb44k66.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018651-phb44k66.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017534-0ai8chbu author = Andersen, Bjørg Marit title = Background Information: Isolation Routines date = 2018-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9640 sentences = 603 flesch = 51 summary = There is an increased need of isolates for patients with infections, especially due to pulmonary tuberculosis, MRSA, VRE, Clostridium difficile (CD), multiresistant gram-negative bacteria and other "multidrug-resistant organisms" (MDRO) [23, 24, 36, 37, [48] [49] [50] [51] . In 2009, a European investigation was done as regards the number of "high-level isolation rooms" (HIRs), i.e. airborne infection isolation units with negative pressure (not defined) with at least 6 air changes per hour and sluice (anteroom) [61] . CDC defines contact isolation, using gown and gloves when in contact with patients infected with resistant bacteria like MRSA and other MDROs (multidrug-resistant organisms), and single rooms are recommended [19] . Spread of pathogenic infectious agents through the air and droplets requires a defined negative pressure ventilation isolate and a system which reduces airborne infection in the patient's room. cache = ./cache/cord-017534-0ai8chbu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017534-0ai8chbu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017831-anadq4j9 author = Lai, Yi-Horng title = Network Analysis of Comorbidities: Case Study of HIV/AIDS in Taiwan date = 2015-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3196 sentences = 167 flesch = 41 summary = The results show that there is a high correlation in the following pairs/triad of diseases: human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and pneumocystosis pneumonia (1363), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified malignant neoplasms (0422) and kaposi's sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and unspecified (0429) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (0463), and lastly, human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), and human immunodeficiency virus infection specified infections causing other specified infections (0421). In PDNs for females (Figure 4 ), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and cryptococcal meningitis (3210), kaposi's sarcoma of unspecified (1769), and pneumocystosis (1363) are highly correlated. Human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420) and specified infections causing other specified infections (0421), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), pneumocystosis (1363), kaschin-beck disease (7160), kaposi's sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), with specified malignant neoplasms (0422), and falciparum malaria (0840) are highly correlation. cache = ./cache/cord-017831-anadq4j9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017831-anadq4j9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018058-n3majqes author = Modrow, Susanne title = Historical Overview date = 2013-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5376 sentences = 262 flesch = 46 summary = Many of the steps that characterize a viral infection were first discovered in experiments with bacterial viruses: such processes include attachment and penetration, the reproduction-cycledependent regulation of gene expression that results in early and late synthesized proteins, and lysogeny, which is associated with the existence of prophages. Besides the importance for tumour virus research, these observations aroused interest in the question concerning the basis of the high susceptibility of newborn animals to viral infections, and suggested investigations on the innate resistance of an organism to infections as well as the time and the causes of its formation. Between 1918 and 1920, a pandemic emerging viral disease, Spanish flu, claimed more than 20 million lives, i.e., more than in the First World War. After cultivation of the virus responsible in embryonated chicken eggs in 1933, their haemagglutinating properties were discovered in 1941 (i.e., their ability to agglutinate red blood cells), thereby laying the basis for the development of haemagglutination tests to detect viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018785-tcr5xlf8 author = Nambiar, Puja title = Infection in Kidney Transplantation date = 2018-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9364 sentences = 506 flesch = 36 summary = The immunosuppressive therapy required to prevent organ rejection places the kidney transplant recipient at increased risk for donor-derived, nosocomial, and community-acquired infections as well as reactivation of latent pathogens. The immunosuppressive therapy required to prevent organ rejection places the kidney transplant recipient at increased risk for donor-derived, nosocomial, and community-acquired infections as well as reactivation of latent pathogens. The risk factors for development of CMV disease include donor seropositivity/recipient seronegativity(Dþ/RÀ), use of induction immunosuppression (antilymphocyte antibodies), donor age >60 years, simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation, treatment for acute rejection, impaired transplant function, and concurrent infection from other viruses (like EBV and HHV-6 and 7) (De Keyzer et al. The risk factors for PTLD include EBV naïve recipients who receive EBV seropositive organs, active primary EBV infection, younger recipient, coinfection by CMV and other viruses, prior splenectomy, second transplant, acute or chronic graft versus host disease, immunosuppressive drug regimen (OKT3 or polyclonal antilymphocyte antibody), and the type of organ transplanted. cache = ./cache/cord-018785-tcr5xlf8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018785-tcr5xlf8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018461-lq1m9h41 author = Elgazzar, Abdelhamid H. title = Inflammation date = 2014-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10121 sentences = 639 flesch = 44 summary = Exudate should be differentiated from "transudate," which is a fl uid with low protein Facilitates phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages (opsonization of bacteria) Kinin system Bradykinin included in the system is the most important vascular permeability factor, also a mediator for pain which is a major feature of acute infl ammation Coagulation factors It may be followed in some organisms by necrosis and liquefaction and walling off of the pus, which results in abscess formation that can be present with both acute and chronic infl ammation. F-18 fl uorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) has emerged as an important diagnostic agent for infectious and noninfectious soft tissue and skeletal infl ammations including infl ammatory bowel disease, fevers of unknown origin, rheumatologic disorders, tuberculosis infection, fungal infection, pneumonia, abscess, postarthroplasy infections, chronic and vertebral osteomyelitis, sarcoidosis, and chemotherapy-induced pneumonitis [ 72 -74 ] . cache = ./cache/cord-018461-lq1m9h41.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018461-lq1m9h41.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018208-sc8j1ate author = Qu, Bo title = The Accuracy of Mean-Field Approximation for Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible Epidemic Spreading with Heterogeneous Infection Rates date = 2016-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4157 sentences = 233 flesch = 56 summary = Moreover, given the same actual prevalence, NIMFA performs better in the cases: 1) when the variance of the i.i.d. infection rates is smaller (while the average is unchanged); 2) when the correlation between the infection rate and the nodal degree is positive. Our work suggests the conditions when the mean-field approach, in particular NIMFA, is more accurate in the approximation of the SIS epidemic with heterogeneous infection rates. In particular, we compare the average fraction y ∞ of infected nodes as a function of the effective infection rate τ computed by NIMFA to that obtained by the continuous-time simulations of the exact SIS model when the infection rates are heterogeneous but the recovery rate is the same for all nodes. In this paper, we aim to understand how the correlation influences the accuracy of NIMFA by comparing the average fraction y ∞ of infected nodes obtained by NIMFA and the simulations of the exact SIS model. cache = ./cache/cord-018208-sc8j1ate.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018208-sc8j1ate.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017959-g0nf1iwm author = Lipkin, W. Ian title = Diagnosis, Discovery and Dissection of Viral Diseases date = 2014-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5016 sentences = 216 flesch = 37 summary = Nested PCR tests that can employ consensus or specifi c primers in two sequential amplifi cation reactions with either one (hemi-nested) or two (fully nested) primers located 3′ with respect to the fi rst primer set may both accommodate sequence variation and be more sensitive than fl uorescent or beacon-based singleplex assays. Whereas multiplex PCR systems support rapid highthroughput diagnosis with highest sensitivity for a limited number of agents, microarray-based systems provide detection of all known pathogens for which sequence information is available, but at the expense of some degree of sensitivity. Development of a respiratory virus panel test for detection of twenty human respiratory viruses by use of multiplex PCR and a fl uid microbead-based assay MassTag polymerasechain-reaction detection of respiratory pathogens, including a new rhinovirus genotype, that caused infl uenza-like illness in New York State during cache = ./cache/cord-017959-g0nf1iwm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017959-g0nf1iwm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017862-9fkjjmvf author = Smith, Roger P. title = Respiratory Disorders date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6045 sentences = 342 flesch = 51 summary = Only 12-25% of all "sore throats" seen by physicians have a true pharyngitis-most are simple viral upper respiratory infections such as the common cold. infl uenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, and Allergens such as pollens, molds, animal dander, dust mites, and cockroaches Irritants such as strong odors and sprays, chemicals, air pollutants, tobacco smoke, and cold air Viral or sinus infections including colds, pneumonia, and sinusitis Exercise, especially in cold, dry air Gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acid fl ows back up the esophagus Medication and foods Emotional anxiety others) is the most common source of infection for most patients. Infl uenza, rubeola and rubella, Mycoplasma pneumonia, group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections, and allergic rhinitis may all be confused with the common cold and should be considered when appropriate. When a common cold has lasted for 7-10 days and is no better or worse, acute bacterial sinusitis may have developed and additional medical care may be required. cache = ./cache/cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017575-msc99cit author = Andersen, Bjørg Marit title = Dangerous Microbes date = 2018-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2240 sentences = 178 flesch = 51 summary = The most dangerous microbes for humans are those that are easily transmitted, virulent and invasive to the central organs like the blood and lung, robust survivors in the environment, have a low infection dose and are without any specific treatment or vaccine [2] [3] [4] [5] . The most dangerous microbes for humans are those that are easily transmitted, virulent and invasive to the central organs like the blood and lung, robust survivors in the environment, have a low infection dose and are without any specific treatment or vaccine [2] [3] [4] [5] . They easily spread via contact and air from animals and food, survive in the environment for months especially during colder seasons, are very easily transmitted and may cause nosocomial infections, chronic febris undulans, septicaemia and lung diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-017575-msc99cit.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017575-msc99cit.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018220-8m11ig06 author = Duncan, Coley B. title = Viral Infections date = 2009-02-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6477 sentences = 324 flesch = 45 summary = The recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) 2007 relating to the elderly, include vaccination of all persons ³ 50 years, vaccination of residents of nursing homes and chronic-care facilities, vaccination of healthcare personnel, and vaccination of healthy household contacts (including children) and caregivers of adults ³ 50 years (3) . In a prospective study from Rochester, NY, using a combination of viral culture, RT-PCR and serology for diagnosis, RSV infection was documented in 3-7% of 608 healthy elderly and 4-10% of adults with chronic cardiopulmonary conditions over four winter seasons (16) . In healthy elderly patients and in adults with chronic pulmonary disease, low serum neutralizing antibody titers are associated with increased risk of hospitalization with RSV infection suggesting a vaccine may be beneficial. Although PIV infections are not commonly documented in older adults, several studies of community-acquired pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations implicate PIV as a cause in 2-17% of cases (25, 26) . cache = ./cache/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017867-8cn4c6cu author = Collántes-Fernández, Esther title = Trichomonas date = 2017-11-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24060 sentences = 1231 flesch = 48 summary = In addition, the OIE Terrestrial Manual also provides recommendations for PCR analyses, which can be applied in combination either with or after culture as an ancillary test or-more often-direct as the primary test to examine bovine samples-i.e., preputial material, uterine or vaginal secretions, or abomasal content of aborted fetuses. In bovine tritrichomonosis cultivation became an important diagnostic tool, because parasite numbers in bovine samples-e.g., preputial smegma or cervico-vaginal mucus-are usually too low to be detected by direct microscopy and a multiplication of parasites after a few days of cultivation increases the chance to find infected bulls. Sensitivity and specificity of culture and PCR of smegma samples of bulls experimentally infected with Tritrichomonas foetus Evaluation of a PCR test for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in bulls: effects of sample collection method, storage and transport medium on the test Comparison of sampling and culture methods for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in bulls cache = ./cache/cord-017867-8cn4c6cu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017867-8cn4c6cu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017331-ru7mvfc0 author = Samanta, Indranil title = Infectious Diseases date = 2017-02-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 37735 sentences = 2273 flesch = 45 summary = The chapter includes history, etiology, susceptible hosts, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, lesion, diagnosis, zoonosis, Treatment and control strategy of Tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Chlamydiosis, Campylobacteriosis, Lyme disease, other bacterial infection, Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza infection, West Nile Virus infection, Usutu virus infection, Avian Borna Virus infection, Beak and feather disease, other viral infection, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, other parasitic infection, Cryptococcosis, Aspergillosis, Other fungal infections. Clinical samples include faeces or cloacal swabs, blood/serum of live birds and affected tissues, such as liver, spleen, heart, intestine/caeca, lung, esophagus/crop, brain and kidney in 10% buffered formalin. Non-specific clinical symptoms such as neurological signs (head between legs), depression, ruffled feathers, and standing at the bottom of the cage are observed in pet birds with AIV infection (Fig. 2.13) . The virus is detected in brain, heart, liver, kidney, lungs, and intestinal tissues of laboratory mice and naturally infected birds. cache = ./cache/cord-017331-ru7mvfc0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017331-ru7mvfc0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017583-72mbsib7 author = Devarajan, Padma V. title = Infectious Diseases: Need for Targeted Drug Delivery date = 2014-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8877 sentences = 531 flesch = 32 summary = The adaptive mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survive inside the macrophages are prevention of fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes by producing tryptophan-aspartate-containing coat protein (TACO). In case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, alveolar macrophages (dust cells), along with dendritic cells engulf bacteria and exhibit innate as well as an adaptive immune response. Infection of macrophages leads to changes in the expression pattern of the concerned receptors, which can be exploited for targeted drug delivery employing nanocarriers. Table 3 .6 is a summary of the important receptors on macrophages and illustrative examples of ligands for the same that could play a role in designing targeted nanocarriers for infectious disease therapy. Targeted drug delivery to enhance effi cacy and shorten treatment duration in disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in mi host factors infl uencing the preferential localization of sterically stabilized liposomes in klebsiella pneumoniae-infected rat lung tissue Targeted intracellular delivery of antituberculosis drugs to mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages via functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles cache = ./cache/cord-017583-72mbsib7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017583-72mbsib7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017364-d9zmdm23 author = Crowe, James E. title = Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus date = 2014-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18331 sentences = 897 flesch = 37 summary = A virus causing a similar cytopathic effect in cultured cells was recovered from infants with respiratory illness shortly after, and studies of human antibodies in the serum of infants and children indicated that infection was common early in life [ 1 , 2 ] . Higher titers of virus in respiratory secretions usually are associated with increased severity of disease, in prospective studies of natural infection [ 114 ] or of clinical vaccine trials [ 115 ] . Most epidemiologic studies of MPV in children show that the virus is the second leading cause of lower respiratory infection after RSV. Acute lower respiratory tract infections by human metapneumovirus in children in Southwest China: a 2-year study The impact of infection with human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viruses in young infants and children at high risk for severe pulmonary disease Comparison of risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children cache = ./cache/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018061-jy3km0fr author = AL KASSAA, Imad title = Antiviral Probiotics: A New Concept in Medical Sciences date = 2016-12-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13236 sentences = 747 flesch = 42 summary = rhamnosus GG (LGG), a famous probiotic strain, was evaluated and showed an anti-infl uenza virus activity on intranasal and oral administration [ 26 , 27 ] . Moreover, the antiviral effect of probiotics by immunomodulatory mechanisms depends on the immune system status, which can be explained in the study conducted by Lehtoranta et al., who showed that the combination of four probiotic strains worked very well in children but not in the elderly [ 61 ] . The role of commensal bacteria in the persistence of enteric viral infections has previously been shown in a series of recent studies published in 2011, using poliovirus, reovirus and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) as EnV models [ 99 -101 ] . Differential effects of Escherichia coli Nissle and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain GG on human rotavirus binding, infection, and B cell immunity cache = ./cache/cord-018061-jy3km0fr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018061-jy3km0fr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020700-iko8gy1e author = Calvo, Cristina title = Respiratory viral infections in a cohort of children during the first year of life and their role in the development of wheezing() date = 2017-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3945 sentences = 228 flesch = 53 summary = INTRODUCTION: It is known that infants with viral respiratory infections severe enough to require hospital admission have a high risk of developing recurrent wheezing. The main aim of this study was to analyse symptomatic and asymptomatic respiratory viral infections during the first year of life in a cohort of infants, recruited at birth, and the development of recurrent wheezing. The objective of our prospective study was to analyse asymptomatic and symptomatic infections of varying severity in a cohort of newborns during the first year of life and assess their role in the development of recurrent wheezing. We defined ''first detected viral infection'' as PCR detecting a respiratory virus in a sample for the first time in the life of a child, whether the infection was asymptomatic, symptomatic and managed at the outpatient level, or symptomatic and requiring hospital admission. cache = ./cache/cord-020700-iko8gy1e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020700-iko8gy1e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018421-wy3mtafh author = Waghmare, Alpana title = Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, and Bocavirus After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation or Solid Organ Transplantation date = 2016-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5430 sentences = 264 flesch = 36 summary = Human rhinoviruses are the most common respiratory viruses detected in the upper respiratory tract of hematopoietic cell transplant and lung transplant recipients, and evidence on the impact on clinical outcomes is mounting. Due to the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for viral detection, HRVs are now known to be the most common viruses detected from respiratory specimens in HCT recipients and can account for 25-40% of cases of viral respiratory infections in these patients [ 2 -4 ] (Figure 32-1 ). In that study, approximately one third of the adult HCT recipients who developed symptomatic HRV infections prior to engraftment had progression of upper respiratory tract symptoms to LRTI, and all cases with pneumonias were fatal. Rhinovirus as a cause of fatal lower respiratory tract infection in adult stem cell transplantation patients: a report of two cases Human Rhinovirus RNA Detection in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Hematopoietic Cell Transplant recipients: Association with Mortality. cache = ./cache/cord-018421-wy3mtafh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018421-wy3mtafh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021399-gs3i7wbe author = Dada, M.A. title = SUDDEN NATURAL DEATH | Infectious Diseases date = 2005-11-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3486 sentences = 213 flesch = 41 summary = Despite the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, a substantial number of sudden and unexpected deaths are caused by infections. Forensic pathologists should be aware of the importance of infectious causes of sudden death in the present era of bioterrorism and emergent and reemergent diseases. Sudden death due to infectious disease may be classified by organ system involvement (e.g., cardiac -myocarditis; nervous system -meningitis and encephalitis) or according to the etiological agent (e.g., viral, chlamydial, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or helminthic) . The common infectious causes of sudden death by organ system are listed in Table 1 . Viral infections causing sudden death usually involve the cardiac, respiratory, or the central nervous system. Bacterial infections of the respiratory system Sudden death from acute epiglottitis occurs from respiratory obstruction caused by swelling of the epiglottic folds, uvula, and vocal cords. cache = ./cache/cord-021399-gs3i7wbe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021399-gs3i7wbe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021552-6jbm869r author = HURST, CHRISTON J. title = Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses date = 2007-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7828 sentences = 395 flesch = 43 summary = Viral replication ~ at the individual host level, the primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the cervix, conjunctiva, pharynx, small intestine, and urethra; the secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the brain, kidney, lungs, and lymph nodes; at the host population level, these viruses generally are endemic and initially acquired at a very early age, with the infections very often asymptomatic in young children. ~ral replication ~ at the individual host level, primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the small intestine; secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the liver; at the host population level, these tend to be epidemic within human populations; for the hepatitis E virus it seems that acquisition occurs from swine, with the result being epidemics (often very widespread) of human disease; some acquisition from animals may come from eating infected animals; subsequent transmission of all caliciviruses within human populations is by fecally contaminated waste and thus can be very widespread. Alternate hosts: One species of viral family Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus) is known to infect humans, and it seems naturally limited to humans. cache = ./cache/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018545-fk17n2bx author = Dorofaeff, Tavey title = Infections in the PICU date = 2012 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14180 sentences = 981 flesch = 47 summary = Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV, types 1 and 2) (a) Systemic infection in the neonate with shock and coagulopathy and severe liver failure (b) Encephalitis, hepatitis (c) Local (mouth, esophagus, larynx, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, CNS) or systemic disease in organ and stem cell transplant and immunocompromised patients 2. Pneumonia means inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by infection and the diagnosis is made clinically in a febrile child with respiratory signs and symptoms who has evidence of consolidation on CXR. • Development of an empyema or less commonly a lung abscess • Underlying lung disease such as: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD, in ex-premies), cystic fibrosis, inhaled foreign body, tracheobronchomalacia or post tracheal surgery, or infected congenital lung cyst • Diagnosed or undiagnosed immunodeficiency states (primary, HIV, leukemia) • Children with neuromuscular diseases, weakness, or spasticity such as muscular dystrophies, myasthenia, spinal muscular atrophy, or cerebral palsy • Inappropriate antibiotics, inappropriately low dose or resistant bacteria • Non bacterial pneumonia (viral pneumonia or alternative pathogen such as Tuberculosis) cache = ./cache/cord-018545-fk17n2bx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018545-fk17n2bx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018555-3lta1tbp author = Overstreet, Robin M. title = Host–Symbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from Guest to Pest date = 2016-01-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15626 sentences = 706 flesch = 47 summary = We provide examples involving multiple triggers for organisms associated with termites, for an endemic virus being affected by multiple factors and having multiple effects on its commercial penaeid shrimp hosts, and for contrasting variables associated with two exotic viruses in wild and cultured commercial penaeid shrimps with an emphasis on hypothesizing how the pathogenicity developed in these two viruses. Atypical temperatures, such as warm water associated with power plants, can cause infections of a specific parasite during periods when the hosts are more likely to be consumed by predators, more susceptible to disease, or more susceptible to interactions among parasites that can occur and result in unusual pathogenic conditions. The transformation triggers phenotypic and behavioral changes specifically attracting infective specimens to predatory birds in which the trematode matures considerable detail the host-symbiont relationships affecting the outcome of pathogenic viruses in populations of commercial penaeid shrimp. cache = ./cache/cord-018555-3lta1tbp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018555-3lta1tbp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017622-aqhyt7jg author = Robertson, Lucy J. title = Cryptosporidiosis in Farmed Animals date = 2013-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22789 sentences = 1311 flesch = 51 summary = Cryptosporidiosis was first identified as a disease of veterinary, rather than human medical, importance, and infection of farmed animals with different species of Cryptosporidium continues to be of veterinary clinical concern. This chapter provides insights into Cryptosporidium infection in a range of farmed animals – cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cervids, camelids, rabbits, water buffalo and poultry – presenting not only an updated overview of the infection in these animals, but also information on clinical disease, infection dynamics and zoonotic potential. Although extensive data have been accrued on, for example, Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves, and calf cryptosporidiosis continues to be a major veterinary concern especially in temperate regions, there remains a paucity of data for other farmed animals, despite Cryptosporidium infection causing significant clinical disease and also, for some species, with the potential for transmission of infection to people, either directly or indirectly. cache = ./cache/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019977-kj0eaw6v author = nan title = Neonatal bacterial infection: A changing scene? date = 2005-04-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1331 sentences = 71 flesch = 48 summary = This time period coincided with the entry of paediatricians to newborn nurseries on a much larger scale than hitherto, with an increase in the use of antimicrobial drugs, and with the introduction of apparatus such as incubators, resuscitation and suction units, the humidification parts of which often harboured Gramnegative organisms, all capable of causing lethal disease in the infant. During the half century under review, mortality from neonatal bacteraemia fell from 9o per cent in the period I928-I933, ~ to z6 per cent in I966-I978 ;6 and the proportion of isolates recorded as recovered in the first 48 hours of life (early infections) increased from IO per cent to 57 per cent of the total respectively. 16 Clostridium difficile and its toxin may be present in the stools of many well newborn babies, but this organism has not been implicated in the genesis of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis as it has been with pseudomembranous colitis. cache = ./cache/cord-019977-kj0eaw6v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019977-kj0eaw6v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018808-h2zb87oa author = Tantawichien, Terapong title = Dengue date = 2018-03-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7329 sentences = 333 flesch = 39 summary = After an incubation period of 4-8 days, infection by any dengue virus can produce a wide spectrum of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic or subclinical infection to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever (DF), and severe forms of the disease associated with plasma leakage (dengue hemorrhage fever: DHF), dengue shock syndrome (DSS), severe bleeding, encephalopathy, and multi-organ failure [35] . The clinical spectrum of dengue infection ranges from mild illness (undifferentiated fever, non-severe DF) to the life-threatening severe forms of the disease with plasma leakage (DHF/DSS), severe bleeding, or multi-organ failure, which may be fatal. The unusual manifestations of dengue infection have been recognized including severe internal hemorrhage, fulminant hepatic failure, encephalopathy, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmia, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis, appendicitis, coinfection with other viruses or tropical infectious diseases, and neurological complications (e.g., altered consciousness, seizures, paresis, and coma resulting from encephalitis and encephalopathy) [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] . The clinical spectrum of dengue ranges from mild illness (undifferentiated fever and DF) to the life-threatening infection (DHF/DSS, severe bleeding, and multi-organ failure), which may be fatal. cache = ./cache/cord-018808-h2zb87oa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018808-h2zb87oa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019964-9leljj8j author = nan title = Recent research in infectious disease date = 2005-01-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6108 sentences = 319 flesch = 47 summary = These patients had significantly longer hospital stays (mean, 27.2 versus 19.4 days) and a higher risk of having Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (8.3% versus 1.9%), infection-related death (23.3% versus 13.6%), and all-cause mortality (30.8% versus 19.4%) than patients whose empiric therapy was appropriate. Data were available from three endocervical swabs and a urine specimen collected from each of 1,412 women and tested by three different NAATs. Results from all three assays were used equally in a rotating fashion to define the infected-patient gold standard. Multiple different infectedpatient gold standards for estimating swab and urine specimen sensitivity and specificity for one NAAT method were created by varying the number and combinations of swab and urine comparator results with two different NAATs, The effect of changing the infected-patient gold standard definition was determined by constructing receiver-operator-like curves with calculated sensitivities and specificities for each test. LOUIS (MD Consult)-Some studies suggest antiretroviral therapy is a risk factor for gynecomastia in men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. cache = ./cache/cord-019964-9leljj8j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019964-9leljj8j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022084-hap7flng author = ARRUDA, EURICO title = Respiratory Tract Viral Infections date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19181 sentences = 1041 flesch = 43 summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the immunization of persons aged 50 years and older; residents of nursing homes; children and adults with chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, including asthma; persons chronically ill with diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, or hemoglobinopathies; immunosuppressed patients including those with HIV infection; children and adolescents on chronic aspirin therapy who may develop postinfluenza Reye' s syndrome; women who will be pregnant during the influenza season; children aged 6 to 23 months; those who can transmit influenza to persons at high risk, such as health-care workers and household contacts of those at high risk including children 0 to 23 months of age; crew members of cruise ships; providers of essential services; and unimmunized travelers to areas where influenza may be circulating, including the tropics, the southern hemisphere between April and September, and those traveling in large organized tourist groups. cache = ./cache/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019089-oots4fe4 author = Laya, Bernard F. title = Infections date = 2013-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5442 sentences = 322 flesch = 37 summary = Imaging can also help evaluate complications to pneumonia and exclude other causes of respiratory distress including underlying developmental anomalies, foreign body, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and aspiration. Viruses are the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia in infants older than 4 months and in preschool-aged children, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common. For school-aged children (6-16 years old), the incidence of bacterial infections from Streptococcus increases, although viral disease remains the most common cause (Condon 1991 ; Ostapchuk et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes 30 % of lower respiratory tract infections in school-aged children (Condon 1991 ; Donnelly 2001 ) . However, lung parenchymal, pleural, and lymph node infl ammatory abnormalities can be visualized and characterized by MRI in children with pulmonary infections. Swine-origin infl uenza A (H1N1) viral infection in children: initial chest radiographic fi ndings cache = ./cache/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020560-jnemlabp author = Tewari, Hemant title = Severe Tropical Infections date = 2012-03-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 927 sentences = 77 flesch = 53 summary = Close monitoring and supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment in most of these infections, but some of them have specific therapies. Close monitoring and supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment in most of these infections, but some of them have speci fi c therapies. Close monitoring and general organ • support in the initial days or weeks of viremia or parasitemia will salvage many patients. Step 6: Initiate empirical therapy based on initial presentation Speci fi c therapy is available only for a few tropical infections. Step 7: Start speci fi c treatment once the diagnosis is con fi rmed Dengue • A protocol for intravenous fl uid therapy has been developed by the World -Health Organization (WHO). Close clinical observation is essential, even after normal blood volume is restored, because patients can develop shock for 1-2 days after initial fl uid resuscitation, which represents the period of increased vascular permeability in dengue hemorrhagic fever. cache = ./cache/cord-020560-jnemlabp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020560-jnemlabp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021465-2pj26fmv author = PERDUE, MICHAEL L. title = Impact of Avian Viruses date = 2007-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14076 sentences = 696 flesch = 46 summary = Although there is variation in the economic or ecological impact of various viral groups from year to year and among geographic sites, the "Top Ten" list of virus groups exhibiting routine significant impact on commercial poultry worldwide (not necessarily in order of impact) are paramyxoviruses (Newcastle disease); coronaviruses (infectious bronchitis); herpesviruses (infectious laryngotracheitis; Marek's disease; duck enteritis); reoviruses (viral arthritis); picornaviruses (avian encephalomyelitis); adenoviruses (egg drop syndrome); retroviruses (lymphoid leukosis); orthomyxoviruses (avian influenza); poxviruses (fowlpox); and birnaviruses (infectious bursal disease). With the recent documented transmission of a lethal avian influenza virus from commercial poultry to humans, these ecological relationships take on new significance. Lymphomas caused by MDV and retroviruses are still the most common viral neoplastic diseases of poultry, and a recent increase in mortality and evolution of more virulent MDV strains indicates that the impact of these viruses will continue to be felt (Witter, 1996) . cache = ./cache/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019009-3ngfv96u author = Gea-Banacloche, Juan title = Risks and Epidemiology of Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation date = 2016-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8485 sentences = 401 flesch = 32 summary = Several characteristics of the transplant infl uence the risk of infection: the conditioning preparative regimen, the source of stem cells, the degree of HLA identity between donor and recipient, and the prophylactic strategy adopted to prevent GVHD (use of T cell depletion or immunosuppressive medications). These factors may result in increased risk of infections associated with T cell immunodefi ciency, like CMV, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Risk factors for recurrence of invasive fungal infection during secondary antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Impact of the intensity of the pretransplantation conditioning regimen in patients with prior invasive aspergillosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective survey of the infectious diseases working party of the european group for blood and marrow transplantation Infl iximab use in patients with severe graftversus-host disease and other emerging risk factors of noncandida invasive fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cohort study cache = ./cache/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021588-ec7udsmw author = Craighead, John E. title = Enteric Viral Disease date = 2007-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3474 sentences = 188 flesch = 45 summary = This virus and its soon-to-be-discovered close relatives (the so-called Norwalk-like viruses [NLVs]) proved to be important causes of explosive outbreaks of diarrhea in both children and adults. But, this painstaking approach has now yielded evidence to indicate that viruses of at least six families may contribute to enteric illness in children and in adult citizens whose immunity has waned (Figure 32.1, Table 32 .1). The etiological role of these viruses as a cause of intestinal disease was established by demonstrating a temporal association of naturally occurring infections (as demonstrated by stool examination using electron microscopy) with illness and by experimental induction of disease in both human volunteers and experimental animals (Hall et al, 1984) . Volunteer studies have yielded important histological and ultrastructural documentation of the profound but relatively transient changes that occur in the mucosa of the small intestine during the course of infections with NLVs (Agus ei al, 1973; Schreiber ei al, 1973 Schreiber ei al, , 1974 Dolin ei al, 1975) . cache = ./cache/cord-021588-ec7udsmw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021588-ec7udsmw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018302-lmly43rd author = Renaud, Christian title = Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Transplant Recipients date = 2016-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10500 sentences = 459 flesch = 30 summary = Respiratory viral infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause infections in immunocompromised transplant patients ranging from mild upper respiratory infections to severe lower respiratory tract disease with respiratory failure. Surveillance studies of respiratory viruses from transplant centers have established the high frequency and the signifi cant clinical impact of respiratory viral infections in HSCT recipients overall [ 8 -15 , 46 , 47 ] as well as the relative importance of RSV in terms of morbidity and mortality (Table 31 -2 ). A retrospective MDACC study of confi rmed RSV infections in 280 allogeneic HSCT recipients from 1996 to 2009 utilized multivariable logistic regression to demonstrate that lack of ribavirin aerosol therapy at the upper respiratory tract disease stage was an important risk factor associated with RSV LRTI and all-cause mortality [ 99 ] . cache = ./cache/cord-018302-lmly43rd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018302-lmly43rd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018319-tylkbh4h author = Chemaly, Roy F. title = Respiratory Viruses date = 2011-01-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8852 sentences = 467 flesch = 37 summary = Historically, the most common causes of respiratory infections in cancer patients were thought to be opportunistic bacteria and fungi, but newer diagnostic methods have revealed that respiratory viruses can cause serious morbidity and mortality in such patients, including leukemia patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Many viruses are known to cause respiratory tract infections, but the most common in hospitalized cancer patients are influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza viruses (PIV) [1, 2] . Although the combination of ribavirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or palivizumab has not been evaluated in a randomized trial, it is sometimes used in severely ill patients with RSV pneumonia, especially HSCT recipients, given that they have high mortality rates from this infection [3, 11, 14] . However, because other viruses can produce the same syndrome and influenza infection can produce other respiratory syndromes, a confirmatory test detecting the virus or viral antigens in nasal washes, throat swabs, respiratory tract secretions, or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens is needed in sporadic cases and in immunocompromised patients. cache = ./cache/cord-018319-tylkbh4h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018319-tylkbh4h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021571-7kbq0v9w author = Heath, Joan A. title = Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control date = 2009-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21244 sentences = 1014 flesch = 41 summary = The fact that a hand hygiene campaign was associated with increased hand hygiene compliance and a lower rate of CONS-positive cultures supports this ~ontention.'~ Enterococcus has been shown to account for 10% of total nosocomial infections in neonates, 6% to 15% of bloodstream infections, 0% to 5% of cases of pneumonia, 17% of urinary tract infections, and 9% of surgical site Sepsis and meningitis are common manifestations of enterococcal infection during NICU outbreak^'^,^^; however, polymicrobial bacteremia and NEC frequently accompany enterococcal sepsis.77 Identified risk factors for enterococcal sepsis, after adjustment for birth weight, include use of a nonumbilical CVC, prolonged presence of a CVC, and bowel resection?' Because Enterococcus colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can survive for long periods of time on inanimate surfaces, the patient's environment may become contaminated and, along with the infant, serve as a reservoir for ongoing spread of the organism. cache = ./cache/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018659-rxzy6k3b author = Danziger-Isakov, Lara title = Posttransplant Complications and Comorbidities date = 2018-01-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6901 sentences = 340 flesch = 33 summary = cenocepacia has been associated with increased posttransplant mortality (relative risk 8.4) with one study reporting 1-year survival of 29% compared to 92% in those uninfected and is considered by many centers as a contraindication to transplant (Shoham and Shah 2013) . Risk factors for invasive disease include ischemia at the anastomosis site, single lung transplant, hypogammaglobulinemia, placement of bronchial stent, CMV infection, and colonization (Robertson et al. Treatment of invasive fungal infection in pediatric lung transplant recipients should include input from an infectious diseases specialist particularly regarding drug choice and dosage. Epidemiology and Risk Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients and particularly lung transplant recipients are at increased risk of medical complications and mortality when acquiring common respiratory viral infections (Manuel et al. There are no other vaccines available for the prevention of respiratory infection in most pediatric lung transplant recipients. Posttransplant, infections remain a significant factor causing both morbidity and mortality in pediatric lung transplant recipients. cache = ./cache/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022252-9yiuuye3 author = Mims, Cedric A. title = Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage date = 2013-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28864 sentences = 1432 flesch = 48 summary = A few viruses are remarkable because they cause no pathological changes at all in the cell, even during a productive infection in which infectious virus particles are produced. Primary consideration will be given to those substances which are produced under ecologically significant conditions (i.e. in the natural host or relevant animal model) and cause (also in biologically relevant systems) damage to cells or tissues thereby contributing to disease. Here we consider toxins which act on extracellular substances and are responsible for many of the main features of the diseases caused by the infecting organism. Circulating immune complexes are also deposited in the walls of small blood vessels in the skin and elsewhere, where they may induce inflammatory changes.* The prodromal rashes seen in exanthematous virus infections and in hepatitis B are probably caused in this way. cache = ./cache/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022122-6ssdamhp author = Berry, Winter S. title = Otitis, Sinusitis, and Mastoiditis: Ear or Facial Pain Following a Common Cold date = 2018-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7004 sentences = 383 flesch = 41 summary = The presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergic rhinitis, and viral upper respiratory infections can all lead to inflammation of the eustachian tube and surrounding tissues resulting in the presence of increased secretions in the middle ear that accumulates because the eustachian tube is not fully patent [2] [3] [4] . The most common bacterial causes of AOM include Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. S. aureus should be included on the list of possible infecting agents in patients who have tympanostomy tubes, as these medical devices serve as a conduit between the bacteria normally present in the EAC and the middle ear. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is a more precise name for the condition caused by bacterial pathogens, and like AOM, it typically occurs when drainage is impaired secondary to the inflammation associated with a recent viral infection. cache = ./cache/cord-022122-6ssdamhp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022122-6ssdamhp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022103-4zk8i6qb author = Siegel, Jane D. title = Pediatric Healthcare Epidemiology date = 2017-07-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12633 sentences = 562 flesch = 30 summary = A series of IPC guidelines have been developed and updated at varying intervals by the HICPAC/CDC, IDSA, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), American Academy of Pediatrics, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, and others to provide evidence-based and rated recommendations for practices that are associated with reduced rates of HAIs, especially those infections associated with the use of medical devices and surgical procedures. (2) clinical microbiology laboratory services needed to support infection control outbreak investigations, including ability to perform molecular diagnostic testing; (3) data-mining programs and information technology specialists; (4) multidisciplinary programs to ensure judicious use of antimicrobial agents and control of resistance; (5) development of effective educational information for delivery to HCP, patients, families, and visitors; and (6) local and state health department resources for preparedness. cache = ./cache/cord-022103-4zk8i6qb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022103-4zk8i6qb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018907-c84t1bo5 author = Bin-Hussain, Ibrahim title = Infections in the Immunocompromised Host date = 2012 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3646 sentences = 170 flesch = 29 summary = In providing empirical antibiotic therapy in patient with pulmonary infiltrate and defect in cell-mediated immunity one need to consider Pneumocystis jiroveci, nocardia, legionella, mycoplasma, in addition to aerobic Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli therefore it is advised to use trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, macrolides including erythromycin or clarithromycin and agent active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative; for example, thirdgeneration cephalosporin with or without aminoglycoside with anti-Gram-positive either nafcillin or vancomycin based on the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The factors influencing antimicrobial selection include the types of bacterial isolates found in the institution, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, drug allergies, presence of organ dysfunction, chemotherapeutic regimen whether the patient was receiving prophylactic antibiotics, and condition of the patient at diagnosis, for example, presence of signs and symptoms at initial evaluation and presence of documented sites requiring additional therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021770-zn7na974 author = Slifka, Mark K. title = Passive Immunization date = 2017-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12134 sentences = 610 flesch = 31 summary = [26] [27] [28] [29] Recent studies verify these earlier results, demonstrating a 90% to 91% vaccine efficacy against whooping cough among infants younger than 2 months of nonlymphoid tissues and to penetrate mucosal sites of infection is likely to explain why it is often considered the best immunoglobulin isotype for routine passive immunization and has shown clinical benefit ranging from reduced clinical symptoms to nearly complete protection from lethal infection in a number of infectious disease models (Table 8 .3). 118 With the recent development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that show protective efficacy against tularemia in animal models, [119] [120] [121] it may be possible to incorporate both passive immunotherapy and antibiotic treatment into clinical practice not only for tularemia, but for other bacterial diseases, especially in cases in which antibiotic resistance is becoming more widespread. cache = ./cache/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021966-5m21bsrw author = Shaw, Alan R. title = Vaccines date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21170 sentences = 897 flesch = 33 summary = Because a number of proteins produced in isolation by recombinant methods have been observed to elicit lower immune responses than do natural infections or live attenuated vaccines, the development and use of adjuvants to optimize recombinant vaccine immunogenicity represent an important parallel area for future exploration. Modern molecular biology and biochemistry have provided numerous options for vaccine immunogen presentation, including recombinant proteins (and recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs)), synthetic proteins, protein-polysaccharide conjugates, and gene delivery systems (recombinant viral vectors, or DNA vaccines) >> Is the antigen of interest sufficiently immunogenic on its own, or is augmentation of the desired immune response by conjugation to a specific carrier or addition of an adjuvant necessary to elicit a sufficient and sufficiently durable immune response in individuals in the target population for vaccination? cache = ./cache/cord-021966-5m21bsrw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021966-5m21bsrw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022305-uvor9rts author = Jacoby, Robert O. title = Viral Diseases date = 2013-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15852 sentences = 898 flesch = 46 summary = The number of viruses known to be naturally infectious for laboratory rats is small, and most cause inapparent infections which usually are detected by serological monitoring (Table I) . Significance: Latent, vertically-transmissible agent isolated from submaxillary gland; no signs or lesions; induces HAI antibody; unre lated antigenically to rat coronaviruses or cytomegalovirus; must dif ferentiate isolates from coronaviruses, cytomegaloviruses C. Infected rats excrete virus from the respiratory tract for about 7 days, at which time anti-SDAV antibody is first detectable in serum by either NT or CF tests ( Fig. 30 and Table V) (61) . Infections of SDAV or RCV can be diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, lesions, and serological profiles of NT and CF antibody and confirmed by isolation of the causative virus. The pathogenesis and lesions of natural and experimental Sendai virus infection have been well described for mice (2, 132, 160) , but only limited information on rats is available. cache = ./cache/cord-022305-uvor9rts.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022305-uvor9rts.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021069-v9f9874x author = Morrison, Lynda A. title = Viral pathogenesis and central nervous system infection date = 2004-11-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3816 sentences = 201 flesch = 37 summary = Stages in viral pathogenesis defined as (1) virus entry, (2) spread, (3) tropism, (4) virulence and injury to the host, and (5) the outcome of infection are discussed for viral infections in general and those aspects unique to infections of the central nervous system . Stages in viral pathogenesis defined as (1) virus entry, (2) spread, (3) tropism, (4) virulence and injury to the host, and (5) the outcome of infection are discussed for viral infections in general and those aspects unique to infections of the central nervous system . Genetic determinants of disease susceptibility have been found for infection of mice with strains of most neurotropic viruses, in at least one case of coronavirus reflecting lack of a gene encoding a virus receptor protein . cache = ./cache/cord-021069-v9f9874x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021069-v9f9874x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022176-hprwqi4n author = Löscher, Thomas title = Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2009-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8287 sentences = 384 flesch = 46 summary = Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). cache = ./cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022254-8y5sq72c author = Nathanson, Neal title = IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND VIRUS INFECTION OF RODENTS date = 2012-12-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3210 sentences = 172 flesch = 35 summary = One example of specific deletion is the use of anti-mu antiserum to delete IgM bearing B cells from neonatal animals, thus blocking the B cell arm of the immune response (43-46). Complement plays an important ancillary role as a host defense, since in conjunction with specific antiviral antibody, it can lyse either virions or virus-infected cells (60). The recent development of methods for the cloning of T cells and the culture of T cell lines (88) (89) (90) (91) (92) , has made it possible to study the effect of specific T cell subsets upon virus infection (93) (94) (95) (96) . I. Comparative effectiveness of antibody and reconstitution of immune spleen cells on immunosuppressed mice Protection of mice from fatal herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by adoptive transfer of cloned virusspecific and H-2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes Dual role of the immune response in street rabies virus infection of mice cache = ./cache/cord-022254-8y5sq72c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022254-8y5sq72c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018101-zd4v222b author = Kawashima, Kent title = Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies date = 2016-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13128 sentences = 624 flesch = 45 summary = We will briefly describe some pathogens that cause human disease and their transmission mechanisms before analyzing the SARS 2002-2003 epidemic as a case study of a modern urban epidemic. In general, fecal-oral and vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted through an environmental (water, food) or a biological (animal) carrier that extends transmission range to large distances, but other routes are also possible depending on the specific pathogen. In the following three subsections, we discuss theoretical results on three important aspect of disease outbreak: (1) the effect of "superspreaders" on the probability of outbreak, (2) the impact of control strategies such as isolation and quarantine, and (3) factors that affect the evolution of pathogen virulence. When the host population has a highly heterogeneously connected network, emergence of disease may be rare, but infections that survive stochastic extinction produce "explosive" epidemics similar to the case of SARS in 2002. cache = ./cache/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021977-yu0hrg6h author = Pham, Phuong-Thu T. title = Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient: Infections and Malignant Neoplasms date = 2010-12-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6923 sentences = 390 flesch = 34 summary = Despite prophylactic therapy against common bacterial, viral, and opportunistic pathogens in the perioperative and postoperative period, infections are the second most common cause of death after cardiovascular disease (CVD) in renal transplant recipients. In the setting of immunosuppression, such viral infections may lead to the development of progressive liver disease or cirrhosis (HBV, HCV), BK nephropathy, post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (EBV), or squamous cell carcinoma (papillomavirus). 1 Sources of infections specific to recipients of renal transplant: perinephric fluid collections (e.g., lymphoceles, wound hematomas, urine leaks), indwelling urinary stents, or anatomic or functional genitourinary tract abnormalities (e.g., ureteral stricture, vesicoureteric reflux, neurogenic bladder blood, such as CMV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or pp65 antigenemia during surveillance studies. A suggested CMV prophylaxis protocol is shown in Figure 101 Clinical CMV disease is treated with intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg twice daily for 3 weeks, dose adjusted for renal dysfunction) with reduction of immunosuppression, such as withholding of MMF. cache = ./cache/cord-021977-yu0hrg6h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021977-yu0hrg6h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021424-kocwsyi7 author = Shannon, M. Frances title = Genomic Approaches to the Host Response to Pathogens date = 2009-01-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7277 sentences = 343 flesch = 43 summary = This activation process includes widespread changes in the gene expression profi le of the cells with hundreds of genes being either switched on or off in response to signals generated from the pathogen-detecting TLRs. The response of individual genes has been studied in minute detail for a handful of genes and while this has produced an understanding of some aspects of host response to infection it by no means gives us the total picture. Studies in both animal models and human populations have shown that infectious disease and the response of the host to a specifi c infection also has a complex genetic component ( Clementi and Di Gianantonio, 2006 ; Lipoldova and Demant, 2006 ; Marquet et al., 1996 ; Mira et al., 2004 ) . Expression profi ling studies have been used to investigate the differences in the host response to pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of specifi c infectious agents. cache = ./cache/cord-021424-kocwsyi7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021424-kocwsyi7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019051-gtruu1op author = Weber, Olaf title = The role of viruses in the etiology and pathogenesis of common cold date = 2009-11-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12321 sentences = 734 flesch = 44 summary = Viruses with an established role in common cold are rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses and the respiratory syncytial virus, and these are reviewed in greater detail here. Therefore, the viral etiology and the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of common cold is complex and it is safe to say, not fully understood for each and every virus that is linked to respiratory tract infection. RSV infection is assumed to be frequently misdiagnosed, particularly in adults [56] , because the symptoms are similar to those caused by other respiratory viruses like influenza. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are important causes of respiratory diseases in infants and children. HMPV is thought to be the second or third cause of severe acute respiratory tract infection in children, just ranking behind RSV and influenza virus [146, 148] . Retinoic acid-inducible gene I mediates early Antiviral Response and Toll-like receptor 3 expression in respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells cache = ./cache/cord-019051-gtruu1op.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019051-gtruu1op.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019100-rce6kyu4 author = Heymann, Peter W. title = VIRUS-INDUCED WHEEZING IN CHILDREN: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Rhinovirus date = 1998-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4835 sentences = 237 flesch = 37 summary = Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to measure viral nucleic acid material has provided the opportunity to study virus-induced wheezing among children in greater detail, and investigations of experimental rhinovirus infections in adults have demonstrated how this virus can augment both the early and late phase manifestations of airway hyperreactivity. When nasal washes from another study of children seen in the emergency room were tested using PCR techniques, rhinovirus was again the most common virus associated with wheezing after the age of 2.43 Once again, the combination of allergen-specific IgE antibody and viral infection increased the risk for wheezing (odds ratio = 16.4). cache = ./cache/cord-019100-rce6kyu4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019100-rce6kyu4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021453-vf8xbaug author = Dysko, Robert C. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 41994 sentences = 2688 flesch = 48 summary = The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. cache = ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022380-49oti4zg author = Panlilio, Adelisa L title = Occupational Infectious Diseases date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15592 sentences = 809 flesch = 41 summary = Because infectious diseases may represent the most common cause of time lost from work, it is important for the clinician concerned with occupational medicine to understand the relationship of specific infections to specific work environments and practices, and to give at least as much attention to prevention as to diagnosis and treatment. Susceptible household contacts of infected adults and children pose a transmission risk in the workplace during the period of virus shedding, beginning about 10 days before the development of rash (about 1 week after exposure) until 7 days after rash appears. Varicella vaccination is also recommended for susceptible adolescents and adults who will have close contact with persons at high risk for serious complications of acquired varicella, including healthcare personnel and susceptible family contacts of immunocompromised individuals. The ACIP recommends that all healthcare personnel be immune to varicella, either from a reliable history of prior varicella infection or vaccination, to reduce the risk of infection and its complications, and to decrease the possibility of transmission of varicella zoster virus to patients (Table 22. cache = ./cache/cord-022380-49oti4zg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022380-49oti4zg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022520-ebj51v9o author = Marini, Robert P. title = Biology and Diseases of Ferrets date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19489 sentences = 1211 flesch = 46 summary = Campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative, spirally curved microaerophilic bacterium that is recognized as a significant cause of human enteritis and is as-sociated with diarrheic illness in several animal species, including dogs, cats, cows, goats, pigs, mink, ferrets, and sheep (Carter et al., 1995) . Reports of spontaneous cases in ferrets require diagnostic confirmation and differentiation from cases of proliferative bowel disease and other infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea. Systemic infection with the bovine strain in ferrets results in disseminated disease with weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, death, and miliary lesions involving the lungs and other viscera (Fox, 1998a) . Clinical disease may occur in kits as young as 1-4 days old or in older animals up to 6 weeks of age. Other potential etiologies that have been considered include two infectious agents that are known to cause chronic immune stimulation in affected ferrets, the Aleutian disease virus (ADV) and Helicobacter mustelae. cache = ./cache/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022393-s26d54ew author = E. Newcomer, Christian title = Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17040 sentences = 872 flesch = 42 summary = Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. cache = ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022453-xe5v7947 author = BABIUK, L.A. title = Viral Gastroenteritis in Ruminants date = 2013-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4838 sentences = 253 flesch = 48 summary = Rotavirus infection is generally limited to the small intestine in calves, pigs and humans (Middleton et al., 1974; Mebus and Newman, 1977; McAdaragh et al., 1980) , but antigen can be found in the colon of lambs (Snodgrass et al., 1977) , pigs (Theil et al., 1978) and mice (Little and Shadduck, 1982) . Bovine Coronavirus diarrhea, like rotavirus diarrhea, occurs within 15-24 h p.i. Early in infection the villous epithelial cells appear morphological normal but they contain large amounts of antigen. Since diarrhea occurs before denudation and loss of enterocytes it is postulated that it is a direct result of infection of the cell and the ensuing redirection of cellular functions from absorption to virus replication. Because of the replication in lymphoid tissue this disease can be more severe, especially in small animals, than other viral infections, because of interference with immune responses and damage to the crypts. cache = ./cache/cord-022453-xe5v7947.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022453-xe5v7947.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022119-bzd9e1q6 author = Orzell, Susannah title = Pharyngitis and Pharyngeal Space Infections: fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing date = 2018-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7308 sentences = 416 flesch = 44 summary = Deep neck space infections can also extend directly into the mediastinum or the lungs causing life-threatening mediastinitis or pneumonia, underscoring the importance of early recognition and treatment. The initial approach to a patient with suspected pharyngitis or parapharyngeal space infection, however, should always include a careful assessment for signs of airway compromise. Patients with persistent symptoms, who do not respond to empiric therapy based on the suspected diagnosis of infection, should undergo additional diagnostic testing to evaluate for the presence of the more unusual infectious and noninfectious entities. Deep neck space infections can present as discrete organized abscesses within specific neck spaces, as a soft tissue phlegmons without clearly forming collections of pus, or rarely, as a very rapidly destructive life-threatening process called necrotizing fasciitis. Complications of bacterial pharyngitis and deep neck space infections are uncommon, particularly if appropriate antibiotic therapy has been instituted and immediate surgical concerns have been addressed; however direct extension and invasion into surrounding structures or spaces are always a risk. cache = ./cache/cord-022119-bzd9e1q6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022119-bzd9e1q6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021413-1ht1xm88 author = Kraft, Lisbeth M. title = Viral Diseases of the Digestive System date = 2013-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14259 sentences = 882 flesch = 51 summary = Runner and Palm (1953) , studying C3H mice, indicated that there was a higher incidence of diarrhea in December/January (Kraft, 1961; Blackwell et al., 1966) , complement fixation (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Kapikian et al, 1976; Thouless et al., 1977b) , direct immunofluorescent staining or precipitin (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Spence et al., 1975; Foster α/., 1975; Peterson α/., 1976) , immune electron microscopy (Kapikian et al., 1974; Bridger and Woode, 1975) , immunoelectroosmophoresis (Tufvesson and Johnsson, 1976; Middleton et al., 1976) , enzyme-linked im munosorbent assay (ELISA) (Scherrer and Bernard, 1977; El lens etal., 1978; Yolken etal., 1978a,b,c) , radioimmunoas say (Acres and Babiuk, 1978; Kalica et al., 1977; Middleton et al., 1977) , immunodiffusion (Woode et al., 1976) , hemagglutination inhibition (Fauvel et al., 1978) , enzymelinked fluorescence assay (ELISA) (Yolken and Stopa, 1979) , an unlabeled soluble enzyme peroxidase-antiperoxidase method , plaque reduction test (Estes and Graham, 1980) , serologic trapping on antibody-coated electron microscope grids (Nicolaieff et al., 1980) , a solid phase system (SPACE, solid phase aggregation of coupled erythrocytes) for detection of rotaviruses in feces (Bradbume et al., 1979) , and immune electron microscopy with serum in agar diffusion (Lamontagne et al., 1980) . cache = ./cache/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021499-up5vftj4 author = Brayton, Cory title = Viral Infections date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20925 sentences = 1063 flesch = 43 summary = Depending on inoculation route, dose, strain, and age of mice, experimental infections may result in inflammation or cytomegaly with inclusion bodies in a variety of tissues, pneumonitis, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, or splenic necrosis in susceptible strains (National Research Council, 1991; Osborn, 1982; Percy and Barthold, 2001) . Both strains are apathogenic for adult mice, but the immunosuppressive variant is more pathogenic for neonatal mice than is MMVp. Serological surveys show that the mouse is the primary natural host (Parker et al., 1970; Smith et al., 1993b; Singleton et al., 2000) , but the virus is also infective for rats, hamsters (Garant et al., 1980; Ward and Tattersall, 1982) , and Mastomys (Haag et al., 2000) during foetal development or after parenteral inoculation. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS, and intestine. cache = ./cache/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022203-t2f0vr1w author = Dowers, Kristy L title = The pyrexic cat date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8910 sentences = 761 flesch = 52 summary = Clinical signs are often non-specific and include fever, anorexia and weight loss. Gastrointestinal signs are uncommon in cats compared to dogs, and include chronic diarrhea, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and anorexia. • Dysfunction of any organ system may result from granuloma formation within the tissue of that organ, e.g., liver, kidney, spleen, intestines, lungs, etc., however, organ failure producing clinical signs only rarely occurs, and most dysfunction is only detected on biochemical tests. Clinical signs in the acute, fatal form of extraintestinal disease are caused primarily by tissue damage from the rapidly dividing tachyzoites. • Young kittens are more likely to have gastrointestinal signs, although mild clinical disease has been reported in adult cats as well. Systemic signs, which are not present in all cats, include fever, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and lymphadenopathy. Systemic signs such as fever, anorexia and depression are commonly reported (44% of cats) and can be seen with skin lesions. cache = ./cache/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022337-f3a349cb author = Busse, William W. title = Infections date = 2007-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7599 sentences = 391 flesch = 40 summary = There is also evidence that the viruses which cause wheezing with respiratory tract infections may be age dependent; for example, infants wheeze with RSV while older children have exacerbations of asthma with rhinovirus.^^ To extend these observations. However, as already discussed, the increased frequency of LARs to antigen was still noted 4 weeks after the viral infection, suggesting that a viral respiratory infection has a greater, and possibly more lasting, effect on factors that participate in the development of LARs. Virus-associated airway hyperresponsiveness is a multifactorial process involving a complex interplay of IgE-dependent reactions, epithelial activation or damage, autonomic nervous system dysfunction and, of particular interest and relevance to our discussion, enhanced allergic inflammation."^^ In IgE-mediated reactions, the tissue response, be it the skin, nose or airway, is influenced by I g E sensitization of mast cells and basophils, release of bronchospastic and inflammatory mediators from sensitized cells, and the response of the target organ, which in asthma is bronchial smooth muscle. cache = ./cache/cord-022337-f3a349cb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022337-f3a349cb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022592-g7rmzsv5 author = Wynn, James L. title = Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis date = 2016-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22148 sentences = 1302 flesch = 39 summary = 14, 15, [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] Prematurity, low birth weight (especially infants weighing less than 1,000 g), male sex, a maternal vaginal culture positive for group B streptococcus (GBS), prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal intrapartum fever, and chorioamnionitis are strongly associated with an increased risk for early-onset sepsis. In addition to the initial inflammatory response including complement activation, molecular detection of PAMPs promotes IL-1β and IL-6 production, which in turn increases the production of multiple other innate proteins that possess valuable immune function and serve to reduce pathogen load. Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network cache = ./cache/cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021596-5s8lksxp author = Colegrove, Kathleen M. title = Pinnipediae date = 2018-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10418 sentences = 613 flesch = 39 summary = Hepatic hemosiderosois is seen frequently in several pinniped species including young northern elephant and harbor seals, Hawaiian monk seals, northern fur seals, and CSLs. Mild chronic cholecystitis and portal hepatitis are common findings in wild pinnipeds secondary to trematode infection and trematode-associated pigment accumulation can occur. is most commonly reported in free-ranging pinnipeds including CSLs, harbor, and northern elephant seals along the Pacific coast of North America (Colegrove et al., 2005b; Gulland et al., 1996b) . pinnipedii has not been reported for any phocid species; however, the potential host range is broad and transmission from infected fur seals and sea lions has been described for zoo species, domestic cattle, and humans (Cousins et al., 2003; Kiers et al., 2008; Loeffler et al., 2014; Moser et al., 2008; Thompson et al., 1993; Thorel et al., 1998) . Harbor seals are the most commonly reported species to develop severe fatal disease with infection, and in California subadults and adults are primarily affected (Barbosa et al., 2015; Miller, 2008) . cache = ./cache/cord-021596-5s8lksxp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021596-5s8lksxp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023367-ujflw19b author = Newcomer, Benjamin W. title = Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date = 2020-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 33175 sentences = 2065 flesch = 49 summary = The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. cache = ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023463-vr6uaw3a author = Liu, Wei title = Risk factors for SARS infection among hospital healthcare workers in Beijing: a case control study date = 2009-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3859 sentences = 180 flesch = 47 summary = Objective To evaluate possible severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection associated risk factors in a SARS affected hospital in Beijing by means of a case control study. Results Multivariate analysis confirmed the strong role of performing chest compression (or intubation, which is highly correlated), contact with respiratory secretion, and emergency care experience as risk factors to acquire SARS infection. Measures to prevent nosocomial infection included establishing isolation wards for triage SARS patients; training and monitoring hospital staff in infection-control procedures; active and passive screening of HCWs; enforcement of droplet and contact precautions; and compliance with the use of PPE. In summary, this study identified exposure to high-risk procedures (such as chest compression), and contact with respiratory secretions to be significant risk factors for SARS infection among HCWs in a hospital in Beijing. cache = ./cache/cord-023463-vr6uaw3a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023463-vr6uaw3a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022399-66mzbynu author = Hopkins, Graham title = Basic microbiology date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8602 sentences = 552 flesch = 52 summary = Bacteria are important because of their ubiquity -that is, their ability to infect and multiply in varied environments -and the ability of many types of bacteria to cause disease -their pathogenicity. To reduce problems caused by bacteria, it is important to understand something of their structure, growth, environmental and metabolic requirements, classification, relationship with disease and the particular problems they can cause to the eye. The result is that the cells tend to grow and divide at a slower rate but are more resistant to antibacterial chemicals, viruses (bacteriophages), phagocytes and other adverse agents. As causative organisms of disease, fungi are less important than bacteria and viruses. • Sterilization: the killing or removal of all viable organisms (including bacterial spores) from an object or pharmaceutical product by the use of chemical or physical agents. Developments have led to the introduction of agents that are more effective against the infecting organism and less toxic to the host. cache = ./cache/cord-022399-66mzbynu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022399-66mzbynu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022472-q2qtl26d author = Fishman, Jay A. title = Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10757 sentences = 606 flesch = 35 summary = • Solid organ transplant recipients who are naïve (seronegative) and receive an organ from a seropositive donor (D+/R−) • Solid organ transplant recipients who are seropositive (R+) and receive antilymphocyte antibodies or other intensive immune suppression (e.g., for graft rejection) Symptoms, fever/neutropenia mo (or valacyclovir 500 bid or acyclovir 400 tid) Use of CMV-negative or leukocyte-filtered blood Status unknown with ALS Intravenous ganciclovir 5mg/kg iv for first dose and QD (corrected for renal function) until sero-status determined. • End organ damage (e.g., BK polyomavirus nephropathy, cryoglobulinemia, or cirrhosis from HCV-HBV being relatively well managed at present) • Malignancy (post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease [PTLD] due to EBV, skin, or anogenital cancer due to papilloma viruses) • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) The third group of patients (~10% of all recipients) has less than satisfactory allograft function and requires excessive amounts of immunosuppressive therapy for recurrent graft rejection. cache = ./cache/cord-022472-q2qtl26d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022472-q2qtl26d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023168-cd7adns8 author = Thachil, Jecko title = Haematological Diseases in the Tropics date = 2013-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30224 sentences = 1724 flesch = 44 summary = The most useful laboratory measure of iron status Low value is diagnostic in the presence of anaemia Very high values (>100 µg/L) usually exclude iron deficiency' Being an acute-phase protein, it increases in inflammatory conditions, and certain malignancies, making it unreliable Also increased in tissue damage especially of the liver Levels are falsely decreased in vitamin C deficiency and hypothyroidism Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin An intermediate in haem biosynthesis and elevated concentrations indicate interrupted haem synthesis due to iron deficiency when zinc is incorporated in place of iron Can be measured on a drop of blood with a portable haematofluorometer Small sample size makes it very useful as a screening test in field surveys, particularly in children, and pregnant women where inflammatory states may not co-exist Red cells should be washed before measurement (serum bilirubin and fluorescent compounds like some drugs can give falsely high values) although not often done Lead poisoning can give falsely high values Rarely acute myeloid leukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia give slightly high values Useful in that it is not increased in thalassaemias WHO recommends normal level >70 µmol/mol haem Iron studies Serum iron concentration represents the iron entering and leaving the circulation. cache = ./cache/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022582-2e9i3m4b author = Potsic, William P. title = Otolaryngologic Disorders date = 2012-03-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16047 sentences = 956 flesch = 48 summary = When fluid persists in the middle ear for 3 to 4 months, causing a hearing loss or is associated with ASOM, myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement is helpful to resolve the hearing loss and reduce the frequency and severity of infection. In addition to antibiotics, treatment should include a wide field myringotomy from the anterior inferior quadrant to the posterior inferior quadrant, a tympanostomy tube placement for middle ear drainage, and a postauricular mastoidectomy to drain the subperiosteal abscess and the mastoid. These infections may be caused by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens; and in addition to sore throat, symptoms include fever, mucopurulent nasal drainage, nasal obstruction, and facial pain. Symptoms typically appear at birth or soon thereafter and include inspiratory stridor, feeding difficulties, and, rarely, apnea or signs of severe airway obstruction. Children afflicted with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis present initially with hoarseness but may also have symptoms and signs of airway obstruction, including stridor. cache = ./cache/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022163-7klzsrpu author = Broder, Christopher C. title = Henipaviruses date = 2016-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14465 sentences = 688 flesch = 46 summary = Central pathological features of both HeV and NiV infection in humans and several susceptible animal species is a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease (Abdullah and Tan 2014 ; Wong and Ong 2011 ; Playford et al. A new paramyxovirus was isolated and identifi ed in 1994 in an outbreak of fatal cases of respiratory disease in horses and humans in the Brisbane suburb of Hendra, Australia, and was shown to be distantly related to measles virus and other morbilliviruses (Murray et al. HeV in nature appears less transmissible and naturally acquired infections have been observed only in bats, horses, dogs and humans; however, experimentally, HeV can infect and cause disease in guinea pigs, cats, hamsters, ferrets, mice and African green monkeys (reviewed in Geisbert et al. More recently, several viral vector-based henipavirus vaccines have also been examined in animal challenge studies; these have included immunizations using the vesicular stomatitis virus based platform (VSV) expressing either the NiV G or F glycoprotein in the hamster model (DeBuysscher et al. cache = ./cache/cord-022163-7klzsrpu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022163-7klzsrpu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021555-rrverrsj author = Delano, Margaret L. title = Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 71765 sentences = 5075 flesch = 49 summary = These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. cache = ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022383-pz0htccp author = Kohn, Dennis F. title = Biology and Diseases of Rats date = 2013-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20181 sentences = 1195 flesch = 50 summary = The severity and prevalence of clinical disease within an infected colony are associated with environmental conditions that induce stress (e.g., experimental manipulation, overcrowding, fluctuations in ambient temperature and humid ity, and copathogens). Salmonellosis, which was once a major cause of disease in laboratory rat and mouse colonies, is rarely reported in either species today. Mycoplasma pulmonis recently has become recognized as an important pathogen in the female genital tract of rats, and thus is being treated here as a distinct disease rather than as a sequella to MRM. Sendai virus commonly infects laboratory rats, but its clinical significance is less than in mice. Infection is usually diagnosed retrospectively in rats, where pulmonary lesions are observed following seroconversion to PVM in the absence of other respiratory pathogens. This disease, which occurs more fre quently in females, has been reported in numerous strains of rats. cache = ./cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022555-a7ie82fs author = nan title = Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity date = 2011-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 66452 sentences = 3846 flesch = 48 summary = One study found that, of cats investigated for gastrointestinal disease, 9 of 33 cats (27%) had no pathology recognized proximal to the jejunum (i.e., the effective length of diagnostic endoscopes would have precluded diagnosis), and other organs were affected in 9 of 10 cats with inflammatory bowel diseases and 7 of 8 cats with intestinal small cell lymphoma. 60, 64 Quantification of serum cobalamin levels is recommended in cats with clinical signs of small bowel diarrhea, ones suspected to have an infiltrative disease of the small intestine (inflammatory bowel disease or gastrointestinal lymphoma), or ones with pancreatic dysfunction. Survey radiographs may be normal in cats with esophagitis and strictures, but are useful to rule out other causes for the clinical signs, such as a foreign body, or to detect related problems, such as aspiration pneumonia. 8, 29 Other non-neoplastic causes reported for gastric or gastroduodenal ulceration in cats include parasites (e.g., Ollulanus tricuspis, Toxocara cati, Aonchotheca putorii, Gnathostoma spp.), bacterial infections, toxins, inflammatory bowel disease, and foreign bodies. cache = ./cache/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023724-5at0rhqk author = Cann, Alan J. title = Infection date = 2015-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14979 sentences = 755 flesch = 48 summary = The problems plant viruses face in initiating infections of host cells have already been described (Chapter 4), as has the fact that no known plant virus employs a specific cellular receptor of the types that animal and bacterial viruses use to attach to cells. There are probably many different mechanisms involved in systemic resistance, but in general terms there is a tendency of these processes to increase local necrosis when substances such as proteases and peroxidases are produced by the plant to destroy the virus and to prevent its spread and subsequent systemic infection. Virus-resistant plants have been created by the production of transgenic plants expressing recombinant virus proteins or nucleic acids which interfere with virus replication without producing the pathogenic consequences of infection, for example: I Virus coat proteins, which have a variety of complex effects, including inhibition of virus uncoating and interference of expression of the virus at the level of RNA ("gene silencing" by "untranslatable" RNAs), I Intact or partial virus replicases which interfere with genome replication, I Antisense RNAs, I Defective virus genomes, I Satellite sequences (see Chapter 8), I Catalytic RNA sequences (ribozymes), I Modified movement proteins. cache = ./cache/cord-023724-5at0rhqk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023724-5at0rhqk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022583-9lmudxrh author = nan title = Antimikrobielle und antiinfektiöse Maßnahmen date = 2016-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 47161 sentences = 6308 flesch = 43 summary = Wenn auch je nach eingesetzter Technologie und chemisch-physikalischen Möglichkeiten der beteiligten Komponenten (Material, Wirkstoff, Imprägnierungsverfahren) eine Wirksamkeit von Objekten durch Beschichtung oder Imprägnierung mit antimikrobiellen Stoffen gegen bestimmte Mikroorganismenspezies erzielt werden kann, ist die Bezeichnung "antimikrobiell" weder mit einer spezifischen Infektionsprävention verknüpft, noch liegen ihr einheitliche Kriterien zugrunde. Die immense sozioökonomische Bedeutung der sogenannten "Surgical Site Infections" (SSI) wird anhand bundesweit erhobener epidemiologischer Daten deutlich: In der nationalen Prävalenzstudie (2011) konnte zwar gezeigt werden, dass in Deutschland die Rate an nosokomialen Infektionen (NI) mit 3,4 % im europäischen Vergleich stabil niedrig ist (in Vergleichsstudien international zwischen 6,1 % und 9,3 %), letztlich aber doch bei 18 Mio. stationär behandelten Patienten im Jahr dementsprechend 400 000 NI auftreten. Die SSI-Rate wird für geschlossene Frakturen mit 1-5 % angegeben und erreicht bei offenen Frakturen abhängig vom Ausmaß der Gewebezerstörung eine Häufigkeit von bis zu 43 %. cache = ./cache/cord-022583-9lmudxrh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022583-9lmudxrh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023698-wvk200j0 author = Hammerschlag, Margaret R. title = Chlamydia pneumoniae date = 2014-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10016 sentences = 533 flesch = 38 summary = Because the organism has been difficult to grow and because of the lack of a commercially available other diagnostic assay, most original associations with respiratory diseases have been use of serology with the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test. 38, 39 For an example of the complexity of this issue, consider that two multicenter pneumonia treatment studies in children showed that although 7% to 13% of the patients in the study had positive culture results and 7% to 18% met the serologic criteria with the MIF test for acute infection, they were not the same patients. pneumoniae infection is that the MIF method used to detect serum antibodies is not standardized; recent studies have shown substantial interlaboratory variation in the performance of these tests. Multicenter comparison trial of DNA extraction methods and PCR assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in endarterectomy specimens Multicenter comparison trial of DNA extraction methods and PCR assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in endarterectomy specimens cache = ./cache/cord-023698-wvk200j0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023698-wvk200j0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023369-xwclh6ih author = Kim, Faith title = Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review date = 2020-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4890 sentences = 219 flesch = 43 summary = They both had IgM antibodies in the acute phase and PCR detection of HHV-6 DNA in the serum at high copy numbers suggestive of a primary infection despite presence of preexisting maternal antibodies, which the authors isolated from both mothers. 18 Infants with congenital infection due to ciHHV6 had evidence of high viral loads in the cord blood and detection of HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles in both the infants and at least one parent. In summary, we present a case of a premature infant with multiple anomalies who acquired acute HHV-6 viral meningitis in the setting of intermittent high fevers, elevated inflammatory markers, and diagnostic testing from her CSF that confirmed the diagnosis. Transplacental human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) congenital infection caused by maternal chromosomally integrated virus cache = ./cache/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023748-3kfy36hg author = Lye, Patricia S. title = Fever date = 2017-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15600 sentences = 931 flesch = 47 summary = Although rapid testing for viral pathogens is often readily available, a detailed investigation to identify a viral pathogen is not necessary unless the confirmation of a viral infection will change the acute diagnostic plan; treatment with antivirals is an option (HSV, influenza) if the fever is prolonged and evolves into FUO or if there is end-organ involvement, as in hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, or meningitis. Occult bacteremia is defined by the presence of a positive blood culture for pathogenic bacteria in a febrile patient who does not appear extremely ill and who has no focus of infection, excluding otitis media. A combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory studies can be used to define a specific population of infants aged 29-60 days who do not appear ill and are at low risk for bacterial infections. cache = ./cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022521-r72jtoso author = Miller, Tracie L. title = Gastrointestinal Complications of Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes date = 2010-12-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13694 sentences = 812 flesch = 36 summary = However, in the United States and other developed countries, severe malnutrition and new cases of perinatal HIV-1 disease are rare because of relatively high standards of living and effective highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) given to pregnant HIV-infected women that prevent transmission of HIV to the infants. Examination of both acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV infection have documented reduced CD4 cell levels in GALT prior to a detectable reduction in T cells of the peripheral blood, highlighting the gastrointestinal tract's role and susceptibility. Previous studies have shown that activated mucosal T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in the human small intestine 37 and can affect the morphology of the villi and crypts in a manner similar to that seen in patients with HIV-1 infection. Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy cache = ./cache/cord-022521-r72jtoso.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022521-r72jtoso.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023669-3ataw6gy author = Masur, Henry title = Critically Ill Immunosuppressed Host date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11194 sentences = 576 flesch = 34 summary = As the population of patients with cancer, organ transplants, vasculitides, and human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) infection has grown, intensivists are seeing more and more patients with altered immunity. For instance, if a patient presents with severe hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infi ltrates, a health care provider who recognizes a prior splenectomy as the major predisposition to infection would focus the diagnostic evaluation and the empiric therapy on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus infl uenzae. Patients with HIV infection develop clinical disease as a result of three basic processes: the direct effect of HIV on specifi c organs (e.g., cardiomyopathy, enteropathy, dementia); immunologically mediated processes (e.g., glomerulonephritis, thrombocytopenia); or opportunistic infections and tumors that are enabled by HIV-induced immunosuppression. For instance, if a patient with HIV infection and a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of 700 cells/µL presents with diffuse pulmonary infi ltrates, the diagnostic evaluation and empiric antimicrobial regimen should focus on S. cache = ./cache/cord-023669-3ataw6gy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023669-3ataw6gy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023143-fcno330z author = nan title = Molecular aspects of viral immunity date = 2004-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 43425 sentences = 2056 flesch = 47 summary = Based on a variety of experimental evidence, it is clear that demyelination induced in SJUJ mice by infection with the BeAn strain of TMEV is a Thl-mediated event: (a) disease induction is suppressed in T cell-deprived mice and by in vivo treatment with anti-I-A and anti-CD4 antibodies; (b) disease susceptibility correlates temporally with the development of TMEV-specific, MHC-class Il-restricted DTH responses and with a predominance of anti-viral lgG2a antibody; (c) activated (Le., lL-2RC) T cells infiltrating the CNS are exclusively of the CD4+ phenotype, and (d) proinflammatory cytokines (IFNq and TNF-p) are predominantly produced in the CNS. These results have important implications for a possible viral trigger in MS as they indicate that chronic demyelination in TMEV-infected mice is initiated in the absence of demonstrable neuroantigen-specific autoimmune responses and are consistent with a model wherein early myelin damage is mediated via primarily by mononuclear phagocytes recruited to the CNS and activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by TMEV-specific Thl cells. cache = ./cache/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023925-qrr7jcwe author = Verhoef, Jan title = A8 Immune response in human pathology: Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites date = 2011-07-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5499 sentences = 282 flesch = 42 summary = 128 Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites Micro-organisms that succeed in penetrating the first line of defence are ingested, killed, and degraded by phagocytic cells [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) or neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages], which are attracted to a microbial infection through chemotaxis. Intracellular signalling involves several kinases depending on 132 Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites Genotypical characteristics: chromosomal DNA fragment analysis, nucleic acid sequence analysis, probes Phenotypical characteristics: morphology, biotyping, serotyping, antibiotic resistance Analytical characteristics: cell-wall analysis, lipid and protein analysis, enzyme typing (catalase) Gram staining positive or negative Aerobic, anaerobic: Fermentation of different sugars Naming and classification of viruses according to: Structure: size, morphology (naked, enveloped), nucleic acid (RNA, DNA) Molecular aspects: mode of replication, assembly and budding Disease: encephalitis, hepatitis Means of transmission: droplets, water, blood, insects Host range: animal, plant, bacteria Classification of fungi according to: Structure: macroscopic morphology of hyphae (mycelium); microscopic morphology of hyphae, conidophores and conidia (spores); and shape and size Cell features: nucleus, cytosol, plasmalemma (cell membrane which contains cholesterol), physiology, staining properties Sexual characteristics: sexual and /or asexual reproduction, extended dikaryotic phase, basidium formation Genotypical characteristics: chromosomal DNA fragment analysis, nucleic acid sequence analysis, probes cache = ./cache/cord-023925-qrr7jcwe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023925-qrr7jcwe.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023817-39r3a4fd author = Singh, Namita title = Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses date = 2012 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4637 sentences = 287 flesch = 42 summary = Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children of developed and developing countries worldwide. Worldwide, approximately 40% of hospitalizations for diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age are attributable to rotavirus infection. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a confirmed case of rotavirus gastroenteritis as diarrhea (3 or more loose stools within 24 h) or vomiting (1 or more episodes in a 24 h period) in a child with a positive stool detection of rotavirus by a standard assay, such as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The non-bloody, watery diarrhea of rotavirus gastroenteritis is clinically indistinguishable from that caused by other enteric viruses, including norovirus and other caliciviruses, enteric adenovirus, and astrovirus. Norwalk virus carries historical import as the first confirmed viral etiology for human gastroenteritis when it was identified by electron microscopy in stools from a severe outbreak of diarrhea in Norwalk, Ohio in 1972. cache = ./cache/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024188-d7tnku8z author = Nissen, Michael D. title = Respiratory Infections date = 2010-03-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5267 sentences = 249 flesch = 39 summary = For example, recent findings from the New Vaccine Surveillance Network in the United States show that despite respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human coronaviruses (HCoVs) all being common in early childhood; RSV and PIVs are more common causes of hospital admission with acute febrile and respiratory illness than HCoVs [33, 41] . A review of healthy adult human volunteer studies showed that viral shedding increased sharply between 0.5 and 1 day after influenza virus challenge, peaking on day two; shedding can be detected 24 to 28 h before clinical onset, and has a mean duration of 4.8 days; two-thirds of subjects had symptomatic infection, and total symptom scores peaked on day three [11] . Infections due to common viruses that result in disease severe enough to warrant laboratory testing, notification, or hospitalisation occur in the young, the very old, or both, such as with RSV and influenza [9, 14] . cache = ./cache/cord-024188-d7tnku8z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024188-d7tnku8z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027550-yyqsatqw author = Mammas, Ioannis N. title = Update on current views and advances on RSV infection (Review) date = 2020-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7970 sentences = 390 flesch = 35 summary = cache = ./cache/cord-027550-yyqsatqw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027550-yyqsatqw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025155-ow3r3469 author = Lokida, Dewi title = Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: observational study results date = 2020-05-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4430 sentences = 271 flesch = 44 summary = title: Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: observational study results METHODS: Acute and convalescent blood from 975 hospitalized non-dengue patients was tested for Rickettsia IgM and IgG by ELISA. For the 103/975 (10.6%) non-dengue patients diagnosed with acute rickettsial infection, presenting symptoms included nausea (72%), headache (69%), vomiting (43%), lethargy (33%), anorexia (32%), arthralgia (30%), myalgia (28%), chills (28%), epigastric pain (28%), and rash (17%). Clinicians should include rickettsioses in their differential diagnosis of fever to guide empiric management; laboratories should support evaluation for rickettsial etiologies; and public policy should be implemented to reduce burden of disease. To characterize the epidemiology of rickettsioses in Indonesia, we performed Rickettsia diagnostic panels on blood from subjects in the Acute Fever Requiring Hospitalization (AFIRE) study [13] . Patients found to have rickettsial infection by reference laboratory testing were identified from INA-RESPOND's [14] AFIRE observational cohort study conducted in Indonesia from 2013 to 2016. cache = ./cache/cord-025155-ow3r3469.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025155-ow3r3469.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019490-m1cuuehi author = nan title = Abstracts cont. date = 2015-12-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 93588 sentences = 5683 flesch = 50 summary = Tigecycline Evaluation Surveillance Trial (TEST) -Global in vitro antibacterial activity against selected species of glucose non-fermenting organisms Objective: Despite the introduction of new antimicrobials to treat resistant gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a therapeutic challenge for the clinician. Two prospective studies from our centre identified common causes of CAP in India to be Mycoplasma pneumoniae [MP] and Legionella pneumophila [LP] by serology in 11% each, and SPN in 10% by culture of respiratory secretions/blood/ Conclusion: Although SPN is the most common isolate, the rising numbers of gram negative organisms (38%) and atypical pathogens associated with increasing mortality stress the need for review of initial antibiotic choice for adults with higher PORT classes. Conclusion: The spectrum of isolates among our patients were shifting towards gram positive bacteria with high resistance to different groups of antimicrobial agents limiting few choices for alternative therapies for infection control. cache = ./cache/cord-019490-m1cuuehi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019490-m1cuuehi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023942-vrs3je1x author = Powers, Karen S. title = Acute Pulmonary Infections date = 2011-12-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11273 sentences = 673 flesch = 42 summary = Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis remains the leading cause for hospital admission in infancy and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory failure in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units in North America. In a study of hospitalized infants with congenital heart disease infected with RSV, 33% required intensive care, 19% received mechanical ventilation, and 3.4% died. In the 1990s, fi ve randomized trials involving 225 infants, evaluating the effect of nebulized adrenaline (epinephrine) on bronchiolitis showed clinical improvement, with reductions in oxygen requirement, respiratory rate, wheezing, and decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis cache = ./cache/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028564-sltofaox author = Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia title = Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date = 2020-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3322 sentences = 169 flesch = 31 summary = RECENT FINDINGS: This infection could have detrimental outcomes in obese patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Its low-grade chronic inflammatoryinduced state negatively impacts immune function and host defense [2] , as shown during the 2009 influenza A virus H1N1 pandemic, where obesity resulted to be an independent risk factor for severe disease, hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and mortality upon infection [1] . It is well studied that obese patients can develop cardiovascular diseases; however, it is less known that the lowinflammatory chronic state might affect host defense and immune cell dysfunction and infections, such as influenza A, could have detrimental outcomes in such patients, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Cardiovascular complications associated with influenza infection include myocarditis, pericardial effusion, myopericarditis, right and left ventricle dysfunction, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and circulatory failure due to septic shock. cache = ./cache/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024093-5dplc9xr author = Sizun, J title = Neonatal nosocomial respiratory infection with coronavirus: a prospective study in a neonatal intensive care unit date = 2008-01-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1789 sentences = 111 flesch = 47 summary = The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence of viral respiratory infection in hospitalized premature newborn infants and to assess the role of coronaviruses. The aim of this prospective study undertaken from November 1, 1991 to March 1, 1993, was to evaluate, in the pediatric intensive care unit, the incidence of upper respiratory tract viral infection in hospitalized premature newborn infants, to assess the role of CV and to analyze the associated symptomatology. In a serological study carried out in infants aged less than 18 months and hospitalized for respiratory tract infection, this cause was identified in 8.2% of cases (10). On the Similarly, in a prospective study by Ray et al., based on serological analysis and cell culture from acute lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 3 years of age, human CV viruses, as initial infecting agents, were not found to be responsible (12) . cache = ./cache/cord-024093-5dplc9xr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024093-5dplc9xr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024795-xa7ke70d author = Kaviani, Aaron title = Management of Antimicrobial Agents in Abdominal Organ Transplant Patients in Intensive Care Unit date = 2020-01-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4876 sentences = 277 flesch = 32 summary = PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early diagnosis of infections and immediate initiation of appropriate antimicrobials are crucial in the management of patients before and after organ transplantation. Furthermore, liver, pancreas, and intestinal recipients are especially at risk for fatal fungal infections, primarily caused by Candida species which may occur together with bacterial infections. Recommendations regarding empirical antibiotic treatment in patient with ESLD before liver transplantation have been summarized in Table 1 [9] . For SSIs, empiric treatment should include Gram-positive organisms as well as expected flora at site of transplanted organ, with broad-spectrum agents reserved for patients with risk for multidrug-resistant organisms [63] . Urinary tract infections in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice Intra-abdominal infections in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice cache = ./cache/cord-024795-xa7ke70d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024795-xa7ke70d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024134-ym7ce5ux author = Chawla, Sonam title = Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6803 sentences = 379 flesch = 39 summary = From a bird's eye view, the COVID-19 pandemic management relies on revolutionizing the disease surveillance by incorporating artificial intelligence and data analytics, boosting the response strategies—extensive testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing—and promoting awareness and access to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, which are discussed in the present chapter. MeSH database defines pandemics as-"Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people." Such emergencies compromise human health, society, economics, and politics-a case in point: the COVID-19 pandemic is forecasted to cost the global economy one trillion US dollars (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/? • Healthcare workers and essential service providers • Groups at high risk of death and severe complications requiring hospitalization • Individuals (adults and children aged more than 6 months) in the community who have chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, or are immunocompromised • Persons without risk factors for complications (https://www.who.int/csr/ resources/publications/influenza/11_29_01_A.pdf) cache = ./cache/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025628-9611eglg author = Bonagura, Vincent Robert title = Infections that cause secondary immune deficiency date = 2020-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9996 sentences = 570 flesch = 36 summary = Herein we discuss some of the secondary immune defects caused by select viruses (measles, influenza, HIV1, HTLV), parasites, (leishmania, malaria), and bacteria (Bordetella pertussis). In this chapter, we discuss how some microbes manipulate or, in the case of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV), exhaust protective innate and/or adaptive immunity, ultimately leading to severe microbial superinfections by other infectious organisms that cause significant morbidity and, on occasion, mortality from secondary infections. 74 While influenza-related mortality can in part be attributed to direct effects on the respiratory system, many of the deaths associated with IV infection are caused by increases in susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Impaired function of HIV-infected macrophages and dendritic cells contributes to the failure of effective innate and adaptive immune responses to secondary infection. Taken together, HTLV induces cytotoxic T cells to kill virus-infected cells, alters CD4 þ T cell function and cytokine production and it decreases NK cell activation leading to susceptibility to subsequent disseminated parasitic infections. cache = ./cache/cord-025628-9611eglg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025628-9611eglg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103342-stqj3ue5 author = Prakash, Meher K title = A minimal and adaptive prediction strategy for critical resource planning in a pandemic date = 2020-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3242 sentences = 168 flesch = 57 summary = We propose a strategy for estimating the number of infections and the number of deaths, that does away with time-series modeling, and instead makes use of a 'phase portrait approach'. Using our model, we predict the number of infections and deaths in Italy and New York State, based on an adaptive algorithm which uses early available data, and show that our predictions closely match the actual outcomes. Our approach can be summarized as follows: The COVID-19 data from most countries suggests that, especially in the growing phase of the pandemic, the number of active cases and the number of hospitalizations are both proportional to the total number of infections: approximately around 70-90 % and 20-30%, respectively. Thus, using the data from South Korea as a reference standard, the deaths versus infections curve has been readjusted as seen in Figure:3A CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. cache = ./cache/cord-103342-stqj3ue5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103342-stqj3ue5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-174036-b3frnfr7 author = Thomas, Loring J. title = Spatial Heterogeneity Can Lead to Substantial Local Variations in COVID-19 Timing and Severity date = 2020-05-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6666 sentences = 268 flesch = 44 summary = Based on simulations of unrestricted COVID-19 diffusion in 19 U.S cities, we conclude that heterogeneity in population distribution can have large impacts on local pandemic timing and severity, even when aggregate behavior at larger scales mirrors a classic SIR-like pattern. These results demonstrate the potential for spatial network structure to generate highly non-uniform diffusion behavior even at the scale of cities, and suggest the importance of incorporating such structure when designing models to inform healthcare planning, predict community outcomes, or identify potential disparities. In this paper, we examine the potential impact of local spatial heterogeneity on COVID-19, modeling the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 in populations whose contacts are based on spatially plausible network structures. The disease diffuses through the contact network, with currently infectious individuals infecting susceptible neighbors as a continous time Poisson process with a rate estimated from mortality data (see supplement); recovered or deceased individuals are not considered infectious for modeling purposes. cache = ./cache/cord-174036-b3frnfr7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-174036-b3frnfr7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103436-y1br5hy8 author = Bourgoin, P. title = CD64 and CD169 could help differentiate bacterial from viral infections in Emergency Department date = 2020-11-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4831 sentences = 298 flesch = 49 summary = Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess discriminative performances of two biomarkers, CD64 on neutrophils (nCD64) and CD169 on monocytes (mCD169), using a new flow cytometry procedure, in patients presenting with fever to the ED. We developed a rapid flow cytometry assay, able to measure leucocytes biomarkers expressions within 10 minutes (12) , and demonstrated promising results for the triage of patients with fever at the Emergency Department (13, 14) , with CD64 on neutrophils (nCD64), increased in case of bacterial infections (15) , and CD169 on monocytes (mCD169), increased in case of viral infections (16) . -clinical data: time from onset, symptoms, X-ray examination results (performed and atypical chest X-ray or ultrasound or CT scan), final diagnosis established by the ED practitioner, outcome of the ED visit (released home, conventional or critical care hospitalization), and eventually duration of the hospitalization; -and biological data: white blood cell (WBC) and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts, CRP and PCT levels, biochemical measurements (urea, sodium, glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin), and name of the identified pathogens if isolated. cache = ./cache/cord-103436-y1br5hy8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103436-y1br5hy8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025495-udz9i0fw author = Nowak, Jan K. title = Lithium and coronaviral infections. A scoping review. date = 2020-04-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5329 sentences = 296 flesch = 46 summary = The available evidence comes only from studies of cell cultures and indicates that lithium effectively inhibits coronaviral infections when administered at concentrations that are toxic to humans. "The available evidence comes only from studies of cell cultures and indicates that lithium effectively inhibits coronaviral infections when administered at concentrations that are toxic to humans." The prescription of lithium in the context of the current epidemic thus appears not to be supportable by the findings. Lithium also seemed to bring improvement in a proof-of-concept randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial involving eleven healthy adults with recurrent HSV infections and in a randomized study of ten women with genital herpes conducted by the same research group from Philadelphia." Therefore it seems that in some instances lithium exhibits antiviral activity at concentrations, which are safe and maintained long-term (for years) in patients with affective disorders. The latter study gives hope that lithium may indeed be efficient at clinically relevant levels." In terms of discussion, the authors reviewed some existing literature and suggested a potential mechanism of reduced apoptosis by lithium, the glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK-3β) inhibitor. cache = ./cache/cord-025495-udz9i0fw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025495-udz9i0fw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103893-p9ul6k5m author = Omame, A. title = A co-infection model for Oncogenic HPV and TB with Optimal Control and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5657 sentences = 358 flesch = 55 summary = A co-infection model for oncogenic Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Tuberculosis (TB), with optimal control and cost-effectiveness analysis is studied and analyzed to assess the impact of controls against incident infection and against infection with HPV by TB infected individuals as well as optimal TB treatment in reducing the burden of the co-infection of the two diseases in a population. Numerical simulations of the optimal control model reveal that the intervention strategy which combines and implements control against HPV infection by TB infected individuals as well as TB treatment control for dually infected individuals is the most cost-effective of all the control strategies for the control and management of the burden of oncogenic HPV and TB co-infection. In this section, we shall use the Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to determine the necessary conditions for the optimal control of the oncogenic HPV-TB co-infection model. cache = ./cache/cord-103893-p9ul6k5m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103893-p9ul6k5m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-169428-g6k0vqrm author = Schurwanz, Max title = Infectious Disease Transmission via Aerosol Propagation from a Molecular Communication Perspective: Shannon Meets Coronavirus date = 2020-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4591 sentences = 255 flesch = 45 summary = Recent research in combining these areas has dealt with possible use cases for aerosol communications [6] , and with channel modeling considering infectious aerosols in a point-topoint scenario [7] , [8] . The remainder of this tutorial paper is structured as follows: Section II describes the duality between communication and information theory on the one hand and the field of airborne aerosol infection on the other. In the scenario under investigation, the signal powers are modeled in terms of the parameters of the emitted aerosols and the contained viral load coming from the infected user(s). The spatially-distributed time-varying aerosol clouds that are emitted into the environment from the various users, are subject to a dynamic channel with turbulences and changing parameters. Towards this goal, dualities and similarities between macroscopic air-based MC and infected particle transmission are worked out. cache = ./cache/cord-169428-g6k0vqrm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-169428-g6k0vqrm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034436-yhb8m1si author = Abdulah, Deldar Morad title = Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 across the World date = 2020-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3994 sentences = 224 flesch = 51 summary = We aimed to explore the relation of dietary factors with global infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in this study. DESIGN: In the current ecological study, the countries that had national dietary data from the Global Dietary Databases of the United Nations and Coronavirus disease statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) were included. CONCLUSION: The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. The present study showed that the crude infection rate by COVID-19 has been increased by raising consuming fruits, calcium and decreased with increasing consuming beans and legumes. Therefore, we can make the further hypothesis that the aged population of the countries with high infection rates has been the main factor in the low immune system. The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-034436-yhb8m1si.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034436-yhb8m1si.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026595-imn2jxcu author = Qamar, Mariam Khan title = What Do the Dental Students Know about Infection Control? A Cross-Sectional Study in a Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan date = 2020-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2416 sentences = 132 flesch = 50 summary = Several studies have been conducted to assess the practices and knowledge of dental students and have demonstrated poor compliance of the students to infection control measures. A study conducted in India to assess the infection control practices among dental students showed that only one-tenth of the respondents adhere to the infection control measures [1] . Similar studies have been conducted worldwide to investigate the knowledge and practices of dental students on infection control [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] , and a general consensus is that students need awareness and must be protected in the unsafe environment. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding infection control measures among dental students in Central India Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of infection control among dental students at Sana'a University Knowledge, attitude and practices about hepatitis B and infection control measures among dental students in Patiala cache = ./cache/cord-026595-imn2jxcu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026595-imn2jxcu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-146391-jlu7nv6r author = Ohsawa, Yukio title = COVID-19 Should be Suppressed by Mixed Constraints -- from Simulations on Constrained Scale-Free Networks date = 2020-04-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3765 sentences = 167 flesch = 63 summary = A scale-free network has been adopted for modeling on-line communities so far but is employed here for the aim to represent peoples' social behaviors where the generated communities are restricted reflecting the spatiotemporal constraints in the real life. Second, if we adopt the constraint on m0, the number of all other people one meets separately each at a time, to the range between 2 and 8, its effect on the suppression of infections may be weak as far as we allow group meetings of size W of 8 or larger. This is an extension of SFN supposed to result in having each new node connected to "rich" people linked to a large number of "poor" people of low degrees by choosing link destination nodes by the probability estimated to be inverse of the harmonic mean (IHM). cache = ./cache/cord-146391-jlu7nv6r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-146391-jlu7nv6r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031876-v44o5shw author = Mounier, Roman title = Assessment of Bacterial Colonization of Intracranial Pressure Transducers: A Prospective Study date = 2020-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4423 sentences = 246 flesch = 45 summary = were each identified on 3 (8%) ICPTs. Data presented are limited to the 48 ICPTs assessed by SEM Breaking of the BBB means skull depression fracture, skull base fracture, or brain surgery Data are shown as the median (25th-75th percentile) or number (%), unless otherwise indicated BBB blood brain barrier, EVD external ventricular drain, ICP intracranial pressure, ICU intensive care unit, TBI traumatic brain injury Breaking of the BBB means skull depression fracture, skull base fracture, or brain surgery BBB blood brain barrier, EVD external ventricular drain, ICPT intraparenchymal intracranial pressure transducer, ICU intensive care unit, OTU operational taxonomic units, TBI traumatic brain injury Data are shown as the median (25th-75th percentile) or number (%), unless otherwise indicated tips, suggesting that ICPT colonization may be largely underestimated using standard techniques. cache = ./cache/cord-031876-v44o5shw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031876-v44o5shw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-242132-fhepdgz9 author = Burlak, Gennadiy title = Is it possible to suspend the spread of an epidemic infection? The dynamic Monte Carlo approach date = 2020-05-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3201 sentences = 193 flesch = 53 summary = We study a dynamics of the epidemiological infection spreading at different values of the risk factor $beta$ (a control parameter) with the using of dynamic Monte Carlo approach (DMC). We study a dynamics of the epidemiological infection spreading at different values of the risk factor β (a control parameter) with the using of dynamic Monte Carlo approach (DMC). We study the spread of epidemiological infection at different values of the risk factors beta with the use of the dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) method. Such observation leads to an interesting assumption that the studied dynamics of the infection spread can (asymptotically) be associated with a critical transition in the two-dimensional (2D) percolation system, that occurs when the occupation probability of defects is p c = 0.594 12 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 see Fig.3 . Fig.7 shows the dynamics of infections (order parameter A) for different values of the risk factor β = 0.99, 0.94, 0.9, 0.8 at situation without the quarantine when only the personal immunity M > 0 presents (see Eq. cache = ./cache/cord-242132-fhepdgz9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-242132-fhepdgz9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029032-s9geepsc author = Vargas-García, Cesar title = Parasite-Guest Infection Modeling: Social Science Applications date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1839 sentences = 111 flesch = 52 summary = This theory states that natural selection maximizes the number of secondary infections resulting from infection of a susceptible host through free channels that do not involve direct contact between infected and susceptible hosts [7] . The proposed section reviews the classical and recent models that try to explain this phenomenon It has been suggested that infection channels between infected and susceptible hosts may provide an advantage, either by allowing parasites to evade the host's immune response [10] , reducing antiviral drug activity [11] , or simply having a more efficient mode of infection. In the second section, a novel model of parasite-host interactions is proposed that accounts for transmission, both through free channels (not involving contact between infected and susceptible hosts), and through infections produced by contact between hosts. This shielding effect can be incorporated into the previous model, assuming the number of parasites released by the death of an infected host as a function of the infection rate [14] . cache = ./cache/cord-029032-s9geepsc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029032-s9geepsc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031252-ji0ef0by author = D'Angelo, Lawrence title = Infectious Disease Problems in Adolescents date = 2020-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7922 sentences = 484 flesch = 41 summary = When prevention is impossible or unsuccessful, treatment with amantadine can shorten the duration of fever and systemic and respiratory symptoms by about 50% if the illness is caused by type A virus and the drug therapy is initiated within the first 48 hours of infection. Mononucleosis is an acute infection most commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the herpesvirus group. In general, the incidence of mononucleosis is greatest in individuals who have not encountered the virus prior to adolescence, although EBV can cause illness in younger children (3) . In adolescents and young adults, other infectious agents can cause illnesses that mimic EBV-induced mononucleosis. Most genital lesions encountered in adolescents and young adults are due to STDs. The most common lesions are vaginal warts and herpes simplex infection, usually with type II virus. Evidence for active Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with persistent unexplained illnesses: Elevated anti-early antigen antibodies cache = ./cache/cord-031252-ji0ef0by.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031252-ji0ef0by.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-201898-d1vbnjff author = Jha, Vishwajeet title = Forecasting the transmission of Covid-19 in India using a data driven SEIRD model date = 2020-06-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4664 sentences = 223 flesch = 55 summary = One of the most significant epidemiological parameter, namely the effective reproduction number of the infection is extracted from the daily growth rate data of reported infections and it is included in the model with a time variation. One of the most significant epidemiological parameter, namely the effective reproduction number of the infection is extracted from the daily growth rate data of reported infections and it is included in the model with a time variation. The results of calculations with these parameters that use the time varying β(t) parameter as determined above provide a good description of the evolution in the case numbers of reported infected, recovered and death population as shown in Fig. 2a . Calculations performed using the time dependent contact rate parameter β(t) in the SEIRD model provide a good description of the case numbers of infections, recovered and deaths. cache = ./cache/cord-201898-d1vbnjff.txt txt = ./txt/cord-201898-d1vbnjff.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034133-tx0hciiv author = Engda, Tigist title = The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018 date = 2020-10-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3923 sentences = 192 flesch = 45 summary = title: The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018 This study aimed to assess the contribution of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the graduate students of health sciences about the prevention and control of nosocomial infection in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Gondar in the Academic Year of 2018. Therefore, the current study intended to determine the impact of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of graduate health sciences students about the prevention and control of nosocomial infections at the University of Gondar. cache = ./cache/cord-034133-tx0hciiv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034133-tx0hciiv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-159554-50077dgk author = Shan, Fei title = Lung Infection Quantification of COVID-19 in CT Images with Deep Learning date = 2020-03-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3544 sentences = 186 flesch = 47 summary = For fast manual delineation of training samples and possible manual intervention of automatic results, a human-in-the-loop (HITL) strategy has been adopted to assist radiologists for infection region segmentation, which dramatically reduced the total segmentation time to 4 minutes after 3 iterations of model updating. By reducing and combining feature map channels, not only the model size and inference time are greatly reduced, but also cross-channel features are effectively fused via convolusion, which makes VB-Net more applicable to deal with large 3D volumetric data than traditional V-Net. Training samples with detailed delineation of each infection region are required for the proposed VB-Net. However, it is a labor-intensive work for radiologists to annotate hundreds of COVID-19 CT scans. To quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of segmentation and measurement, infection regions on 300 CT scans of 300 COVID-19 patients were manually contoured by two radiologists (W.S. and F.S., with 12 and 19 years of experience in chest radiology, respectively) to serve as the reference standard. cache = ./cache/cord-159554-50077dgk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-159554-50077dgk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027679-89yt6fzo author = McLoud, Theresa C. title = Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10838 sentences = 714 flesch = 40 summary = The radiographic appearance of bronchopneumonia pneumonia is most frequently that of multiple, ill-defined nodular opacities that are patchy but that may eventually become confluent and produce consolidation with airspace opacification (Fig. 3-4) . Klebsiella pneumonia (Box 3-5) usually occurs in middle-aged or elderly patients, in those with underlying chronic lung disease, and in alcoholic individuals. Clinical features include acute febrile illness without pneumonia; systemic disease with primarily pulmonary manifestations; a peak incidence in patients older than 60 years; a predisposition in smokers and those with alcoholic liver disease; high fever, shaking chills, and cough with small amounts of mucoid sputum; pleuritic chest pain; watery diarrhea in about one half of patients; and headache. In the normal host, the most common finding is that of single or multiple pulmonary nodules that are approximately 1 to 5 cm in diameter and that usually occur in the lower lobes (Fig. 3-38) . cache = ./cache/cord-027679-89yt6fzo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027679-89yt6fzo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-251991-ghbpga1s author = Harcourt, Jennifer L. title = Evaluation of the Calu-3 cell line as a model of in vitro respiratory syncytial virus infection() date = 2011-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3557 sentences = 169 flesch = 43 summary = Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication is primarily limited to the upper respiratory tract epithelium and primary, differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) have, therefore, been considered a good system for in vitro analysis of lung tissue response to respiratory virus infection and virus–host interactions. Polarized Calu-3 are susceptible to RSV infection and release infectious virus primarily from the apical surface, consistent with studies in NHBE cells. The mechanisms of cellular responses to RSV infection have been studied extensively in vitro in a variety of immortalized epithelial cell lines grown in monolayer cultures, including but not limited to Vero, Hep-2, A549, and ଝ The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of CDC. Consistent with previous studies in polarized MDCK (Roberts et al., 1995) and in differentiated NHBE, polarized Calu-3 released infectious virus primarily from the apical surface, and infection was persistent, detectable for at least 6 weeks post-infection. cache = ./cache/cord-251991-ghbpga1s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-251991-ghbpga1s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253197-9hjvk7p5 author = Thomas, Evan title = Urinary Tract Infection with Atypical Mycobacteria date = 1980-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1409 sentences = 120 flesch = 38 summary = Abstract We present a case of disseminated atypical mycobacterial (Mycobacterium intracellularis) infection of the urinary tract. A review of the literature revealed only 13 previous cases of atypical mycobacterial infection of the urinary tract. intracellularis developed, as evidenced by positive cultures of the urine, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, cerebrospinal fluid, stool and blood. In 1970 Klotz noted 306 cases of urinary colonization with atypical mycobacteria, none of which was reportedly associated with observable urinary tract disease.8 Thus, we believe that adequate documentation of atypical mycobacterial infection must include either positive culture of genitourinary tissue specimens and/ or positive urine cultures in conjunction with some combination of radiologic, pathologic or laboratory evidence compatible with granulomatous genitourinary disease. Lattimer and Boyes referred to 2 children in whom urine culture yielded group I atypical mycobacteria but no supporting evidence of genitourinary disease was found. 7 In no other reported case was a patient <27 years old. cache = ./cache/cord-253197-9hjvk7p5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253197-9hjvk7p5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257255-n5o368ih author = Barker, J. title = Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes date = 2001-12-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9238 sentences = 459 flesch = 48 summary = Amongst health care professionals there is growing awareness that improved standards of hand, surface and air hygiene in community settings could do much to prevent the spread of viral infections within these environments. In a preschool daycare centre, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections decreased following implementation of measures which included reinforcing existing handwashing procedures and education of staff and families on issues of infection control including environmental surface cleaning and disinfection and disinfection of toys (Krilov et al. Nevertheless, overall, there is convincing circumstantial evidence to suggest that improved standards of hygiene can have a signi®cant impact in reducing the rates of respiratory, intestinal and other viral infections in childcare facilities, domestic homes, hospitals and adult care centres and the circulation of infections between these communities. Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections Ð studies with human parain¯uenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14 cache = ./cache/cord-257255-n5o368ih.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257255-n5o368ih.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-248301-hddxaatp author = Howard, Daniel title = Genetic Programming visitation scheduling solution can deliver a less austere COVID-19 pandemic population lockdown date = 2020-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7985 sentences = 426 flesch = 62 summary = A number of alternatives for this computation are presented and results of numerical experiments involving over 230 people of various ages and background health levels in over 1700 visits that take place over three consecutive days. A novel partial infection model is introduced to discuss these proof of concept solutions which are compared to round robin uninformed time scheduling for visits to places. A method of optimization, in this proof of concept this is a Genetic Programming [7] method, takes these requests and simulates the outings by means of an infection model, to discover a nearly optimal allocation of precise time slots for visits that reduce the likely hospitalization and death numbers. cache = ./cache/cord-248301-hddxaatp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-248301-hddxaatp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104317-t30dg6oj author = Parker, Michael T. title = An Ecological Framework of the Human Virome Provides Classification of Current Knowledge and Identifies Areas of Forthcoming Discovery date = 2016-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7986 sentences = 408 flesch = 40 summary = However, the obvious importance of viruses in the composition of all biomes has not (yet) been met with an appropriate fervor for the characterization of the viral REVIEW Recent advances in sequencing technologies have opened the door for the classification of the human virome. The discovery of intimate interactions of viruses with humans, like the role of endogenous retrovirus (ERV †) syncytins in placentation [27] , are categorically dissimilar to the classical view of viruses only as parasites and brings to issue how scientists are approaching the study of the virome. The application of this scaffold will not only deepen the understanding of known virus-host interactions in the ecological context of the virome, but will also identify logical next steps and gaps in current knowledge that are tantalizing areas for future exploration. Additionally, further characterization of the human virome is likely to uncover more viruses that persistently infect humans [31] , and such discoveries could pave the way for the treatment of diseases of currently unknown etiology. cache = ./cache/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257539-01s21vh0 author = Delvecchio, Rodrigo title = Chloroquine, an Endocytosis Blocking Agent, Inhibits Zika Virus Infection in Different Cell Models date = 2016-11-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5669 sentences = 290 flesch = 52 summary = Immunofluorescence staining corroborated these results ( Figure 1B ) and additionally, chloroquine decreased the production of infectious ( Figure 1C ) and total ( Figure 1D ) virus particles, including defective viral particles, by ZIKV-infected cells. Incubation of Vero cells with chloroquine at 0 h postinfection had a greater impact on the production of ZIKV particles, decreasing viral RNA 64-fold over the controls ( Figure 3A ). To evaluate which step of the viral cycle was susceptible to inhibition, chloroquine was added to Vero cells at different time points post-infection with ZIKV MR766. To evaluate which step of the viral cycle was susceptible to inhibition, chloroquine was added to Vero cells at different time points post-infection with ZIKV MR766. Incubation of Vero cells with chloroquine at 0 h post-infection had a greater impact on the production of ZIKV particles, decreasing viral RNA 64-fold over the controls ( Figure 3A ). cache = ./cache/cord-257539-01s21vh0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257539-01s21vh0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026005-f2khcjdy author = López, Alfonso title = Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date = 2017-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 57323 sentences = 2749 flesch = 34 summary = Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. cache = ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257114-pxmflm2c author = BURGUETE, SERGIO R. title = Lung transplant infection date = 2012-12-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11389 sentences = 648 flesch = 36 summary = This article will review the common infections that develop in the lung transplant recipient, including the general risk factors for infection in this population, and the most frequent bacterial, viral, fungal and other less frequent opportunistic infections. Resistant Gramnegative organisms pose perhaps the greatest risk, and some studies suggest an association between pretransplant colonizing organisms from patients with suppurative lung disease and pneumonias following LT. A Cochrane Review comparing prophylaxis in different groups of solid organ transplant patients with antivirals versus placebo or no treatment showed a significant reduction in disease (relative risk 0.42), infection (relative risk 0.61), mortality from CMV disease (relative risk 0.26) and allcause mortality (relative risk 0.63). 114 In general, the choice for antifungal prophylaxis depends, in part, on the presence of specific risk factors such as colonization with Aspergillus, presence of airway stents or ischaemia, single lung transplantation, CMV infection, hypogammaglobulinaemia or treatment of acute rejection. cache = ./cache/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256147-lfwytlj3 author = Gabriella, di Mauro title = SARS-Cov-2 infection: response of human immune system and possible implications for the rapid test and treatment date = 2020-04-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1645 sentences = 81 flesch = 50 summary = Considering the clinical impact of the new outbreak, it is highly important to study the potential responses of the human immune system during the SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the role of virus-specific T cells and by B-lymphocytes. In order to apply a rapid test able to detect the presence of specific IgM and IgG for SARS-CoV-2, it is important to consider that the IgM values tend to disappear within 2 weeks since the beginning of the infection. The sensitivity and specificity of these tests were evaluated on 397 blood samples from patients who tested positive for the nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 infection and on 128 patients who tested negative and asymptomatic but potentially at risk of developing the infection based on epidemiological criteria [7] . The results of the study showed that out of 397 blood samples from patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection, 352 tested positive. Development and Clinical Application of A Rapid IgM-IgG Combined Antibody Test for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Diagnosis cache = ./cache/cord-256147-lfwytlj3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256147-lfwytlj3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-167157-z0lvcb3z author = Wang, Xiubin Bruce title = Controlling the Hidden Growth of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4853 sentences = 283 flesch = 61 summary = A major result indicates an existing infections estimate at about 10-50 times the daily confirmed new cases, with the stringent social distancing policy tipping to the upper end of this range. However, our method to estimate the undetected number of currently latent and active infections is based on the publicized numbers of the daily confirmed cases without having to resort to the epidemic process simulation. Day by day over a period of time, newly confirmed cases are reported by the number N 1 , N 2 , ..., and N n .The study is to use the daily confirmed numbers of infections to estimate the hidden infections and their trend of growth or declination. The above example scenarios, all assuming the epidemic is under control by having the total newly confirmed cases flat over a period of days, indicate a large number of currently active and latent infections in the population ranging from 6 to 50/60 times of the daily confirmations. cache = ./cache/cord-167157-z0lvcb3z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-167157-z0lvcb3z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author = Zeimet, Anthony title = Infectious Diseases date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28925 sentences = 1728 flesch = 45 summary = Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary. cache = ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-118119-it3q17rp author = Odagaki, Takashi title = Self-organized wavy infection curve of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1782 sentences = 133 flesch = 73 summary = Exploiting the SIQR model for COVID-19, I show that the wavy infection curve in Japan is the result of fluctuation of policy on isolation measure imposed by the government and obeyed by citizens, Assuming the infection coefficient be a 2-valued function of the number of infected individuals, I show that when the removal rate of infected individuals is between these two values, the wavy infection curve is self-organized. On the basis of the infection curve, I classify the outbreak of COVID-19 in each country into five types and show that these differences can be related to the relative magnitude of the transmission coefficient and the quarantine rate of infected individuals. The observed data for the outbreak of COVID-19 is the daily confirmed new cases ∆Q(t) ≡ qI, which is given by a convolution of the incubation period distribution function ψ(t) and the number of infecteds I(t). cache = ./cache/cord-118119-it3q17rp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-118119-it3q17rp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256508-ce59ovan author = Asselah, Tarik title = COVID-19: discovery, diagnostics and drug development date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9214 sentences = 556 flesch = 46 summary = To date, with the exception of intravenous Remdesivir and dexamethasone, which have modest effects in moderate to severe COVID-19, no strong clinical evidence supports the efficacy and safety of any other drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The current diagnostic strategy to identify patients with COVID-19 is to test samples taken from the respiratory tract to assess for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific nucleic acid targets [47] . The neutralization assay is a laboratory-based test that uses live virus and cell culture methods to determine if patient antibodies can prevent viral infection in vitro [72] . A randomized, controlled, openlabel trial involving hospitalized adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe respiratory illness COVID-19 was performed [126] . Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals cache = ./cache/cord-256508-ce59ovan.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256508-ce59ovan.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253256-909chgl0 author = Bajwa, Sukhminder Jit Singh title = Peri-operative and critical care concerns in coronavirus pandemic date = 2020-03-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4543 sentences = 238 flesch = 46 summary = In this article, all outbreak response measures including triaging, preparation of isolation rooms, decontamination and disinfection protocols as well as fundamental principles of critical care and anaesthetic management in Covid-19 cases is being discussed. The need of the hour therefore is to update ourselves with clinicopathological spectrum of the deadly disease and provide evidence based medical services to all hospitalized cases with suspected Covid-19 infection. All the recommendations below have been influenced by the past experiences of corona virus outbreaks and desire improved measures for personal protection of health care workers and consequent prevention of nosocomial transmission of infection. Planning for anaesthesiaand surgery in covid-suspect cases Anaesthesiologists and intensivists are the soldiers at the final frontier of corona disaster as all patients landing up in the hospital with severe respiratory distress will be primarily seen under their domain. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient cache = ./cache/cord-253256-909chgl0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253256-909chgl0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252691-757mh2mh author = Pratt, R. J. title = epic2: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England date = 2007-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 25528 sentences = 1404 flesch = 39 summary = Following extensive consultation, they were published in January 2001.1 These guidelines describe the precautions healthcare workers should take in three areas: standard principles for preventing HCAI, which include hospital environmental hygiene, hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, and the safe use and disposal of sharps; preventing infections associated with the use of short-term indwelling urethral catheters; and preventing infections associated with central venous catheters. epic2: Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals S15 Current evidence-based guidelines conclude that in both outbreak and non-outbreak situations contaminated hands are responsible for crosstransmission of microorganisms and that effective and effective hand decontamination can significantly reduce both cross-transmission and crossinfection rates for the majority of HCAI in all healthcare settings. 1, 85 The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of epic2: Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals S19 the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation. cache = ./cache/cord-252691-757mh2mh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252691-757mh2mh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-226245-p0cyzjwf author = Schneble, Marc title = Nowcasting fatal COVID-19 infections on a regional level in Germany date = 2020-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5163 sentences = 286 flesch = 63 summary = Given that death counts generally provide more reliable information on the spread of the disease compared to infection counts, which inevitably depend on testing strategy and capacity, the proposed model and the presented results allow to obtain reliable insight into the current state of the pandemic in Germany. The data are provided by the Robert-Koch-Institute (www.rki.de) and give the cumulative number of deaths in different gender and age groups for each of the 412 administrative districts in Germany together with the date of registration of the infection. In Figure 2 we combine these different components and map the fitted nowcasted death counts related to Covid-19 for the different districts of Germany, cumulating over the last seven days before the day of analysis (here May 14, 2020). Let Y t,r,g denote the number of daily deaths due to COVID-19 in district/region r and age and gender group g with time point (date of registration) t = 0, . cache = ./cache/cord-226245-p0cyzjwf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-226245-p0cyzjwf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257299-z9u12yqb author = Mansi, N. title = Ear, nose and throat manifestation of viral systemic infections in pediatric patients date = 2009-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5779 sentences = 291 flesch = 42 summary = Common childhood viral infections, such as measles and mumps are probably an unrecognized cause of acute or progressive damage to hearing [5] . Measles infection can be avoided by administering a reduced, live-virus vaccine to children between the ages of 12 and 15 months (MMR). The etiology of the acute forms in the respiratory airways is, initially, of a viral nature in most patients, with later, secondary bacterial infections on the mucous lesions caused by the viral agents [31] . Herpangina is an extremely contagious illness caused by a coxackievirus characterized by a presence of a vesicular exanthema at the velopharyngeal mucous level and acute or croup laryngotracheitis [38] [39] [40] [41] when viral infections are associated. The most common manifestation of the primary infection of this organism is infective mononucleosis (IM), a sometimes acute, but often asymptomatic clinical syndrome which more often strikes children, adolescents, and young adults [82] . Viral etiology and epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children cache = ./cache/cord-257299-z9u12yqb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257299-z9u12yqb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257467-b8o5ghvi author = Smith, Barbara A. title = Anesthesia as a Risk for Health Care Acquired Infections date = 2010-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4506 sentences = 276 flesch = 42 summary = This article further discusses the risks for HAIs apparent in intravascular cannulation, endotracheal intubation, and the development of surgical site infections, and examines occupational measures to prevent infections in the health care worker. Although endotracheal intubation during surgery is generally a controlled safe procedure, this artificial airway predisposes the body to exposure to respiratory pathogens whether from the health care provider, the environment, or equipment. 12 A recent practice advisory prepared by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) concurs with the implementation of aseptic technique when handling neuraxial needles and catheters, and states it should include "hand washing, wearing of sterile gloves, wearing of caps, wearing of masks covering both the mouth and nose, use of individual packets of skin preparation, and sterile draping of the patient." The same advisory does not make a specific recommendation regarding the type of skin antisepsis to use. cache = ./cache/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103630-nt3ogyzl author = Deal, C. L. title = Recurrent respiratory viral diseases and chronic sequelae due to dominant negative IFIH1 date = 2020-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2147 sentences = 146 flesch = 51 summary = Genomic sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants in the IFIH1 gene, encoding the protein Melanoma Differentiation Association Protein 5 (MDA5), a RIG-I-like cytoplasmic sensor of RNA intracellular infections. Furthermore, biallelic loss of function variants in IFIH1 result in severe infections due to common viral illnesses (2, 3) , and one study suggested a possible dominant negative role for heterozygous loss-of-function variants (1) . Patients with loss-of-function variants in IFIH1 are susceptible to common viral pathogens, particularly human rhinovirus. In summary, we present the oldest case of an individual suffering from compound heterozygous IFIH1 variants resulting in a phenotype of recurrent viral infections, nasal polyposis and chronic pansinusitis due to bacterial and fungal organisms, marked chronic eosinophilia, severe asthma with ground glass opacities and bronchiectasis, as well as neuropathy. Severe viral respiratory infections in children with IFIH1 loss-of-function mutations Loss-of-function mutations E627X and I923V of IFIH1 are associated with lower poly(I:C)-induced interferon-β production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 1 diabetes patients cache = ./cache/cord-103630-nt3ogyzl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103630-nt3ogyzl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257392-u6jy6w1m author = Zhao, Yanfeng title = Proteomic analysis of primary duck hepatocytes infected with duck hepatitis B virus date = 2010-06-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6033 sentences = 294 flesch = 41 summary = In this report, we explored global changes in cellular protein expression in DHBV infected PDHs by two-dimension gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The down-regulated expression of beta-actin and annexin A2 was confirmed by Western blot analysis, and potential roles of some differentially expressed proteins in the virus-infected cells have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Differentially expressed proteins of DHBV infected PDHs revealed by 2-DE, are involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, stress responses and cytoskeleton processes etc, providing the insight to understanding of interactions between hepadnavirus and hepatocytes and molecular mechanisms of hepadnavirus pathogenesis. Expression levels of annexin A2, beta-actin, Hsp70, destrin, and lamin A were validated by Western blot analysis to confirm the dynamic alterations of protein expression during DHBV infection. In summary, the present study explored global changes in cellular protein expression of hepadnavirus infection by 2-DE analysis, using a natural DHBV-PDHs infection system. cache = ./cache/cord-257392-u6jy6w1m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257392-u6jy6w1m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255781-55zrmgxq author = Bergman, Scott J. title = Interferons as Therapeutic Agents for Infectious Diseases date = 2011-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6408 sentences = 376 flesch = 44 summary = These agents consist of naturally occurring small proteins with molecular weights of 15,000 to 27,600 Da. 3 Each is considered a first-line option for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in combination with ribavirin. Along with the list of additional indications approved by the Food and Drug Administration shown in Table 1 , IFN-a was shown to be an effective treatment for the symptoms of an aggressive case of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus, but did not eliminate infection entirely. IFNs have been tested repeatedly against infectious diseases, but injections are used mostly for the treatment of viral hepatitis C and prevention of infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease clinically. Phase 1b study of pegylated interferon lambda 1 with or without ribavirin in patients with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection cache = ./cache/cord-255781-55zrmgxq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255781-55zrmgxq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253761-wjm8ju3v author = Haidopoulou, Katerina title = Human bocavirus infections in hospitalized Greek children date = 2010-03-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2012 sentences = 114 flesch = 52 summary = To define the epidemiological profile and the clinical characteristics associated with HBoV infection in a population of children hospitalized with respiratory tract infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a one-year period throat swab samples were collected from 370 previously healthy children, aged 14 days to 13 years, admitted to two different paediatric wards because of respiratory tract infection. The aim of the present study was to define the epidemiological profile and the clinical characteristics associated with HBoV in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infection (RTI) in Greece. One may argue that the fact that HBoV is prevalent in samples from patients with respiratory tract infection does not guarantee a causative role for the symptoms, especially when -as in this case -it is frequently detected in combination with other respiratory viruses of known pathogenic potential. Human bocavirus infection in young children in the United States: molecular epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of a newly emerging respiratory virus cache = ./cache/cord-253761-wjm8ju3v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253761-wjm8ju3v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254766-585iu5ey author = Tauro, Sharyn title = Molecular and cellular mechanisms in the viral exacerbation of asthma date = 2008-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5251 sentences = 246 flesch = 39 summary = This review summarizes the evidence associated with factors that may contribute to the development or exacerbation of asthma including age, host factors, genetic polymorphisms, altered immune responses, and aspects of viral antigen expression. These observations suggest that respiratory viral infections lead to a prolonged period of increased antigen presentation in the airways resulting in de novo and memory T-cell responses not only to the virus but also to unrelated antigens including allergens. In addition to studies of primary infections, models studying the interactions between respiratory viral infections and allergen sensitization are essential in understanding the mechanisms of virus induced asthma exacerbations. These studies show that the immune responses to allergen sensitization and respiratory viral infections interact to cause persistent inflammation and AHR, symptomatic of the asthmatic response (Fig. 2) [53] . Recurrent respiratory syncytial virus infections in allergen sensitized mice lead to persistent airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness cache = ./cache/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032181-gmcugd8h author = Song, Jian-Xin title = Main Complications of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure) date = 2019-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 51165 sentences = 2516 flesch = 37 summary = 3. Hepatorenal syndrome, which is characterized by renal failure, hemodynamic changes in arterial circulation and abnormalities in the endogenous vascular system, is a common clinical complication of end-stage liver disease, and one of the important indicators for the prognosis of patients with severe hepatitis. The latest report indicated that basic laboratory examinations for coagulation function testing in common use at present, such as PT, APTT, international normalized ratio (INR) etc., have little correlation with occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients, thereby revealing the importance to search and pay close attention to those complicating disease upregulating bleeding risk, such as bacterial infection, renal failure, hemodynamic change after portal hypertension, dysfunction of endotheliocyte as well as macrophagocyte and so on [107] . cache = ./cache/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259194-9zllvfqb author = Cupples, Sandra A. title = Transplant Infectious Disease: Implications for Critical Care Nurses date = 2011-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4469 sentences = 313 flesch = 39 summary = 4 Patient-related risk factors for infection include older age, poor nutritional status, indwelling catheters, prolonged intubation, postoperative bleeding, blood transfusions, multiorgan dysfunction, comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, prolonged hospitalization before VAD implantation, and surgical reexploration. Factors that promote infection in potential organ donors include the use of medical devices and the treatment of patients in certain units that have high rates of bacterial contamination. Risk factors for PTLD include pretransplant EBV-negative serostatus, primary EBV infection, high EBV viral load, CMV serostatus mismatch (recipient is CMV negative and donor is CMV positive), CMV disease, potent rejection treatment, and type of allograft. 27 Risk factors for fungal infections include the use of high-dose corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics, rejection that requires increased immunosuppression, allograft dysfunction, and a simultaneous infection with an immunomodulating virus such as CMV. The risk of posttransplant mediastinitis is higher if the patient had a mechanical circulatory assist device or a total artificial heart as a bridge to transplantation. cache = ./cache/cord-259194-9zllvfqb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259194-9zllvfqb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257644-9f30s0gy author = Mu, Xingjiang title = Comparative transcriptional analysis reveals distinct expression patterns of channel catfish genes after the first infection and re-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila date = 2013-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6265 sentences = 321 flesch = 54 summary = title: Comparative transcriptional analysis reveals distinct expression patterns of channel catfish genes after the first infection and re-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila To determine whether transcriptional levels of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) genes are differentially regulated between a first infection with Aeromonas hydrophila and a re-infection, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed in this study using anterior kidney cDNA after the re-infection as tester. Of the 96 clones isolated from the SSH library, 28 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained, of which eight were confirmed to be slightly but significantly (P < 0.05) more up-regulated by the re-infection at 6 h post infection (hpi). hydrophila compared to that by a first infection, a total of 96 channel catfish genes reported in literature were screened in this study, including the following: 1) 43 genes induced by Edwardsiella ictaluri [24] ; 2) 28 genes upregulated by Flavobacterium columnare [25] ; 3) 5 toll-like receptors (TLRs) up-regulated by E. cache = ./cache/cord-257644-9f30s0gy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257644-9f30s0gy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255479-yd5cbwnx author = Vu, David M. title = Chikungunya Virus date = 2017-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4097 sentences = 232 flesch = 45 summary = Anti-CHIKV antibodies directed against the envelope protein that neutralize the virus in vitro also protect neonatal mice from lethal CHIKV infection in vivo, suggesting that these proteins may be important antigenic lethal targets for development of naturally acquired, or vaccine-elicited protection. Stedman, who reported this "anomalous disease" called "dandy fever" by local residents, noted that the illness "attacked almost every individual in the town," had "extremely low mortality," and was associated with "pains in the joints for weeks after recovery from the acute stage," which were key differences between the 1827 and 1828 West Indies epidemic and previous descriptions of a "break-bone fever" (referring to modern-day dengue fever). For diagnostic confirmation of current and recent infection, a molecular test (typically polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) for the virus and an assay for the presence of specific IgM antibody are required. cache = ./cache/cord-255479-yd5cbwnx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255479-yd5cbwnx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258145-usr7b6dk author = Abdulah, Deldar Morad title = Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 Across the World date = 2020-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3994 sentences = 225 flesch = 51 summary = We aimed to explore the relation of dietary factors with global infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in this study. DESIGN: In the current ecological study, the countries that had national dietary data from the Global Dietary Databases of the United Nations and Coronavirus disease statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) were included. CONCLUSION: The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. The present study showed that the crude infection rate by COVID-19 has been increased by raising consuming fruits, calcium and decreased with increasing consuming beans and legumes. Therefore, we can make the further hypothesis that the aged population of the countries with high infection rates has been the main factor in the low immune system. The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-258145-usr7b6dk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258145-usr7b6dk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254580-nhpjvgt4 author = Ricardo, Jose W. title = Considerations for Safety in the Use of Systemic Medications for Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2749 sentences = 191 flesch = 43 summary = In this review, we discuss overall infection risks of non‐biologic and biologic systemic medications for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and provide therapeutic recommendations. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding overall infection risks with systemic immunomodulating agents for psoriasis and AD, and provide evidence-based treatment recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. 11 While methotrexate and cyclosporine are associated with decreased infection rates and favored over treatment with systemic corticosteroids, 12 their impact on susceptibility to/severity of COVID-19 is unknown and, if essential, precautions should be taken to avoid infection. In a phase III, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on 837 psoriasis patients randomized to treatment with guselkumab, adalimumab or placebo, overall, candida, and serious infections, occurred at comparable rates across treatment groups. Efficacy and safety of guselkumab, an anti-interleukin-23 monoclonal antibody, compared with adalimumab for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis with randomized withdrawal and retreatment: Results from the phase III, double-blind, placebo-and active comparator-controlled VOYAGE 2 trial cache = ./cache/cord-254580-nhpjvgt4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254580-nhpjvgt4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257729-s0vo7dlk author = Bauer, Melissa title = Obstetric Anesthesia During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-04-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4278 sentences = 212 flesch = 38 summary = T he management of obstetric patients infected with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) due to human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires quite unique considerations-from caring for critically ill pregnant and postpartum women to protecting health care workers from exposure during the delivery hospitalization (health care providers, personnel, family members, and beyond). 4 An additional manifestation noted among patients with COVID-19 infection is the sudden loss (or reduction) of the sense of smell and taste, which is currently recommended by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head With increasing numbers of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) cases due to efficient human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States, preparation for the unpredictable setting of labor and delivery is paramount. cache = ./cache/cord-257729-s0vo7dlk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257729-s0vo7dlk.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257399-p6of5fno author = Gentry, Chris A title = Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4529 sentences = 196 flesch = 42 summary = METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included de-identified information of all veterans in the US Veterans Health Administration clinical administrative database aged 18 years or older with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or associated rheumatological conditions (based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, diagnostic codes) who were alive on March 1, 2020. We aimed to examine whether patients with rheuma tological conditions receiving chronic hydroxy chloroquine therapy are at less risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with a propensity-matched group of patients not receiving hydroxychloroquine. Our study takes advantage of a setting in which a specific group of patients has been receiving chronic hydroxy chloroquine over several months to years as a novel virus emerges among the population, setting up an ideal premise to test the hypothesis that hydroxychloroquine might be effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-257399-p6of5fno.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257399-p6of5fno.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260605-smkr7b15 author = Vestby, Lene K. title = Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease date = 2020-02-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12145 sentences = 672 flesch = 40 summary = However, the biofilm lifestyle of microorganisms were of no interest to medical microbiologists until the early 1970s when Nils Høiby observed a link between the etiology of a persistent infection and aggregates of bacteria in cystic fibrosis patients [1] . This is consistent with the experiments showing that many bacteria causing acute gallbladder infections do not form biofilms on gallstones in the presence of bile [73, 80] . This is consistent with the experiments showing that many bacteria causing acute gallbladder infections do not form biofilms on gallstones in the presence of bile [73, 80] . Several studies have detected higher incidence of Escherichia coli in patients with IBD compared to healthy individuals [90] and although biofilms were not demonstrated in vivo, the isolates were isolated from biopsies after removal of the mucosal layer, indicating adherence to the colonic epithelium and the isolates displayed biofilm forming capacity in vitro [90] . cache = ./cache/cord-260605-smkr7b15.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260605-smkr7b15.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263927-hnsyas9q author = Peci, Adriana title = Community‐acquired respiratory viruses and co‐infection among patients of Ontario sentinel practices, April 2009 to February 2010 date = 2012-08-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3210 sentences = 210 flesch = 48 summary = Objectives To describe respiratory viruses, including co‐infection and associated attributes such as age, sex or comorbidity, in patients presenting with influenza‐like illness to a community sentinel network, during the pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 in Ontario, Canada. In multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, and timeliness of sample collection, single infection was less often detected in the elderly and co‐infection more often in patients <30 years of age. Co‐infection, but not single infection, was more likely detected in patients who had a sample collected within 2 days of symptom onset as compared to 3–7 days. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Higher proportions of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses, and rhinovirus, compared with other circulating viruses have been detected in patients with co-infections. 9, 15, 16, 20, 21 This study enrolled community patients presenting with (ILI) to a community sentinel network, during the influenza pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 in Ontario, Canada and documented the profile of respiratory viruses causing ILI symptoms. cache = ./cache/cord-263927-hnsyas9q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263927-hnsyas9q.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262524-ununcin0 author = Bankhead, Armand title = A Simulation Framework to Investigate in vitro Viral Infection Dynamics date = 2011-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4245 sentences = 206 flesch = 49 summary = In this paper we present a tool to address these issues: a cellular automata model describing critical aspects of in vitro viral infections taking into account spatial characteristics of virus spreading within a culture well. We interrogate the model using a Latin Hypercube sensitivity analysis to identify which mechanisms are critical to the observed infection of host cells and the release of measured virus particles. We also show that the model can explain the experimentally observed virus titer data and allows a deeper understanding of the infection dynamics in the in vitro experiments. Infectious: Assembled virion is being released from the host cell according to the release function (Section 2.4) By examining the experimental viral titer data shown in Figure 1 we derived temporal delay of the state transition between Containing and Infectious. p BP represents the probability of a virus-receptor binding event leading to a cell's infection by a single viral particle during a given model time step. cache = ./cache/cord-262524-ununcin0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262524-ununcin0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262104-oig3qrr7 author = Brüssow, Harald title = COVID‐19: Test, Trace and Isolate‐New Epidemiological Data date = 2020-06-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7118 sentences = 365 flesch = 53 summary = Very similar information was reported in data describing household transmission in Wuhan, where children showed a 4% infection rate compared with 17% in adults. 1.6 million tests were used to identify 1'400 SARS-CoV-2-positive cases; 1000 patients had had exposure to infected people from Hubei. In Wuhan, 105 index cases of patients suffering from moderate COVID-19 symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue) were investigated for secondary transmission to 392 household contacts. The control measures that stopped the epidemic locally have included: intense infection surveillance of incoming travelers; isolation of COVID-19 cases in hospitals; contact tracing and quarantine in holiday camps; and school closure but no lock-down, thus preventing the crisis from having a negative economic impact. Model calculations showed that the containment measures (the quarantine of exposed, and the isolation of infected persons) which depleted the number of susceptible individuals for the virus, reproduced the actually observed case development. cache = ./cache/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 author = nan title = P1460 – P1884 date = 2015-12-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 128256 sentences = 7808 flesch = 51 summary = Methods: Using published data on (1) the prevalence of MRSA and other bacterial pathogens causing cSSSI in the US, (2) the in-vitro susceptibility rates of commonly used regimens in cSSSI in the US in relation to the most pervasive pathogens identified above, and (3) estimated costs of failure of initial, empiric treatment from a recent study of a large US multi-hospital database, we developed a model to predict the expected clinical and economic impact of increasing prevalence of MRSA. Small outbreaks of VEB-1 ESBL producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Belgian nursing homes and hospitals through cross-border transfer of patients from northern France Methods: From 01/04 to 03/05, all Belgian acute hospitals were invited to report cases of nosocomial infections/colonisations due to MDR Ab isolates presenting a resistance profile similar to the French epidemic strain (resistance to all agents except carbapenems and colistin) and to send such isolates to the reference laboratory for phenotypic confirmation and for genotypic characterization (PCR of VEB-1 and class 1 Integron, PFGE typing). cache = ./cache/cord-022501-9wnmdvg5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022501-9wnmdvg5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260267-nau9kayk author = Ren, Lili title = Human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in Chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: A comparison study date = 2011-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2014 sentences = 143 flesch = 56 summary = title: Human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in Chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: A comparison study Background: Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Background: Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Objectives: To characterize the role of HPIV-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in Beijing, China. Objectives: To characterize the role of HPIV-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in Beijing, China. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] However, the prevalence and clinical characteristics of HPIV-4 in Chinese paediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) have not been addressed fully. cache = ./cache/cord-260267-nau9kayk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260267-nau9kayk.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258333-jmk8hdk2 author = Sivier, V title = Place des viroses respiratoires dans les hyperthermies de sujets âgés hospitalisés au cours d’une saison hivernale date = 2001-12-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2657 sentences = 232 flesch = 59 summary = Sur les 129 malades ayant présenté une hyperthermie, 12 décès ont été observés, soit un taux de mortalité de 9,3 % : un décès dans le groupe « virose respiratoire » par surinfection bactérienne pulmonaire, sept décès dans le groupe « infection respiratoire non virale » (un choc septique, cinq décompensations respiratoires aiguës, une décompensation cardiaque aiguë) et quatre décès dans le groupe « autre » (deux cancers en phase terminale, un accident vasculaire cérébral et une cause indéterminée). L'épidémie nosocomiale de virus respiratoire syncytial est survenue dans un service de long séjour avec des locaux communs et exigus, chez des patients porteurs de multiples maladies et souvent déments. En conclusion, les infections respiratoires, qu'elles soient virales, bactériennes ou non documentées, apparaissent comme la principale cause d'hyperthermie chez le sujet âgé institutionnalisé pendant la saison hivernale et sont à l'origine de nombreuses complications, voire de décès. cache = ./cache/cord-258333-jmk8hdk2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258333-jmk8hdk2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263744-zrzwhu0j author = Lin, Sheng-Wen title = Potential Trends of Point-of-Care Diagnostics—The Next Generation of the Laboratory Diagnosis date = 2020-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1711 sentences = 85 flesch = 38 summary = Both of these issues underscore the need for the development and use of POC diagnostics using host biomarkers to distinguish between bacterial and viral infections in pediatric patients. Current biochemical analyses based on biomarkers, such as procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) methods, can provide some clues for the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections, but their low sensitivity and specificity means that they cannot be relied upon in and of themselves for treatment. Current biochemical analyses based on biomarkers, such as procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) methods, can provide some clues for the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections, but their low sensitivity and specificity means that they cannot be relied upon in and of themselves for treatment. Both of these issues underscore the need for the development and use of POC diagnostics using host biomarkers to distinguish between bacterial Diagnostics 2020, 10, 774 3 of 4 and viral infections in pediatric patients. cache = ./cache/cord-263744-zrzwhu0j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263744-zrzwhu0j.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267003-k7eo2c26 author = Hendaus, Mohamed A title = Virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review date = 2015-08-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3468 sentences = 238 flesch = 36 summary = 7 The human body is usually capable of eliminating respiratory viral infections with no sequelae; however, in some cases, viruses bypass the immune response of the airways, causing conceivable severe respiratory diseases. 49, 50 virus effect on the immune system Post-viral sustained desensitization of lung sentinel cells to TLR signals may be one possible contributor to the common secondary bacterial pneumonia associated with viral infection. Hendaus et al human-alveolar basal-epithelial cells) during a respiratory viral infection by increasing the expression of ICAM-1. It has been recommended that treatment or prevention of a viral disease may be a superior method for diminishing 62 It has also been published that live attenuated influenza vaccine is effective in reducing the incidence of all-cause AOM [86] [87] [88] and pneumonia 89 compared to placebo in children. Effects of rhinovirus infection on the adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cultured human airway epithelial cells cache = ./cache/cord-267003-k7eo2c26.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267003-k7eo2c26.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267041-i94lyfsh author = Ellner, Jerrold J. title = Management of acute and chronic respiratory tract infections date = 1988-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3288 sentences = 178 flesch = 39 summary = ELLNER, M.D. Cleveland, CM Pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia represent the most common respiratory tract infections. Potentially pathogenic bacteria can be isolated in most sputum specimens from persons with chronic bronchitis, even in the absence of symptoms of acute infectious exacerbation, Although it is true that Streptococcus pneumoniae is isolated in increased quantities when patients experience exacerbation [Sl, it is not clear in the SYMPOSIUM ON CEFIXIME / ELLNER Determination of the Cause of Pneumonia * Is the current condition accurately termed "acute," or is it really chronic? Although the Gram's stain may suggest that the cause of a pneumonia is not bacterial by the finding of inflammatory cells and no organisms, the clinical presentation can be even more useful for distinguishing a bacterial from a nonbacterial infection. The search for elastin fibers appears to be a generally useful adjunct for diagnosis not only in hospitalized patients but in all persons with pneumonia, particularly when symptoms do not fit the classic patterns of either bacterial or nonbacterial syndromes. cache = ./cache/cord-267041-i94lyfsh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267041-i94lyfsh.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 34464 sentences = 1865 flesch = 47 summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . cache = ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267531-tqqj4cy0 author = He, Ying title = A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China date = 2014-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4686 sentences = 313 flesch = 55 summary = title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China OBJECTIVES: To determine the viral etiology and seasonality of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children, a 3-year study was conducted in Shenzhen, China. 3, 4 The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV), which are responsible for most episodes of ARTIs in children. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence, seasonality and clinical characteristics of acute viral respiratory infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen and to provide insights into etiologies of ARTIs in local infants and children. Most studies showed that RSV or HRV was the most prevalent viruses in children with viral respiratory tract infection. 9 In this study, due to the high detection rate and similar seasonality of RSV, HRV, IAV, PIV and HMPV, an overall spring-summer seasonality of viral respiratory infections in children was concluded. cache = ./cache/cord-267531-tqqj4cy0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267531-tqqj4cy0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260700-u12aa739 author = Kainulainen, Leena title = Recurrent and persistent respiratory tract viral infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia date = 2010-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3686 sentences = 248 flesch = 46 summary = title: Recurrent and persistent respiratory tract viral infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia OBJECTIVE: We conducted a prospective 12-month follow-up study of respiratory tract infections in 12 adult patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. METHODS: Nasal swab samples and induced sputum samples were taken at the onset of acute respiratory tract infection and every 3 months thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Despite adequate immunoglobulin replacement therapy, patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia have increased susceptibility to respiratory tract viral infections. Using modern diagnostic techniques, we wanted to study the occurrence of respiratory tract infections, especially viral infections, in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia who were receiving regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy. If the spouse of the patient had acute symptoms of respiratory tract infection, she or he took nasal swabs at home according to the instructions of the research nurse and sent the vials by post. First, despite adequate immunoglobulin replacement therapy, most patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia had increased susceptibility to respiratory tract viral infections. cache = ./cache/cord-260700-u12aa739.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260700-u12aa739.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267973-uvz7kavu author = Do, Lien Anh Ha title = Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Viral Infections among Children under Two Years Old in Southern Vietnam 2009-2010: Clinical Characteristics and Disease Severity date = 2016-08-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5921 sentences = 476 flesch = 61 summary = title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Viral Infections among Children under Two Years Old in Southern Vietnam 2009-2010: Clinical Characteristics and Disease Severity This study aims to describe the viral etiologies, the demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of children under two years of age who were hospitalized with a lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), focusing on RSV (prevalence, seasonality, subgroups, viral load) and its association with disease severity. However, information on detailed clinical, epidemiological features and virological characteristics of RSV infections (e.g. disease burden, demographics, seasonal variations of RSV and other viral infections, circulating genotypes and subgroups, viral load) or on the frequency / impact of other respiratory viruses among Vietnamese children under two years old are limited [6] . Here, we aimed to describe the viral etiologies and the demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of children under two years of age who were hospitalized with a LRTI, focusing on RSV (prevalence, seasonality, subgroups, viral load) and its association with disease severity. cache = ./cache/cord-267973-uvz7kavu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267973-uvz7kavu.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269181-1h3wbhq4 author = Perelmutter, L. title = Immunoglobulin E response during viral infections date = 1979-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1655 sentences = 98 flesch = 55 summary = Abstract One hundred and three patients (90 nonatopics and 13 atopics) with respiratory infections to various viral agents were studied retrospectively with respect to IgE immunoglobulin levels during acute (1 to 7 days) and convalescent (8 to 30 days) phases of infection. One hundred and three patients (90 nonatopics and 13 atopics) with respiratory i!fections to curious viral ugents were studied retrospectively with respect to IgE immunoglobulin levels during acute (I to 7 days) and convalescent (8 to 30 days) phases of infection. Clinical studies dating back almost 40 yr have suggested that upper respiratory tract infections are associated with bronchial asthma and can precipitate or potentiate attacks of bronchial asthma', ' and wheezing in asthmatic patients. In the present study, it was found that naturally occurring viral respiratory infections modulated serum IgE levels in both nonatopic as well as atopic individuals. cache = ./cache/cord-269181-1h3wbhq4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269181-1h3wbhq4.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269095-lwank6hk author = Jirru, Ermias title = Impact of Influenza on Pneumococcal Vaccine Effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Aged Murine Lung date = 2020-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5981 sentences = 290 flesch = 36 summary = As recent work has illustrated differential efficacy of Prevnar vaccination in modulating the immune responses of adult mice to post-influenza infection with a serotype 3 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, we chose to examine the impact of influenza infection on Pneumovax responses during a secondary bacterial infection [30, 40] . When compared to PBS controls, there was no significant increase in cellular recruitment or viral titers in aged adult mice vaccinated with Pneumovax on day 7 post influenza ( Figure 3B,C) . The purpose of our current study was to investigate the role of immune imprinting by influenza on pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the aged murine lung. The purpose of our current study was to investigate the role of immune imprinting by influenza on pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the aged murine lung. cache = ./cache/cord-269095-lwank6hk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269095-lwank6hk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267132-nb0j6k3h author = Loveday, H.P. title = epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England date = 2013-12-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 43396 sentences = 2281 flesch = 43 summary = Clinical effectiveness (i.e. using prevention measures that are based on reliable evidence of efÀ cacy) is a core component of an effective strategy designed to protect patients from the risk of infection, and when combined with quality improvement methods can account for signiÀ cant reductions in HCAI such as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difÀ cile. Full text conÀ rms that the article: relates to infections associated with hospital hygiene; is written in English; is primary research (randomised controlled trials, prospective cohort, interrupted time series, controlled before-after, quasi-experimental, experimental studies answering speciÀ c questions), a systematic review or a meta-analysis including the above designs; and informs one or more of the review questions. 334 In a prospective cohort study using data from two randomised trials and a systematic review to estimate rates of PICC-related bloodstream infection in hospitalised patients, the author concluded that PICCs used in high-risk hospitalised patients are associated with a rate of CR-BSI similar to conventional CVCs placed in the internal jugular or subclavian veins (two to À ve per 1000 catheter-days). cache = ./cache/cord-267132-nb0j6k3h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267132-nb0j6k3h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024651-578c9ut5 author = nan title = 2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 84560 sentences = 5089 flesch = 47 summary = Abstract/Case Report Text Introduction: Mutations in the gene encoding signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) cause autosomal dominant hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (AD-HIES) characterized by recurrent skin and sinopulmonary infections, atopic dermatitis, and elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Objective: The purpose of this study is to increase awareness and improve diagnosis of primary immune deficiency (PID) in the heterogenous group of patients with autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) by identifying clinical characteristics and laboratory biomarkers that distinguish those with underlying PID, disease activity and guide mechanism-based targeted therapy. 7 Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID/National Institutes of Health, NIH Abstract/Case Report Text We have previously used the artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system, based on the 3D aggregation and culture of a delta-like canonical Notch ligand 4-expressing stromal cell line (MS5-Dll4) with CD34+ cells, to study T cell differentiation from CD34+ cells obtained from patients carrying defects that are intrinsic to hematopoietic cells (RAG1-2, AK2, IL2RG) or that affect thymus development (DiGeorge syndrome). cache = ./cache/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267139-r8rg0iqq author = Scaggs Huang, Felicia A. title = Fever in the Returning Traveler date = 2018-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3494 sentences = 211 flesch = 48 summary = As many as 34% of patients with recent travel history are diagnosed with routine infections, but serious infections such as malaria, enteric fever, and dengue fever should be on the differential diagnosis due the high morbidity and mortality in children. As awareness of tropical illnesses rise in parents, such as the increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide or the emergence of epidemics with Zika virus in South America, families may be more anxious about serious infections as an etiologic factor of fevers. Because the causes and clinical outcomes associated with fevers in pediatric travelers vary from self-limited to deadly, a systems-based approach can lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment that evaluates for the most likely and serious diseases early in the illness course. A European study of travelers returning from Brazil in 2013 to 2016 reported that of the 29% of patients with travel-related complaints, 6% had dengue fever, 3% had chikungunya, and 3% had Zika virus infection. cache = ./cache/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269734-u43gt8fh author = Teijaro, J.R. title = Pleiotropic Roles of Type 1 Interferons in Antiviral Immune Responses date = 2016-09-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7445 sentences = 368 flesch = 31 summary = (A) Viral infection in the lung with Influenza or SARS-CoV promotes the induction of delayed IFN-I production which enhances cytokine/chemokine production, recruitment of NK cells, and neutrophils and inflammatory macrophage/monocytes all which contribute to lung immune-mediated pathology. Collectively, the studies above suggest that IFN-I signaling is essential to cytokine and chemokine amplification and innate immune cell recruitment and can promote excessive immunopathology during acute respiratory viral infections (Fig. 1) . Importantly, that IFN-I production and signaling can be blunted without enhancing virus propagation following acute respiratory viral infection suggests that this pathway can be modulated without compromising host antiviral responses. Inhibition of IFN-I signaling by antibody blockade of IFNAR1 results in elevated virus replication early following LCMV Cl13 infection and treatment of mice with IFN-I during the early stages of persistent LCMV infection promotes rapid virus control (Wang et al., 2012) . cache = ./cache/cord-269734-u43gt8fh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269734-u43gt8fh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269975-1ebmq7t8 author = Duplantier, Allen J. title = Combating biothreat pathogens: ongoing efforts for countermeasure development and unique challenges date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12963 sentences = 580 flesch = 32 summary = None of the filoviruses or henipaviruses has any FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines available for prevention or treatment of human disease, and while ribavirin is sometimes used to treat Lassa fever, it is not a terribly effective drug against this viral infection [28] . Many of the therapeutics that are in different stages of either preclinical or clinical development for select biothreat pathogens include small molecule antivirals (Tables 7.3 and 7.4), antibody (or antibody cocktails) against viruses or bacteria/virulence factors (Table 7 .5), and combination drug therapy (Table 7 .6). Although no FDA-approved HDT therapies are yet available for treating infectious diseases, we have summarized in this section the antimicrobial Primary screening of small molecule chemical libraries in the phenotypic HCI assay will identify compounds that inhibit pathogen infection as well as those that may contribute to cellular toxicity. cache = ./cache/cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267671-ys43n672 author = Whary, Mark T. title = Biology and Diseases of Mice date = 2015-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 63666 sentences = 3678 flesch = 40 summary = Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271130-6s79q1c1 author = Filoni, Claudia title = Putative progressive and abortive feline leukemia virus infection outcomes in captive jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) date = 2017-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6584 sentences = 337 flesch = 47 summary = title: Putative progressive and abortive feline leukemia virus infection outcomes in captive jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) Thus, the aim of this study was to perform additional serological and molecular tests and monitor the population of jaguarundis at FPZSP for FeLV infection and development of FeLV-related diseases for 5 years (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) . Two captive-born male jaguarundis, the geriatric #1 and the mature adult #4, presented serological and molecular FeLV test results similar to the progressive FeLV infection outcome in domestic cats [25] . Moreover, consistent with findings in domestic cats with a progressive FeLV infection, no antibodies to FeLV antigens were detected in jaguarundis #1 and #4. Two captive-born jaguarundis, #2 and #22, presented test results similar to those reported for domestic cats with abortive FeLV infection and seroconversion as the only marker of FeLV exposure [28] . cache = ./cache/cord-271130-6s79q1c1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271130-6s79q1c1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267402-kca05rvz author = South, Kieron title = Preceding infection and risk of stroke: An old concept revived by the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6248 sentences = 335 flesch = 41 summary = What follows herein is a detailed summary of the current literature surrounding COVID-19, encompassing the immune and inflammatory responses to infection, thrombotic manifestations and vascular consequences of infection with a focus on possible mechanisms by which these elements may contribute to acute stroke events. 89 This is not the case in COVID-19 (and the previous SARS outbreak) and a recent retrospective cohort study has suggested an incidence of stroke 7-8 times higher in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection compared with those hospitalized by influenza, 90 supporting the possibility of a SARS-CoV-2-driven hyper-coagulant state. [91] [92] [93] Obesity, in particular, is emerging as a prominent risk factor in the development of severe COVID-19 disease and is generally associated with increased incidence and increased severity of respiratory viral infection. Notably, the cytokine IL-33 is persistently elevated in obese individuals and is capable of stimulating endothelial cells to release pro-coagulant tissue factor 97 which may expose them to more severe COVID-19 disease and/or stroke. cache = ./cache/cord-267402-kca05rvz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267402-kca05rvz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271076-436nxsua author = Paul-Pierre, Pastoret title = Emerging diseases, zoonoses and vaccines to control them date = 2009-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3723 sentences = 173 flesch = 43 summary = In Northern America, the spectacular spread of West Nile virus infection, another vector transmitted disease, in humans and horses, was rapidly followed by the development of several vaccines, including a DNA-based vaccine for horses. To prevent Nipah virus (Henipavirus) infection in pigs a vaccine has recently been developed but, unfortunately, in countries like Bangladesh, humans are directly infected by the reservoir, a fruit bat species. The changes following globalisation, climatic change [6, 7] , and the opening of previously closed ecosystems, have considerably modified the pattern of endemic (or enzootic) infections/diseases, and contributed to the emergence of new agents that are pathogenic for humans and domestic animals. It is even more true when facing a really emerging disease that moreover is zoonotic such as Nipah virus infection [27] for which no vaccine was available yet, because the causative agent was previously unknown; the only solution is once again to kill and destroy the infected and in-contact animals. cache = ./cache/cord-271076-436nxsua.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271076-436nxsua.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269627-mx1mjdqc author = Thiry, Etienne title = Feline herpesvirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management date = 2009-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3935 sentences = 255 flesch = 46 summary = Passive immunity acquired via colostrum Maternally derived antibodies protect kittens against disease during the first weeks of life, but in general levels are low in FHV infections. Feline herpesvirus infection typically causes acute upper respiratory and ocular disease (Table 1) , which can be particularly severe in young kittens. 18 Viral DNA has also been detected in the aqueous humour of a larger proportion of cats suffering from uveitis, as compared with 19 Chronic rhinosinusitis, a frequent cause of sneezing and nasal discharge, has been associated with FHV infection. However, when quantitative real-time PCR is used, the virus concentration measured may provide additional information: high viral loads in nasal secretion or tears suggest active replication and FHV involvement in the clinical signs [EBM grade II]. Evaluation of serologic and viral detection methods for diagnosing feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats with acute respiratory tract or chronic ocular disease Quantification of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in ocular fluid samples of clinically diseased cats by real-time TaqMan PCR cache = ./cache/cord-269627-mx1mjdqc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269627-mx1mjdqc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270091-sqrh8ylt author = Cohen, Pascal title = Vascularites associées aux infections virales date = 2004-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6087 sentences = 531 flesch = 43 summary = Résumé Des virus, causes de vascularites Si la plupart des vascularites systémiques sont de cause inconnue, la responsabilité d'une infection virale a été démontrée de façon formelle pour certaines d'entre elles, un traitement spécifique pouvant les guérir définitivement. Cryoglobulinemia related to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) The clinical manifestations are those of systemic vasculitis with particular tropism for the skin (involvement generally inaugural and almost constant), peripheral nerves and the glomerula. Des virus, causes de vascularites Si la plupart des vascularites systémiques sont de cause inconnue, la responsabilité d'une infection virale a été démontrée de façon formelle pour certaines d'entre elles, un traitement spécifique pouvant les guérir définitivement. L'infection à HTLV1 est rarement compliquée de vascularite ;cette dernière a un tropisme neurologique central 181 192, 193 qui fut le premier à décrire la responsabilité liée à l'hépatite B au cours de la périartérite noueuse 194 , nous décidâmes d'inclure dans un protocole prospectif tous les patients atteints de PAN HBV+ et de traiter les patients par une combinaison d'antiviraux et d'échanges plasmatiques 195 . cache = ./cache/cord-270091-sqrh8ylt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270091-sqrh8ylt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272117-erzpz3c0 author = Downey, Jeffrey title = Dissecting host cell death programs in the pathogenesis of influenza date = 2018-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9230 sentences = 440 flesch = 33 summary = Experimentally, apoptosis of IAV-infected epithelial cells was shown to be dependent upon viral replication, as an inactivated virus failed to induce apoptosis in mice [46] and human cells [47] . PKR can directly sense dsRNA generated during viral replication to induce Fas expression and FADD-dependent apoptosis [52] , as well as inhibit host and viral protein translation through the phosphorylation of eIF2a [53] in IAV-infected cells [54] . Additionally, pandemic and highly virulent strains of the virus, including HPAI and the 1918 H1N1 strain, are known to completely exhaust the replicative niche of epithelial cells of the lung over the course of infection as a by-product of overly exuberant replication and failure of immune response to control viral propagation. Collectively, these findings suggest that in contrast to the biphasic role of epithelial cell apoptosis in preventing or promoting pathogenesis, highly virulent IAV rapidly infects and induces early death in pulmonary M4 to suppress antiviral responses. cache = ./cache/cord-272117-erzpz3c0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272117-erzpz3c0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272752-cobroc5h author = Brook, Itzhak title = The challenges of treating tracheobronchitis in a laryngectomee due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: a case report date = 2018-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1723 sentences = 107 flesch = 47 summary = BACKGROUND: Laryngectomees run the risk of developing severe respiratory tract infections especially during the winter and when they do not wear a stoma cover. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old Caucasian man, a laryngectomee, presented with bacterial tracheobronchitis and conjunctivitis due to beta-lactamase-producing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining the patency of the airway in laryngectomees who suffer from lower respiratory tract infection is of utmost importance as the mucus can be very dry and viscous and can stick to the walls of the trachea and the stoma. Tracheobronchitis in laryngectomees was described as a "suffocating" respiratory infection because of the difficulties in maintaining a patent airway in these patients [6, 7] . Laryngectomees especially those who do not wear an HME or have uncovered stoma are therefore at a higher risk for lower respiratory infections. Laryngectomees are at a higher risk of developing lower respiratory tract infections especially in the winter and when not wearing an HME. cache = ./cache/cord-272752-cobroc5h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272752-cobroc5h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272596-yxvg8357 author = WU, Jian Jun title = Detection of Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Lanzhou and Nanjing, China date = 2014-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2953 sentences = 167 flesch = 48 summary = title: Detection of Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Lanzhou and Nanjing, China In our study, 72.34% of HBoV1-positive patients had co-infection with 10 different respiratory viruses, which is similar to previous reports [12] [13] [14] [46] [47] [48] . Detection of human bocavirus in children with upper respiratory tract infection by polymerase chain reaction Detection of bocavirus in children suffering from acute respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China Clinical relevance of human bocavirus with acute respiratory tract infection and diarrhea in children: a prospective case-control study Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German children with respiratory tract infections Human bocavirus infection in children with acute respiratory tract infection in India Human bocavirus in children with acute respiratory infections in Vietnam Human bocavirus infection in young children with acute respiratory tract infection in Lanzhou cache = ./cache/cord-272596-yxvg8357.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272596-yxvg8357.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273536-h7mzqef2 author = Surpure, J. S. title = Pediatric emergencies: newsletter 9 date = 1989 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1611 sentences = 97 flesch = 42 summary = However, the new cephalosporins have been used recently for initial empiric treatment of mening gitis because of their increased activity against the common meningeal pathogens or because some of these compounds can be adminiIn several recent controlled, prospective studies, some newer cephalosporins did not sterilize CSF cultures more rapidly nor did they improve case4atality rates compared with conventional antibiotic regimens in neonates and older children (providing that the pathogens were susceptible to the antibiotic used). Yates and Sullivan (J Pediatr Orthop, 1987; 7 : 54) 3 studied 36"children under 8 years of age with elbow injuries to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and clinical efficacy of elbow arthrograms. Weisse et al (Pediatric Infect Dis J 1987; 6 : 1091) 1 studied the effect of acetaminophen on fever in bacterial vs viral infections in 100 children (ages 9 days to 17 years) with rectal or oral temperature of 1020 F (38.90 C) or greater. cache = ./cache/cord-273536-h7mzqef2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273536-h7mzqef2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271653-4q2olzx1 author = Libby, Peter title = The Heart in COVID19: Primary Target or Secondary Bystander? date = 2020-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1590 sentences = 84 flesch = 37 summary = Fulminant myocarditis due to direct viral infection can certainly occur, but patients with increased oxygen demands due to tachycardia and fever, and reduced oxygen delivery due to hypotension and hypoxemia can cause myocardial injury indirectly. Fulminant myocarditis due to direct viral infection can certainly occur, but patients with increased oxygen demands due to tachycardia and fever, and reduced oxygen delivery due to hypotension and hypoxemia can cause myocardial injury indirectly. Dealing with the immense challenge of COVID-19 disease, confronted with severely ill patients in dire straits with virtually no rigorous evidence base to guide our therapy, we must call upon our clinical skills and judgment. Dealing with the immense challenge of COVID-19 disease, confronted with severely ill patients in dire straits with virtually no rigorous evidence base to guide our therapy, we must call upon our clinical skills and judgment. cache = ./cache/cord-271653-4q2olzx1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271653-4q2olzx1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274643-vjb2yt93 author = Kang, G. title = Viral Diarrhea date = 2008-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5682 sentences = 282 flesch = 39 summary = Of the 'non-group A' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for more than 72 hours in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections do not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. cache = ./cache/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274763-i6e3g3te author = Liu, Wen-Kuan title = Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region date = 2018-07-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3451 sentences = 187 flesch = 46 summary = title: Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is an important cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI), yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients (≤14 years old), with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016. We collected meteorological data for Guangzhou, including monthly mean temperature, mean relative humidity, rainfall, mean wind speed, mean air pressure, mean vapor pressure and sunshine duration for a 7-year period, to explore the correlation between meteorological conditions and prevalence of HBoV1. Clinical and epidemiological profiles of lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children due to human bocavirus in a subtropical area of China cache = ./cache/cord-274763-i6e3g3te.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274763-i6e3g3te.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276348-vr5fit8r author = Ogra, Pearay L. title = Respiratory syncytial virus: The virus, the disease and the immune response date = 2004-01-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4788 sentences = 282 flesch = 44 summary = Premature babies born at 30–35 weeks of gestation, infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease, HIV-infected subjects, and patients on intensive immunosuppressive therapy especially after bone marrow transplant are considered to be at risk for increased mortality and morbidity during RSV infection. Recurrent wheezing for up to 5 to 7 years of age and established airway disease has been observed in a significant number of children with a strong family history of allergy, after primary infection or reinfection with RSV. Children at increased risk from RSV infection include young infants with prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, subjects with hematologic malignancies, patients with bone-marrow or organ transplants, and cystic fibrosis. 6 It is important to recognise that virtually all children who get infected with RSV develop virus-specific IgE homocytotropic antibody in the respiratory tract. cache = ./cache/cord-276348-vr5fit8r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276348-vr5fit8r.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278816-l92lkj69 author = Brouard, J. title = Prise en charge des pathologies respiratoires à adénovirus chez l’enfant immunocompétent À propos d’une étude rétrospective de 116 enfants hospitalisés date = 2004-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4952 sentences = 436 flesch = 54 summary = authors: Brouard, J.; Vabret, A.; Bach, N.; Toutain, F.; Duhamel, J. Freymuth Les adénovirus sont une cause commune d'atteinte respiratoire ; bien que dépendant du sérotype, ils peuvent également être la cause d'atteintes extrarespiratoires. Elle est par contre plus restreinte pour les enfants a priori sains : or chez eux des altérations bronchiolaires et bronchiques peuvent être à l'origine de lésions définitives parfois d'expression retardée. Les pneumopathies virales se définissent par l'existence d'une atteinte parenchymateuse : elles ne représentent qu'une faible part des infections respiratoires basses, environ 5 %. En dehors de ce contexte ces infections respiratoires sont le plus souvent bénignes, mais par-fois cette symptomatologie peut être marquée même chez l'enfant sain [18] . Les infections subaiguës des voies respiratoires par les AdV pourraient être impliquées dans la genèse de certaines formes de bronchopathies chroniques obstructives chez l'enfant et chez l'adulte. Les critères d'hospitalisation lors d'une pneumopathie supposée virale sont communs avec ceux des infections bactériennes. cache = ./cache/cord-278816-l92lkj69.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278816-l92lkj69.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275795-ee7qyw5h author = Monette, Anne title = T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders date = 2018-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28265 sentences = 1205 flesch = 38 summary = We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates. Since that time, the occurrence of epidemics and outbreaks are now at lower risk, following the introduction of massive vaccination programs able to induce immune system targeting of viruses causing severe disorders affecting distinct geographical locations, and with many epidemiological reports demonstrating long-term efficacy of viral control of non-naïve populations. This approach is being developed to use virus-infected cell-killing antibodies that produce an antiviral environment; these termed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies, which are predicted to link innate and adaptive immune responses, and is becoming possible due to new technologies for rapid isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies targeting conserved regions of influenza virus, reviewed in Jegaskanda et al. cache = ./cache/cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283405-aozxvxxs author = Vermillion, Meghan S. title = Pregnancy and infection: using disease pathogenesis to inform vaccine strategy date = 2018-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8428 sentences = 431 flesch = 33 summary = Pregnant women, unborn fetuses, and neonates represent three populations of high-risk individuals that can all be simultaneously protected from vaccine-preventable infectious disease with strategic maternal immunization protocols. Third are neonatal and infant infections, which are not considered to pose significant risk to pregnant women or unborn fetuses, but can cause severe, and sometimes fatal disease in neonates and infants that lack protective maternal immunity following birth. Studies in pregnant nonhuman primates have been instrumental for the identification of CD4 + T cell responses as critical for early control of CMV infection and transmission during pregnancy, 100 and studies in guinea pigs have demonstrated that a single-cycle infectious CMV vaccine induces immune responses similar to natural infection and protects against congenital infection. 125 Vaccine candidates have been developed using diverse platforms, including DNA, mRNA, and purified inactivated and live-attenuated virus, many of which have been tested in non-pregnant mouse and nonhuman primate models for their ability to generate immune responses that mimic responses to natural infection and protected against ZIKV challenge. cache = ./cache/cord-283405-aozxvxxs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283405-aozxvxxs.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283588-j27q53oz author = Gebicki, Jerzy title = COVID-19 infection: mitohormetic concept of immune response date = 2020-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 422 sentences = 35 flesch = 45 summary = title: COVID-19 infection: mitohormetic concept of immune response 1-MNA, previously regarded as a useless metabolite of NA excreted with urine, has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory properties 5 . The mitohormetic concept of anti-inflammatory activity by 1-MNA is presented in Fig. 1 . As AOX expression is particularly high in respiratory tissues, it may be expected that there would be significant 1-MNA anti-inflammatory activity in the airways as well. Indeed, the excretion of 1-MNA with urine has been found to be significantly reduced in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection 7 . It has been suggested that the weakened ability to fend off inflammation during RSV infection is likely due to lower levels of 1-MNA 7 . The lower levels of 1-MNA observed in some airway diseases, including viral infections, may further suggest that 1-MNA plays an important physiological role in regulation of the innate immune response. cache = ./cache/cord-283588-j27q53oz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283588-j27q53oz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277818-8w15dz20 author = Jaichenco, Andre L. title = Infectious Disease Considerations for the Operating Room date = 2018-02-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9728 sentences = 528 flesch = 39 summary = Hand hygiene is a well-known and effective solution to the problem of bacterial transmission within and across patients and is considered the most important and cost-effective individual intervention in the prevention of health care–associated infections in children and health care providers Compliance with the current "5 moments" World Health Organization guidelines could make a major inroad into reducing provider hand and workspace contamination. These findings have clinical implications for the risk of colonization and subsequent HCIs-for example, SSIs. This calls attention to the need to develop and enforce strict hand hygiene guidelines for personnel who are providing anesthesia care, but more importantly the need to increase compliance with environmental disinfection of the OR (between cases and terminal cleaning), and to study further the directions of the spread of pathogens in the OR and anesthesia work areas. cache = ./cache/cord-277818-8w15dz20.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277818-8w15dz20.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283779-mudwcypl author = Lauretani, Fulvio title = Assessment and treatment of older individuals with COVID-19 multi-system disease: clinical and ethical implications date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9727 sentences = 500 flesch = 42 summary = The chronic increase in inflammatory cytokines, augmented by COVID-19 infection, may explain the higher tendency for "the cascade leading to pulmonary fibrosis and insufficiency and activation of clotting" and poorer clinical prognosis, especially in multimorbid older persons (4) . In case of persistent fever, higher than 37.5°C for a time longer than 3 days and peripheral oxygen level lower than 95% after starting therapy, we should consider and proceed to hospitalization especially in multimorbid older patients with cardiac, respiratory diseases and diabetes. First, patients at risk for poor outcomes and higher mortality following infection with SARS-CoV-2, namely older adults and multimorbid individuals, should be checked for malnutrition through screening and assessment. Older patients infected by COVID-19 often experience atypical and less severe symptoms in older persons, side-effects of the drugs and require specific nutritional and motor treatment for avoiding disability and death. cache = ./cache/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283826-lgyc3sro author = Stiehm, E. Richard title = Therapeutic Use of Immunoglobulins date = 2010-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9752 sentences = 562 flesch = 37 summary = medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and death.' ' Since then antibodies in multiple forms (animal and human serums, immune globulins and monoclonal antibodies) have been developed, primarily for prevention of infectious diseases, and less commonly for their treatment. Thus regular use of IVIG in antibody-deficient patients in doses of 400 to 600 mg/kg every 3 to 4 weeks or an equivalent amount given subcutaneously decreases the frequency and severity of otitis and other respiratory tract infections [27, 28] . High-dose IVIG (sufficient to increase the serum IgG levels to 1000 mg/mL) has been used successfully in immunodeficient patients with enteroviral encephalomyelitis [80] [81] [82] [83] . Because IgG represents the major defense of humoral immunity against infection, these patients also require immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Individualizing the dose of intravenous immune serum globulin for therapy of patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency cache = ./cache/cord-283826-lgyc3sro.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283826-lgyc3sro.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276758-k2imddzr author = Siegel, Jane D. title = 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date = 2007-12-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 46228 sentences = 2479 flesch = 35 summary = Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. cache = ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278935-3lgud7l8 author = Chen, Zheng‐Rong title = Clinical and epidemiological profiles of lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children due to human bocavirus in a subtropical area of China date = 2014-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4779 sentences = 236 flesch = 47 summary = title: Clinical and epidemiological profiles of lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children due to human bocavirus in a subtropical area of China Furthermore, epidemiological data shows that HBoV is present year-round with different incidence rates from 2.2% to 19% in children with lower respiratory tract infection [Manning et al., 2006; Weissbrich et al., 2006; Allander et al., 2007; Canducci et al., 2008] . The purpose of this study was to ascertain the frequency, seasonal, and clinical characteristics in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection and evaluate the effects of meteorological factors on the incidence of HBoV in a subtropical region of China. Based on the data from this study, HBoV was the third most common pathogen after RSV and Mycoplasma pneumoniae with an incidence of 6.6% in all hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection in Suzhou area. cache = ./cache/cord-278935-3lgud7l8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278935-3lgud7l8.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283545-vu8lt3w6 author = Brabb, Thea title = Infectious Diseases date = 2011-12-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28865 sentences = 1659 flesch = 47 summary = Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. The efficacy of canine, porcine, human, and autogenous Bordetella vaccines and bacterins has been evaluated by several individuals; reports suggest that these vaccines do not completely protect guinea pigs from infection, but a decrease in the incidence and severity of clinical disease has been noted in experimentally challenged animals (Matherne et al., 1987; Stephenson et al., 1989) . cache = ./cache/cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279849-zzkliu76 author = DaPalma, T. title = A systematic approach to virus–virus interactions date = 2010-01-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8230 sentences = 366 flesch = 36 summary = Therefore, in this review we identify known and potential types of virus-virus interactions (VVIs) and organize them into three categories: (1) direct interactions of viral genes or gene products, (2) indirect interactions that result from alterations in the host environment, and (3) a subset of indirect interactions called immunological interactions, unique to organisms equipped with an adaptive immune system. One of the first helper-dependent viruses described was bacteriophage P4, a bacteria-infecting virus that is able to replicate its own genome, but requires the presence of a coinfecting bacteriophage, such as P2, to provide capsid components and cell lysis (Shore et al., 1978; Six and Klug, 1973) . While direct binding and activation of viral transactivating proteins to heterologous viral promoters has been documented, more common are reports of viral infections inducing increased expression or activation of cellular transcription factors, which then act on promoters of coinfecting viruses. Human cytomegalovirus TRS1 and IRS1 gene products block the double-stranded-RNA-activated host protein shutoff response induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 infection cache = ./cache/cord-279849-zzkliu76.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279849-zzkliu76.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285628-36gyix12 author = Stull, Jason W. title = Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date = 2015-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6763 sentences = 324 flesch = 29 summary = The routine use of simple infection prevention practices can likely dramatically reduce HAIs. Infection control is the term best suited to the goal in small animal veterinary medicine of preventing (or, more practically speaking, limiting) the introduction and/or spread of pathogens with a group of patients and caregivers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently assessed domestic antibiotic resistance threats for people based on Box 1 Pathogens of concern in a small animal clinic Hospital-Associated Infections clinical and economic impact, incidence, transmissibility, availability of effective antimicrobials, and barriers to prevention. Staphylococcus S pseudintermedius and to a lesser extent S aureus are common causes of veterinary HAIs. 30 Both are frequently carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs and people (respectively), creating the potential for both endogenous infection (infection caused by bacteria the animal was harboring at the time of hospital admission) and acquisition of the pathogen during hospitalization directly or indirectly from other patients, the environment, or human caregivers. cache = ./cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285467-uxfk6k3c author = Ragni, Enrico title = Management of osteoarthritis during COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7077 sentences = 353 flesch = 37 summary = Since an effective immune response against viral infections depends on cytotoxic T cells activation (25) , experimental evidence supports the observation that overexpression of inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 during the viral immune response might be associated with a decreased viral clearance by impairing the polarization and functionality of Th1 and CD8 cells (26), contributing to the worsening of the COVID-19 symptoms, and their management may appear an intriguing therapeutical approach. Overall, the administration of drugs for the control of inflammation, inhibiting the response of the immune system, may be detrimental in the initial phases of the viral infection, reducing the ability of the body to react to the presence of SARS-CoV-2, as observed in patients chronically treated for rheumatoid arthritis (27) . All rights reserved This shall prompt orthopaedics and clinicians in general to evaluate with extreme care the clinical conditions of OA patients not only under the perspective of OA symptoms management but also for undercurrent comorbidities, naturally occurring or OA-treatment-related, that, in the era of COVID-19 pandemic, may strongly affect patients outcomes more than the net combination of SARS-CoV-2 infection and OA. cache = ./cache/cord-285467-uxfk6k3c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285467-uxfk6k3c.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286337-qk90xb3a author = Hanada, Shigeo title = Respiratory Viral Infection-Induced Microbiome Alterations and Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia date = 2018-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9806 sentences = 436 flesch = 22 summary = While the effects of these alterations on risk of secondary bacterial pneumonia have not been studied, potential mechanisms by which these changes might modulate susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections include alterations in the nature and magnitude of the immune response in the host (microbiome on host effects) and facilitating growth of pathogens in the absence of normal commensals (inter-microbial effects). Given the effects of viruses on enhancing bacterial adherence to the epithelium (86) (87) (88) , it is perhaps not surprising that multiple studies of human subjects as well as in animal models have shown that viral infections are associated with increased colonization by potentially pathogenic bacteria (known as "pathobionts"). Another study of patients with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection revealed that the predominant phyla of the upper respiratory tract (nasal and nasopharyngeal samples) in patients harboring pandemic H1N1 were Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria although normal controls were not included; however, the authors suggested that flu is associated with an expansion of Proteobacteria (109) which is generally less abundant in healthy hosts. cache = ./cache/cord-286337-qk90xb3a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286337-qk90xb3a.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284195-qarz4o2z author = Ansumali, Santosh title = A Very Flat Peak: Exponential growth phase of COVID-19 is mostly followed by a prolonged linear growth phase, not an immediate saturation date = 2020-04-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4425 sentences = 196 flesch = 57 summary = As such, a few weeks after these strict measures, and noting the reported success of China, governments of various provinces and countries are waiting for the new daily infections to cross over the peak. To date, other than China which continues to report nearly zero new infected cases every day for the past few weeks, all other countries are either in an exponential phase or a linear growth phase. In this work, we note by studying the COVID-19 infection data from several countries which implemented quarantine that the exponential growth phase ends, but it is followed by a linear growth phase. As much as the linear regime suggests the end of the exponential growth phase, a correlation of the daily cases with the average number of infections at the time of transition seems to suggest that the growth is only maintained in a "pause", frozen at the state where the quarantines are implemented. cache = ./cache/cord-284195-qarz4o2z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284195-qarz4o2z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279255-v861kk0i author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23862 sentences = 1164 flesch = 44 summary = Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. cache = ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288113-ex4yi28u author = Epalza, Cristina title = Role of Viral Molecular Panels in Diagnosing the Etiology of Fever in Infants Younger Than 3 Months date = 2019-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3656 sentences = 182 flesch = 44 summary = As infants with proven viral infection present lower risk of bacterial infection, we evaluated how molecular methods detecting viruses on respiratory secretions could contribute to etiological diagnostic of these febrile episodes. The management of febrile infants younger than 3 months in the emergency room (ER) is challenging as they have a higher risk of serious bacterial infection (SBI) than older children and because clinical evaluation has a low sensitivity and specificity in identifying those infants with SBI. The aims of this prospective study were to evaluate the analytical performances of a multiplex diagnostic tool detecting the most frequent respiratory viruses as compared with our set of homemade real-time PCRs and the potential contribution of these molecular methods to the etiologic diagnosis of febrile episodes in infants younger than 3 months of life. The present evaluation demonstrates that molecular techniques greatly improve the detection rate of viral infections, especially in the challenging group of febrile infants without clinical source, among which the increase in microbiological documentation was nearly 20%. cache = ./cache/cord-288113-ex4yi28u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288113-ex4yi28u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author = Hui, David S.C. title = A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date = 2017-07-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7703 sentences = 432 flesch = 44 summary = Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. The global circulation of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza, the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 followed by its continual circulation, 6 the rising number of A(H7N9) infections in humans 2 and the ongoing spread of A(H5N8) in recent months in the poultry populations in many countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and Middle East with pandemic potential 7 all point to an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013 in patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288505-v4dbswyk author = Roberts, M.T.M. title = An analysis of imported infections over a 5-year period at a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom date = 2003-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1881 sentences = 107 flesch = 48 summary = A 5-year analysis of cases seen in a large teaching and district general hospital in the Eastern Region of the UK was performed using ward records correlated with Hospital coding data and Hospital Episode Statistics from the Department of Health. The analysis includes all imported infections seen on the infectious diseases ward as recorded in the ward data book, at Addenbrooke's hospital in Cambridge, UK over a 5-year period 1998 -2002. The number of imported infections necessitating hospital admission is surprisingly high, yet it is likely that this is 'the tip of an iceberg' with many cases treated by general practitioners or non-specialist hospital physicians in this and other local hospitals and some not seeking medical attention. In conclusion, this local analysis illustrates the surprising number and diversity of imported infections seen at a hospital away from major ports of entry despite which it largely mirrors the national situation. cache = ./cache/cord-288505-v4dbswyk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288505-v4dbswyk.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288238-36hiiw91 author = Keshavarz, Mohsen title = Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection date = 2020-03-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8134 sentences = 425 flesch = 32 summary = It is also reported that influenza infection significantly increases ROS production by inducing Nox4, and the proliferation of this virus in lung epithelial cells is dependent on redox-sensitive pathways activated by Nox4-derived ROS [16] . IFN can also exert its function on metabolic changes by producing several mediators including indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and nitric oxide (NO), both of which appear to have either an inducible or an inhibitory role in viral replication [33] . In addition, increased temperature of cells during infection (which could be the result of virus replication and fever) causes heat stress which in turn can considerably downregulate carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) activity and reduce the β-oxidation and ATP levels in fibroblasts of influenza-associated encephalopathy patients and healthy volunteers [110] . Through enhancing the activity of the mTORC1 complex, the influenza virus strengthens several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, pentose phosphate, and fatty acid synthesis, to provide more ATP and structural materials for viral replication. cache = ./cache/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289650-q2io8vgi author = Hammond, Ffion R. title = If it’s not one thing, HIF’s another: immunoregulation by hypoxia inducible factors in disease date = 2020-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3795 sentences = 212 flesch = 35 summary = Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) are master transcriptional regulators of the cellular response to hypoxia, that have influential roles in innate immune cell behaviour during inflammation and infections [1] . All rights reserved HIF researchers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019 for their discoveries on the regulation of the cellular hypoxia response, with their medical research predominantly focusing on HIFs' potential role as a therapeutic target to combat anaemia, due to HIF's activating effect on red blood cell production [8] . During infection and inflammation, HIF-α is stabilised in immune cell populations, partially driven by the hypoxic tissue context of disease, alongside oxygen independent activation [10]. Promoting HIF-1α stabilisation with the hydroxylase inhibitor CoCl 2 promoted fungal death in vitro (human macrophages) and in vivo (mouse) indicating a therapeutic potential for HIF-1α manipulation in candida infection [55] . cache = ./cache/cord-289650-q2io8vgi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289650-q2io8vgi.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289406-54vyzxjf author = Edwards, Suzanne title = An Experimental Model for Myocarditis and Congestive Heart Failure after Rabbit Coronavirus Infection date = 1992-01-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3503 sentences = 217 flesch = 48 summary = In a model for virus-induced myocarditis and congestive heart failure, rabbit coronavirus infection was divided into acute (days 2–5) and subacute (days 6–12) phases on the basis of day of death and pathologic findings. Both Coxsackie Band encephalomyocarditis virus infections in mice may progress to myocarditis and congestive heart failure, and some survi-vors may progress to a dilated cardiomyopathy later in life [5, [14] [15] [16] . Rabbits that died on days 10-12 had pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, ascites, enlarged hearts, dilated right and left ventricular cavities, and congestion in the lungs and liver. It seems likely that pleural effusion disease virus infection also results in a significant percentage of animals dying from heart failure, since degeneration and necrosis of myocytes, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, dilated ventricles, and congestion of the lungs, liver, and spleen are common [18, 26] . cache = ./cache/cord-289406-54vyzxjf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289406-54vyzxjf.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292367-ocbsmmt6 author = El-Masri, Maher M. title = Exploring the influence of enforcing infection control directives on the risk of developing healthcare associated infections in the intensive care unit: A retrospective study date = 2012-02-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3089 sentences = 134 flesch = 49 summary = Such comparison is intended to provide a surrogate measure of the influence that strict enforcement of infection control strategies during the SARS outbreak may have had on the risk of HAIs. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on the medical records of 400 intensive care patients who were admitted to the ICU three months before and during the 2003 SARS outbreak. The intent of such comparison is to provide a surrogate measure of the influence that strict enforcement of infection control guidelines might have had on the risk of developing HAIs. A retrospective chart review was conducted on the medical records of 400 patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit of a community-based hospital in Southwestern Ontario. cache = ./cache/cord-292367-ocbsmmt6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292367-ocbsmmt6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288494-6qybdxc4 author = Liao, Qiaohong title = A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) in a hospital emergency department setting date = 2014-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4550 sentences = 206 flesch = 45 summary = We analyzed two databases that contained clinical and basic laboratory data from two groups of patients presenting similarly with acute respiratory infections to hospitals in China, including 121 laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) cases and 2,603 patients who suffered from acute respiratory infections other than A(H7N9) influenza. A two-step regression model was used to develop the prediction rule, so as to simulate the decision making process in the setting of a clinic or hospital emergency room where a patient first presents [12, 13] . We had chosen the model with the best performance in terms of both the high sensitivity and area under the ROC curve, which were also maintained in the validation samples, to identify patients having a high risk for the infection at their initial clinical presentation so as to optimize resources during an epidemic. cache = ./cache/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293871-hzes7mwt author = McGuinness, Sarah L. title = Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections date = 2018-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4022 sentences = 234 flesch = 45 summary = In this chapter, pretravel considerations for major non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are covered, including specific advice for dengue, chikungunya, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. 25 Male-to-female, male-to-male, and femaleto-male transmission to unprotected sexual contacts of returning Following a short incubation period, with symptoms typically beginning 4-7 days (range 3-14 days) after exposure, dengue can present with a wide spectrum of illnesses, from asymptomatic infection to severe and fatal disease. cache = ./cache/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294568-12eyo13f author = Fernandes-Matano, Larissa title = Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico date = 2017-05-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4930 sentences = 240 flesch = 45 summary = Influenza viruses are one of the main causative agents of ARIs worldwide; however, many other respiratory viruses for which insufficient epidemiological information is available can also cause ARIs. Studies performed at the international level have frequently identified human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), influenza virus (flu), human mastadenovirus (HMdV), rhinovirus (RV), and enterovirus (EV) and less frequently identified human metapneumovirus (HMPV), primate bocaparvovirus (PBpV), and human coronavirus (HCoV) [12] . Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the viral aetiology of these infections and to analyse the behaviour of non-influenza respiratory viruses in the Mexican population. The importance of the differential diagnosis of other respiratory viruses in samples with negative influenza results becomes apparent when we observe the prevalence of the three main viruses identified in this study as well as their associations with severe cases and deaths, especially in the child population. cache = ./cache/cord-294568-12eyo13f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294568-12eyo13f.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290385-0smnl70i author = Chan, Jasper F.W. title = Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease date = 2016-03-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8256 sentences = 479 flesch = 45 summary = Unlike its mosquito-borne relatives, such as dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, which can cause severe human diseases, Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged from obscurity by its association with a suspected "congenital Zika syndrome", while causing asymptomatic or mild exanthematous febrile infections which are dengueor rubella-like in infected individuals. ZIKV RNA could be detected in breast milk and saliva of infected women, although replicative virus particles have not been demonstrated 78, 79 Perinatal transmission of other arboviruses, including DENV, CHIKV, WNV, and YFV, has also been reported. 115,120 74/ 8750 (0.8%) patients with suspected ZIKV infection in the French Polynesia outbreak developed neurological syndromes after presenting with a Zika fever-like illness. Zika fever-related death appears to be extremely rare but a number of probable cases have been reported, especially among immunocompromised patients and neonates with suspected congenital ZIKV infection. cache = ./cache/cord-290385-0smnl70i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290385-0smnl70i.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293151-g3758oes author = Nemzek, Jean A. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2015-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30297 sentences = 1818 flesch = 46 summary = This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. Several factors that increase pressure at the site and/or affect the integrity of the skin will predispose an individual to develop pressure sores, including poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting coaptation devices (Swaim and Angarano, 1990) . Chronic or recurrent corneal ulcers may also be associated with infection or hereditary causes in some breeds of dogs; however, these would be rare in the laboratory setting. Research Complications Treatment of early-stage or low-grade mammary tumors may be rewarding, allowing dogs to continue on study. cache = ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296256-ipe92w4y author = Evelyn, Obando title = Prevalence, clinical outcomes and rainfall association of acute respiratory infection by human metapneumovirus in children in Bogotá, Colombia date = 2019-10-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3629 sentences = 198 flesch = 45 summary = title: Prevalence, clinical outcomes and rainfall association of acute respiratory infection by human metapneumovirus in children in Bogotá, Colombia Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently been described as a cause of severe acute respiratory infection and its prevalence and clinical behavior in children at moderate altitudes is unknown. RESULTS: Out of a total of 14,760 discharged patients, multiplex RT-PCR was performed on 502 and a virus was detected in 420 children with acute respiratory infection (ARI). CONCLUSIONS: Human metapneumovirus was the fifth most frequently isolated virus in children with ARI, had similar clinical behavior and severity to other viruses but a higher rate of viral coinfection. The data was taken from the institutional electronic charts of children who were hospitalized for acute respiratory infections and who received multiplex RT-PCR (FilmArray® BioMériux), the analyte used in this technique for HMPV detection was Type 16, A1 IA10-2003 Zeptometrix 0810161CF. cache = ./cache/cord-296256-ipe92w4y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296256-ipe92w4y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290783-ipoelk4h author = Crouch, C. F. title = Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: Enhancement of lactogenic immunity date = 1985-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4545 sentences = 254 flesch = 39 summary = This article examines methods currently used to enhance the titre and duration of specific antibody in the mammary secretions of cows and pigs with particular reference to rotavirus and coronavirus infections. The situation in neonatal piglets is less clear, rotavirus infections are apparently common 6.t4-tt, w.hilst transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), the prototype enteric coronavirus in swine, is an example of a seasonal cold-weather disease, probably related to both the thermal sensitivity of the virus ~ and the effect of cold-stress on converting subclinical to clinical infections ~8. It is apparent that the enhancement of lactogenic immunity through the vaccination of the dam provides a suitable mechanism by which neonatal pigs and calves can be protected against rotavirus and coronavirus infections. Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections: Maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immunoglobulin G 1 antibody secretion in milk Antibody responses in serum, colostrum and milk of swine after infection or vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis virus cache = ./cache/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296635-8r3tm966 author = Breed, Andrew C. title = Evidence of Endemic Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus)—Implications for Disease Risk Management date = 2011-12-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4573 sentences = 199 flesch = 47 summary = title: Evidence of Endemic Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus)—Implications for Disease Risk Management This study investigated the seroepidemiology of Hendra virus in a spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) population in northern Australia, near the location of an equine and associated human Hendra virus infection in late 2004. Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are paramyxoviruses of the genus Henipavirus with pteropid bats (i.e. flying-foxes; Pteropus sp., Family Pteropodidae) being the primary wildlife reservoir [1] . Henipaviruses have the potential to infect a wide range of mammalian species, and Hendra virus has spread from flying-foxes to horses in Australia on at least 20 reported separate occasions (five involving horse-human transmission), most recently in 2011 [5, 6, 7] . [14] on the infection dynamics of HeV in the little red flying-fox, Pteropus scapulatus, in the Northern Territory of Australia suggested that viral transmission may be predominantly horizontal, with pregnancy and lactation suggested as risk factors for infection. cache = ./cache/cord-296635-8r3tm966.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296635-8r3tm966.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298181-ypgb7uuc author = Hendaus, Mohamed A title = Why Are Children With Bronchiolitis At Risk Of Urinary Tract Infections? date = 2019-11-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1879 sentences = 116 flesch = 38 summary = 3 Several published studies have shown an association between acute bronchiolitis and secondary bacterial infection, including urinary tract infections (UTI). 3 Several published studies have shown an association between acute bronchiolitis and secondary bacterial infection, including urinary tract infections (UTI). Hendaus et al 8 studied the prevalence of urinary tract infection in infants and children with bronchiolitis. Multicenter RSV-SBI Study Group of the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics Risk of serious bacterial infection in young febrile infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections Concurrent serious bacterial infections in 2396 infants and children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections Prevalence of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection A prospective study of the risk for serious bacterial infections in hospitalized febrile infants with or without bronchiolitis Testing for urinary tract infection in the influenza/respiratory syncytial virus-positive febrile infant aged 2 to 12 months cache = ./cache/cord-298181-ypgb7uuc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298181-ypgb7uuc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298131-zolwjl9u author = Xiao, Shuqi title = Understanding PRRSV Infection in Porcine Lung Based on Genome-Wide Transcriptome Response Identified by Deep Sequencing date = 2010-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9349 sentences = 429 flesch = 39 summary = Upregulation expression of virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and inflammatory enzymes and inflammatory cells, antibodies, complement activation were likely to result in the development of inflammatory responses during N-PRRSV infection processes. To investigate the regulation of the host response to the N-PRRSV virus, we considered the global gene expression profiles in lungs using Solexa/Illumina's DGE system, a tag-based transcriptome sequencing method. From the data presented in the paper, a model for the relationship between pulmonary gene expression profiles and infection pathology can be surmised in Figure 7 , N-PRRSV virus replicates and spreads by subverting host innate immune response and hijacking host lipid metabolism as well as inducing an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory state, as indicated by suppression expression of SPI IFN, IFN-a, down-regulation expression of proapoptotic genes for BAK, APR-1, SARP3, high levels expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, such as APOE, LDLB, PIK3C3, anti-apoptotic genes for MCL1, BCL2A1, CHFR, ADM, NFKB, IL10, and anti-inflammatory molecule PGE2 as well as CD163. cache = ./cache/cord-298131-zolwjl9u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298131-zolwjl9u.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297790-tpjxt0w5 author = Mandl, Judith N. title = Going to Bat(s) for Studies of Disease Tolerance date = 2018-09-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9486 sentences = 393 flesch = 40 summary = Among them are filoviruses (e.g., Marburg, Ebola), coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS), henipaviruses (e.g., Hendra, Nipah) which share the common features that they are all RNA viruses, and that a dysregulated immune response is an important contributor to the tissue damage and hence pathogenicity that results from infection in humans. It is likely that differences in evolutionary history of pathogen exposure between bats and humans have led to distinct adaptations in anti-viral immune responses and the ability to tolerate certain infections without disease while being susceptible to others. We summarize this work below, but comparisons of observations made across species suggest that although a number of species appear to be capable of avoiding the pathological effects of RNA virus infection, each bat species may have achieved this through distinct pathways, possibly involving changes to both increase pathogen replication control and to mitigate any immunopathology through decreased inflammatory responses and hence increased disease tolerance. cache = ./cache/cord-297790-tpjxt0w5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297790-tpjxt0w5.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300747-fnli688g author = Calvo, Cristina title = Infections and coinfections by respiratory human bocavirus during eight seasons in hospitalized children date = 2016-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3372 sentences = 201 flesch = 52 summary = The main objectives of the study were: to determine the incidence of HBoV in hospitalized children; to describe the main clinical features of the positive children; and to compare the data with those from other viral infections in the same population. Clinical characteristics of patients with respiratory episodes associated to single HBoV detections were analyzed (Table I ).These childrenś group mean age was 21 months (standard deviation; 24 months). The clinical characteristics of the 80 patients with single HBoV detection were compared with the single infections associated with RSV, RV, and hMPV in the same period. Although some authors [Martin et al., 2010] do not find differential clinical data in outpatients positive for HBoV, our series describes a set of characteristic clinical data in hospitalized children, different from single infections caused by other viruses as RSV or hMPV. Clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infections compared with other respiratory viruses in Spanish children cache = ./cache/cord-300747-fnli688g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300747-fnli688g.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301276-eer1l8vg author = Sehrawat, Sharvan title = Opinion: Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility? date = 2020-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1736 sentences = 81 flesch = 40 summary = In this commentary we argue that the hygiene hypothesis may apply to COVID-19 susceptibility and also that residence in low hygienic conditions acts to train innate immune defenses to minimize the severity of infection. In this commentary we argue that the hygiene hypothesis may apply to susceptibility and also that residence in low hygienic conditions acts to train innate immune defenses to minimize the severity of infection. We advocate that approaches, which elevate innate immune functions, should be used to minimize the consequences of COVID-19 infection at least until effective vaccines and antiviral therapies are developed. We advocate that approaches, which elevate innate immune functions, should be used to minimize the consequences of COVID-19 infection at least until effective vaccines and antiviral therapies are developed. The hygiene hypothesis has satisfactorily explained the increased frequency of some disease syndromes, but could it also explain why some individuals are more susceptible to the severe consequences of COVID-19 infection than are others? cache = ./cache/cord-301276-eer1l8vg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301276-eer1l8vg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298905-c2uuvfm5 author = Horzinek, M. C. title = Molecular pathogenesis of virus infections date = 1987 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3888 sentences = 193 flesch = 40 summary = Using coronaviruses as examples the changes in virulence have been traced back to single mutational events; recombination, however, is likely to be an alternative mechanism by which virus-host interactions (e.g. the cell-, organor animal species-spectrum) can dramatically change. Parainfluenzaviruses, for example, attach to neuraminic acid-containing receptors; since glycolipids and glycoproteins containing neuraminic acid abound in vertebrate cell membranes the adsorption/penetration process lacks the specificity required to explain the restrictions in host range and tissue tropism of paramyxoviruses 29. Also in influenza virus infection cap structures are essential: these are cannibalized from host cell nuclear RNA precursor molecules and used as primers for viral RNA replication and synthesis 28. Autoimmune phenomena involving both the humoral and cellular limbs of the immune response have been identified in neurological conditions following infections with e.g. canine distemper virus3; invasion of brain tissue is supposed to cause changes in the molecular constitution of myelin and membrane components, making them recognizable as 'nonself'. cache = ./cache/cord-298905-c2uuvfm5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298905-c2uuvfm5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300815-1vy787md author = Fang, Li-Qun title = Travel-related infections in mainland China, 2014–16: an active surveillance study date = 2018-07-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3916 sentences = 205 flesch = 45 summary = We integrated the data from all entry-exit ports in mainland China to characterise travel-related infections, define the demographic features of imported cases, identify risk groups and exposure countries or regions, and assess the effectiveness of surveillance for further improvement. However, hepatitis B and C virus infections, syphilis, HIV, malaria, and dengue were substantially more common in the international group, whereas respiratory infections with rhinovirus, para influenza virus and metapneumovirus, and hand, foot, and mouth disease were more common in travellers from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan ( figure 3) . Our findings, which are based on surveillance data for 45 infections among 22 797 travellers who arrived at the 272 entry-exit ports to the mainland, are helpful for increasing public health awareness about the potential risk of imported infections. cache = ./cache/cord-300815-1vy787md.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300815-1vy787md.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301677-b6mnn27h author = Soleimanian, Saeede title = Harnessing Memory NK Cell to Protect Against COVID-19 date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9746 sentences = 462 flesch = 42 summary = In this regard, Natural Killer (NK) cells as essential front-line responders to many viral infections in humans have been proposed for a suitable therapeutic approach in severe COVID-19 patients, and several clinical trials have begun (Market et al., 2020) . In this line, Type I IFNs have a critical role in concert with pattern PRR signaling to prime innate and adaptive antiviral responses such as stimulating natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and production of proinflammatory cytokines (Samuel, 2001; Murira and Lamarre, 2016) . The detection of both SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and specific antibodies to viral proteins have thus far become significant for primary diagnosis infection and immunity in COVID-19 patients, respectively. in a pneumonia model of SARS in mice, mimicking features of the human disease, illustrated that mice depleted of both CD4 and CD8T cells, had the ability to control SARS-CoV replication in the lungs, suggesting an immune mechanism independent of T cells, and a role for innate antiviral response and NK cells, in viral clearance. cache = ./cache/cord-301677-b6mnn27h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301677-b6mnn27h.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303299-p15irs4e author = Dzien, Alexander title = Will the COVID-19 pandemic slow down in the Northern hemisphere by the onset of summer? An epidemiological hypothesis date = 2020-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1263 sentences = 70 flesch = 51 summary = The infection caused by the human corona virus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2) resulted in a worldwide pandemic affecting several million people and causing severe disease and fatality mostly based on virus mediated lung failure [1, 2] . However, epidemics with respiratory virus such as not only influenza but also human corona viruses are prevalent in the Northern hemisphere over several months during the cold season and then disappear whereas influenza remains prevalent in tropical regions throughout the whole year [5] [6] [7] . The grey lines indicate seasons where no specific pandemic respiratory infections are recorded. If COVID-19 would behave similar to other respiratory viruses causing respiratory infections including human corona viruses which peak during winter time and early spring, there is hope that the COVID-19 pandemic can be slowed down by this seasonal trend [7, 9] . However, pandemics with new viruses such as the influenza H1N1v can circulate independent of typical respiratory viral seasons throughout the whole year [10] . cache = ./cache/cord-303299-p15irs4e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303299-p15irs4e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299261-ew99nraq author = Cipriano, L. E. title = IMPACT OF UNIVERSITY RE-OPENING ON TOTAL COMMUNITY COVID-19 BURDEN date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9221 sentences = 462 flesch = 46 summary = In a scenario in which students immediately engage in a 24% contact reduction compared to pre-COVID levels, the total number of infections in the community increases by 87% (from 3,900 without the students to 7,299 infections with the students), with 71% of the incremental infections occurring in the general population, causing social and economic restrictions to be re-engaged 3 weeks earlier and an incremental 17 COVID-19 deaths. The timing and magnitude of the city's COVID-19 outbreak, excluding any impacts from students, is determined by the initial number of COVID-19 infections in the community, the level of participation in physical distancing, the responsiveness of the community to increasing critical care cases and COVID-19 deaths, and the proportion of contacts that are protected with mask wearing (Appendix Figures 5-7) . 16 In the base case, we also assume that students are equally responsive as the general population to COVID-19 outcomes in the community reducing their contacts in response to high numbers of critical care hospitalizations and deaths. cache = ./cache/cord-299261-ew99nraq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299261-ew99nraq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300965-ivczo1a7 author = Brown, M. M. title = Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns date = 2017-08-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7428 sentences = 378 flesch = 47 summary = Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the "new public health." In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. Personal responsibility may be a cornerstone of public health, but hand hygiene promotion is an especially persuasive vehicle for popularizing an individualistic conception of infection risk. Even in developed countries, where the assumption of personal responsibility is less likely to be impeded by structural issues, hand hygiene promotion may nevertheless skew perceptions of contextual or social determinants of infection risk. Created by the Florida Department of Health in response to H1N1, the BFifth Guy^campaign illustrates the use of a constitutive, stigmatizing rhetoric to endorse the assumption of personal responsibility for infection risk. cache = ./cache/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302619-3hbbpmnt author = Strausbaugh, L. J. title = Emerging health care-associated infections in the geriatric population. date = 2001 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2633 sentences = 141 flesch = 37 summary = TB is the most The increasing number of persons >65 years of age form a special population at risk for nosocomial and other health care-associated infections. TB is the most The increasing number of persons >65 years of age form a special population at risk for nosocomial and other health care-associated infections. As a health care-associated infection in this age group, TB comes to the fore in hospital and nursing home outbreaks (11) . Adult daycare centers and home care services, which have proliferated under medical auspices in recent years, provide additional avenues for geriatric populations to acquire health careassociated infections. For example, in a 2-year serologic study of selected pathogens causing respiratory tract infections and febrile episodes in two Canadian long-term care facilities, Orr and colleagues identified a positive serologic response to Chlamydia pneumoniae in 9.4% of 224 Health care-associated infections caused by antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria have caused both endemic infections and outbreaks in nursing homes in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-302619-3hbbpmnt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302619-3hbbpmnt.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302403-kahi8cbc author = Miller, Robert F. title = Pulmonary Infections date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18163 sentences = 918 flesch = 43 summary = Before HAART, defined as a combination of medications that usually includes at least three potent anti-HIV agents, treatment largely consisted of specific opportunistic infection management and less effective antiretroviral therapy. In many parts of the world, the main causes of death in patients with HIV infection include bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, and PCP. Recent work has shown chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer occur more frequently among HIV-infected individuals compared with the general population. In addition to pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary disease occurs in a high proportion of HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 lymphocyte counts (<150 cells/mL). Hence, some centers advocate use of empirical therapy for HIV-infected patients who are seen with symptoms and chest radiographic and blood gas abnormalities typical of mild PCP, without the need for bronchoscopy. On the basis of current evidence, patients with CD4 counts >200 cells/mL have a low risk of HIV disease progression or death during 6 months of treatment for tuberculosis. cache = ./cache/cord-302403-kahi8cbc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302403-kahi8cbc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305207-fgvbrg8d author = Ohara, Hiroshi title = Fact-finding Survey of Nosocomial Infection Control in Hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal—A Basis for Improvement date = 2013-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3390 sentences = 165 flesch = 36 summary = In the healthcare setting, particularly in developed countries, various measures including the organization of infection control teams (ICTs), preparation of manuals, strengthening of surveillance systems, and training of staff have been taken to assure effective control. The form consisted of the following items: "general information of the hospitals, control system including manual and infection control committees (ICC), equipment and facility preparedness, training conditions, surveillance conditions, expectation for international cooperation and current problems. Among the problems observed in the study were weak ICC function, few training opportunities among the hospital staff, inadequate use of antibiotics, shortage of infection control staff, shortage of doctors and nurses and their overload in daily medical practice, shortage of fundamental equipment including PPE, inadequate practice of basic techComparison of nosocomial infection control conditions between 2003 and 2011 at five national hospitals showed an improvement trend. Appropriate nosocomial infection control is a key strategy in providing high quality medical care, and effective measures are particularly required in developing countries, where the frequency of infectious diseases is high and environmental conditions of hospitals are poor [14, 15] . cache = ./cache/cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305457-t7qw1oy2 author = Zhang, Youhong title = Baculovirus transit through insect cell membranes: A mechanistic approach date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3846 sentences = 203 flesch = 51 summary = The production of recombinant proteins in BEVS is greatly affected by the characteristics and kinetics of the viral infection process-including, for instance, the multiplicity of infection (MOI), time of infection (TOI), cell cycle, cell line selection, and culture state [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , but the early events of viral infection, such as the attachment of virions to their receptors and the kinetics of their entry into the cell, are still not entirely understood. Mathematical modeling and simulations may serve as effective predictive tools in pursuing this goal [8, [14] [15] 27] , as they allow dynamical simulation of the process and estimating variables that are hard to measure directly, such as the rate of virion internalization after its attachment to the cell. cache = ./cache/cord-305457-t7qw1oy2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305457-t7qw1oy2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301225-h178zpb3 author = Gautret, Philippe title = Fever in Returned Travelers date = 2018-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6385 sentences = 373 flesch = 46 summary = 5, 9, 10 While, overall, malaria is the most common specific infection causing systemic febrile illness, dengue fever, mononucleosis, rickettsial infections, and enteric fever are also important infections. More than a third of malaria-infected travelers in a study from Israel and the United States had illness that developed >2 months after return from endemic areas. 28 In the GeoSentinel database, confirmed or probable dengue fever was the most common specific diagnosis in patients with febrile systemic illness who had traveled to tropical and subtropical areas in the Caribbean, South America, South Central and Southeast Asia. 52 In most cases the disease is acquired in Africa (not only sub-Saharan); however, in the last decade an seek medical care suggested that 2% of imported fevers are caused by rickettsioses and that 20% of these patients are hospitalized. cache = ./cache/cord-301225-h178zpb3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301225-h178zpb3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302247-moor7dfc author = Richards, James title = Feline Vaccination Guidelines date = 2001-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4808 sentences = 259 flesch = 38 summary = Kittens younger than 16 weeks of age are generally more susceptible to infection than are adult cats and typically develop more severe disease. 47 Immunity conferred by feline panleukopenia vaccines is considered to be excellent, and most vaccinated animals are completely protected from infection and clinical disease. If a susceptible cat is born into or is entering an environment in which viral upper respiratory tract disease is endemic (e.g., some catteries, boarding facilities, shelters), the use of a topical product may be advantageous. Manufacturers are required by the US Department of Agriculture to establish, by means of experimental challenge exposure studies, the minimum duration of immunity for the rabies virus vaccines that they sell, and products approved for use every year or every 3 years are available. Vaccination may be considered for cats in multiple-cat environments, where infections associated with clinical disease have been confirmed. cache = ./cache/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299786-wuve0tjz author = Anderson, Robert title = Manipulation of cell surface macromolecules by flaviviruses date = 2004-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13584 sentences = 696 flesch = 41 summary = Dengue virus infection of immature myeloid dendritic cells has been shown to induce their maturation accompanied by the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II antigens; the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86; and the dendritic cell marker CD83 (Libraty et al., 2001) . Flaviviruses, including dengue and West Nile (Shen et al., 1997) viruses, activate endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression by either direct (virus-mediated) or indirect (cytokine-mediated) mechanisms (see Section V,C). A major candidate event in such a route is the activation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules by a factor(s) (particularly TNF-) produced by dengue virus-infected blood monocytes . Thus the roles of prior immunity, antibody-enhanced virus infection, and immune-mediated pathologic effects on the vascular system are key points in understanding the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic disease. Activation of endothelial cells via antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection of peripheral blood monocytes cache = ./cache/cord-299786-wuve0tjz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299786-wuve0tjz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304251-dohglrm1 author = Scully, C title = Emerging and changing viral diseases in the new millennium date = 2015-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6254 sentences = 322 flesch = 47 summary = Thus recent decades have seen a most dramatic change with the emergence globally also of new viral infections – notably human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) – and the appearance of some other dangerous and sometimes lethal infections formerly seen mainly in, and reported from, resource‐poor areas especially in parts of Asia, Latin America and Africa. Gradually, however, the unexpected consequences of some oral viral infections have emerged and been recognised, not without some surprise (Scully, 1983) especially the oncogenicity of some herpesviruses (Eglin et al, 1983) and human papillomaviruses (HPVs) which we (Eglin et al, 1983; Maitland et al, 1987; Cox et al, 1993 ) and many others (e.g. Lind et al, 1986) have explored, culminating in the appreciation of unanticipated transmission routes for some cancers, such as sexual (Scully, 2002) . The recent several decades have also seen a most dramatic change with the emergence globally of new viral infectionsnotably human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)and the appearance also in resource-rich countries, of some other dangerous and sometimes lethal infections hitherto latent, unrecognised or unappreciated in resource-poor areas. cache = ./cache/cord-304251-dohglrm1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304251-dohglrm1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307016-4hdsb5oq author = Allen, Upton title = Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Complications After Solid Organ Transplantation in Children date = 2010-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6746 sentences = 384 flesch = 33 summary = This review summarizes the major infections that occur after pediatric organ transplantation, highlighting the current treatment and prevention strategies, based on the available data and/or consensus. In the first month, there are 3 major causes of infection: (1) infection that was present in the recipient before transplant, with its effects now increased as a result of surgery, anesthesia, and immunosuppressive therapy; (2) infection conveyed with a contaminated allograft; and (3) the same bacterial and candidal infections of the wound, lungs, drainage catheters, and vascular access devices that are seen in nonimmunosuppressed patients undergoing comparable surgery. Despite this limitation, experience supports dividing individuals with infections during this last time period into 2 main categories: (1) most patients with a good result from transplantation (maintenance immunosuppression, good allograft function) are at greatest risk from typical community-acquired infections (such as influenza, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus); (2) a smaller group of patients with poorer outcomes from transplantation (excessive acute and chronic immunosuppression, poor allograft function, and, often, chronic viral infection). cache = ./cache/cord-307016-4hdsb5oq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307016-4hdsb5oq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author = Scully, Crispian title = Respiratory medicine date = 2014-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13246 sentences = 698 flesch = 42 summary = Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids. cache = ./cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303741-1ou0cy5k author = Stafstrom, Carl E. title = COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7035 sentences = 369 flesch = 40 summary = An especially apropos case demonstrated maternal viremia, placental infection shown by immunohistochemistry, and high placental viral load with subsequent neonatal viremia, implying transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant mother to fetus [24] ; this newborn presented with neurological symptoms as discussed in Section 3. The lack of unequivocal reports of SARS-CoV-2 being recovered from the CSF of individuals affected with presumed neurological involvement nor in brain tissue from the limited number of autopsied cases strengthens the possibility that the virus does not often directly cause the symptoms but rather, that the neurological sequelae are secondary to hypoxia, cytokine involvement, or some other non-direct mechanism (see Section 6). Finally, 4 of 27 children with COVID-19 associated MIS-C developed new neurologic symptoms including encephalopathy, headache, weakness, ataxia, and dysarthria [81] ; two patients had lumbar punctures and CSF was negative for SARS-CoV-2 in both. cache = ./cache/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304720-0lgup7yj author = Robbins, R.C. title = Swine Diseases and Disorders date = 2014-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12872 sentences = 837 flesch = 44 summary = The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Important history to understand from caretakers includes: age of pigs affected, duration of clinical signs, morbidity rate, mortality rate, treatments administered, response to treatments, and any other important information regarding previous diagnoses or disease in the affected group of animals. Records include but are not limited to: where the animals originated from; number in the herd; age; daily mortality; number treated; name of treatment, route of delivery and dose; feed and water usage; high-low temperatures; and vaccinations received or administered. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. cache = ./cache/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305890-mdwjrfzp author = Bönsch, Claudia title = Chloroquine and Its Derivatives Exacerbate B19V-Associated Anemia by Promoting Viral Replication date = 2010-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4118 sentences = 230 flesch = 50 summary = The aims of this study were to assess the effect of CQ and other common antimalarial drugs on B19V infection in vitro and the possible epidemiological consequences for children from Papua New Guinea (PNG). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Viral RNA, DNA and proteins were analyzed in different cell types following infection with B19V in the presence of a range of antimalarial drugs. Relationships between B19V infection status, prior 4-aminoquinoline use and anemia were assessed in 200 PNG children <10 years of age participating in a case-control study of severe infections. In addition, we examined the relationship between B19V infection and use of 4-aminoquinoline drugs in a sample of children from PNG who were hospitalized with severe anemia. The expression of structural viral proteins in extracts of infected UT7/Epo cells was also increased in the presence of 25 mM CQ ( Figure 1C ). Human parvovirus infection in children and severe anemia seen in an area endemic for malaria cache = ./cache/cord-305890-mdwjrfzp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305890-mdwjrfzp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306111-wn1gxhk9 author = Dommett, R. M. title = Mannose‐binding lectin in innate immunity: past, present and future date = 2006-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9061 sentences = 436 flesch = 43 summary = Third MBL mutation in codon 52 (variant D) described (52) 1995 Polymorphisms found in promoter region of MBL gene (55) 1997 Second MASP found to activate complement (20) MBL mutations are an important risk factor for infections in children (132) 1998 Reconstitution of opsonizing activity by infusion of purified MBL into MBL-deficient humans (112) 1999 Truncated form of MASP-2 -MAp19 (21) 2000 Complement-activating complex of ficolins and MASP (133) MBL shown to bind to clinically relevant organisms (15) Structural aspects of MBL cache = ./cache/cord-306111-wn1gxhk9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306111-wn1gxhk9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306278-c4q4la5c author = Esposito, Susanna title = Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Respiratory Infections Due to Adenovirus in Children Living in Milan, Italy, during 2013 and 2014 date = 2016-04-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4660 sentences = 220 flesch = 48 summary = To evaluate the predominant human adenovirus (HAdV) species and types associated with pediatric respiratory infections, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children attending an emergency room in Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection from January 1 to February 28 of two subsequent years, 2013 and 2014. To evaluate the circulation of the different HAdV types and the possible relationship between viral load, viral genetic characteristics, and the severity of infection, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children consecutively attending the Emergency Room of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection. However, further studies are needed to identify the potential pathogenetic role of the different species and types of HAdV and the importance of viral load in the severity of infection. cache = ./cache/cord-306278-c4q4la5c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306278-c4q4la5c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303054-s1clwunc author = Velly, Lionel title = Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9239 sentences = 471 flesch = 42 summary = Operating theatre 12 R1.3.1 -Experts suggest that healthcare professionals involved in airway management (intubation, extubation, supraglottic airway insertion and/or removal…), or those who could be brought to do so in some given situations, wear a fit tested respirator mask (Respirator N95 or FFP2 standard, or equivalent) in addition to a disposable face shield or at least, in the absence of the latter, safety goggles, regardless of the patient's COVID-19 status (Table 1) The presence of major (i.e., very frequent or relatively characteristic) and/or minor (i.e. more inconsistent and/or less specific) symptoms allows to orient the preoperative COVID-19 status assessment, and then to estimate the benefit/risk balance of maintaining or postponing the surgery, taking into account the risk of contamination of health personnel and others patients within the care structure. cache = ./cache/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305085-bv7udg9k author = Lawrence, Robert M. title = Chapter 13 Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding date = 2011-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 45849 sentences = 2358 flesch = 45 summary = Postnatal exposure of susceptible infants to CMV, including premature infants without passively acquired maternal antibodies against CMV, infants born to CMV-seronegative mothers, and immunodeficient infants, can cause significant clinical illness (pneumonitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia).* In one study of premature infants followed up to 12 months, Vochem et al 430 found CMV transmission in 17 of 29 infants (59%) exposed to CMV virolactia and breastfed compared with no infants infected of 27 exposed to breast milk without CMV. 38, 104, 121 Laboratory reports demonstrate the presence of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus in breast milk as well as various immunologic factors that could block or limit infection.* A dose-response relationship has been observed, correlating the HIV viral load in human milk as well as a mother' s plasma viral load with an increased transmission risk for the breastfed infant. 76 No case of transmission of yellow fever virus from an infected mother to her infant via breastfeeding or breast milk has been reported. cache = ./cache/cord-305085-bv7udg9k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305085-bv7udg9k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304088-xkg0ylz8 author = Zhu, Han title = Cardiovascular Complications in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences of Viral Toxicities and Host Immune Response date = 2020-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5532 sentences = 236 flesch = 38 summary = While limited data exist, potential mechanisms of cardiac injury include direct viral entry through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and toxicity in host cells, hypoxia-related myocyte injury, and immune-mediated cytokine release syndrome. The increased incidence of cardiac injury among those with severe systemic inflammatory response syndromes (SIRS) and shock in the setting of COVID-19 also highlights an important relationship between the immune response to the virus and the cardiovascular system. Of note, SARS-CoV-2 also contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which is the target of the anti-viral agent remdesivir, currently being studied randomized clinical trials for use against COVID-19 disease [26] . A recent retrospective, multi-center study of 150 patients confirmed that inflammatory markers, including elevated ferritin (mean 1297.6 ng/ml in non-survivors vs 614.0 ng/ml in survivors, p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.0001) were associated with more severe COVID-19 infection, suggesting that systemic inflammation may be a significant driver of multi-organ damage [18, 64] . cache = ./cache/cord-304088-xkg0ylz8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304088-xkg0ylz8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307899-427a7i3h author = BITTLE, JAMES L. title = Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date = 1989-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17476 sentences = 1073 flesch = 49 summary = Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . cache = ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307813-elom30nx author = Yip, Tsz-Fung title = Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment date = 2018-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15075 sentences = 735 flesch = 38 summary = Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. A recent study using RNAi also demonstrated that cholesterol homeostasis can be regulated via acid phosphatase 2 (ACP2)-mediated Niemann-Pick C2 activity and impaired the membrane fusion of IAV and influenza B virus (IBV) (52) , further suggesting the importance of controlling cholesterol homeostasis in the release of viral genome to cytoplasm. Furthermore, FPR2 antagonists have been described to possess antiviral activity against not only IAV but also IBV infection (111) , promoting the idea that antagonizing FPR2 to suppress Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade could potentially be a novel approach for the treatment of a broad spectrum of influenza viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310055-9qj8d2f7 author = Gerace, Elisabetta title = Cryptosporidium Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Differential Diagnosis date = 2019-10-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3102 sentences = 162 flesch = 36 summary = Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide infection caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium, a parasite that infects many species of vertebrates, including humans, causing acute gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, and diarrhea [1] . Cryptosporidiosis is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route, i.e., by ingesting viable oocysts of animal and/or human origin, emitted with feces that contaminated food or water [2, 3] . 9-10 μm in diameter), another coccidian protozoan parasite that infects the intestine of humans causing acute diarrhea, much attention should be given when evaluating stool samples since the oocysts of both parasites are autofluorescent and acid-fast ( Figure 2 ) [46, 47] . In addition to the above described methods, watery or mushy stools can be examined for the laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis using different techniques such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic test, which have good sensitivity and specificity for detection of Cryptosporidium antigens [51] [52] [53] . cache = ./cache/cord-310055-9qj8d2f7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310055-9qj8d2f7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309138-44qpk2vf author = Khanna, Kanika title = Herbal Immune-boosters: Substantial Warriors of Pandemic Covid-19 Battle date = 2020-10-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6385 sentences = 354 flesch = 43 summary = Moreover, AYUSH has recommended certain preventive and medicinal plants for prevention and prophylactic of COVID-19 including warm extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (advised for chronic fever), Andrograhis paniculata (advised for fever and cold), Cydonia oblonga, Zizyphus jujube and Cordia myxa (enhancing antioxidant, immune-modulatory, anti-allergic, smooth muscle relaxant, anti-influenza activity) and Ever since, has been elucidated that, PAK1 tends to cause cancers, viral diseases like HIV, Hepatitis, pappiloma, influenza, ebola, SARS and corona virus along with immune system suppression of hosts, henceforth, propolis would be quintessential in blocking COVID/coronavirus curbed fibrosis in respiratory tract and boosting the immunity of an individual (Maruta, 2014) . Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) From Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study Molecular mechanism of action of repurposed drugs and traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of patients infected with COVID-19: A systematic review Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective cache = ./cache/cord-309138-44qpk2vf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309138-44qpk2vf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302918-0nk7zyod author = Broor, S. title = Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen date = 2008-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6062 sentences = 282 flesch = 44 summary = Human metapneumovirus is a recently recognized pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children as well as elderly and immunocompromised adults. Recent experimental work using primates (chimpanzees, cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, African green monkeys) and small animals (hamsters, cotton rats, mice and ferrets) has been performed to characterize the pathogenesis associated with this viral infection; hMPV replicates to a various extent in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of these experimental animals, although clinical symptoms after intranasal challenge have only been observed in chimpanzees, Cynomolgus macaques and BALB/c mice so far (van den Hoogen et al 2001; Alvarez et al 2004; Kuiken et al 2004; Skiadopoulos et al 2004; . Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups First Detection of Human Metapneumovirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection in India: a Preliminary Report cache = ./cache/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305146-iprzeigk author = Chughtai, Abrar Ahmad title = Use of personal protective equipment to protect against respiratory infections in Pakistan: A systematic review date = 2020-03-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4245 sentences = 242 flesch = 53 summary = We conducted a systematic review of studies on PPE use for respiratory infections in healthcare settings in Pakistan. Face masks (or medical masks) and respirators are the most commonly used PPE to protect from influenza and other respiratory infection in healthcare settings. The aim of this study was to examine the use of PPE for respiratory infections in healthcare settings in Pakistan. Studies where PPE was examined for general infection control were also included, given respiratory protective equipment (face masks and/or respirators) was mentioned. Two studies examined the guidelines and current practices on the use of face masks/respirators for influenza, tuberculosis and SARS in Pakistan [21, 22] . Medical masks were generally used to protect from influenza, tuberculosis and other respiratory infections, while the use of respirators was limited to high-risk situations [21, 22] . cache = ./cache/cord-305146-iprzeigk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305146-iprzeigk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310205-j57x9ke6 author = Alcaide, Maria L. title = Pharyngitis and Epiglottitis date = 2007-06-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7562 sentences = 427 flesch = 42 summary = A major task of the primary care physician is to identify those patients with acute pharyngitis who require specific antimicrobial therapy and to avoid unnecessary and potentially deleterious treatment in the great majority who suffer from a benign, self-limited, usually viral infection. In the minority of patients who are severely ill or toxic at presentation and in whom clinical and epidemiologic evidence leads to a high index of suspicion, oral antimicrobial therapy may be initiated while awaiting the results of the throat culture. Treatment of GAS pharyngitis is recommended to prevent acute rheumatic fever, prevent suppurative complications [28] , shorten the clinical course (although only modestly) [28] , and reduce transmission of the infection in family and school units. Within days to weeks after initial infection with HIV type 1, 50% to 90% of patients develop a constellation of symptoms known as the ''acute retroviral syndrome.'' Fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash, myalgia, arthralgias, and mucocutaneous ulcerations are the landmarks of the syndrome [58] [59] [60] [61] . cache = ./cache/cord-310205-j57x9ke6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310205-j57x9ke6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309478-yhmgopmr author = Jin, Ying-Hui title = Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4562 sentences = 223 flesch = 49 summary = title: Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey Results showed that they experienced psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline healthcare workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19. All 105 infected medical staff with COVID-19 in our hospital was invited, finally 103 cases agreed with the consent and finished our questionnaire was included for analysis (response rate: 98.1%), Table 1 presented their basic characteristics. Protective equipment should be upgraded in hospital at the onset of a new disease especially for staff conducting procedures involving close contact and caring for high risk patients. How to train the health personnel for protecting themselves from novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection during their patient or suspected case care cache = ./cache/cord-309478-yhmgopmr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309478-yhmgopmr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309642-wwaa6ls0 author = Potgieter, Leon N.D. title = Pathogenesis of Viral Infections date = 1986-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10859 sentences = 770 flesch = 40 summary = 7 · 18 · 84 · 133 Such restrictions function at the cellular level either as the presence or absence of appropriate cell surface receptors (in some instances, they have been shown to be inherited as dominant alleles in a Mendelian manner) 9 · 18 · 26 · 46 · 68 · 97 ·u 9 · 120 or the intracellular hospitality of the cell (several genetic host restrictions on virus replication have been identified).18·32·59·80·82·108·109·120·126 Restricted growth of several DNA viruses in some cells results in transformation without production of progeny viruses. 112 The phenomenon appears to be mediated by virus-induced receptors on the surface membrane of cells and may be one mechanism of the often-encountered secondary bacterial infections associated with viral diseases. 51 · 52 · 104 Viral respiratory tract disease is a consequence of mechanical and biochemical injury to epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, which can, in the most severe instances, result in secondary bacterial infection, pneumonia, and death. cache = ./cache/cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308184-w8ewm8ve author = Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo title = How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion date = 2020-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3430 sentences = 143 flesch = 40 summary = Disease activity, co-morbidities, immunosuppressive drugs including glucocorticoids (GCs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), conventional synthetic (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), and the biological agents currently available for treating patients with IBD are all considered risk factors for infective complications. This has raised concerns about the potential risk of COVID-19 infection in IBD patients (particularly those who are taking immunosuppressants or biological drugs) because of the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in the old and frail with co-morbidities. As a result of the early warning and strict preventive measures, none of the patients developed any significant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection, not even those being treated with corticosteroids (12.6%), immunosuppressants (11%) and biological agents (6%), or those with co-morbidities. The first challenge for rheumatologists is to decide whether to interrupt or continue a treatment: although it is true that the treatment is designed to control disease activity, it is also undeniable that the same treatment may expose patients, such other infection, to an increased risk for COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310371-pylrg91h author = Bishop, R.F. title = Enteric Viruses date = 2008-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4467 sentences = 253 flesch = 41 summary = The onset of acute enteritis is associated with infection by viruses that replicate at or near the site of entry into the intestinal mucosa, including caliciviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, and coronaviruses. . viruses causing localized inflammation at any level of the intestinal tract, predominantly in small intestinal mucosa, resulting in acute gastroenteritis, for example, rotaviruses, caliciviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses; . The family Caliciviridae contain small RNA viruses that cause enteric disease in a wide variety of hosts including cattle, pigs, rabbits, and humans. Caliciviruses causing enteric infections (in humans and other animals) are classified as belonging to the family Caliciviridae, which is divided into four genera. The recent demonstration that human noroviruses can infect and replicate in a three-dimensional cell culture model of human intestinal epithelium, should improve our understanding of the pathogenesis, and antigenic diversity of this important group of enteric viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309488-8guapzke author = Dodd, R. title = Other emerging viral pathogens date = 2006-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4365 sentences = 215 flesch = 49 summary = Attention was refocused on viral infections as a result of the outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in the USA along with the recognition that it was transmissible by transfusion [1] . In 1997, Blackbourn and colleagues [17] reported on the detection of HHV-8 DNA in the blood of a seropositive blood donor; based on evidence of in vitro passage of the virus to allogeneic cells, the authors expressed concern about the potential for transmission by transfusion. This concern is based upon the historical fact that there have been periodic pandemics associated with the circulation of new strains of the virus in humans and the current outbreak of the H5N1 strain of avian influenza, which causes high mortality when it does infect humans [27] . Seroprevalence of human herpes virus 8 antibody in populations at high or low risk of transfusion, graft, or sexual transmission of viruses Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent cache = ./cache/cord-309488-8guapzke.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309488-8guapzke.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309274-2npxrrhr author = Lee, M.K. title = Prevalence of hospital infection and antibiotic use at a University Medical Center in Hong Kong date = 2007-02-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2542 sentences = 169 flesch = 43 summary = authors: Lee, M.K.; Chiu, C.S.; Chow, V.C.; Lam, R.K.; Lai, R.W. title: Prevalence of hospital infection and antibiotic use at a University Medical Center in Hong Kong Hospital infection prevalence surveys were performed in our 1400-bed University medical centre in Hong Kong from 1985 to 1988. We investigated the rates of four major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) (pneumonia, symptomatic urinary tract infection, surgical site infection and laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection) in order to identify current distribution and any changes after 15 years. Demographic information, admission diagnosis, use of medical device and antibiotic were recorded by the ward nursing staff who had attended briefing sessions on each ward on the point prevalence survey with instructions on correct filling of a data collection form. The last survey in our hospital was performed over 15 years ago and some interesting changes in nosocomial infection rate and antibiotic use were found. cache = ./cache/cord-309274-2npxrrhr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309274-2npxrrhr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310042-9z8rkzq8 author = Aysha, Al‐Ani title = Practical management of inflammatory bowel disease patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: expert commentary from the Gastroenterological Society of Australia Inflammatory Bowel Disease faculty date = 2020-07-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3471 sentences = 214 flesch = 43 summary = This review aims to summarise the current literature and provide guidance on the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the Australasian setting. A significant proportion of IBD patients are treated with long-term immunomodulator/immunosuppressive therapy which potentially places them at increased risk of infections and associated complications. Practitioners and patients alike are therefore concerned about the risk and implications of COVID-19 infection in the IBD patient, despite a paucity of evidence supporting an altered predisposition to disease or more severe disease course. Despite concerns regarding immunosuppression and consequent predisposition to infection, there is no evidence to suggest increased infection rates of COVID-19 in IBD patients to date. 8, 9 Hence, expert consensus currently is that patients with IBD do not appear to be at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with the general population. 2 • Reducing disease activitythere is evidence that moderate to severe disease activity increases the risk of infection in IBD patients. cache = ./cache/cord-310042-9z8rkzq8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310042-9z8rkzq8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310840-h49dx92d author = Eslamy, Hedieh K. title = Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date = 2011-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8279 sentences = 488 flesch = 33 summary = The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The role of imaging, including chest radiographs, ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT), is to detect the presence of pneumonia, determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as parapneumonic effusion/ empyema and suppurative lung complications. CT is often used to further evaluate: (1) suppurative lung complications and to differentiate these from parapneumonic effusion/empyema; (2) patients with recurrent or chronic pneumonia and concern for an underlying lesion; and (3) immunocompromised children with noncontributory or confusing chest radiographs and clinical findings that could be secondary to lung infection. The chest radiograph of acute focal pneumonia usually shows a dense, typically more peripheral airspace opacity, which may appear segmental, lobar, or spherical ( Figs. cache = ./cache/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312797-hohzjx74 author = Hamelin, Marie-Ève title = Human Metapneumovirus: A New Player among Respiratory Viruses date = 2004-04-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3353 sentences = 170 flesch = 41 summary = Despite the fact that prospective and case-control studies have been limited, the epidemiology and clinical manifestations associated with hMPV have been found to be reminiscent of those of the human respiratory syncytial virus, with most severe respiratory tract infections occurring in infants, elderly subjects, and immunocompromised hosts. In addition, studies have shown that hMPV is not a new pathogen, with serological evidence of human infection dating from 1958 in The Netherlands [4] and viral isolation for the past 10-20 years in Europe and Canada [4, 7] . Symptoms of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections have been associated with hMPV in young children, although most reports are biased towards description of the most severe symptomatology in hospitalized subjects. Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups cache = ./cache/cord-312797-hohzjx74.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312797-hohzjx74.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311908-sgdq6j6x author = Atkins, G. J. title = Transient virus infection and multiple sclerosis date = 2000-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6183 sentences = 267 flesch = 40 summary = Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating disease of the CNS in which autoimmunity to myelin plays a role in pathogenesis. These include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), caused by a persistent measles virus infection, and human T cell lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I)associated myelopathy, which is a slowly progressive neurological disease characterised by in¯ammatory in®ltrates and demyelination in the CNS, and is caused by an exogenous retrovirus. Another study that does not involve virus infection, but may nonetheless provide information concerning the possible viral aetiology of MS, concerns the exacerbation of brain damage following EAE induction. With regard to the activity of known human viruses in the induction of myelin damage, there is evidence that virus infections associated with CNS demyelination can cause damage to oligodendrocytes. It is possible that virus infection could induce secretion of pro-in¯ammatory cytokines that could penetrate the CNS parenchyma from the blood and lead to the recrudescence of anti-myelin autoimmunity by reactivation of previously primed T-cells. cache = ./cache/cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312795-0e4esl2o author = Puig-Domingo, M. title = COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology date = 2020-04-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2636 sentences = 115 flesch = 43 summary = People with diabetes in particular are among those in high-risk categories who can have serious illness if they get the virus, according to the data published so far from the Chinese researchers, but other endocrine diseases such as obesity, malnutrition, and adrenal insufficiency may also be impacted by COVID-19. Contacting the healthcare provider team by telephone, email, or videoconference is also mandatory in case of possible symptoms of COVID-19 infection in order to seek advice concerning the measures to avoid risk of deterioration of diabetes control or the possibility to be referred to another specialist (pneumologist or infectious disease doctor) or in the Emergency Services of the referral hospital to avoid the most serious systemic complication of the viral infection itself. For all these reasons, patients with adrenal insufficiency may be at higher risk of medical complications and eventually at increased mortality risk in the case of COVID-19 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-312795-0e4esl2o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312795-0e4esl2o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312197-d5d8amk7 author = Edmond, Karen title = New Approaches to Preventing, Diagnosing, and Treating Neonatal Sepsis date = 2010-03-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5224 sentences = 259 flesch = 38 summary = Health facility infections are also a major problem in lowincome countries, but the more pressing issues are the high proportion of home deliveries in unclean environments predisposing to sepsis and ensuring that all neonates have access to effective interventions from health care providers in the first days of life 2 . Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of maternal protein-calorie and multiple micronutrient and supplementation have demonstrated significant improvements in rates of prematurity and birth weight and variable impact on mortality; but no studies have examined their impact on rates of neonatal sepsis [20, 21] . New studies from Malawi and Nepal indicate that maternal antisepsis interventions such as vaginal chlorhexidine during labour may have a significant impact on rates of neonatal mortality and sepsis in developing countries [33] . Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has been highly effective in reducing both early-onset neonatal bacterial and maternal sepsis in developed countries [35] . cache = ./cache/cord-312197-d5d8amk7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312197-d5d8amk7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308816-nux087gc author = de Graaf, Dirk C title = A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals date = 2000-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8204 sentences = 486 flesch = 46 summary = Cryptosporidium parvum is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome of calves, lambs and goat kids, causing considerable direct and indirect economic losses. In the following years methods to free the infective oocysts from other contaminating pathogens became available, which permitted the experimental demonstration that Cryptosporidium was capable of causing clinical diarrhoea in calves [27, 28] . Since then, Cryptosporidium has been attributed an increasingly important role in neonatal diarrhoea syndrome in this domestic species and is currently associated with high morbidity rates and, depending on environmental conditions and the presence of other intestinal pathogens, mortality [46, 75, 76] . Cryptosporidium parvum is the most commonly found enteropathogen during the ®rst weeks of the life of calves, lambs and goat kids and is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome. cache = ./cache/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310239-mmvuij3k author = Arentz, Susan title = Clinical significance summary: Preliminary results of a rapid review of zinc for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral respiratory infections date = 2020-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3941 sentences = 215 flesch = 47 summary = Indirect evidence from systematic reviews have found zinc supplementation is effective for the prevention of acute respiratory infections in young children and zinc lozenges may reduce the duration of the common cold in adults. As of the 9 June 2020, the preliminary findings of a rapid review of zinc for the prevention or treatment Pending any definitive evidence, clinicians might consider assessing the zinc status of people with chronic disease co-morbidities and older adults as part of a SARS-CoV-2 clinical work-up, as both groups have a higher risk of zinc deficiency/insufficiency and poorer outcomes from SARS-CoV-2. The primary objective of this rapid review was to assess the effects of zinc on the incidence, duration and severity of acute upper or lower respiratory tract infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in people of any age and of any zinc status when used as a preventive supplement or as a therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-310239-mmvuij3k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310239-mmvuij3k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310942-191m0e65 author = Boga, Jose Antonio title = Beneficial actions of melatonin in the management of viral infections: a new use for this “molecular handyman”? date = 2012-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7208 sentences = 362 flesch = 32 summary = The potential protective mechanisms include melatonin acting as a free radical scavenger, an antioxidant enzyme inducer, a positive regulator of immune functions and an inhibitor of inflammation, as well as a regulator of programmed cell death (PCD) [ Table 2 ]. Melatonin treatment also caused a rise in protein expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that plays a critical role by binding to the antioxidant response element in the promoter region of a number of genes encoding for antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes in several types of cells and tissues [109] . Respiratory syncytial virus infection of human respiratory epithelial cells enhances inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression Melatonin decreases nitric oxide production and lipid peroxidation and increases interleukin-1 beta in the brain of mice infected by the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus cache = ./cache/cord-310942-191m0e65.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310942-191m0e65.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312803-fxuynxjd author = Gómez-Ríos, Manuel Ángel title = Preventing Infection of Patients and Healthcare Workers Should Be the New Normal in the Era of Novel Coronavirus Epidemics: Comment date = 2020-06-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 590 sentences = 43 flesch = 56 summary = title: Preventing Infection of Patients and Healthcare Workers Should Be the New Normal in the Era of Novel Coronavirus Epidemics: Comment Unfortunately, it has taken a coronavirus to reveal the extent of these shortcomings, and it comes as no surprise that 12,300 Spanish health professionals have so far been infected, with 2,000 infections registered today. There are two reasons for this: (1) personal protective equipment, which was scarce even at the start of the outbreak, is now entirely lacking, and (2) symptomatic healthcare workers cannot be polymerase chain reaction-tested, so the authorities have to allow them to continue working. At the start of the outbreak, hospital departments went to great lengths to draw up local protocols to ensure the highest quality of care for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) . Expert recommendations for tracheal intubation in critically ill patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 cache = ./cache/cord-312803-fxuynxjd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312803-fxuynxjd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308201-lavcsqov author = Desforges, Marc title = Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date = 2019-12-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8470 sentences = 473 flesch = 36 summary = Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Even though no clear cause and effect link has ever been made with the onset of human neurological diseases, their neuropathogenicity is being increasingly recognized in humans, as several recent reports associated cases of encephalitis [244] , acute flaccid paralysis [271] and other neurological symptoms, including possible complications of HCoV infection such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM [249, [272] [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279] . Like for several other respiratory viruses, accumulating evidence now indicate that HCoV are neuroinvasive in humans and we hypothesize that these recognized respiratory pathogens are potentially neurovirulent as well, as they could participate in short-and long-term neurological disorders either as a result of inadequate host immune responses and/or viral propagation in the CNS, which directly induces damage to resident cells. cache = ./cache/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314359-fw14b5cv author = Bajaj, Satish Kumar title = Respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients: Lung findings using chest computed tomography date = 2016-11-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4341 sentences = 253 flesch = 36 summary = Patient who present with classical symptoms like fever, rigors, chills, cough with expectoration, chest pain, dyspnea and whose chest radiographic findings are suggestive of common bacterial infections is considered to have typical pneumonia. Clinical features such as patient age, immune status, time of year, illness in other family members, community outbreaks, different stages of the underlying disease at onset, severity and duration of symptoms, and presence of a rash remain important in diagnosing viral causes of atypical pneumonia in immune-competent as well as ICPs. CXR is an essential tool for rapid diagnosis of lung changes and may also be help in follow up of the treatment response. However, in hospitalized patients with similar radiological features without any relevant clinical and laboratory findings consistent with lung infection, a possible diagnosis of atelectasis, old changes and organizing pneumonias following a course of antibiotics should be considered. cache = ./cache/cord-314359-fw14b5cv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314359-fw14b5cv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314449-ukqux772 author = Curtis, L.T. title = Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: review of non-pharmacological interventions date = 2008-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8994 sentences = 522 flesch = 40 summary = Interventions such as proper hand and surface cleaning, better nutrition, sufficient numbers of nurses, better ventilator management, use of coated urinary and central venous catheters and use of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters have all been associated with significantly lower nosocomial infection rates. This review is not exhaustive and will not attempt mathematical data analysis but will examine recent research that examines non-pharmacological interventions for reducing HAIs. It will also include a brief description of the morbidity, mortality and medical costs associated with nosocomial infections, along with a brief discussion of the routes by which HAIs spread. Many terms were used in the literature searches including nosocomial, hospital acquired, MRSA (meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), staphyloccoccus, streptococcus, VRE (vancomycinresistant enterococcus), Clostridium difficile, legionella, klebsiella, tuberculosis, airborne infection, waterborne infection, hand washing, hospital cleaning, urinary catheters, central catheters, haemodialysis, ultraviolet light, HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filtration and many others. cache = ./cache/cord-314449-ukqux772.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314449-ukqux772.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312438-zr9zx7pv author = Hoo, Regina title = Innate Immune Mechanisms to Protect Against Infection at the Human Decidual-Placental Interface date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7551 sentences = 382 flesch = 40 summary = Here, we outline the anatomy of the human placenta and uterine lining, the decidua, and discuss the potential capacity of pathogen pattern recognition and other host defense strategies present in the innate immune cells at the placental-decidual interface. Pathogen recognition is not only an essential component of the innate immune response against infection, but also plays an important role in bridging the innate and adaptive systems by Toll-like receptors (TLR) activation of antigen presenting cells by up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules (75) . Current evidence is only limited to in vitro TLR2/4 stimulation studies using placental explants and primary first trimester trophoblast cells, which drives the expression of FIGURE 3 | Toll-like receptors and potential inflammatory response at the decidua. In the mouse model of ZIKV infection, type I IFN-mediated signaling is essential for the control of viral replication in the placenta, but can also lead to significant placental pathology and fetal mortality (116, 117) . cache = ./cache/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314600-x8mmuf3y author = Biagi, Carlotta title = Rhinovirus Infection in Children with Acute Bronchiolitis and Its Impact on Recurrent Wheezing and Asthma Development date = 2020-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5817 sentences = 259 flesch = 43 summary = Bronchiolitis is defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) as a constellation of signs and symptoms, including a viral upper respiratory tract prodrome, followed by increased respiratory effort and wheezing in children under the age of two [9] .In Europe, by contrast, the term bronchiolitis is generally referred to as a first episode of acute lower airway infection in infants younger than one year [7] . Many studies have investigated whether the severity of acute bronchiolitis-mainly measured by clinical score indexes (CSIs), oxygen requirement, ventilatory support, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admission, and length of hospital stay (LOS)-is associated with specific viral infections or co-infections, with controversial results. Finally, also in a prospective multicenter study focusing on 363 hospitalized infants with moderate-severe bronchiolitis, no significant differences appeared between RV infection-even when they considered viral types-and other single virus-infections regarding either oxygen requirement, ventilation need, or nasogastric feeding [31] . cache = ./cache/cord-314600-x8mmuf3y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314600-x8mmuf3y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314500-89ovdnxl author = Dunachie, Susanna title = The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries date = 2018-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5810 sentences = 301 flesch = 43 summary = Diabetes increases susceptibility to infection and worsens outcomes for some of the world's major infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, melioidosis and dengue, but the relationship between diabetes and many neglected tropical diseases is yet to be accurately characterised. A greater understanding of the impact of diabetes on risks and outcomes for infections causing significant diseases in LMIC is essential in order to develop vaccines and therapies for the growing number of people with diabetes at risk of infection, and to prioritise research agendas, public health interventions and policy. In a metaanalysis of five case-control studies of acute dengue, diabetes was associated with an increased risk of a severe clinical presentation of dengue compared with either asymptomatic infection or non-severe acute dengue, 43 although given the limited data, the authors emphasised this was only suggestive of a link. cache = ./cache/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316500-vik30moa author = Cardillo, Lorena title = Lifestyle as Risk Factor for Infectious Causes of Death in Young Dogs: A Retrospective Study in Southern Italy (2015–2017) date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5519 sentences = 280 flesch = 48 summary = Here, we aimed to determine the infectious causes of death in young dogs aged up to 1 year, examining how it relates to age (under and over 6 months), lifestyle (owned versus ownerless), breed (purebred and crossbreed), and gender. In the first days of life, bacterial infections are described to be the prevalent cause of neonatal disease and death [2] ; in contrast, at other ages, many factors have been attributed for outbreaks of viral diseases, including age, vaccination status, breed [3, 4] , habitat [5] , and seasons [6] . After examining bacterial and viral prevalence, infection risk was examined for the most frequently detected pathogens related to the four variables considered in the study (Table 4) . To assess infectious causes of death in dogs aged under 1 year of age, the circulation of agents in Southern Italy and whether age, lifestyle, gender, or breed can influence infections and relative lesion generalisation, a survey was conducted on 138 deceased pups. cache = ./cache/cord-316500-vik30moa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316500-vik30moa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312964-vsrqmmv7 author = Doyle, William J. title = Prevention of otitis media caused by viral upper respiratory tract infection: Vaccines, antivirals, and other approaches date = 2003 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6376 sentences = 259 flesch = 29 summary = Past studies show that new episodes of OM are usually a complication of viral upper respiratory infection (vURI), and therefore, a rational approach to achieving that goal is to develop intervention strategies that target vURIassociated OM. Past studies show that new episodes of OM are usually a complication of viral upper respiratory infection (vURI), and therefore, a rational approach to achieving that goal is to develop intervention strategies that target vURIassociated OM. Active synergy between certain upper respiratory viruses and nasopharyngeal pathogens was demonstrated for OM pathogenesis in chinchillas and humans [27] [28] [29] , and pre-existing or concurrent vURI in infants and children with acute, bacterial OM is frequently observed [24, 25] . In one double-blind clinical study, intranasal steroid (fluticasone propionate) was administered for 7 days immediately after onset of vURI symptoms in an attempt to decrease nasopharyngeal inflammation (and possible eustachian-tube obstruction), but was not efficacious in preventing AOM and might have increased OM incidence during rhinovirus infection [69] . cache = ./cache/cord-312964-vsrqmmv7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312964-vsrqmmv7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315726-ltjurdrq author = Acheson, D.W.K. title = Food and Waterborne Illnesses date = 2009-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10890 sentences = 584 flesch = 47 summary = A wide variety of the common foodborne pathogens is discussed, with a brief description of what they are, the types of illness they cause, and the kinds of food most frequently associated with them along with some commentary with regard to treatment. Examples include the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) secondary to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) after Campylobacter infection, and the association of a number of enteric bacterial pathogens with reactive arthritis and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. ETEC are transmitted through contaminated water and food and have caused a number of large outbreaks in the United States; however, their importance in sporadic disease is not known. cache = ./cache/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316513-dbzj101e author = Sen-Crowe, Brendon title = Utilizing technology as a method of contact tracing and surveillance to minimize the risk of contracting COVID-19 infection date = 2020-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 450 sentences = 35 flesch = 58 summary = title: Utilizing technology as a method of contact tracing and surveillance to minimize the risk of contracting COVID-19 infection A call for new methods of testing and surveillance on a large scale will be important if we hope to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections. On example is the Oura ring (Ooura Health Ltd.'s, Oulu, Finland) which can detect physiologic changes and alert the possibility of infection. For example, one study at West Virginia Univeristy, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute predicted symptoms 24 hours prior to onset based on physiologic changes detected by the Oura ring, and aim to achieve a 3-day forecast in the future. In addition, early detection and contact tracing has the potential to conserve hospital resources that have become scarce throughout the pandemic. CDC Diagnostic Test for COVID-19 WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute and Oura Health unveil study to predict the outbreak of COVID-19 in healthcare professionals cache = ./cache/cord-316513-dbzj101e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316513-dbzj101e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315304-pge45105 author = Kotton, C.N. title = Organ Transplantation, Risks date = 2015-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4211 sentences = 206 flesch = 29 summary = Viral infection is associated with both direct (invasive disease) and indirect (immune modulation) effects affecting susceptibility to other infections and promoting allograft rejection. The risk for viral infection is a function of the intensity of exposure and virulence of the specific virus, the intensity of immune suppression used to prevent graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease, underlying immune deficits, and factors affecting host susceptibility. Multiple factors contribute to viral reactivation after transplantation, including graft rejection and therapy, immune suppression (especially reduction of T-cell mediated, cytotoxic immunity), inflammation, and tissue injury. The clinical presentation of CMV (HHV-5) can range from a 'CMV syndrome' including fever, malaise, leukopenia, to a 'flu-like' illness with myalgias and fatigue, to a more significant end-organ disease with pneumonitis, colitis, encephalitis, hepatitis, or chorioretinitis. The treatment of viral infections in the renal transplantation recipient includes: the reduction of immunosuppression, antiviral therapy, diagnosis and treatment of co-infections (such as CMV, EBV, HHV-6, or À7), and use of adjunctive therapies such as immunoglobulins or colony stimulating factors. cache = ./cache/cord-315304-pge45105.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315304-pge45105.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314390-q36ye9ff author = Kang, Gagandeep title = Viral Diarrhea date = 2016-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6020 sentences = 281 flesch = 39 summary = Of the 'non-group A' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for >72 h in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections may not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. cache = ./cache/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314505-7qh8dsew author = Stegelmeier, Ashley A. title = Myeloid Cells during Viral Infections and Inflammation date = 2019-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12519 sentences = 640 flesch = 35 summary = The induction of the IFN response following viral infections fundamentally changes the bone marrow microenvironment ( Figure 1B) , leading to the enhanced differentiation of myeloid cells [24] and emigration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of infection, which is facilitated by chemokine gradients interacting with their cognate receptors ( Figure 1A ) [25] . TLR stimulation after phagocytosis activates the NF-κB signaling cascade, resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 from monocytes [4] to control virus infections by direct antiviral mechanisms and the recruitment of other leukocytes. Taken together, these findings suggest that type I IFN signaling drives a balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory effects on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in response to viral infections; providing protective immunity while simultaneously limiting immunopathology. Importantly, viruses and virus-mediated tissue damage stimulate both neutrophils and monocytes, triggering a cascade of cytokine/chemokine-mediated innate immune responses. cache = ./cache/cord-314505-7qh8dsew.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314505-7qh8dsew.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315794-se0sq3c3 author = Lamps, L W title = Infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract date = 2006-12-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4191 sentences = 279 flesch = 39 summary = Diagnostic histological features of selected enteric infections will be emphasized, including those that mimic other inflammatory conditions of the gut (such as ischaemia or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease), along with available diagnostic methods that can aid in diagnosis. 2 Those producing a non-specific acute self-limited ⁄ infectious colitis (ASLC) pattern (e.g. Campylobacter jejuni); this is one of the most common inflammatory patterns in enteric infections. As these features can also be seen in smoldering Crohn's disease and lymphocytic colitis, it is important to know the patient's symptoms and, ideally, culture results as this differential diagnosis may be difficult to resolve on histological grounds alone. Selected specific food-and ⁄ or water-borne gastrointestinal infective disorders Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Shigella and enteric viruses represent the most common food-borne pathogens worldwide. In addition, many of the food-and water-borne gastrointestinal infective diseases discussed below mimic other entities that are commonly encountered in surgical pathology practice, such as ischaemic colitis or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. cache = ./cache/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315730-fzgxuak7 author = Penman, Sophie L. title = Safety perspectives on presently considered drugs for the treatment of COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12067 sentences = 627 flesch = 42 summary = Owing to their efficacy against viruses (mostly demonstrated in vitro) including influenza, HIV, coronavirus OC43, and SARS-CoV, a large number of clinical trials (>230) have been registered worldwide using chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine alone, or in combination with other drugs (e.g. azithromycin) for the treatment of COVID-19. At the time of writing, the RECOVERY trial (clinical trial identifier NCT04381936) which is the largest randomised control trial so far conducted for the treatment of COVID, has stopped recruiting to the hydroxychloroquine arm (1542 patients compared with 3132 on standard care) because of no beneficial effect either in terms of mortality or hospital stay (P. Assessment of QT Intervals in a Case Series of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Alone or in Combination With Azithromycin in an Intensive Care Unit Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial cache = ./cache/cord-315730-fzgxuak7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315730-fzgxuak7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317499-mxt7stat author = Saraya, Takeshi title = Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus date = 2014-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5655 sentences = 300 flesch = 43 summary = Table 1 shows the frequency of HRV infection in various adult respiratory diseases such as exacerbation of asthma (Nicholson et al., 1993; Atmar et al., 1998; Tan et al., 2003) , common cold (Makela et al., 1998; van Gageldonk-Lafeber et al., 2005) , exacerbation of COPD (Seemungal et al., 2001; Rohde et al., 2003; Tan et al., 2003; Beckham et al., 2005; Papi et al., 2006; Hutchinson et al., 2007; Ko et al., 2007; McManus et al., 2008; Kherad et al., 2010; Dimopoulos et al., 2012; Perotin et al., 2013) , community acquired pneumonia (Jennings et al., 2008; Johnstone et al., 2008; Johansson et al., 2010; Lieberman et al., 2010; Fry et al., 2011; Wootton et al., 2011; Luchsinger et al., 2013; Takahashi et al., 2013; Huijskens et al., 2014) , exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Wootton et al., 2011) , and asymptomatic infection (Fry et al., 2011) . cache = ./cache/cord-317499-mxt7stat.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317499-mxt7stat.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317028-f3bpwm5j author = Olmsted, Russell N. title = Prevention by Design: Construction and Renovation of Health Care Facilities for Patient Safety and Infection Prevention date = 2016-08-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5189 sentences = 287 flesch = 45 summary = The built environment encompasses a broad range of physical design elements, including spaces for care of patients, support services, electronics, and major technical equipment; building systems that provide air and water; and surfaces and finishes. Use of an ICRA has been incorporated into design standards as well as Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee guidelines that address construction and renovation. Design elements that support infection prevention and control Proactive planning for mitigating sources of infection both within and external to the construction project that will be affected Identify potential risk for transmission of airborne and waterborne pathogens during construction, renovation, and commissioning Develop ICRMRs to mitigate identified risks (see Appendix A for a stepwise approach to developing ICRMRs) There is evidence that an effective ICRA process can prevent HAIs. 25 Fig. 1 provides examples of effective containment methods. cache = ./cache/cord-317028-f3bpwm5j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317028-f3bpwm5j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317548-ft7lkpzq author = Proud, David title = Upper airway viral infections date = 2007-07-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4004 sentences = 196 flesch = 36 summary = Despite the major health care consequences associated with these complications, our understanding of how URI trigger upper airway symptoms and cause exacerbations of lower airway diseases remains limited. Given that HRV is the major viral pathogen associated with colds and exacerbations of asthma and COPD, we will focus on the current status of our knowledge of the response to HRV infection as representative of viral pathogenesis, indicating differences with other viral types when appropriate. Several factors are likely to play a role in determining the severity of the clinical outcome to upper airway viral responses, including the susceptibility of patients with asthma or COPD to experience lower airway exacerbations. Influenza vaccine is clearly effective in reducing upper airway symptoms, and in preventing lower disease exacerbations, induced by this virus during the winter months. Nitric oxide inhibits rhinovirus-induced cytokine production and viral replication in a human respiratory epithelial cell line cache = ./cache/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316894-zhmuzv7z author = Stetzenbach, L.D. title = Airborne Infectious Microorganisms date = 2009-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4393 sentences = 259 flesch = 40 summary = Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. The illnesses resulting from avian influenza infection in humans range from typical mild influenza-like symptoms (e.g., fever, sore throat, cough, and muscle aches) and conjunctivitis to more serious cases of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and other severe and life-threatening complications. Disease is spread by aerosol dissemination of the virus during coughing and sneezing by an infected person or it may become airborne directly from the skin lesions. cache = ./cache/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314841-b5l6epy3 author = Falsey, Ann Regina title = Respiratory viral infections date = 2019-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6006 sentences = 300 flesch = 32 summary = Analysis of the host transcriptional response during respiratory viral infection using in-vitro, animal models and natural and experimental human challenge have furthered the understanding of the mechanisms and predictors of severe disease and may identify potential therapeutic targets to prevent and ameliorate illness. In addition to sensitive and rapid diagnostic testing, new molecular techniques allow an understanding of viral evolution, mechanisms and predictors of severe disease, interrogation of vaccine responses, improved bacterial and viral diagnostics and associations of viral infections with non-respiratory medical events. A number of candidate genes influencing respiratory virus susceptibility have been identified in animal and human studies and involve host virus interactions, innate immune signaling, interferon related pathways and cytokine responses (Table 1) [49] [50] [51] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] . In addition, two compartments, the respiratory epithelium and blood can be sampled in human studies and interrogated using different viruses or viral strains to develop gene signatures for prognosis, as indicators of severity and to identify potential therapeutic targets. cache = ./cache/cord-314841-b5l6epy3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314841-b5l6epy3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author = Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title = A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14056 sentences = 775 flesch = 49 summary = For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine's PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. cache = ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318063-bainw3d6 author = Haque, Mainul title = Health care-associated infections – an overview date = 2018-11-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8255 sentences = 534 flesch = 43 summary = Several studies suggest that simple infection-control procedures such as cleaning hands with an alcohol-based hand rub can help prevent HCAIs and save lives, reduce morbidity, and minimize health care costs. Health care-associated infections and prevention strategy About 68.6% of all bacterial isolates were resistant to cefuroxime used in the management of orthopedic SSIs. This study also found that diabetes mellitus, smoking, operations lasting more than 3 hours, the absence of antibiotic prophylaxis, and a history of previous surgery were positive risk factors associated with a significant upsurge in SSIs. 87 SSIs comprise at least 14%-22.2% of all HCAIs for abdominal surgery [88] [89] [90] and often lead to extended hospitalization and higher antimicrobial costs. Prevalence, incidence burden, and clinical impact of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance: a national prevalent cohort study in acute care hospitals in Greece cache = ./cache/cord-318063-bainw3d6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318063-bainw3d6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320145-582kmoyo author = Cardinal, R. N. title = Simulating a community mental health service during the COVID-19 pandemic: effects of clinician-clinician encounters, clinician-patient-family encounters, symptom-triggered protective behaviour, and household clustering date = 2020-05-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5484 sentences = 317 flesch = 46 summary = title: Simulating a community mental health service during the COVID-19 pandemic: effects of clinician-clinician encounters, clinician-patient-family encounters, symptom-triggered protective behaviour, and household clustering We also varied clinician-clinician contact; baseline and ongoing "external" infection rates; whether overt symptoms reduced transmission risk behaviourally (e.g. via personal protective equipment, PPE); and household clustering. Appointment type and inter-clinician contact had greater effects at low external infection rates and without a behavioural symptom response. In Experiment 1, whole-population infection was dominated by baseline and external infection rates (with infection spreading primarily via intra-household contacts), plus the behavioural response to symptoms (all p⋘α), with only very small contributions from the appointment type and clinician-clinician meetings (Figure 2A) . The beneficial effects of symptom-triggered behaviour were proportionally greater with lower external infection rates, for higher-risk appointment types, and without clinician meetings. cache = ./cache/cord-320145-582kmoyo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320145-582kmoyo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318172-bdotp9ko author = Blanco, Jorge C. G. title = PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBODY TREATMENT AND INTRAMUSCULAR IMMUNIZATION REDUCE INFECTIOUS HUMAN RHINOVIRUS 16 LOAD IN THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT OF CHALLENGED COTTON RATS date = 2014-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5190 sentences = 250 flesch = 42 summary = In this work we show that, without requiring any genetic modification of either the host or the virus, intranasal infection of cotton rats with HRV16 resulted in measurable lower respiratory tract pathology, mucus production, and expression of interferon-activated genes. Over the years, the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) has been shown to support replication of a broad spectrum of human viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [25] , nonadapted strains of human influenza [26, 27] , and measles [28, 29] , among others [30] , providing modeling capabilities for the corresponding infections. The results of the described experimental work show that HRV16 infection in the cotton rat reproduces aspects of HRVassociated human disease in the respiratory tract, causing detectable inflammation in the lower airways and lung parenchyma and mucus production, and inducing a transient expression of interferon-stimulated genes that merits further investigation. In addition we demonstrated that passive transfer of antibodies generated in vaccinated cotton rats can protect naïve animals from Infectious virus titers in the lung were determined by plaque assay at the indicated times p.i. cache = ./cache/cord-318172-bdotp9ko.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318172-bdotp9ko.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317661-v93mde6l author = Vaid, Shashank title = Using Machine Learning to Estimate Unobserved COVID-19 Infections in North America date = 2020-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2483 sentences = 143 flesch = 59 summary = CONCLUSIONS: We have identified 2 key findings: (1) as of April 22, 2020, the United States may have had 1.5 to 2.029 times the number of reported infections and Canada may have had 1.44 to 2.06 times the number of reported infections and (2) even if we assume that the fatality and growth rates in the unobservable population (undetected infections) are similar to those in the observable population (confirmed infections), the number of undetected infections may be within ranges similar to those described above. We have identified 2 key findings: (1) as of April 22, 2020, the United States may have had 1.5 to 2.029 times the number of reported infections and Canada may have had 1.44 to 2.06 times the number of reported infections and (2) even if we assume that the fatality and growth rates in the unobservable population (undetected infections) are similar to those in the observable population (confirmed infections), the number of undetected infections may be within ranges similar to those described above. cache = ./cache/cord-317661-v93mde6l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317661-v93mde6l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318984-8m9ygzn5 author = Chen, Yin-Yin title = Surveillance on secular trends of incidence and mortality for device–associated infection in the intensive care unit setting at a tertiary medical center in Taiwan, 2000–2008: A retrospective observational study date = 2012-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4291 sentences = 222 flesch = 45 summary = We examined the rates of DAI by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, and 30–day and in–hospital mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Decreased susceptibility of both gram-positive and gram-negative microbes to antibiotics has been well described in several surveillance studies over the past decade, and increases in the rate of bloodstream infection caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) gramnegative bacteria have been reported to be 16-fold [5, [8] [9] [10] [11] . In this study, prospective surveillance was conducted to determine the DAI rate and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant isolates at an adult medical-surgical ICU (MS ICU). Our aim was to analyze the secular trend of incidence for different types of DAIs, determine the common pathogens involved, and determine the rates of antimicrobial resistance and overall 30-day and in-hospital mortality during the period 2000-2008. The involved patient demographic information, the dates and sites of infection, device-utilization (DU) ratio, pathogens, antimicrobial susceptibilities, invasive procedures, and overall 30-day mortality and in-hospital crude mortality were recorded. cache = ./cache/cord-318984-8m9ygzn5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318984-8m9ygzn5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318826-l922zqci author = Holschbach, Chelsea L. title = Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date = 2018-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11033 sentences = 532 flesch = 40 summary = In large free stall dairies, it is increasingly common to encounter Salmonella infection as an endemic challenge with clinical presentations that are highly variable, ranging from the classic textbook description of reproductive losses and enteric disease in adult cattle through to lower impact problems with fevers of unknown origin, little to no diarrhea, and only modest consequences in terms of appetite and milk yield reduction. 29 Hence, if one is merely trying to obtain a yes or no answer or identify and track specific serovars, or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over time, composite fecal samples are typically collected from areas on dairy operations where manure accumulates from a majority of adult animals, such as holding pens, alleyways, and lagoons. Prompt diagnosis, treatment, and isolation are important during an outbreak in adult cattle and environmental sampling to include bulk tank milk and high-risk housing areas should now be considered a routine part of disease prevention and surveillance. cache = ./cache/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318852-gouz6tth author = Lee, J.S.E. title = Considerations and strategies in the organisation of obstetric anaesthesia care during the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore date = 2020-04-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2066 sentences = 120 flesch = 41 summary = It is in this context that local health authorities mandated that healthcare staff performing aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) such as tracheal intubation and extubation, bag-mask ventilation, orogastric tube insertion and bronchoscopy, don full personal protective equipment (PPE) regardless of risk status. Management in the labour ward 'High infection-risk' parturients are placed in negative pressure ( -2.5 Pa) rooms and are asked to wear a surgical mask. When possible, we prefer to proceed with caesarean delivery in the 'high infection-risk' patient only after she has been de-isolated or has tested 'negative' for COVID-19 from the first nasopharyngeal swab. Highlights Identifying 'high-infection risk' parturients is challenging in the COVID-19 outbreak A multidisciplinary approach is required to provide obstetric anaesthesia services Protocols for labour analgesia and caesarean delivery allow safe provision of care Infection control resource management allows for the allocation of finite resources Organisational changes are cache = ./cache/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318282-ocgfgx9r author = Boyce, John M title = Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus date = 2005-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8583 sentences = 424 flesch = 45 summary = Measures recommended by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America for controlling health-care-associated MRSA include the use of screening cultures to detect colonised patients, placing patients in private rooms or cohorting patients, wearing gloves for room entry, gowns for substantial contact with patients or their environment, and hand hygiene before and after patient contact. Further studies are necessary to establish the relative efficacy of control measures such as screening cultures, cohort nursing, increased staffing levels, and improved hand hygiene adherence rates in controlling transmission of MRSA in health-care facilities. Revised guidelines for the control of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitals Comparison of community-and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection Epidemiology of emerging methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Denmark: a nationwide study in a country with low prevalence of MRSA infection Effectiveness of a hospitalwide selective screening programme for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers at hospital admission to prevent hospital-acquired MRSA infections cache = ./cache/cord-318282-ocgfgx9r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318282-ocgfgx9r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317198-mean7sj9 author = Giamberardin, Heloisa I.G. title = Clinical and epidemiological features of respiratory virus infections in preschool children over two consecutive influenza seasons in southern Brazil date = 2016-02-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3534 sentences = 183 flesch = 48 summary = title: Clinical and epidemiological features of respiratory virus infections in preschool children over two consecutive influenza seasons in southern Brazil This study reports the results of a systematic screening for respiratory viruses in pediatric outpatients from an emergency department (ED) in southern Brazil during two consecutive influenza seasons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in pediatric outpatients represent a significant burden on emergency departments (EDs) and the patients' families, mainly during influenza seasons, being associated with around 20% of all deaths in pre-school children worldwide, with 90% of these deaths due to pneumonia. This study reports, the results of a laboratory-based surveillance for respiratory viruses in preschool children who were treated in the ED of a pediatric referral hospital during two consecutive influenza seasons. cache = ./cache/cord-317198-mean7sj9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317198-mean7sj9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320454-dhfl92et author = Srivastava, S. title = Healthcare-associated infections in neonatal units: lessons from contrasting worlds date = 2007-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7387 sentences = 483 flesch = 42 summary = Neonatal intensive care units are vulnerable to outbreaks and sporadic incidents of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Summary Neonatal intensive care units are vulnerable to outbreaks and sporadic incidents of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). We reviewed 125 articles regarding HAIs from both advanced and resource-limited neonatal units in order to study risk factors, aetiological agents, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and reported successes in infection control interventions. We reviewed 125 articles regarding HAIs from both advanced and resource-limited neonatal units in order to study risk factors, aetiological agents, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and reported successes in infection control interventions. This review on healthcare-associated neonatal infections studies the definitions, associated risk factors and the aetiological agents involved with their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in two contrasting worlds. Risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in the neonatal intensive care unit Outbreak of Candida bloodstream infections associated with retrograde medication administration in a neonatal intensive care unit cache = ./cache/cord-320454-dhfl92et.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320454-dhfl92et.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320909-p93gxjm2 author = Natoli, S. title = Does SARS‐Cov‐2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models date = 2020-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4718 sentences = 246 flesch = 39 summary = Animal models of SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome, caused by structurally similar CoVs during the 2002 and 2012 epidemics, have provided valuable data on nervous system involvement by CoVs and the potential for central nervous system spread of SARS‐CoV‐2. The expression of this receptor in neurons and endothelial cells hints that SARS‐CoV‐2 may have higher neuroinvasive potential compared with previous CoVs. However, it remains to be determined how such invasiveness might contribute to respiratory failure or cause direct neurological damage. Highly pathogenic coronavirus (CoV) infections are well-established sources of previous epidemics in humans, i.e. severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2 Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice cache = ./cache/cord-320909-p93gxjm2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320909-p93gxjm2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318944-13zk6cco author = Bizzoca, Maria Eleonora title = Covid-19 Pandemic: What Changes for Dentists and Oral Medicine Experts? A Narrative Review and Novel Approaches to Infection Containment date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11691 sentences = 617 flesch = 50 summary = The authors performed a narrative review on Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeCoronaVirus-2 ( SARS-CoV-2) and all infectious agents with the primary endpoints to illustrate the most accepted models of safety protocols in dentistry and oral medicine, and to propose an easy view of the problem and a comparison (prevs post-COVID19) for the most common dental procedures. After a brief excursus on all infectious agents transmittable at the dental chair, the authors described all the personal protective equipment (PPE) actually on the market and their indications, and on the basis of the literature, they compared (before and after COVID-19 onset) the correct safety procedures for each dental practice studied, underlining the danger of underestimating, in general, dental cross-infections. The precautions for infection control require wearing gloves, aprons, as well as eye and mouth protection (goggles and mask, such as medical masks and Filtering Face Piece or FPP) for each procedure involving direct contact with the patient body fluids. cache = ./cache/cord-318944-13zk6cco.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318944-13zk6cco.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321132-xdpb3ukt author = Lhomme, Sebastien title = Influence of Polyproline Region and Macro Domain Genetic Heterogeneity on HEV Persistence in Immunocompromised Patients date = 2014-01-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2339 sentences = 138 flesch = 47 summary = We investigated the association between the genetic heterogeneity of HEV quasispecies in ORF1 and the outcome of infection in solid-organ transplant patients. Both sequence entropy and genetic distances during the hepatitis E acute phase were higher in patients whose infection became chronic than in those who cleared the virus. Both sequence entropy and genetic distances during the hepatitis E acute phase were higher in patients whose infection became chronic than in those who cleared the virus. We therefore analysed the characteristics of HEV quasispecies at the acute phase of hepatitis E in 2 groups of SOT patients, one whose infection became chronic and the other who cleared the virus. Both the complexity and diversity of the PPR and the macro domain were higher in viral population of the patients whose infection became chronic than in those who cleared the virus. cache = ./cache/cord-321132-xdpb3ukt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321132-xdpb3ukt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322380-udjoghr6 author = Nash, Anthony A. title = Early Stages of Infection After Pathogen Entry date = 2015-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5781 sentences = 258 flesch = 45 summary = In the basal layer of the epidermis, adjacent to the antibodies and immune cells that arrive from dermal blood vessels, the virus infection is incomplete; in this layer of the epidermis, only a subset of virus genes are transcribed, no virus structural proteins are produced and no virus DNA replication occurs, therefore no virus particles are produced. This means gaining access to the lumen of a subepithelial lymphatic or blood vessel, either as a free microorganism, or alternatively after entering a mobile cell (leucocyte) that will carry it to other parts of the body. Thus, rotaviruses and rhinoviruses replicate at the epithelial surface but cannot infect leucocytes, and in any case would be unlikely to find susceptible cells elsewhere in the body if they entered blood or lymphatic vessels. Indeed, bacteria and other microorganisms that are capable of extracellular replication generally advertise their presence by releasing a variety of products into surrounding fluids, many of which cause inflammation and thus bring antibacterial agents such as immunoglobulins, complement and leucocytes to the site of the infection. cache = ./cache/cord-322380-udjoghr6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322380-udjoghr6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320548-oigyut2k author = Zumla, Alimuddin title = Emerging novel and antimicrobial-resistant respiratory tract infections: new drug development and therapeutic options date = 2014-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8120 sentences = 430 flesch = 36 summary = 19 In patients admitted to hospital with severe infl uenza A H7N9 infection, reduction of viral load after treatment with oseltamivir correlated with improved outcome, whereas the emergence of virus resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors that harbours an Arg292Lys substitution is associated with poor outcomes and poor response to oseltamivir and peramivir. Several observational studies show that systemic corticosteroids given for 2009 pandemic infl uenza A H1N1-associated viral pneumonia increased the risk of mortality and morbidity (eg, secondary infections), especially when there was a delay in initiation, or absence of, eff ective antiviral therapy. Several observational studies have shown that systemic corticosteroids given for 2009 pandemic infl uenza A H1N1-asssociated viral pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome increased the risk of mortality and morbidity (eg, secondary bacterial or fungal infections), especially if there is delay or lack of eff ective antiviral therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-320548-oigyut2k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320548-oigyut2k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321835-qn33sx8x author = Bailey, Emily S. title = A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses date = 2018-04-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3717 sentences = 181 flesch = 44 summary = In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. Influenza A virus H3N2 subtypes are frequently reported in swine, avian, and canine hosts that are responsible for highly infectious respiratory diseases in pigs and have been examined as a potential cause of influenza in humans. In a recent review of the risks of potential outbreaks associated with zoonotic Ad (48) , it was noted that intense human-animal interaction is likely to increase the probability of emergent cross-species Ad infection. This suggests that strategies for novel virus detection should incorporate global surveillance at the human-animal interface to detect potentially emerging zoonotic viruses. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28834 sentences = 1797 flesch = 46 summary = An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. cache = ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321481-vrfwczve author = Watashi, Koichi title = NTCP and Beyond: Opening the Door to Unveil Hepatitis B Virus Entry date = 2014-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4936 sentences = 247 flesch = 39 summary = Recently, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) was identified as an HBV entry receptor and enabled the establishment of a susceptible cell line that can efficiently support HBV infection. HBV infection into host hepatocytes follows a multiple step process: (1) initially, HBV reversibly attaches to host cell surface proteoglycans with a low affinity; (2) this is followed by the process involving more specific receptor(s) with high affinity to mediate the early entry step; and (3) after endocytosis-mediated internalization, the virus fuses with the cellular membrane compartment, probably in an endosomal compartment, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. A myristoylated peptide encompassing amino acids 2-48 of the preS1 region turned out to be the most efficient in infection inhibition of HBV and also the envelope protein-related hepatitis D virus (HDV) [30, 31] . Cyclosporin A and its analogs inhibit hepatitis B virus entry into cultured hepatocytes through targeting a membrane transporter NTCP cache = ./cache/cord-321481-vrfwczve.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321481-vrfwczve.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323643-lu3ngt6r author = Chow, C.B. title = Post-SARS infection control in the hospital and clinic date = 2004-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4449 sentences = 252 flesch = 53 summary = The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak has almost mandated a re-evaluation of infection control practices in hospitals, clinics, schools and domestic environments, especially for patients with respiratory tract symptoms. PAEDIATRIC Summary The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak has almost mandated a re-evaluation of infection control practices in hospitals, clinics, schools and domestic environments, especially for patients with respiratory tract symptoms. 17 Despite great concerns, compliance to infection control precautions by community general practitioners in Hong Kong lagged behind their hospital counterparts -97.7% had not worn masks at all times, a third did not wash their hands after seeing/examining a patient and half did not wear gowns. In a study looking into factors affecting nosocomial infection in Hong Kong, it was found that all HCWs consistently used N95s or surgical masks and perceived that the inadequacy of personal protective equipment (PPE) supply, infection control training <2 h and inconsistent use of goggles, gowns, gloves and caps were significant independent risk factors for SARS infection. cache = ./cache/cord-323643-lu3ngt6r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323643-lu3ngt6r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321584-4bu0lps0 author = Mitchell, Brett G. title = Nurses' and midwives’ cleaning knowledge, attitudes and practices: An Australian study date = 2020-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3386 sentences = 182 flesch = 47 summary = BACKGROUND: As frontline providers of care, nurses and midwives play a critical role in controlling infections such as COVID-19, influenza, multi-drug resistant organisms and health care associated infections. As nurses and midwives have the most contact with patients and as an important first step in improving compliance, this study sought to explore nurses' and midwives' knowledge on the role of the environment in infection prevention and control and identify challenges in maintaining clean patient environments. As frontline providers of care, nurses and midwives play a vital role in prevention and control of infections such as COVID19, influenza, multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) and health care associated infections (HCAIs) more broadly. We asked participants to indicate who was responsible for cleaning four items, two frequently touched items (bed rails and nurse call bells) and two items of shared medical equipment (IV pole and IV pump). cache = ./cache/cord-321584-4bu0lps0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321584-4bu0lps0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321756-a7eh4dkb author = Kwofie, Theophilus B title = Respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ghana date = 2012-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3675 sentences = 204 flesch = 48 summary = The study was done to identify viruses associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection among children less than 5 years. Majority of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in developed countries have been reported to be often due to viral pathogens of which most common are RSV, PIV, influenza viruses, Adv, human Coronaviruses and Bocaviruses [5] [6] [7] . This study was done to determine the burden of respiratory viruses among children hospitalized at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital for acute lower respiratory illness using the Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The overall prevalence is comparable to previous studies done in other developing countries [24] and the predominance of RSV is in accordance with the assertion that this virus is the single most frequent lower respiratory tract pathogen in infants and young children worldwide [25] [26] [27] . cache = ./cache/cord-321756-a7eh4dkb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321756-a7eh4dkb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321949-s1qu3odd author = Anderson, Evan J title = Rotavirus infection in adults date = 2004-01-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6937 sentences = 441 flesch = 38 summary = Spread by faecal-oral transmission, rotavirus infection in adults typically manifests with nausea, malaise, headache, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, and fever. In this review we intend to familiarise clinicians who primarily provide care for adult patients with the salient features of rotavirus pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. In a separate study, 14 parents of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis developed serological evidence of infection, but only three had diarrhoea. Rotavirus infections in adult patients infected with HIV-1 frequently present as a chronic diarrhoea with sustained viral shedding in stools. In a small prospective study in the UK, rotavirus caused 4·1% of acute diarrhoea in adults admitted to hospital. 79 In a study of Mexican adults, 63% of patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis during winter months were positive for rotavirus. Rotavirus infections in adults in association with acute gastroenteritis cache = ./cache/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320663-xypg6evo author = Market, Marisa title = Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies date = 2020-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14038 sentences = 659 flesch = 42 summary = A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. Natural Killer (NK) cells are a key component of the innate immune system and are critical in the response to many viral infections in humans and animal models (1) (2) (3) . Altogether these studies show that during acute CoV infection, inflammatory monocyte-macrophages and neutrophils accumulate in the lungs and produce cytokines and chemokines that induce the activation and migration of lymphocytes, including NK cells, to the lungs, where they could be one of the main producers of IFN-γ (148). Studies have reported that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have lower levels of circulating NK cells and these express a greater level of inhibitory receptors (e.g., NKG2A) while producing less IFN-γ (127, 129, 130) . cache = ./cache/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author = Kahn, R. E. title = 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date = 2012-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19161 sentences = 802 flesch = 41 summary = The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. cache = ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322899-uxvlagt3 author = Gorji, Ali title = The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4922 sentences = 292 flesch = 38 summary = Micronutrients play a critical role in the coordinated recruitment of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, particularly in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. [16] Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired immune responses and leads to a higher risk of respiratory viral infections, particularly in elderly subjects. [61] The beneficial effects of vitamin A on morbidity and mortality of some viral infections, such as measles and HIV, could be due to increased antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation as well as enhanced T-cell lymphopoiesis. [102] A modest level of vitamin E supplementation regulates the cellular free radical-antioxidant balance, enhances the antibody response, and activates the immune cells of broilers vaccinated with the infectious bronchitis virus. Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians cache = ./cache/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323112-e78zpa9c author = WATERER, Grant title = Respiratory infections: A current and future threat date = 2009-07-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2670 sentences = 156 flesch = 39 summary = This review will focus on the human, pathogen and environmental factors that contribute to the continued global burden or respiratory diseases with a particular focus on areas where we might hope to see some progress in the coming decades. 14 While it is clear that strict infection control can reduce nosocomial infection rates, 15 the practical necessity of pooling vulnerable hosts together combined with the inevitable ageing of health-care facilities will ensure that nosocomial outbreaks continue to be a problem. In recent years the marked increase in tumour necrosis factor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies targeting specific lymphoid populations in patients with inflammatory arthritis (and especially rheumatoid disease) has significantly over taken patients on immunosuppressant therapy after solid organ transplantation as the major cause of iatrogenic immunosuppression. New therapeutic and diagnostic approaches coupled with clinical vigilance, strict infection control and solid public health measures are the hopes for reducing the burden of pulmonary infectious disease over the coming decades. cache = ./cache/cord-323112-e78zpa9c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323112-e78zpa9c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323551-22v2hn3v author = Galanti, M. title = Rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection across age groups date = 2019-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3120 sentences = 152 flesch = 39 summary = We enrolled 214 individuals at multiple New York City locations and tested weekly for respiratory viral pathogens, irrespective of symptom status, from fall 2016 to spring 2018. Here, we document rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection through a large-scale community study across multiple age groups. For the entire duration of the study, participants provided a daily report rating nine respiratory illness-related symptoms (fever, chills, muscle pain, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, chest pain), which were recorded on a Likert scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Pairwise comparisons between single infections and coinfections across all eight definitions showed that testing positive for multiple viruses was not associated with more severe symptoms. Figure 3 shows that while children were most frequently infected with a respiratory virus (they presented with the highest number of viral shedding events per season), they recorded (as reported by their parents) the lowest symptom scores on average. cache = ./cache/cord-323551-22v2hn3v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323551-22v2hn3v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324398-68je1l3o author = Kashiwazaki, Hiromi title = Spongiform degeneration induced by neuropathogenic murine coronavirus infection date = 2011-01-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4693 sentences = 230 flesch = 44 summary = Even in this area with mild gliosis, astroglial foot processes around the blood vessels were an outstanding feature (Fig. 2l) , indicating that a key component of the blood brain barrier had been well-preserved in the exSpongi during the course of the disease, which conspicuously contrasts with pathologies involving an inflammatory perivascular cuff induced by infection with other strains of JHM virus, where there is a disappearance of astrocytes around blood vessels with inflammation followed by degeneration of the astrocytes with swollen cytoplasm around the blood vessels in the initial phase of cell infiltration. The distribution of spongiotic lesions showed a predilection for the brainstem and cerebellum (Figs 1,2 ) without forming spongiosis in the SVZ (Figs 2,3) , although our previous report demonstrated that the viral antigens in the brain appear in the choroid plexus and SVZ, including ependymal cells, during the early phase of infection after the initial emergence in infiltrating cells of meninges at 12 h pi, without spreading into the brain parenchyma including the site of injection. cache = ./cache/cord-324398-68je1l3o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324398-68je1l3o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324148-bllyruh8 author = Loubet, Paul title = Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection in adults hospitalized for community-acquired influenza-like illness in France, 2012-2018: a retrospective observational study date = 2020-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1551 sentences = 101 flesch = 48 summary = title: Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection in adults hospitalized for community-acquired influenza-like illness in France, 2012-2018: a retrospective observational study OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence, clinical features and complications of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections in a population of adults hospitalized with influenza-like illness (ILI). METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, multicenter cohort study using prospectively collected data from adult patients hospitalized during influenza virus circulation, for at least 24h, for community-acquired ILI (with symptom onset <7 days). The most frequent viruses seen in primary care are influenza 75 viruses A/B, rhinovirus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human 76 metapneumovirus (hMPV) [1, 2] . Baseline 275 characteristics and clinical symptoms related to respiratory viruses identified among patients 276 presenting with influenza-like illness in primary care Clinical 340 characteristics and outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection among adults hospitalized 341 with influenza-like illness in France cache = ./cache/cord-324148-bllyruh8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324148-bllyruh8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324333-huris8br author = Lee, Na Hyun title = Clinical usefulness of serum procalcitonin level in distinguishing between Kawasaki disease and other infections in febrile children date = 2017-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3324 sentences = 180 flesch = 52 summary = PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to compare serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels between febrile children with Kawasaki disease (KD) and those with bacterial or viral infections, and assess the clinical usefulness of PCT level in predicting KD. The proportion of patients in the KD group with PCT levels of >1.0 ng/mL was significantly higher in the nonresponders to the initial intravenous immunoglobulin treatment than in the responders (36% vs. The present study also showed similar results: (1) The mean PCT level in patients with KD and in those with bacterial infection was significantly higher than that in patients with viral infection. A combination of disease markers including ESR, CRP, and PCT may be useful for differentiating between KD and viral or bacterial infections. A combination of disease markers including ESR, CRP, and PCT may be useful for differentiating between KD and viral or bacterial infections. cache = ./cache/cord-324333-huris8br.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324333-huris8br.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322104-f1dukpso author = Niederman, M.S. title = PNEUMONIA | Community Acquired Pneumonia, Bacterial and Other Common Pathogens date = 2006-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10693 sentences = 387 flesch = 35 summary = Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the number one cause of death from infectious diseases in the US, and the patient population that is affected is becoming increasingly more complex due to the presence of chronic illness which is commonly managed in outpatients who are at risk for pneumonia. Other common pathogens include atypical organisms (Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae), Hemophilus influenzae, enteric Gram-negatives (especially in those with chronic illness and aspiration risk factors), and Staphylococcus aureus. Today, the number of etiologic pathogens has mushroomed to include not only bacteria, but also viruses (influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)), fungi, and a number of other recently identified organisms (such as Legionella, Chlamydophila pneumoniae). Patients with severe CAP may have a slightly different spectrum of organisms than less severely affected individuals, being commonly infected with pneumococcus, atypical pathogens, enteric Gram-negatives (including P. cache = ./cache/cord-322104-f1dukpso.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322104-f1dukpso.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323668-evzzfu04 author = Yin, Zhixin title = lncRNA expression signatures in response to enterovirus 71 infection date = 2013-01-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3493 sentences = 208 flesch = 50 summary = To identify the cellular long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the host response to EV71 infection, we performed comprehensive lncRNA and mRNA profiling in EV71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells through microarray. These findings suggest the widespread differential expression of lncRNAs in response to 0006 virus infection and their involvement in regulating the host response, including innate immunity [19] . Further analysis resulted in 313 differentially expressed lncRNAs and nearby coding gene pairs (distance < 300 kb) for each comparison between mock-and EV71-infected cells (Table S7) . In the present study, using Arraystar microarray analysis, we identified the differentially expressed lncRNAs in RD cells after EV71 infection, together with nearby differentially expressed mRNA pairs. They also observed the down-regulation of several genes encoding proteins involved in host RNA synthesis in EV71-infected SF268 cells. [19] performed functional enrichment analysis on the nearby protein-coding genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs in SARS-CoV infected mouse. cache = ./cache/cord-323668-evzzfu04.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323668-evzzfu04.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325613-oamw57gx author = Zhong, Peipei title = Clinical characteristics of the lower respiratory tract infection caused by a single infection or coinfection of the human parainfluenza virus in children date = 2019-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1965 sentences = 131 flesch = 46 summary = title: Clinical characteristics of the lower respiratory tract infection caused by a single infection or coinfection of the human parainfluenza virus in children BACKGROUND: Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), usually combined with other pathogens, causes lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children. This study aimed to investigate the viral and atypical bacterial etiology of LRTI in children and compare the clinical characteristics of HPIV single infection with those of coinfection. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the viral and HPIV-positive patients were divided into three groups based on the test results: HPIV single infection, coinfection with other viruses, and coinfection with atypical bacteria. Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. Clinical characteristics of the lower respiratory tract infection caused by a single infection or coinfection of the human parainfluenza virus in children cache = ./cache/cord-325613-oamw57gx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325613-oamw57gx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324635-27q3nxte author = Bouza, Emilio title = The situation of infection in the elderly in Spain: a multidisciplinary opinion document date = 2020-09-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15948 sentences = 794 flesch = 48 summary = Thus, for long-term care facility (LTCF) residents and in hospitalised elderly people, UTI is the number one cause of infection and is the second most common in older women living in the community [19] . The first data on infection in nursing homes in Spain come from the EPINGER study, conducted in community health centres in Catalonia, which reported a prevalence of 6.5%, although it should be pointed out that in Catalonia the concept of the community health centre would include medium-long term patients, while in the rest of the Spanish autonomous communities this concept would be limited to nursing homes [40] . This is a multi-centre system for monitoring nosocomial infections, based on the production of an annual prevalence study, which has been conducted since 1990 in a large group of hospitals in Spain and was promoted by the Spanish Society of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Hygiene. The studies reviewed allow us to estimate a prevalence of infection of between 4 and 10% in nursing homes in Spain, depending on their complexity, and between 6 and 9% in hospitalised elderly people. cache = ./cache/cord-324635-27q3nxte.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324635-27q3nxte.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324923-29kudfjp author = Sarma, U. title = Quantitative modeling and analysis show country-specific quarantine measures can circumvent COVID19 infection spread post lockdown date = 2020-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5898 sentences = 301 flesch = 51 summary = Our data driven modeling and analysis of the trajectories from multiple countries thus pave a way to understand the infection dynamics during and post lockdown phases in various countries and it can help strategize the testing and quarantine processes and influence the spread of the disease in future. By quantitatively calibrating the time series data(Data from WHO [1]) for confirmed, recovered and dead population for 23 different countries with various stages of infection, we made an estimate of different important parameters like incubation time, transmission rate, rate of quarantine, recovery and death rate, that controls the infection dynamics in a given country. Immediate early lock-down and rigorous testing coupled to systematic quarantining could be the most effective way to rapidly contain the second wave of infection and hence reduce the time of lockdown as well as size of infected population in a country. cache = ./cache/cord-324923-29kudfjp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324923-29kudfjp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326138-16kpn9db author = Weinstein, Robert A. title = Laboratory-Acquired Infections date = 2009-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3648 sentences = 183 flesch = 38 summary = Although the precise risk of infection after an exposure remains poorly defined, surveys of laboratory-acquired infections suggest that Brucella species, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causes. Surveys of diagnostic laboratory workers in the United Kingdom conducted since 1971 have reported that tuberculosis and enteric infections (especially shigellosis) were the most common laboratory-acquired infections [7, 8] . Similar results were obtained from a survey of clinical microbiology laboratories in Utah from the period 1978-1992, with shigellosis reported to be the most common laboratory-acquired infection [10] . Although no controlled studies have been performed to assess the benefit of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), it should be considered for laboratory workers who have high-risk exposure to Brucella species (e.g., because of direct manipulation of Brucella cultures outside of laminar-flow BSCs). Viral agents transmitted through blood and bodily fluids cause most of the laboratory-acquired infections in diagnostic laboratories and among health care workers [1] . cache = ./cache/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324301-bzrh2fni author = Zambon, Maria title = Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS date = 2005-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2978 sentences = 178 flesch = 43 summary = The recent emergence of the SARS coronavirus in the human population in 2003, with an ensuing global epidemic affecting more than 8000 individuals with a case fatality of about 10%, underlines the fact that respiratory viral infections of humans may originate in animals, and that many different influenza A viruses also occur naturally in animal reservoirs, representing a constant threat of zoonotic infections of humans and ensuing global pandemics. About 30-50% of acute LRTIs are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. About 30-50% of acute LRTIs are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. Seasonal illness, epidemics and pandemics -influenza viruses circulating in humans (A H1N1, H3N2, B and C) cause respiratory tract disease. cache = ./cache/cord-324301-bzrh2fni.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324301-bzrh2fni.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325172-a8ntxnmm author = Yip, Ming Shum title = Antibody-dependent infection of human macrophages by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2014-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5791 sentences = 253 flesch = 44 summary = More recently, we demonstrated that anti-Spike antibody potentiates infection of both monocytic and lymphoid immune cell lines, not only by SARS-CoVpp but also by replication-competent SARS-coronavirus [16] , thus providing evidence for a novel and versatile mechanism by which SARS-CoV can enter into target cells that do not express the conventional ACE2 virus receptor and are otherwise refractory to the virus. Finally, we have provided evidence that the intracellular signaling motifbut not the IgG binding motifof the FcγR is the key molecular determinant for triggering ADE of SARS-CoVpp. Our findings conclusively demonstrate that anti-spike serum promotes internalization of SARS-CoV by human macrophages. All the endodomain-truncated constructs (FcγRIIA-H.ΔIC, FcγRIIA-R.ΔIC and FcγRIIB.ΔIC, corresponding to constructs 2, 6, 11 respectively) were not susceptible to ADE of infection, indicating that binding of anti-Spike IgG-SARS-CoVpp immune complexes was not sufficient to mediate entry and that the signaling-competent endodomain was required. cache = ./cache/cord-325172-a8ntxnmm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325172-a8ntxnmm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324775-3x5os79m author = Crowe, J.E. title = Human Respiratory Viruses date = 2008-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5716 sentences = 300 flesch = 43 summary = Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen, with hMPV, PIV-3, influenza viruses, and rhinoviruses accounting for the majority of the remainder of acute viral respiratory infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), adenoviruses, and influenza viruses were identified initially as the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children. These patients also suffer more frequent and more severe disease including mortality with common respiratory viruses, including RSV, hMPV, PIV, influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses. Enterovirus infections occur most commonly in the summer months in temperate areas, which differs from the season of many of the other most common respiratory viruses such as paramyxoviruses and influenza virus. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. cache = ./cache/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326328-9w2p3xla author = JENKINS, IAN A. title = Infections of the airway date = 2009-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6302 sentences = 348 flesch = 43 summary = Infectious mononucleosis (IM) can cause compromise of the airway ( Figure 2 ) and this has been reported in as many as 25-60% of children presenting with IM (7) (8) (9) . Although most authors since the 1960s have advocated the use of glucocorticoids to avert the need for surgical intervention, several series note that, despite steroids, 40-88% of patients with airway obstruction required tonsillectomy (7, 9) . Historically, epiglottitis has been associated primarily with Haemophilus influenzae infections, typically occurring in children aged 3 months to 5 years, with a peak incidence between 1 and 3 years, and characterized by a rapid onset of fever, drooling and stridor (47) . Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management Haemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis as a cause of acute upper airways obstruction in children cache = ./cache/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324788-echu0zmf author = Aich, Palok title = Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date = 2009-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7667 sentences = 396 flesch = 36 summary = The current review focuses on (a) the effects of psychological stressors in humans and animals, (b) various methodologies employed to understand stress responses and their outcomes, and (c) the current status of the attempts to correlate stress and disease with respiratory disease as model system. While many genes and environmental factors contribute to susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune/infl ammatory diseases, a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which a combination of neuropeptides, neurohormones and neurotransmitters can modulate immune responses is essential for effective design of future interventions. We conducted bovine microarray analyses of RNA isolated from blood mononuclear cells to determine if changes in gene expression correlated with either stress or the severity of BRD infection; results support the conclusion that differential regulation of pro-infl ammatory responses is a major mechanism contributing to increased disease susceptibility. cache = ./cache/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326961-ti6mrzxf author = Aly, Mariam Mohsen title = Impact of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on Egyptian dentists’ fear and dental practice (a cross-sectional survey) date = 2020-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2884 sentences = 159 flesch = 48 summary = OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the fear of infection among Egyptian dentists practicing during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to explore the dentist's knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and to assess various modifications in dental practice. 7 Different practical guidelines were recommended for dental professionals by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Dental Association (ADA), and the WHO to control the spread of COVID-19 and like other contagious infections, these recommendations include personal protective equipment, hand washing, detailed patient evaluation, rubber dam isolation, anti-retraction handpiece, mouth rinsing before dental procedures, and disinfection of the clinic. This cross-sectional study assessed the fear of infection between Egyptian dentists practicing during the present COVID-19 pandemic and to explore their knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and various modifications in dental practice through an online survey. cache = ./cache/cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324880-s1oqkqef author = Xu, Lili title = A fatal case associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in a young child date = 2018-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3284 sentences = 174 flesch = 44 summary = RSV-related encephalitis with acute encephalopathic symptoms such as seizure, severe sequelae and even death following RSV infection in children without underlying disease has sporadically been reported [5] . In this report, we present the case of a 2-year-old girl who was not born prematurely and had no underlying disease whose sudden death may have been related to an RSV infection identified by conventional methods and metagenomic analyses. Viral antigen detection based on both an immunofluorescence assay and the Luminex xTAG respiratory viral panel assay was positive for RSV in the patient's nasopharyngeal aspirates (which were collected on 14 Nov, the 5th day of disease onset and the 2nd day of admission) and negative for adenovirus, influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza virus 1-4, human metapneumovirus, enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, human coronavirus HKU1, 229E, NL63 and OC43, and human bocavirus. reported that influenza virus RNA was detected in the CSF of 71.4% (5/7) of patients who developed influenza-associated acute encephalopathy/encephalitis [17] . cache = ./cache/cord-324880-s1oqkqef.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324880-s1oqkqef.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323463-osf6t7cw author = Cercenado, Emilia title = Update on bacterial pathogens: virulence and resistance date = 2008-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15021 sentences = 679 flesch = 42 summary = This paper focus on a variety of diseases that pose major clinical and public health challenges today; and include infections produced by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. Although predictions during the 20th century indicated that the incidence of infectious diseases would diminish as a result of improvements in sanitation and by the introduction of many vaccines and antibiotics, at the beginning of the 21st century the rates of infections produced by new pathogens or by reemerging microorganisms possessing new virulence or resistance phenotypes is increasing, threatening the overall human health [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . It is in this scenario where community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has emerged as the most common pathogen isolated from patients with skin and soft-tissue infections attending to the emergency departments in many United States and Australian cities 8, 9 , and at present, its incidence is increasing in other parts of the world 10, 11 . cache = ./cache/cord-323463-osf6t7cw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323463-osf6t7cw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325436-pp3q022y author = Alkhatib, Ahmad title = Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date = 2020-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7472 sentences = 340 flesch = 32 summary = This review presents key evidence on how functional foods and lifestyle approaches, including physical activity, effective for cardiometabolic disease prevention outcomes [9] , can also optimize the immune system response to viral infection, especially respiratory tract infections and COVID-19. Enhancing the antiviral immune defence can benefit from the functional food intake of a considerable variety of plant, animal, and fungi species, consumed across different diets and cultural practices including traditional herbal medicine such as teas, roots, mushrooms, and fermented plants and leaves; MD components such as olive-based products, oily fish, seeds, fruits, and vegetables; popular beverages such as coffee; and protein-rich foods such as chicken extract and soybean peptides. Below is a review of popular foods within various dietary patterns, including olive oil nutraceuticals, popular vitamins such as vitamin D, traditional medicinal herbs and roots, and protein peptides for preventing viral infections including COVID-19, especially when they are adopted as part of an active lifestyle. cache = ./cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324950-ux7shvji author = Saade, Georges title = Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract date = 2020-06-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11744 sentences = 522 flesch = 36 summary = In pigs, the term "Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex" (PRDC) is often used to describe coinfections involving viruses such as swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and Porcine CircoVirus type 2 (PCV2) as well as bacteria like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The outcome of any coinfection or superinfection can be affected by the interactions taking place between the infectious agents, the nature of the cell/host, adverse environmental and management conditions, intestinal and respiratory microbiomes, and the triggered immune response-innate and adaptive-developed afterwards [2, 3] . It is well-known that viral infections can induce an ideal environment for a bacterial superinfection through different mechanisms such as the destruction of the epithelial barrier, the over-expression of the receptors involved in the bacterial adhesion to the cells, and the alteration of the host immune response [1, 2, 94, 95] . cache = ./cache/cord-324950-ux7shvji.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324950-ux7shvji.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328196-fpk9elm8 author = Sykes, Jane E. title = Immunodeficiencies Caused by Infectious Diseases date = 2010-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5205 sentences = 293 flesch = 32 summary = Other important causes include canine distemper virus; canine parvovirus 2; feline infectious peritonitis virus; rickettsial organisms that infect leukocytes; Leishmania; and fungal pathogens, such as Cryptococcus. Impairment of normal host barrier function or the function of granulocytes is generally associated with a broad spectrum of bacterial infections and sometimes infection with opportunistic fungi, such as Aspergillus spp Impairment of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) results in infections with opportunistic pathogens, such as Nocardia spp, Mycobacterium spp, Toxoplasma gondii, and a variety of fungal pathogens. Dogs mounting a partial immune response may undergo recovery from acute illness but fail to eliminate the virus completely, leading to a spectrum of more chronic disease manifestations that often involve the uvea, lymphoid organs, footpads, and especially the CNS. 8 CDV infection of ferrets leads to dramatic reduction in cell-mediated immune function with markedly depressed lymphocyte proliferative activity, and to some extent delayed type hypersensitivity responses. cache = ./cache/cord-328196-fpk9elm8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328196-fpk9elm8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331413-fejho1of author = Nakayama, Eiichi title = Rapid optimization of antimicrobial chemotherapy given to pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia using PCR techniques with serology and standard culture date = 2007-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3955 sentences = 198 flesch = 44 summary = title: Rapid optimization of antimicrobial chemotherapy given to pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia using PCR techniques with serology and standard culture Abstract Children (n =117; mean age 2.4 ± 2.9 years) were diagnosed as having community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) using clinical symptoms, chest X-rays, and hematological data. The causative pathogen was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (6 bacteria), multiple reverse transcription-PCR (MPCR; 11 viruses), bacterial culture, and serology. [7] [8] [9] In Japan, antimicrobial chemotherapy for patients with CAP is begun empirically based on (1) chest X-rays, (2) clinical fi ndings including respiratory status, (3) age, and (4) laboratory tests such as white blood cell count (WBC) and C-reactive protein concentration (CRP). The bacteria suspected to be the causative pathogens was determined by standard culture and real-time PCR for six pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus infl uenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Legionella pneumophila (Table 3) In the patients suspected of having an infection caused by S. cache = ./cache/cord-331413-fejho1of.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331413-fejho1of.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326887-lyewg2c9 author = Bloomfield, Sally F. title = The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers date = 2007-12-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23373 sentences = 1029 flesch = 49 summary = The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers There can be no doubt that advances in hygiene during the 19th and 20th centuries, along with other aspects of modern medicine, have combined to improve both the length and quality of our lives. The data suggest the following: d For reservoir sites such as the sink waste pipes or toilets, although the probability of contamination (potentially pathogenic bacteria or viruses) is high, the risk of transfer is limited unless there is a particular risk situation (eg, a family member with enteric infection and fluid diarrhea, when toilet flushing can produce splashing or aerosol formation that can settle on contact surfaces around the toilet). Although handwashing intervention studies provide data supporting the causal link between hand contamination and ID transmission, defining the importance of hand hygiene relative to other hygiene practices, such as surface and cleaning cloth hygiene, or the risks associated with airborne transmission is difficult because of the close interdependence of these factors. cache = ./cache/cord-326887-lyewg2c9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326887-lyewg2c9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327493-v2iatbol author = Kwon, Hyo Jin title = Clinical manifestations of respiratory adenoviral infection among hospitalized children in Korea date = 2013-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2820 sentences = 190 flesch = 41 summary = BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to understand the epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory adenoviral infections among children at a single institution over the course of several years. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that respiratory adenovirus infections are an important cause of hospitalization in young children, and contribute to a significant morbidity. The study was performed to more fully characterize the epidemiological pattern, clinical features and complications associated with hospitalization for adenoviral infection in Korean children. Adenovirus was associated with a wide variety of diagnoses, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) to severe pneumonia and encephalitis ( Table 1 ). 22 reported that 70% of hospitalized children with adenoviral infection had pneumonia, while our results revealed a significant proportion of patients (45.4%) with URTI. Lower respiratory tract infections due to adenovirus in hospitalized Korean children: epidemiology, clinical features, and prognosis cache = ./cache/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328795-rs1sd42z author = Falsey, Ann R. title = Rhinoviruses date = 2016-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4511 sentences = 222 flesch = 45 summary = The incidence of HRV infection in children during the first 2 years of life was noted to be 0.7-2 infections per year in older studies using cell culture for viral detection (Brownlee and Turner, 2008) . Although symptoms associated with 'the common cold' syndrome are often attributed to HRV disease, the clinical findings of rhinovirus infections are indistinguishable from those of other viral pathogens. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs approved for clinical use in HRV infections although a few agents have been advanced to clinical trials and shown modest results in decreasing either symptom severity or viral activity. Conversely, monoclonal antibody blockade of the ICAM-1 receptor, the site of cellular attachment for the majority of HRV-A and HRV-B serotypes, has also been studied and demonstrated a reduction in the severity of symptoms and viral shedding but failed to prevent infection in the rhinovirus challenge model (Greenberg, 2003) . cache = ./cache/cord-328795-rs1sd42z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328795-rs1sd42z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327888-4g3x5dje author = Yuan, C. T. title = Perceptions of hand hygiene practices in China date = 2009-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3593 sentences = 181 flesch = 40 summary = Our study suggests that a pivotal issue for improving hand hygiene practice in China is providing infection control departments adequate attention, priority, and influence within the hospital, with a clear line of authority to senior management. Findings from this study suggest that the primary challenges in improving hand hygiene in China are the limited authority of infection control departments in hospitals, the lack of essential resources, and the ineffective use of data monitoring and feedback to hospital staff. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care. cache = ./cache/cord-327888-4g3x5dje.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327888-4g3x5dje.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328720-o9h1vquo author = Davis, Cristina E. title = Breath analysis for respiratory infections date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5832 sentences = 277 flesch = 44 summary = Indeed, recruiting those with the same symptoms in the control groups, including noninfectious disease subjects, such as sarcoidosis patients in the case of breath sampling for tuberculosis, is an increasingly essential parameter in a study design. Breath studies to diagnose bacterial infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are more likely to succeed than any other approach due to the extensive groundwork done by the Belgian-Tanzanian group APOPO (Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling) who have evaluated the volatiles from tens of thousands of sputum samples using trained giant Gambian rats. Beccaria and colleagues conducted two studies evaluating the use of human breath collected and stored on thermal desorption tubes and analyzed by comprehensive gas chromatographyetime-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCÂGC-TOFMS) to diagnose active TB in subjects with confirmed Mtb infection. In this particular case, however, cells inoculated with just RSV did not yield a sufficient change to the volatile profile for accurate diagnoses, providing evidence that each respiratory viral infection may have to be independently evaluated for its ability to be detected directly in breath samples. cache = ./cache/cord-328720-o9h1vquo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328720-o9h1vquo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329904-e05ywn5e author = Jose, Merin title = Fatal Superimposed Bacterial Sepsis in a Healthy Coronavirus (COVID-19) Patient date = 2020-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2256 sentences = 118 flesch = 46 summary = We present a case of a healthy COVID positive individual, with no underlying comorbidities, who rapidly deteriorated overnight on readmission to the hospital after initial discharge and succumbed to this disease due to a superimposed bacterial infection with COVID pneumonia. This case report highlights the importance of educating COVID-19 positive patients about the precautions, as well as signs and symptoms of a superimposed bacterial infection, when their plan of care is in a home setting. It also emphasizes the potential role of checking procalcitonin levels as a part of routine laboratory investigation at initial presentation in all suspected as well as confirmed COVID-19 cases to rule out an on-going bacterial infection that can prove fatal in the course of the disease. Our emphasis from this case report is to highlight the risk of superimposed bacterial infection in COVID-19 patients. cache = ./cache/cord-329904-e05ywn5e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329904-e05ywn5e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329263-o5e2go23 author = Kaplan, Nasser M. title = Molecular epidemiology and disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus in relation to other potential pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in Jordan date = 2007-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4170 sentences = 238 flesch = 51 summary = title: Molecular epidemiology and disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus in relation to other potential pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in Jordan Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the leading viral cause of acute respiratory infection in infants and young children in terms of prevalence and effect [Shay et al., 2001] . We also compared the disease severity of HRSV subgroups A and B and their associated genotypes in hospitalized Jordanian children set in the context of other potential respiratory pathogens. A total of 72/326 (22%) patients had no pathogens detected by PCR (Table I) , but 254 (78%) had at least one potential respiratory pathogen detected which consisted of 140/ 326 (43%) HRSV, 116/312 (37%) adenoviruses, 57/312 (18%) HBoV, 36/325 (11%) rhinovirus, 14/312 (4.5%) Chlamydia spp., 8/326 (2.5%) HMPV, 4/325 (1.2%) human coronavirus NL63, and 2/323 (0.6%) influenza A virus. cache = ./cache/cord-329263-o5e2go23.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329263-o5e2go23.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332516-eaqpiq1o author = Joseph, Carol title = Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza date = 2013-08-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6464 sentences = 327 flesch = 37 summary = Bacterial secondary infections or co-infections associated with cases of influenza are a leading cause of severe morbidity and mortality, especially among high-risk groups such as the elderly and young children. Thus, information on the overall range, incidence and severity of influenza co-infections and secondary infections associated with different influenza strains, aetiological agents, different age groups and their underlying risk conditions is very important contextually for clinicians and public health specialists involved in implementing policy and treatment regimes for this disease spectrum. 34 In the United States, those aged 5-19 years Influenza and co-secondary infections ª 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd experienced overall the largest relative increase in pneumococcal hospitalisations during the 2009 pandemic influenza period compared with seasonal baseline estimates for this age group and mirrored both temporal and geographical influenza activity across the country. 75 A study of prior influenza vaccination in relation to its effect on severity and mortality in patients with CAP during seasonal influenza periods showed that prevention of the predisposing viral illness reduced the risk for more severe secondary pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-332516-eaqpiq1o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332516-eaqpiq1o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331827-amg309uz author = Keske, Şiran title = Human metapneumovirus infection: Diagnostic impact of radiologic imaging date = 2019-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1608 sentences = 105 flesch = 41 summary = BACKGROUND: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently detected virus, which can cause mild to severe respiratory tract infections. MATERIALS/METHODS: Between January 2012 and November 2017, patients who had hMPV detected in nasopharyngeal or bronchoalveolar lavage by molecular respiratory pathogen tests were evaluated. Lower respiratory system infection (LRTI) was diagnosed in 44 patients with clinical findings, and in 31 patients out of 44 the radiological findings supported the diagnosis. Our study demonstrates the radiologic findings of hMPV infections in patients with LRSI (Figures 3 and 4) . In a recent review for radiologic imaging of viral agents that may cause pneumonia, the general radiologic findings of hMPV infections were followed as bilateral centrilobular nodules, GGO, and multilobar infiltrations; however, there was no information about nodular consolidation. In addition, they noted that the radiologic findings of hMPV infections were most commonly reported in patients with hematologic malignancy, but there were limited data on immunocompetent patients. Clinical characterization of human metapneumovirus infection among patients with cancer cache = ./cache/cord-331827-amg309uz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331827-amg309uz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332379-340wczmq author = Pennington, Matthew R. title = Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface date = 2019-09-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11584 sentences = 604 flesch = 36 summary = These findings suggest that adenoviruses may stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors in an entry/trafficking-dependent manner, leading to distinct immune responses dependent on the virus/cell type combination. Additional work is needed to understand the specific connections between adenoviral entry and the stimulation of innate immune responses by the various cell types present on the ocular surface. Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . cache = ./cache/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328287-3qgzulgj author = Moni, Mohammad Ali title = Network-based analysis of comorbidities risk during an infection: SARS and HIV case studies date = 2014-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10643 sentences = 547 flesch = 43 summary = Then based on the gene expression, PPI and signalling pathways data, we investigate the comorbidity association of these 2 infective pathologies with other 7 diseases (heart failure, kidney disorder, breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, bone diseases, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes). The differential gene expression profiling strongly suggests that the response of SARS affected patients seems to be mainly an innate inflammatory response and statistically dysregulates a large number of genes, pathways and PPIs subnetworks in different pathologies such as chronic heart failure (21 genes), breast cancer (16 genes) and bone diseases (11 genes). To observe the association of SARS and HIV infections with other 7 important diseases (chronic heart failure, kidney disorders, breast cancer, parkinson, osteoporosis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes), we have collected mRNA microarray raw data associated with each disease from the Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) accession numbers are GSE9006, GSE9128, GSE15072, GSE7158, GSE8977 and GSE7621 [59] . cache = ./cache/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331673-xv1tcugl author = Reina, Giacomo title = Hard Nanomaterials in Time of Viral Pandemics date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15712 sentences = 976 flesch = 44 summary = For instance, in the case of Herpesviridae and Paramyxoviridae viruses (both enveloped viruses with embedded viral-encoded glycoproteins), AgNPs can effectively reduce their infectivity, by blocking the interaction between the viral particles and the host cells with an antiviral activity strictly dependent on the size and ζ potential of the AgNPs. As a general observation, it was reported that smaller nanoparticles have better antiviral effect. cAgNPs could reduce cytopathic effects induced by RSV and showed efficient antiviral activity against infection by directly inactivating the virus prior to entry into the host cells. have reported that porous AuNPs are able to inhibit influenza A infection more efficiently than nonporous AuNPs. 39 This effect has been associated with the higher surface area of the porous material that favors their interaction with capsids and thus increases their antiviral activity ( Figure 4 ). cache = ./cache/cord-331673-xv1tcugl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331673-xv1tcugl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331500-l3hkn2li author = Luyt, Charles-Edouard title = Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS date = 2020-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7544 sentences = 358 flesch = 26 summary = Whatever the initial lung injury, patients with ARDS are prone to develop secondary pulmonary infection, namely ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). While glucocorticoids are classically considered as immunosuppressive drugs, it has been shown that they can prevent the immune reprogramming observed after inflammatory response [16] , thus limiting the susceptibility of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to respiratory complications such as pneumonia or ARDS and improving outcomes of patients with ARDS [17] . Peripheral blood markers have the advantage of avoiding the need for bronchoscopic sampling and are therefore easier to obtain; however, they are generally less able to discriminate pneumonia from other infections Table 1 Summary of host-based biomarkers for diagnosis of pneumonia in ARDS ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, RCT randomized controlled trial, sTREM soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, HLA human leukocyte antigen cache = ./cache/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333355-ykmp4ven author = Kuchar, E. title = Pathophysiology of Clinical Symptoms in Acute Viral Respiratory Tract Infections date = 2015-03-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6665 sentences = 370 flesch = 46 summary = In this article we discuss the pathophysiology of common symptoms of acute viral respiratory infections (e.g., sneezing, nasal discharge, sore throat, cough, muscle pains, malaise, and mood changes). The development of sneezing before coughing in patients with a common cold may be partly explained by the involvement of the upper airways first and the infection subsequent spread to the lower respiratory tract (Eccles 2005) . We focused on the most significant symptoms of acute viral respiratory infections: sneezing, nasal discharge and obstruction, sore throat, coughing, muscle pains, malaise and mood changes, fever, and febrile seizures in children. Macrophages play a key role in triggering an acute phase response with the production of cytokines (Beutler 2003) , while the release of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators cause upper respiratory tract infection symptoms (Eccles 2000a, b) . cache = ./cache/cord-333355-ykmp4ven.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333355-ykmp4ven.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332344-upsn0zb4 author = Jeswin, Joseph title = Proteomic analysis by iTRAQ in red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, hematopoietic tissue cells post white spot syndrome virus infection date = 2016-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5882 sentences = 285 flesch = 42 summary = To elucidate proteomic changes of Hpt cells from red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, we have carried out isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) of cellular proteins at both early (1 hpi) and late stage (12 hpi) post white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Generally, these differentially expressed proteins include: 1) the metabolic process related proteins in glycolysis and glucogenesis, DNA replication, nucleotide/amino acid/fatty acid metabolism and protein biosynthesis; 2) the signal transduction related proteins like small GTPases, G-protein-alpha stimulatory subunit, proteins bearing PDZor 14-3-3-domains that help holding together and organize signaling complexes, casein kinase I and proteins of the MAP-kinase signal transduction pathway; 3) the immune defense related proteins such as α-2 macroglobulin, transglutaminase and trans-activation response RNA-binding protein 1. To further identify proteins or pathways altered during viral infection, here we report proteomic responses of crayfish Hpt cells by iTRAQ at both early (1 hpi) and late (12 hpi) stages post WSSV infection accordingly. cache = ./cache/cord-332344-upsn0zb4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332344-upsn0zb4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 author = Grant, William B. title = Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date = 2020-04-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8014 sentences = 452 flesch = 44 summary = Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. For COPD patients, 25(OH)D inversely correlated with risk, severity, and exacerbation [88] Found at higher rates in regions with elevated air pollution Air pollution associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations [89] Note: 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); case-fatality rate (CFR); interleukin 6 (IL-6); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); C-reactive protein (CRP); vitamin D deficiency (VDD). cache = ./cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332747-u46xryoo author = Mingorance, Lidia title = Host phosphatidic acid phosphatase lipin1 is rate limiting for functional hepatitis C virus replicase complex formation date = 2018-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10355 sentences = 485 flesch = 37 summary = To determine which aspects of the HCV replication cycle are limited by lipin1 silencing, single cycle infection experiments were conducted by inoculating control and lipin1-deficient cell cultures at MOI 10 with genotype 2a D183 virus. Once cultures reached >95% of HCV-positive cells, they were transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing control, HCV RNA-targeting or LPIN1-specific shRNAs. At day 7 post-transduction, cells were split and samples of the cells and supernatants were collected 24 hours later to determine infectious virus production rate by infectivity titration HCV (C) and RNA levels by RT-qPCR (D). This reduced abundance is illustrated by a significant reduction in the fraction of cells displaying vesicular structures in lipin1-deficient cell cultures (Fig 7H) despite comparable transfection efficiency and viral protein expression levels, indicating that lipin1 may be required in a critical step leading to formation of the HCV-induced vesicular compartment. cache = ./cache/cord-332747-u46xryoo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332747-u46xryoo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332737-iclruwmx author = Webley, Wilmore C. title = Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides date = 2017-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7485 sentences = 403 flesch = 40 summary = Another recent study concluded that the nasopharyngeal microbiome within the first year of life was a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways and predicted the severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, as well as risk for future asthma development. Factors that predict risk in non-asthmatics for developing the "infectious asthma" syndrome include a previous history of self-limited lower respiratory tract illnesses such as acute bronchitis (often with wheezing) and/or pneumonia [35, 38, 39] . A 2013 metaanalysis of 12 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of macrolides for the long term management of asthma in both adults and children found positive effects on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFRa measure of pulmonary function), asthma symptoms, asthma quality of life (AQL), and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), but not on forced expiratory flow rate in 1 s (FEV1) [77] . cache = ./cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333024-1yrmun3z author = von Lilienfeld-Toal, Marie title = Community acquired respiratory virus infections in cancer patients—Guideline on diagnosis and management by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for haematology and Medical Oncology date = 2016-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6272 sentences = 303 flesch = 35 summary = METHODS: A panel of 18 clinicians from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology have convened to assess the available literature and provide recommendations on the management of CRV infections including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus and adenovirus. Usually, orthomyxoviridae (influenza A, B and C), paramyxoviridae (including parainfluenza 1e4 [PIV], respiratory syncytial virus A and B [RSV] , and human metapneumovirus [hMPV]), coronaviridae, picornaviridae (including >100 different serotypes of rhinovirus and enterovirus), adenoviridae, polyomavirus type 1 and bocavirus are regarded as potential causes of CRV infection. Despite some reports with a good outcome without treatment, we believe the available evidence justifies a recommendation for the use of ribavirin in cancer patients with RSV infection (B II, Table 4 ). An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outpatients: good outcome without specific antiviral treatment cache = ./cache/cord-333024-1yrmun3z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333024-1yrmun3z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333724-a3dufzxt author = Wong, T. E. title = Evaluating the Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rates on College Campuses to Wastewater Surveillance date = 2020-10-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9751 sentences = 453 flesch = 44 summary = Through a Monte Carlo risk analysis, we find that surveillance testing that relies solely on wastewater sampling can be fragile against scenarios with high viral reproductive numbers and high rates of infection of campus community members by outside sources. Such a global analysis would quantify how the variation in infection rates is attributable to each uncertain model parameter and potential decision lever, including, for example, the viral reproduction rate and the rate at which screening tests are administered to the campus population. Similarly to our modification of the traditional individual surveillance testing, the false and true positive results from the wastewater-based screenings are modulated by a noncompliant proportion parameter, fnc. We evaluate the sensitivity of these eight testing strategies, corresponding to the eight values of Ts,ww above, to our assumptions about three critical parameters: the effective reproductive rate, Rt, the number of new infections from exogenous sources each week, Nexo, and the fraction of individuals who are not compliant with quarantine/isolation procedures, fnc. cache = ./cache/cord-333724-a3dufzxt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333724-a3dufzxt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333041-69n2wwn3 author = Pal, Anandita title = Obesity-Driven Deficiencies of Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators May Drive Adverse Outcomes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-08-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4394 sentences = 227 flesch = 43 summary = Obesity is a major independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality upon infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the current coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). We further discuss how the effects of obesity upon SARS-CoV-2 infection are likely exacerbated with environmental exposures that promote chronic pulmonary inflammation and augment SPM deficits. Obesity is an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality upon infection with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. The SPM precursor 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA) increased antibody levels and improved survival upon pH1N1 influenza vaccination and infection in lean mice by promoting B cell differentiation toward the formation of CD138 + long-lived antibody secreting cells (18) . Taken together, these data suggest that the susceptibility of obese individuals to environmental lung diseases may drive an altered pulmonary immune response and a state of SPM deficiency that increases the morbidity and mortality to respiratory infections, including COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-333041-69n2wwn3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333041-69n2wwn3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333286-lr32e0w4 author = Lehtoranta, Liisa title = Role of Probiotics in Stimulating the Immune System in Viral Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Review date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6768 sentences = 338 flesch = 35 summary = We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge for pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections, immune response, and the course of upper and lower respiratory tract illness. Similar effects have been demonstrated in several mouse studies with the ability to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and modulation of antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. The upregulation of IFN response seems to prime cells for better resistance against virus infection as probiotics were shown effective in inhibiting the replication of various respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and RSV. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. cache = ./cache/cord-333286-lr32e0w4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333286-lr32e0w4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333730-qsx0m68e author = Tsai, Y. C. title = Oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants with antiviral potential, including SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review date = 2020-09-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4920 sentences = 297 flesch = 35 summary = However, some immunosuppressants or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) show antiviral activity and may be safely used or even beneficial in patients with selected concomitant viral infections. In vitro anti-CMV properties of leflunomide were not through blocking the replication of viral DNA, so it is effective even in patients with direct antiviral drug-resistance history. The combination of MMF and highly active antiretroviral therapy improved the control of viral replication and delayed viral-load rebound in a randomized pilot study (n = 17 The effectiveness of thalidomide for KS might be related to anti-angiogenesis, and experts hypothesized the modulation of the immune system to trigger an antiviral action. Although in most instances, the antiviral activity of DMARDs is based on in vitro or small-scale controlled studies, this property would be useful in the choice of DMARDs for patients with concomitant viral infections. Effects of hydroxychloroquine on immune activation and disease progression among HIV-infected patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial cache = ./cache/cord-333730-qsx0m68e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333730-qsx0m68e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333853-p2kbjwpy author = Smee, Donald F. title = Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201) date = 2011-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4585 sentences = 222 flesch = 48 summary = title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201) An adenovirus 5 vector encoding for mouse interferon alpha, subtype 5 (mDEF201) was evaluated for efficacy against lethal vaccinia virus (WR strain) respiratory infections in mice. Lung virus titers were significantly (>100-fold) lower than in the placebo group, and the other infection parameters in mDEF201 treated mice were nearly at baseline. Ad5-vectored mouse interferon (mDEF201) resulted in sustained IFN levels [16] , that completely protected mice from a lethal Western equine encephalitis virus infection when given intramuscularly at 10 7 plaque forming units (PFU)/ mouse up to 7 days prior to virus challenge [16] . The extent of inhibition of lung Intranasal treatments with mDEF201 (10 7 PFU/mouse) were given one time only on the indicated day prior to virus exposure. cache = ./cache/cord-333853-p2kbjwpy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333853-p2kbjwpy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335871-zieuc7vk author = Brazee, Patricia L. title = Targeting the Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex to Modulate the Host Response and Improve Influenza A Virus Induced Lung Injury date = 2020-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3741 sentences = 198 flesch = 35 summary = title: Targeting the Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex to Modulate the Host Response and Improve Influenza A Virus Induced Lung Injury Data from retrospective human studies as well as experimental animal models of influenza virus infection highlight the fine line between an excessive and an inadequate immune response, where the host response must balance viral clearance with exuberant inflammation. We have reported that the amplitude of the inflammatory response is regulated by Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC) activity and that dampening of LUBAC activity is protective during severe influenza virus infection. Here we review the evidence for modulating inflammation to ameliorate influenza virus infection-induced lung injury, data on current anti-inflammatory strategies, and potential new avenues to target viral inflammation and improve outcomes. Recent reports show that destabilization of respiratory epithelial LUBAC, via loss of the non-catalytic component HOIL-1L, dampens the host response during severe influenza and promotes survival with reduced lung injury as well as reduced viral titers. cache = ./cache/cord-335871-zieuc7vk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335871-zieuc7vk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333950-e0hd3iuu author = Maillard, Jean-Yves title = Reducing antibiotic prescribing and addressing the global problem of antibiotic resistance by targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings: A Position Paper date = 2020-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5532 sentences = 297 flesch = 42 summary = The authors call upon national and international policy makers, health agencies and healthcare professionals to further recognize the importance of targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings for preventing and controlling infection, in a unified quest to tackle AMR. 3, 4 The main driver is overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture including unregulated over-the-counter sales, while global spread of resistant bacteria or resistance genes is attributed to poor infection prevention and control in healthcare facilities, and sub-optimal hygiene and sanitation in communities, confounded by poor infrastructure and weak governance. 94 Studies in day-care centers and schools in which hand hygiene was combined with cleaning and/or disinfection of environmental surfaces indicate a positive impact on illness rates and reduction in the use of antibiotics. The evidence set out in this paper suggests that, if combined with measures ensuring clean water and adequate sanitation, targeted hygiene practices in home and everyday life settings could make a significant contribution to tackling AMR through infection prevention and a consequential reduction in antibiotic prescribing. cache = ./cache/cord-333950-e0hd3iuu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333950-e0hd3iuu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335614-qh98622y author = Xu, Puzhi title = A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus date = 2019-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6543 sentences = 352 flesch = 41 summary = These genes and metabolites were linked to NIBV-infection related processes, including immune response, signal transduction, peroxisome, purine, and amino acid metabolism. Taken together, our research comprehensively describes the host responses during NIBV infection and provides new clues for further dissection of specific gene functions, metabolite affections, and the role of gut microbiota during chicken gout. The results of PCA and OPLA-DA analysis showed that there was an obvious separation between the content of the Con and Dis groups, revealing significant changes in the concentrations of metabolites in the kidney induced by NIBV infection. In addition, the transcriptomic analysis showed that NIBV infection also activated the RIG-I-like receptor signalling pathway (Figure 3f , signal 2), which included the transcriptional upregulation of genes such as MDA5, IPS-1, TRAF3, and IκB. In the present study, the ABCG2 mRNA was downregulated in the model group chicken kidneys, partially explaining the significantly increased uric acid levels caused by NIBV infection. cache = ./cache/cord-335614-qh98622y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335614-qh98622y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336045-8qcj5uiy author = Langlois, Isabelle title = Viral diseases of ferrets date = 2005-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7196 sentences = 424 flesch = 41 summary = A tentative diagnosis of canine distemper is based on the presence of typical clinical signs, severe leukopenia, a history of potential exposure to the virus, and questionable vaccination. The severity of disease depends on the origin (mink or ferret) of the ADV strain that is involved as well as the immune status and genotype of the infected individual [25] . Ferrets are used extensively as an animal model for influenza virus pathogenesis and immunity studies because their biologic response to influenza infection is similar to that of humans [53, 54] . Neurologic symptoms, including ataxia, hind-limb paresis, and torticollis, were reported in ferrets that were infected experimentally with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses that were isolated from the 1997 outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry markets in Hong Kong [50, 65] . Detection of Aleutian disease virus DNA in tissues of naturally infected mink cache = ./cache/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334027-xhfmio7k author = Fagre, Anna C. title = Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses? date = 2019-03-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8738 sentences = 492 flesch = 43 summary = No demonstrable pathologic effects noted during infection of three bat species [big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), little brown bats (Myotis lucifigus) and Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensie mexicana) with various strains of JBEV or St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) [69] . While experimental data demonstrated that some bat species can sustain JBEV infections and support mosquito-borne transmission of this virus, the epidemiological significance of these observations in the field remains unclear. To truly elucidate the role of bats as reservoirs for arboviruses, field surveillance studies documenting natural infection and transmission dynamics among vector and vertebrate species must be supplemented with experimental infections to characterize viremia profiles and infectiousness to vectors, virus-induced pathology, and immune kinetics following infection. The isolation of Marburg virus from Egyptian rousette bats in Uganda in addition to experimental infections demonstrating viremia and shedding in the absence of overt pathology support the role of this bat species as the reservoir for Marburg virus [6, 7, 208] . cache = ./cache/cord-334027-xhfmio7k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334027-xhfmio7k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334369-xgw7o5gd author = Innes, Elisabeth A. title = A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis date = 2020-01-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7484 sentences = 327 flesch = 37 summary = Livestock, in particular young calves, are very vulnerable to cryptosporidiosis and a recent modelling study estimated the global load of Cryptosporidium parasites in livestock manure to be in the region of 3.2 × 10 23 oocysts per year, with cattle being the predominant source [10] . Therefore, improving our understanding of environmental transmission routes of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and oocyst survival is important in assessing and mitigating against disease risk and is essential for a One Health approach to tackle human and animal cryptosporidiosis. In addition, applying methods on farm to minimise the environmental contamination with faeces containing infective Cryptosporidium oocysts will also help to minimise risk to other animals and to people through protection of the environment and water catchments (Figure 2 ). Treatment of livestock and human faecal waste to reduce viability of Cryptosporidium oocysts would help to minimise contamination of the environment with infectious parasites and protect human and animal health. cache = ./cache/cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336456-wg8vfh6w author = Webb, Glynn W. title = Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E: Clinical and Epidemiological Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention date = 2020-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6187 sentences = 297 flesch = 44 summary = However, HAV and HEV, which are isolated from the serum of individuals suffering an acute infection, are wrapped in a hijacked layer of host cell membrane, similar to those found on classical enveloped viruses but distinguished by the lack of any virusencoded proteins at the surface [8] . A recent large prospective study in Hong Kong identified both acute and chronic HEV-C1 infection in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients [24] . There is significant heterogeneity in the clinical picture of acute infection in these areas; only a small minority of patients present with typical viral hepatitis as described above. One of the most important public health challenges related to acute hepatitis E infection, which most commonly occurs in developing countries, is the excess morbidity and mortality seen among pregnant women (Table 1 ). Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients with cirrhosis is associated with rapid decompensation and death cache = ./cache/cord-336456-wg8vfh6w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336456-wg8vfh6w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339039-6gyo9rya author = Bonvehí, Pablo E. title = Transmission and Control of Respiratory Viral Infections in the Healthcare Setting date = 2018-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4737 sentences = 248 flesch = 37 summary = The purpose of this review is to describe the most frequent and relevant nosocomial viral respiratory infections, their mechanisms of transmission and the infection control measures to prevent their spread in the healthcare setting. RECENT FINDINGS: Although most mechanisms of transmission and control measures of nosocomial viral infections are already known, improved diagnostic tools allow better characterization of these infections and also lead to the discovery of new viruses such as the coronavirus, which is the cause of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or the human bocavirus. Influenza virus can be transmitted through infectious droplets eliminated by patients when coughing or sneezing, or through direct contact with surfaces contaminated by respiratory secretions from symptomatic infected subjects (Table 1 ) [32] . Preventive measures to avoid adenovirus nosocomial infections include patient cohorting, reduction of visitors and contact and droplet precautions, along with the exclusion of infected healthcare workers from clinical duties (Table 2 ) [13, 36] . cache = ./cache/cord-339039-6gyo9rya.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339039-6gyo9rya.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337105-jlmh79qv author = Jacob, Fadi title = Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism Predominates in Choroid Plexus Epithelium date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9954 sentences = 567 flesch = 53 summary = We optimized a protocol to generate choroid plexus organoids from hiPSCs and showed that productive SARS-CoV-2 infection of these organoids is associated with increased cell death and transcriptional dysregulation indicative of an inflammatory response and cellular function deficits. QPCR analysis also showed higher levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in CPOs at 50 DIV and 100 DIV than in hippocampal organoids ( Figure S2D ) Together, these results show that our CPOs exhibit a similar transcriptome as adult human choroid plexus tissue and express markers for choroid plexus epithelial cells and SARS-CoV-2 receptors, representing a suitable experimental model to study SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our finding that dysregulated gene expression varies widely among hepatocyte, intestinal, and choroid plexus organoids infected with SARS-CoV-2 suggests unique responses in different cell types and highlights the need for diverse human cellular model systems when studying the disease. cache = ./cache/cord-337105-jlmh79qv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337105-jlmh79qv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336510-qzm9wgde author = Ellermann-Eriksen, Svend title = Macrophages and cytokines in the early defence against herpes simplex virus date = 2005-08-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20036 sentences = 986 flesch = 46 summary = In a first wave of responses, cytokines, primarily type I interferons (IFN) and tumour necrosis factor are produced and exert a direct antiviral effect and activate the macrophages themselves. Generally the type I IFNs exhibit a huge range of biological effects, such as antiviral and antiproliferative effects, stimulation of immune cells such as T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, increased expression of MHC-I, activation of pro-apoptotic genes and inhibition of anti-apoptotic mechanisms, modulation of cellular differentiation, and inhibition of angiogenesis [171] . Effect of IL-4 and IL-13 on IFN-gamma-induced production of nitric oxide in mouse macrophages infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 Herpes Simplex virus type 1-induced interferon production and activation of natural killer cells in mice NF-kappaB activation is responsible for the synergistic effect of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection on interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages cache = ./cache/cord-336510-qzm9wgde.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336510-qzm9wgde.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339578-eg19rfvi author = Garcia-Garcia, Maria Luz title = Role of viral coinfections in asthma development date = 2017-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3651 sentences = 190 flesch = 47 summary = OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare the frequency of asthma development at 6–8 years in children with previous admission for bronchiolitis associated with single versus double or multiple viral infection. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma at 6–8 years is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection-bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Of the 351 children previously admitted with bronchiolitis, with positive viral detection and current age between 6 and 8 years, 244 (52 coinfections and 192 single infections) could be located and agreed to participate in the study. In conclusion, asthma at the age of 6-8 is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Moreover, viral coinfection, allergic rhinitis and older age at admission seem also to be strong independent risk factors for asthma development in children previously hospitalised because of bronchiolitis. cache = ./cache/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337284-joq1aqn6 author = Barrera‐López, Pedro title = Co‐infection of other respiratory pathogens and HIV in COVID‐19 patients: is there a pattern? date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1307 sentences = 67 flesch = 46 summary = The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to the elaboration of multiple studies to increase its knowledge and understanding, hence, having the ability to accomplish an adequate and timely diagnosis and give an optimal treatment according to the patient's condition. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 pose a series of challenges both in understanding and delimiting the disease secondary to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The general analysis, that includes a total of 300 patients, revealed that the most frequent pathogen associated with co-infection was Influenza A 6-8 (mentioned in 8 of the 19 articles focused on co-infection with respiratory pathogens), possibly following a seasonal pattern; these studies showed a slight predominance of the male sex, without preference for any age group. The foregoing, to optimize the analysis of these cases and establish if there are characteristics that allow establishing the possibility of carrying an additional infection to that of SARS-CoV-2 and the implications for the management and prognosis of the patient. cache = ./cache/cord-337284-joq1aqn6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337284-joq1aqn6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339852-9rq7zzqs author = Theamboonlers, Apiradee title = Human Coronavirus Infection among Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Thailand date = 2006-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2949 sentences = 169 flesch = 50 summary = In addition, we performed this study in order to delineate the prevalence, the potential clinical impacts and evaluation of the genetic characterization of this pathogen in young children who presented with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). In this study we applied molecular biology techniques to identify hCoV in nasopharyngeal secretions (NPs) for the study on the prevalence of molecular characterization and clinical correlation of coronavirus infections in hospitalized infants and young children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). In this study, we have identifi ed human coronavirus hCoV-OC43 and hCoV-229E infection in infants and young children presenting with ALRI. hCoV-229E and hCoV-OC43 have previously been proven responsible for infecting people of all age groups and causing severe lower respiratory tract infection primarily in frail patients such as young children and elderly individuals [17] [18] [19] . The clinical features associated with coronavirus infection appear to be similar to those observed with other respiratory viruses, such as RSV, parainfl uenza virus and human metapneumovirus. cache = ./cache/cord-339852-9rq7zzqs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339852-9rq7zzqs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339328-wizu3arz author = Jain, Sanjay K. title = The Promise of Molecular Imaging in the Study and Treatment of Infectious Diseases date = 2017-02-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4249 sentences = 212 flesch = 35 summary = Preclinical Unique insights into disease pathogenesis, e.g., assessing hideouts of infections, defining the diversity of the microbial populations (microbiome) Studying multi-compartment antimicrobial pharmacokinetics Expedite bench-to-bedside translation of new therapeutics, e.g., surrogate end points to assess antimicrobial or vaccine efficacy or predict stable cure Clinical trials Unique insights into disease pathogenesis-noninvasive visualization of processes deep inside the body Phase 0 studies to determine compartment-specific antimicrobial penetration/binding (sites of infection, necrotic/fibrotic lesions, privileged sites-CNS) to inform appropriate dosing of novel drugs; determine accumulation at non-target sites to assess potential toxicities; current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines require tissue drug distribution studies at the infected sites Patient settings Enabling precision medicine by providing unique insights into disease pathogenesis, antimicrobial pharmacokinetics, etc. cache = ./cache/cord-339328-wizu3arz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339328-wizu3arz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 author = Edwards, Michael R. title = The microbiology of asthma date = 2012-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8087 sentences = 352 flesch = 36 summary = The hygiene hypothesis posits that repeated exposure to diverse common infections (in particular, with bacteria, food-borne and oro faecal parasites 4 , and hookworms 5 ) and exposure to environmental microbiota during childhood 6, 7 are strongly associated with a healthy maturation of the immune system and with protection from the development of asthma and allergies later in life 8, 9 . Case control studies show a clear link between respiratory virus infection together with allergen exposure in sensitized children 108 and adults 109 in increasing the risk of hospital admissions due to asthma exacerbations. 5. Excessive T H 2 type responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of RSV-mediated bronchiolitis 110 , and increased production of IL-5 by T cells at birth is associated with a greater risk of severe respiratory infection 111 . cache = ./cache/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341827-z9r5i0ky author = Macias-Ordonez, R. title = The misleading illusion of COVID-19 confirmed case data: alternative estimates and a monitoring tool date = 2020-05-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2618 sentences = 166 flesch = 61 summary = Assuming that detection remains constant after Infection 34 Date, we estimated the number of deaths and the estimated percentage of the 35 population of each country expected to be immune up to 23 days into the future. Assuming that detection remains constant after Infection 34 Date, we estimated the number of deaths and the estimated percentage of the 35 population of each country expected to be immune up to 23 days into the future. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107516 doi: medRxiv preprint Introduction 50 COVID-19 confirmed case data (CCD) are the central piece of information in most 51 news, official reports, conversations, forecasting efforts, and are also probably central to 52 most decisions made by authorities worldwide since the pandemic outbreak in 53 December 2019. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107516 doi: medRxiv preprint 20 antibodies, we suggest that estimates based on reported deaths and IFR are a more 405 reliable alternative to estimate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 than CCD in any country for 406 which age structure data is available and data of reported deaths is trustworthy. cache = ./cache/cord-341827-z9r5i0ky.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341827-z9r5i0ky.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342133-khrljehj author = Principi, Nicola title = Bocavirus Infection in Otherwise Healthy Children with Respiratory Disease date = 2015-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5116 sentences = 243 flesch = 49 summary = To evaluate the role of human bocavirus (hBoV) as a causative agent of respiratory disease, the importance of the viral load in respiratory disease type and severity and the pathogenicity of the different hBoV species, we studied all hBoV-positive nasopharyngeal samples collected from children who attended an emergency room for a respiratory tract infection during three winters (2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014). To evaluate the circulation of the different hBoV types and the possible relationships between viral load, virus genetic characteristics, and the severity of infection, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children attending the emergency room of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection arising between November 1 and March 31 during 3 winters (2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014) . Single detection of human bocavirus 1 with a high viral load in severe respiratory tract infections in previously healthy children cache = ./cache/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340629-1fle5fpz author = O’Shea, Helen title = Viruses Associated With Foodborne Infections date = 2019-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9409 sentences = 500 flesch = 46 summary = In infants, prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, RVAs could be detected in up to 50%-60% of all childhood hospitalisations due to acute gastroenteritis each year, were estimated to cause 138 million cases of gastroenteritis annually, and 527,000 deaths in children o5 years of age living in developing countries. Recent emerging epidemic and pandemic virus infections that cause severe disease in humans and that are associated with food production, preparation and food contamination include the coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Nipah virus, Ebola virus and some of the highly pathogenic influenza virus strains, such as the H5N1 subtype. Infections by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus, Nipah virus (NiV), H5N1 virus, Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Adenovirus, Astrovirus, Norovirus (NoV) and Rotavirus (RVA) in humans and animals are detected by nucleic acid amplification tests and serologic tests. cache = ./cache/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336663-fawcn6em author = Liu, Chunyan title = Adenovirus infection in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China, 2007 to 2012 date = 2015-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4283 sentences = 231 flesch = 49 summary = Here, HAdV types are characterized in children in the Beijing area with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) and the clinical features and laboratory findings of hospitalized HAdV-infected cases are described. However, because most clinical laboratories do not type the isolates, there is little published information about epidemiologic and clinical features of HAdV infections by type in children with ALRTIs. To identify HAdV types and species in children with ALRTIs in Beijing area and to characterize clinical features and laboratory findings of hospitalized HAdVinfected cases, respiratory specimens were collected from hospital-admitted pediatric patients with ALRTIs and typed HAdV positive samples using PCR and sequencing. This may also suggest that schoolage children are exposed to the most common endemic types of HAdV early in life, thereby establishing a protective immunity resulting only in mild clinical symptoms, such that upper respiratory tract infection does not require care in an emergency department or hospital in this age group. cache = ./cache/cord-336663-fawcn6em.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336663-fawcn6em.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340028-6oicmeam author = Zhavoronkov, Alex title = Geroprotective and senoremediative strategies to reduce the comorbidity, infection rates, severity, and lethality in gerophilic and gerolavic infections date = 2020-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7228 sentences = 366 flesch = 36 summary = Here we compare the expected benefit of treatments for elderly populations (60 years and older) that are currently in development, including standard preventative strategies such as vaccines and antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2, and the potential added benefit of speculative geroprotective strategies such as rapalogs, NAD+ boosters, senolytics, and stem cell treatment. People >60 years of age with chronic medical conditions, such as type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease, direct immunosuppression from HIV, posttransplant or biologic treatment, pregnant individuals, or those with BMI>40, are believed to be at higher risk for influenza infection due to a weakened immune response [31] . As discussed in this paper, small clinical studies have shown that several geroprotective and senoremediative interventions, such as treatment with AGING sirolimus and rapalogs, can induce immunopotentiation, increase resistance to infection, and reduce disease severity in the elderly, without severe side effects. cache = ./cache/cord-340028-6oicmeam.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340028-6oicmeam.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341548-gazsszs6 author = Buscho, R. O. title = Infections with Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae during Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis date = 1978-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3110 sentences = 159 flesch = 42 summary = The association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis was studied by serologic or isolation techniques in 46 adult men during the five years from 1964 through 1968. Because of the high prevalence and morbidity of chronic bronchitis among patients of Veterans Administration Hospitals, we have conducted surveillance of one of these groups to assess the impact of respiratory tract infections on the natural course of this disease and to investigate further the occurrence and relative importance of viruses and mycoplasmas in exacerbations [3] . Evidence of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections (obtained mainly by serologic testing and to a lesser extent by isolation of organisms) was correlated with the pattern of clinical disease in patients with chronic bronchitis. pneumoniae were detected in 50 (30.1%) of 166 exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in the 46 adult patients studied (table 2) . cache = ./cache/cord-341548-gazsszs6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341548-gazsszs6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340357-gyvvcnuf author = Fallahi, Hamid Reza title = Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review date = 2020-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3777 sentences = 212 flesch = 46 summary = This article addresses all information collected to date on the virus, in accordance with the guidelines of international health care institutions, and provides a comprehensive protocol for managing possible exposure to patients or those suspected of having coronavirus. The purpose of this protocol is to protect the entire dental care team, prevent any cross-infection in the office, inform health authorities active in the field of controlling and managing the disease, and ultimately provide the optimal medical and dental care for patients affected by the virus according to the CDC and the ADA guidelines. Due to close face-to-face contact with patients and frequent utilization of sharp devices, dental personnel are repeatedly exposed to respiratory tract secretions, blood, saliva, and other contaminated body fluids and are always at risk for 2019-nCoV infection. 2019-nCoV transmission in dental settings occurs through four major routes: (1) direct exposure to respiratory secretions containing droplets, blood, saliva, or other patient materials; cache = ./cache/cord-340357-gyvvcnuf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340357-gyvvcnuf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341987-lsvifqyo author = Kalyanasundaram, Sridhar title = Novel Corona Virus Pandemic and Neonatal Care: It’s Too Early to Speculate on Impact! date = 2020-08-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3967 sentences = 206 flesch = 50 summary = We discuss the basic aspects of the infection, the approach of care to novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in positive pregnant women, the likely presentation in newborns (as per current knowledge), and the approach to the management of neonates with infection or at risk of the infection. In this article, we discuss the basic aspects of the infection, the approach of care to novel corona virus disease 2019 in positive pregnant women, the likely presentation in newborns (as per current knowledge), and the approach to the management of neonates with infection or at risk of the infection. Another recent case study published in Nature Communication reported transplacental transmission of COVID-19 from a positive pregnant mother during the last trimester to her offspring which occurred due to maternal viremia, placental infection, and neonatal viremia following placental infection [34] . cache = ./cache/cord-341987-lsvifqyo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341987-lsvifqyo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342915-r9kv67we author = Hayden, Frederick G. title = Advances in antivirals for non‐influenza respiratory virus infections date = 2013-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5748 sentences = 281 flesch = 33 summary = Most of the treatment data regarding antivirals for non-influenza respiratory viruses have been derived from observational studies in immunocompromised hosts, and sometimes, infants, but recent randomized, controlled trials in specific target populations have helped to address the potential value of antiviral interventions. 12, [17] [18] [19] In addition, systematic reviews of the observational reports concluded that the common use of multiple agents in combination, varying dose regimens, paucity of studies with systematic data collection, complications from immunosuppressive therapy, and the lack of randomized, controlled trials meant that existing data were inconclusive with regard to putative antivirals and thus inadequate to determine appropriate management of SARS infections. In addition, one approved agent for selected parasitic infections, oral nitazoxanide, may have interferon-inducing properties, is inhibitory for various respiratory viruses including influenza and a canine CoV in vitro, 32 and has shown promising dose-related activity in a phase 2, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in treating uncomplicated influenza 33 Consequently, nitazoxanide would be an interesting agent to test alone and in combination with other antivirals for CoV infections. cache = ./cache/cord-342915-r9kv67we.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342915-r9kv67we.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343074-dsubeaso author = Lee, Wan‐Ji title = Molecular epidemiology of a post‐influenza pandemic outbreak of acute respiratory infections in Korea caused by human adenovirus type 3 date = 2014-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3530 sentences = 183 flesch = 46 summary = title: Molecular epidemiology of a post‐influenza pandemic outbreak of acute respiratory infections in Korea caused by human adenovirus type 3 An outbreak of upper respiratory tract infections associated with human adenovirus (HAdV) occurred on a national scale in Korea from September to December 2010, following a major H1N1 influenza pandemic. To determine the principal cause of the outbreak, direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by sequence analysis targeting parts of the hexon gene of HAdV was performed. Serotypes of 1,007 PCR‐diagnosed HAdV‐positive samples from patients with an acute upper respiratory tract illness were determined and epidemiological characteristics including major aged group and clinical symptoms were analyzed. Epidemiological and molecular data presented in this study confirmed that the outbreak in 2010 was not associated with genetic alterations causing a change in the pathology of the major causative agent, HAdV-3, nor with multiple infections with other respiratory viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-343074-dsubeaso.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343074-dsubeaso.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345381-9cckppk2 author = Klimek, Ludger title = Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date = 2020-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6146 sentences = 332 flesch = 43 summary = title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontaneous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontane-ous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344093-3bniy5b5 author = Peteranderl, Christin title = The Impact of the Interferon/TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling Axis on Disease Progression in Respiratory Viral Infection and Beyond date = 2017-03-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12546 sentences = 578 flesch = 34 summary = A prominent regulator of disease outcome, especially in-but not limited to-respiratory viral infection, is the IFN-dependent mediator TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) produced by several cell types including immune cells such as macrophages or T cells. (73) Cell death induction, e.g., Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-8, Fas-associated protein with death domain, Fas ligand, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) dsRNA, polyI:C (4, 110) IAV (4, 5, 10, 115) Sendai virus (110) TRAIL Virus control by apoptosis induction in infected cells IAV (6, 170, 171) Tissue injury by apoptosis of both infected and non-infected alveolar epithelial cells, lung macrophages IAV (5, 7, 10) RSV (137) Necrosis of fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells IAV (146, 147, 168) Increased cellular infiltration CoV (175) Decreased expression of Na,K-ATPase, impaired epithelial fluid reabsorption IAV (11) iNTRODUCTiON In 1957, Isaacs and Lindenmann (1) first recognized the potential of a soluble and probably cell-derived factor to combat influenza virus infection and named this factor interferon [(IFN) from latin interferre, to interfere]. cache = ./cache/cord-344093-3bniy5b5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344093-3bniy5b5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345339-kyboibtq author = Steiner, Israel title = Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis date = 2001 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4285 sentences = 218 flesch = 41 summary = Our goal here is to review the data supporting the possibility that infection has a critical role in the disease, examine the list of potential candidates that have been suggested, and outline an approach regarding the potential role of infectious agents in the etiology and pathogenesis of MS. Our goal here is to review the data supporting the possibility that infection has a critical role in the disease, examine the list of potential candidates that have been suggested, and outline an approach regarding the potential role of infectious agents in the etiology and pathogenesis of MS. Clinical relapses and disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections in multiple sclerosis A combined serologic/molecular analysis of possible human herpes virus-6 infection in multiple sclerosis patients The association between multiple sclerosis and infection with Epstein-Barr virus and retrovirus Multiple sclerosis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the CNS cache = ./cache/cord-345339-kyboibtq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345339-kyboibtq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347064-ljd121no author = José, Ricardo J. title = Opportunistic bacterial, viral and fungal infections of the lung date = 2016-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2952 sentences = 159 flesch = 29 summary = Conventional bacterial pathogens Although the risk of opportunistic infection is high in immunocompromised patients, most pneumonias are related to the more Key points C Knowledge of the immune defect helps to narrow down the potential pathogens C Computed tomography of the chest is better than radiographs at defining the radiological pattern of disease in immunocompromised hosts C In selected patients, early bronchoscopy increases the yield of microbiological identification of a potential pathogen C Prolonged high-dose glucocorticoids (>20 mg/day for >21 days) predispose to Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) C Biological agents are associated with specific immune defects that increase the risk of opportunistic lung infections (e.g. tumour necrosis factor-a inhibitors and risk of mycobacterial disease, endemic fungi and Legionella pneumophila; anti-CD20 drugs and mycobacterial disease, cytomegalovirus pneumonitis and PJP) C Due to the increase in azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus, combination of an azole with an echinocandin antifungal agent is recommended in immunocompromised hosts with severe invasive pulmonary aspergillosis conventional bacterial pathogens. cache = ./cache/cord-347064-ljd121no.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347064-ljd121no.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347761-wgodcsav author = Cant, Andrew title = Infections in the Immunocompromised date = 2009-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5992 sentences = 331 flesch = 39 summary = Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), CMV and Aspergillus are particularly important and well recognized sources of infection in the immunocompromised host; however, other significant pathogens have more recently been identified. Lung biopsy may be particularly important in the diagnosis of fungal infection, especially when there is a negative BAL in patients with persistent signs, symptoms or chest x-ray changes. PCP has historically been associated with HIV but is also a significant cause of morbidity in other groups of immunocompromised patients, particularly those with haematological malignancies, brain tumours requiring prolonged courses of steroids, prolonged neutropaenia or lymphopaenia, and those undergoing HSCT. Prophylaxis to prevent CMV and HSV reactivation is used for children undergoing HSCT and many SOTs. Surveillance in high-risk patients enables pre-emptive treatment to be given before damaging disease occurs. Adenovirus is usually responsible for relatively minor upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal infection but can result in life-threatening pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis and disseminated disease in the immunocompromised. cache = ./cache/cord-347761-wgodcsav.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347761-wgodcsav.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346673-kyc1wks5 author = NICKBAKHSH, S. title = Extensive multiplex PCR diagnostics reveal new insights into the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections date = 2016-03-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5415 sentences = 237 flesch = 41 summary = In particular, our study shows that (i) human coronavirus infections are more common during influenza seasons and in co-infections than previously recognized, (ii) factors associated with co-infection differ from those associated with viral infection overall, (iii) virus prevalence has increased over time especially in infants aged <1 year, and (iv) viral infection risk is greater in the post-2009 pandemic era, likely reflecting a widespread change in the viral population that warrants further investigation. We analysed diagnostic data generated by NHSGGC using multiplex PCR from 2005 to 2013 with the following objectives: (i) to describe testing and virus prevalence trends, (ii) to examine temporal and patient subgroup distributions for each individual virus, and (iii) to compare factors associated with overall viral infection and co-infection using statistical modelling, in order to provide robust and timely estimates of who is most at risk of viral-associated respiratory illness, and when, within a major urban UK population. cache = ./cache/cord-346673-kyc1wks5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346673-kyc1wks5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344084-z4t2wkgk author = Ellwanger, Joel Henrique title = Beyond HIV infection: neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases date = 2020-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15735 sentences = 840 flesch = 45 summary = The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. In agreement with studies showing that CCR5Δ32 homozygous genotype is a risk factor for symptomatic WNV infection in humans, Ccr5-/-WNV-infected mice showed a reduced capacity of viral control, increased disease severity, impaired leukocyte trafficking towards the brain, and high mortality rates than Ccr5 wild-type mice. In conclusion, although tissue analysis and evidence obtained in vitro suggest that the CCR5 is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of HPV, most studies point to a lack of involvement of CCR5Δ32 in susceptibility to HPV infection or HPV-associated diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-344084-z4t2wkgk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344084-z4t2wkgk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343690-rafvxgx1 author = Hartmann, Katrin title = Clinical Aspects of Feline Retroviruses: A Review date = 2012-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10289 sentences = 498 flesch = 35 summary = Although FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in cats ("feline AIDS") comparable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans, with increased risk for opportunistic infections, neurologic diseases, and tumors, in most naturally infected cats, FIV does not cause a severe clinical syndrome. Experimental FIV infection also progresses through several stages, similar to HIV infection in people, including an acute phase, a clinically asymptomatic phase of variable duration, and a terminal phase sometimes called "feline acquired immunodeficiency syndrome" ("AIDS") [18, 19] . Of 8642 FeLV-infected cats presented to North American Veterinary Teaching Hospitals, various co-infections (including FIV infection, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), upper respiratory infection, hemotropic mycoplasmosis, and stomatitis) were the most frequent findings (15%), followed by anemia (11%), lymphoma (6%), leukopenia or thrombocytopenia (5%), and leukemia or myeloproliferative diseases (4%) [20] . An early defect in primary and secondary t cell responses in asymptomatic cats during acute feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection cache = ./cache/cord-343690-rafvxgx1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343690-rafvxgx1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347460-9vechh4x author = Chang, Feng-Yee title = Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8050 sentences = 384 flesch = 43 summary = Three components are crucial for SARS-CoV induced diseases: 1) the role of CD8+ T cells in defense against the virus, which causes apoptosis in the infected cells, 2) interactions of the virus with macrophages and dendritic cells, which initiate the early innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses, and 3) type I interferon (IFN) system, an innate response against viral infections, which can inhibit virus replication in the early phase. Existing information suggests that the SARS-CoV-infected airways and alveolar epithelial cells secrete abundant chemokines to attract immune cell infiltrations to the lungs, including macrophages and neutrophils, thereby causing damage due to high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators secreted by these cell types. After a decade of research on coronavirus, unfortunately, still there are no licensed vaccines, effective specific antivirals, nor drug combinations supported by high-level evidence to treat the infection, especially for newly emerging strains such as SARS-COV-2 [59] . cache = ./cache/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347460-9vechh4x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344297-qqohijqi author = Smith, Jacqueline title = The early immune response to infection of chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in susceptible and resistant birds date = 2015-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5076 sentences = 284 flesch = 52 summary = title: The early immune response to infection of chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in susceptible and resistant birds RESULTS: Genes and biological pathways involved in the early host response to IBV infection were determined andgene expression differences between susceptible and resistant birds were identified. [18] we used Affymetrix wholegenome chicken microarrays to examine the tracheal gene expression profiles of a line of birds known to be susceptible to IBV infection (line 15I) and a line known to show resistance (line N). Gene expression differences found in the susceptible 15I line between infected and control birds over days 2, 3 and 4 post infection were analysed, with a view to examining the innate host response to infection by IBV. Gene expression seen during the host response to IBV infection in the trachea of susceptible birds. Genes found to be differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines in response to IBV infection in the trachea. cache = ./cache/cord-344297-qqohijqi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344297-qqohijqi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346318-d8oq3dyw author = Fang, Yeqing title = Reply: Practical experiences on the prevention and treatment strategies to fight against COVID-19 in hospital date = 2020-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 428 sentences = 28 flesch = 51 summary = regarding our recent article, Shenzhen' Experience on Containing 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia Transmission [1] , which was published on April 3, 2020. The author of the letter described their treatment strategies to contain the epidemic and improve clinical outcomes: increase the medics' protective gear to ensure double-zero infection: no nosocomial infection, no developed into critical or death case; timely control and regulate the inpatient area by adopting the AI and infection control observing system; "Two early, three changes and three strictness"; early use of traditional Chinese medicine according to characteristics of different persons, etc. Next, during the outbreak, hospitals need to redeploy the working arrangement of healthcare workers, suspend or close non-emergency departments and selective operations to add staff to supplementary emergency, fever clinic and infection wards, so that there are sufficient medical workers to respond to the increasing coronavirus patients efficiently. Shenzhen' experience on containing 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia transmission cache = ./cache/cord-346318-d8oq3dyw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346318-d8oq3dyw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343728-udjjijyu author = Muggia, Victoria A. title = Nocardia ignorata Infection in Heart Transplant Patient date = 2020-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 754 sentences = 64 flesch = 46 summary = title: Nocardia ignorata Infection in Heart Transplant Patient To the Editor: We read with interest the recent description of pulmonary Nocardia ignorata infection (1) . The course after left ventricular assist device explantation and orthotopic heart transplant was complicated by tamponade requiring a pericardial window and an ESBL Klebsiella urinary tract infection treated with meropenem. The isolate was identified by a reference laboratory (Mycobacteria and Nocardia Laboratory, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA) by partial 16S rRNA sequencing as a 99.51% match with Nocardia ignorata, with susceptibilities identical to the isolate in Rahdar et al. One year later, Trevisan characterized and termed the bacteria Nocardia farcinica, creating the genus Nocardia. Pulmonary Nocardia ignorata infection in gardener, Iran European Study Group for Nocardia in Solid Organ Transplantation. Nocardia infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a multicenter European case-control study cache = ./cache/cord-343728-udjjijyu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343728-udjjijyu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344009-hm36pepp author = Nathanson, N. title = Virus perpetuation in populations: biological variables that determine persistence or eradication date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3463 sentences = 180 flesch = 46 summary = However, small animal populations can turnover significantly each year, permitting the perpetuation of some viruses that cause acute infections. Measles has several attributes that -in the aggregate -are not seen for other common viral diseases: (i) There are longterm records of measles incidence, collected by many health departments in the United States and other countries; (ii) 95% of all measles infections manifest as illness (in contrast to 1% for poliomyelitis for example); (iii) the symptoms of measles are sufficiently pathognomonic so that it can be distinguished from other viral infections by clinical observers; and (iv) population-wide reports can be corrected for under-reporting (about 15% of measles cases were reported in most cities in the United States prior to the introduction of measles vaccine in 1963). Vaccine-induced reduction of susceptible individuals in such a population can be guesstimated to reduce the number of new infections per trough generation period below the threshold for virus perpetuation. cache = ./cache/cord-344009-hm36pepp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344009-hm36pepp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346539-kxnrf5g5 author = Riggioni, Carmen title = A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 date = 2020-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15760 sentences = 1112 flesch = 48 summary = This paper answers pressing questions, formulated by young clinicians and scientists, on SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19 and allergy, focusing on the following topics: virology, immunology, diagnosis, management of patients with allergic disease and asthma, treatment, clinical trials, drug discovery, vaccine development and epidemiology. The first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were reported in China in December 2019 1 and rapidly led to pandemic. 40, 41 A seroconversion study in COVID-19 patients has found and association between disease severity and SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA levels. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy may potentiate the low IFN-I and -III levels and moderate IFN-stimulated gene response reported in SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets and COVID-19 patients. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial cache = ./cache/cord-346539-kxnrf5g5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346539-kxnrf5g5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348844-4rpbsj48 author = Wessel, Lindsay title = Public health interventions for epidemics: implications for multiple infection waves date = 2011-02-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4680 sentences = 206 flesch = 40 summary = METHODS: We develop mean-field and stochastic epidemiological models for disease transmission, and perform simulations to show how control measures, such as drug treatment and isolation of ill individuals, can influence the epidemic profile and generate sequences of infection waves with different characteristics. In this study, we consider the occurrence of multiple infection waves of a pathogen from a public health perspective, and develop mathematical models to investigate how intervention measures may affect the transmission dynamics in a population. These parameters may reflect the effectiveness of intervention strategies (e.g., treatment or isolation of infected cases) in reducing disease transmission, or their epidemiological consequences (e.g., emergence of drug resistance), and may therefore play an important role in determining the outcome of disease control activities. For the purpose of this investigation, we develop both mean-field and stochastic epidemiological models that describe the transmission dynamics of a disease in the population, and incorporate treatment and isolation of infected cases as control measures. cache = ./cache/cord-348844-4rpbsj48.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348844-4rpbsj48.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347000-zxytdb0b author = Foweraker, Juliet title = Recent advances in the microbiology of respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis date = 2009-01-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6699 sentences = 419 flesch = 42 summary = The range of micro-organisms causing infection differs from those in patients without CF with the commonest pathogens being Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 17 Streptococcus pneumoniae from CF respiratory samples were better at producing biofilms in vitro than blood culture isolates from non-CF patients, 18 which suggests that these organisms have the ability to persist in the CF lung. 31 The role of current methods of synergy testing is controversial, but there is a definite need for clinically validated in vitro tests to guide treatment of multi-and pan-resistant bacteria at acute exacerbation and when patients receive lung transplants. Phenotypic variability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputa from patients with acute infective exacerbation of cystic fibrosis and its impact on the validity of antimicrobial susceptibility testing Hypermutation is a key factor in development of multiple-antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains causing chronic lung infections Evolving epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Burkholderia cepacia complex in cystic fibrosis lung infection cache = ./cache/cord-347000-zxytdb0b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347000-zxytdb0b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347039-eap592i7 author = Lee, Seung-Hwan title = Maneuvering for advantage: the genetics of mouse susceptibility to virus infection date = 2003-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6177 sentences = 299 flesch = 38 summary = Receptors are recognized as important determinants of virus host range and tissue tropism; and some host resistance/susceptibility loci encode molecules that are expressed on the cell surface. Another example of natural host resistance is the restriction of ecotropic Murine LEUKEMIA VIRUS (MuLV) infection by the mouse Fv4 gene. The effort to understand the genetic basis of susceptibility to viral disease is driven by three considerations: (1) the increased public awareness of the toll imposed by viruses on the host; (2) the increase in susceptible human populations because of longer life expectancy, frequently accompanied by chronic illness, and the consequences of advances in medical technology, including immunosuppressive therapies for organ transplantation or treatment of malignancy; and (3) the need to develop new therapies for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Human killer-cell immunoglobulin-type receptor (KIR) is considered to be a functional homolog of mouse Ly49. Mouse genetics has also demonstrated that recognition and destruction of virus-infected cells by NK cells is mediated by specific interactions between activating NKcell receptors and viral target molecules. cache = ./cache/cord-347039-eap592i7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347039-eap592i7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347246-0vofftmj author = Everitt, J I title = Infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract: implications for toxicology studies. date = 1990-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3572 sentences = 190 flesch = 28 summary = This paper reviews several important infectious diseases of the upper airway of rats and mice and discusses the potential influence of these conditions on the results of toxicology studies. All three agents cause significant rodent respiratory disease, with lesions in the upper airways, including the nasal passages. Although there are many excellent descriptive studies ofthe histogenesis of Sendai virus-induced lesions within the lower respiratory tract, few pathology reports include a description of lesions in the nasal cavity and upper airway. Although numerous bacteria can infect the upper airway of the rat and mouse, they are not generally prevalent in well-conducted toxicology studies begun with animals free of adventitious murine pathogens and maintained with modern methods of laboratory animal husbandry. A variety of important microbial pathogens including viruses, mycoplasmas, bacteria, and fungi infect the upper respiratory tract of the mouse and rat and result in significant pathologic alterations. cache = ./cache/cord-347246-0vofftmj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347246-0vofftmj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 author = Ahanchian, Hamid title = Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them? date = 2012-09-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7744 sentences = 399 flesch = 35 summary = HRV are the most common viral agents [33] ; Other respiratory tract viruses detected in children with an asthma exacerbation include RSV, influenza, coronavirus, hMPV, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and bocavirus [34] [35] [36] . Beside importance for bone health, vitamin D plays an important role in adequate function of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including development of dendritic cells and regulatory T lymphocytes [151, 152] production of antimicrobial proteins by airway epithelium [153] , modifying the effect of intestinal flora on inflammatory disorders [107] , and modulation of the inflammatory response to viral infections [154] . In a recent study of 48 children from five to 18 years of age, with newly diagnosed asthma, vitamin D supplementation during the northern hemisphere winter months (September to July) prevented declining serum concentrations of 25(OH) D and reduced the risk of asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory tract infections [161] . cache = ./cache/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346836-6jyv0q5e author = Ikegami, Tetsuro title = The Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever date = 2011-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10419 sentences = 483 flesch = 46 summary = RVFV infection in humans usually causes a self-limiting, acute and febrile illness; however, a small number of cases progress to neurological disorders, partial or complete blindness, hemorrhagic fever, or thrombosis. This review describes the pathology of RVF in human patients and several animal models, and summarizes the role of viral virulence factors and host factors that affect RVFV pathogenesis. RVFV infection in humans primarily causes a self-limiting febrile illness; however, some patients develop hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders, or blindness after the febrile period [5, 7, 8] . Inbred rat strains mimic the disparate human response to rift valley fever virus infection Clinical, virological and serological response of the west african dwarf sheep to experimental infection with different strains of rift valley fever virus cache = ./cache/cord-346836-6jyv0q5e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346836-6jyv0q5e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345222-otfnrarh author = Ciccarelli, Simona title = Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis date = 2013-10-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14625 sentences = 819 flesch = 40 summary = 4 In spite of the intense promotion of oral rehydration solution (ORS) at the community level and the training of health care workers, diarrhea mortality remains unacceptably high: more than 2 million children aged less than 5 years die each year from gastroenteritis, almost all living in resource-constrained nations, where acute diarrhea represents a leading cause of child mortality, second only to pneumonia. Probiotics, also defined as food supplements, improve the intestinal microbial balance of the host, have beneficial effects on health, prevent outbreaks of community-acquired diarrhea, reduce colonization of infants with pathogenic microorganisms, and reduce the duration and severity of diarrheal infections, balancing the intestinal ecosystem. 143 The European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have suggested the use of probiotic strains with proven efficacy and in appropriate doses for the management of children with acute gastroenteritis as an adjunct to rehydration therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350186-fogm1gkg author = MAMMAS, IOANNIS N. title = Current views and advances on Paediatric Virology: An update for paediatric trainees date = 2015-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6149 sentences = 321 flesch = 40 summary = The Workshop on Paediatric Virology, which took place on Saturday October 10, 2015 in Athens, Greece, provided an overview of recent views and advances on viral infections occurring in neonates and children. Among the non-vaccine related topics, emphasis was given to viral infections in prematurely born infants and their long-term outcomes, new paediatric intensive care management options for bronchiolitis related to respiratory syncytial virus, the clinical implications of hepatitis B virus and cytomegalovirus genotyping, the Ebola virus threat and preparedness in Paediatric Emergency Departments, oral, oropharynx, laryngeal, nasal and ocular viral infections and Merkel cell polyomavirus as a novel emerging virus of infancy and childhood. The majority of viral conjunctivitis in children are caused by adenovirus, a DNA virus, which can cause a range of human diseases, including upper respiratory tract infection. cache = ./cache/cord-350186-fogm1gkg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350186-fogm1gkg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349396-a6zyioc1 author = Tsurumi, Amy title = Multi-biomarker Prediction Models for Multiple Infection Episodes Following Blunt Trauma date = 2020-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4596 sentences = 218 flesch = 38 summary = Applying machine learning algorithms to genome-wide transcriptome data from 128 adult blunt trauma patients' (42 MIIE cases and 85 non-cases) leukocytes collected ≤48 hours of injury and ≥3 days before any infection, we constructed a 15-transcript and a 26-transcript multi-biomarker panel model with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Elastic Net, respectively, which accurately predicted MIIE (AUROC [95% CI]: 0.90 [0.84-0.96] and 0.92 [0.86-0.96]), and significantly outperformed clinical models. In a previous study among burn trauma patients, we developed a blood transcriptomic multi-biomarker panel for predicting multiple independent infection episodes (MIIE) outcome during the course of recovery (Yan et al., 2015) . Our study shows that employing novel prognostic models based on early blood transcriptome profiling following severe trauma is an effective method for identifying patients who are particularly at high risk for MIIE and thus, hypersusceptible to infections. cache = ./cache/cord-349396-a6zyioc1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349396-a6zyioc1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349298-8s69wprh author = MUNYWOKI, P. K. title = Influence of age, severity of infection, and co-infection on the duration of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) shedding date = 2014-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3881 sentences = 185 flesch = 49 summary = The shedding durations were longer than previous estimates (3·9–7·4 days) based on immunofluorescence antigen detection or viral culture, and were shown to be strongly associated with age, severity of infection, and revealed potential interaction with other respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major viral cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children worldwide [1] with the key risk group being young infants [2] . The rate of RSV recovery was lower (i.e. shedding duration increased) by 65% in episodes with co-infection compared to those without (aHR 0·35, 95% CI 0·23-0·51), with a similar result for each virus individually. A community study nested within a birth cohort in coastal Kenya targeting symptomatic RSV infections by Okiro and colleagues reported a mean duration of shedding of 4·5 days [12] . cache = ./cache/cord-349298-8s69wprh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349298-8s69wprh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350618-rtilfnzi author = Lambelet, Valentine title = Sars‐CoV‐2 in the context of past coronaviruses epidemics: Consideration for prenatal care date = 2020-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7287 sentences = 452 flesch = 50 summary = College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), pregnant women with moderate symptoms should self-isolate, unless they attend a maternity unit where patients in the 2 nd or 3 rd trimester meeting PHE criteria ( ≥ 1 of: (1) Clinical/radiological evidence of pneumonia, (2) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), (3) Fever ≥37.8 and at least one of acute persistent cough, hoarseness, nasal discharge/congestion, shortness of breath, sore throat, wheezing or sneezing) should be tested for COVID-19 and treated as infected until results are available. Past coronavirus epidemics were associated with adverse outcomes for the fetus and/or newborns including miscarriages (57%), preterm birth, fetal distress and FGR with SARS-CoV-1 infection during the 2 nd and 3 rd trimesters. In this review, we found that of 142 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in pregnancy, 28% experienced preterm birth and 14% had adverse fetal/neonata l outcomes (FGR, fetal/neonatal demise, severe symptoms at birth). cache = ./cache/cord-350618-rtilfnzi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350618-rtilfnzi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350749-ihkxouz8 author = Panda, Aditya K title = Plasmodium falciparum Infection May Protect a Population from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection date = 2020-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 747 sentences = 51 flesch = 39 summary = title: Plasmodium falciparum Infection May Protect a Population from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection The authors have suggested that prior exposure of children to coronavirus OC43 offers protection against severe COVID-19 phenotype by possible crossimmunity. These observations encouraged us to investigate the possible role of Plasmodium infection on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection or severity. Based on these observations on Plasmodium infection and positive-strand RNA viruses, we hypothesized that there could be a possible association between malaria and SARS-CoV-2 infection. To validate our observation, we investigated the prevalence of COVID-19 in the Plasmodium falciparum-endemic area of Odisha, India, Odisha is highly endemic for P. falciparum for the last 10 years (2010-2019) from the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program and COVID-19 infection status in Odisha from the government of Odisha website (see https://health. Naturally-occurring anti-alphagalactosyl antibodies in human Plasmodium falciparum infections-a possible role for autoantibodies in malaria cache = ./cache/cord-350749-ihkxouz8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350749-ihkxouz8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345472-qrddwebe author = Sebina, Ismail title = The Contribution of Neutrophils to the Pathogenesis of RSV Bronchiolitis date = 2020-07-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8184 sentences = 411 flesch = 28 summary = A vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the leading cause of viral bronchiolitis in infancy, remains elusive, and hence new therapeutic modalities are needed to limit disease severity. (1), degranulation (2), respiratory oxygen species (ROS) production (3), and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis) (4) are associated with increased lung inflammation, systemic fever, mucus hypersecretion, airway obstruction, and epithelial cell death. Excessive neutrophil-derived inflammatory cytokine production (1), degranulation (2), respiratory oxygen species (ROS) production (3), and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis) (4) are associated with increased lung inflammation, systemic fever, mucus hypersecretion, airway obstruction, and epithelial cell death. Unlike wild-type (WT) control mice, plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC)-depleted, Toll-like receptor (TLR)7-deficient, or interferon regulatory factor (IRF)7-deficient neonatal mice develop severe pathology, characterised by increased neutrophilia and lung inflammation in response to acute PVM infection [80] [81] [82] . cache = ./cache/cord-345472-qrddwebe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345472-qrddwebe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350715-x92g6bnk author = Zheng, Yutong title = Analysis of the application value of serum antibody detection for staging of COVID‐19 infection date = 2020-07-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1495 sentences = 121 flesch = 53 summary = We conducted a retrospective analysis to explore the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients at different infection stages and to characterize the characteristics of specific serum antibodies at each stage. In this study we explored the clinical value of specific serum antibody detection in COVID-19 patients. According to the biological characteristics of nucleic acids and specific serum IgM and IgG antibodies, the 723 COVID-19 cases were classified into infection stages ( Table 1) . (2) the convalescent stage in which the nucleic acid turned negative, the IgM antibody disappeared and the IgG antibody began to appear but was still below the detection limit. IgM+IgG-May be in the acute stage of infection, consider the possibility of false negative nucleic acid. Consider the possible active stage of infection with false negative nucleic acid. cache = ./cache/cord-350715-x92g6bnk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350715-x92g6bnk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350928-vj5qlzpj author = Arnott, Alicia title = Human bocavirus amongst an all‐ages population hospitalised with acute lower respiratory infections in Cambodia date = 2012-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4315 sentences = 317 flesch = 55 summary = Objectives To investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of HBoV amongst hospitalized patients with acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in Cambodia. In patients where HBoV is the only virus detected, the clinical symptoms reported are similar to those occurring as a result of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), including bronchiolitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and exacerbation of asthma. 20 Here, we report the findings of the first study investigating the prevalence, seasonality, clinical characteristics and the molecular epidemiology of HBoV in amongst an all-ages population of patients hospitalized for acute lower respiratory illness (ALRI) in Cambodia over 3 consecutive years. 5 In this study, ALRI patient samples were screened for HBoV infection using a highly sensitive multiplex PCR assay previously shown to have a lower limit of detection of 4 copies of HBoV DNA ⁄ ll of viral transport medium. cache = ./cache/cord-350928-vj5qlzpj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350928-vj5qlzpj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author = Ippolito, G. title = Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date = 2006-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6497 sentences = 257 flesch = 35 summary = The term 'highly infectious diseases' describes infections caused by pathogens that are transmissible from person to person, cause severe or life-threatening illness; present a serious hazard in healthcare settings and in the community; and require specific control measures, which may include management of cases in a highly secure isolation unit. In Canada, where SARS 'paralysed the Greater Toronto Area healthcare system for weeks' [27] , and the Toronto public health department investigated 2132 potential cases of SARS, identified over 23,000 contacts as requiring quarantine and logged more than 316,000 calls on its SARS hotline [28] , a national review commission identified systemic deficiencies in response capacity, including 'inadequacies in institutional outbreak management protocols, infection control and infectious disease surveillance', and found that these deficiencies resulted at least in part from failure to implement lessons learned from earlier public health emergencies [22] . cache = ./cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352178-irjhmxsg author = Saxton-Shaw, Kali D. title = O'nyong nyong Virus Molecular Determinants of Unique Vector Specificity Reside in Non-Structural Protein 3 date = 2013-01-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5953 sentences = 299 flesch = 49 summary = Fifteen distinct chimeric viruses were constructed to evaluate both structural and non-structural regions of the genome and infection patterns were determined through artificial infectious feeds in An. gambiae with each of these chimeras. When ONNV non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) replaced nsP3 from CHIKV virus in one of the chimeric viruses, infection rates in An. gambiae went from 0% to 63.5%. Our study analyzed both structural and non-structural regions of the ONNV genome using chimeric viruses and artificially infected Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. When ONNV non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) replaced nsP3 from chikungunya virus in one of the chimeric viruses, infection rates in An. gambiae went from 0% to 63.5%. Six additional non-structural chimeric viruses were also constructed using a novel type II restriction enzyme cloning strategy to examine the broader genome with respect to ONNV's unique vector specificity for An. gambiae mosquitoes (Figure 2) . cache = ./cache/cord-352178-irjhmxsg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352178-irjhmxsg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349647-cfjrwt44 author = Girkin, Jason title = Chapter 8 In vivo experimental models of infection and disease date = 2019-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12472 sentences = 659 flesch = 35 summary = However, the recognition that RV infection is associated with more severe clinical manifestations in people with chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD provided a new impetus to research and a new direction to human experimental infection studies. 166 These studies extend the use of RV infection in mice to new areas, including mechanisms of early life infection susceptibility, to mechanisms of secondary bacterial infection/compromised antimicrobial immunity and experimental exploration of clinical risk factors associated with increased likelihood to develop virus-induced exacerbations of respiratory diseases. 190 In the same elastase-induced model, fluticasone proprionate treatment reduced IFN responses, increased viral load, suppressed airway immune cell numbers (lymphocytes and neutrophils), suppressed inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα), and increased mucus production, following RV-A1 exacerbation. Human experimental RV challenge studies have shed light on the biology of RV infection and the mechanisms associated with RV-induced exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353786-284qn075 author = Chen, Zhi-Min title = Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus date = 2020-02-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3521 sentences = 224 flesch = 47 summary = title: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus At the onset of the disease, infected children mainly present with fever, fatigue and cough, which may be accompanied by nasal congestion, runny nose, expectoration, diarrhea, headache, etc. 2. Children with a history of contacting patients with fever or respiratory symptoms who have a travel or residence history in Wuhan City and neighboring areas, or in other areas with persistent local transmission within 14 days prior to disease onset. 3. Children with a history of contacting confirmed or suspected cases infected with 2019-nCoV within 14 days prior to disease onset. 4. Children who are related with a cluster outbreak: in addition to this patient, there are other patients with fever or respiratory symptoms, including suspected or confirmed cases infected with 2019-nCoV. Most of the cases have normal or decreased white blood cell counts, while severely infected children show reduced level of lymphocyte count. cache = ./cache/cord-353786-284qn075.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353786-284qn075.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351319-ylg93l9q author = Evers, Dorothea title = Red cell alloimmunisation in patients with different types of infections date = 2016-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5097 sentences = 261 flesch = 39 summary = Patients developing a first transfusion‐induced red cell alloantibody (N = 505) were each compared with two similarly exposed, but non‐alloimmunised controls (N = 1010) during a 5‐week 'alloimmunisation risk period' using multivariate logistic regression analysis. In this nested case-control study, we quantified relative alloimmunisation risks for patients receiving red cell units during an infectious episode, according to the type of infection, its intensity, and the patient's inflammatory response to it. Using this design, we compared patients who developed red cell alloantibodies following transfusion with non-alloimmunised controls on the basis of supposed causal attributes, including various types of infections. In conclusion, our data suggest a potential risk modifying influence of infection-associated inflammation on red cell alloimmunisation in transfused patients. cache = ./cache/cord-351319-ylg93l9q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351319-ylg93l9q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352230-8mazd3eu author = Beeraka, Narasimha M. title = Strategies for Targeting SARS CoV-2: Small Molecule Inhibitors—The Current Status date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9394 sentences = 543 flesch = 40 summary = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) cases have been increasing at an alarming rate (7.4 million positive cases as on June 11 2020), causing high mortality (4,17,956 deaths as on June 11 2020) and economic loss (a 3.2% shrink in global economy in 2020) across 212 countries globally. SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the binding of viral Spike proteins (S-protein) to human cells through a 2-step process, which involves Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease (TMPRSS)-2. Therefore, in this review, we have reviewed structural features of SARS-CoV-2 with special emphasis on key molecular targets and their known modulators that can be considered for the development of NSMIs. COVID-19 is a devastating disease caused by a coronavirus related to the one that caused outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the year 2002 (1, 2) . cache = ./cache/cord-352230-8mazd3eu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352230-8mazd3eu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354656-9ao33rq8 author = Cossart, Yvonne E title = The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date = 2014-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3345 sentences = 209 flesch = 45 summary = 2 The success of rat extermination in controlling plague in Sydney 3 provided a triumphant validation of new microbiological theories; Joseph Lister's carbolic spray was adopted by local surgeons; 4 Emil von Behring's antitoxin treatment reduced mortality from diphtheria; 5 and Paul Ehrlich's vision of a magic bullet to cure all infections was given credibility by the effi cacy of Salvarsan (arsphenamine, an arsenic-containing compound) against syphilis. 9,10 9,10 During World War II (WWII), intensive screening of Australian troops by miniature x-ray was followed up with bacteriological testing to identify patients with active infection, for whom treatment was compulsory. Tests were developed to screen donated blood and it soon became apparent that injecting drug use had silently amplifi ed prevalence of hepatitis C infection in young people in Western countries. cache = ./cache/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354068-4qlk6y7h author = Friedrich, Brian M. title = Potential Vaccines and Post-Exposure Treatments for Filovirus Infections date = 2012-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10605 sentences = 540 flesch = 44 summary = Due to the difficulties in evaluating wild-type filovirus infection in small animals and the generally high level of immune protection correlates derived from non-human primate (NHP) models of infection, therapeutics and vaccines are ultimately evaluated in NHP species for efficacy against filovirus. In their study, a heterologous prime/boost strategy with recombinant adenovirus serotypes 26 and 35 carrying GP (Z) and GP (S/G) demonstrated complete protection among NHPs. Each of these vectors was capable of stimulating humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in the context of NHPs pre-vaccinated with rAd5 as evidenced by antibody titers reaching an order of magnitude above those achieved in rAd5 vaccinated subjects (1:32,000 compared to 1:6,800), and CD8 + intracellular cytokine staining was 4.7-fold greater among heterologous prime/boosted subjects (0.41% compared to 0.09%) [59] . This GP-Fc fusion protein induced both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, and mice vaccinated with ZEBOVGP-Fc demonstrated 90% protection against a lethal EBOV challenge. cache = ./cache/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353214-qo98m7jx author = Jhaveri, Ravi title = Fever Without Localizing Signs date = 2017-07-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3690 sentences = 200 flesch = 46 summary = 19 Among 233 infants who were born at term with no perinatal complications or underlying diseases, who had not received antibiotics, and who were hospitalized for fever and possible septicemia, 144 (62%) were considered unlikely to have a serious bacterial infection and fulfilled all of the following criteria: no clinical evidence of infection of the ear, skin, bones, or joints; white blood cell (WBC) count between 5000 and 15,000/mm 3 ; less than 1500 band cells/mm 3 ; and normal urinalysis results. Some clinicians adhere to a protocol of treating all young infants with fever and no apparent focus of infection with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents administered intravenously in the hospital until the results of cultures of the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are known. 34 Studies performed in that era showed that some children 3 months of age or older with fever who did not appear to be toxic and who had no apparent focus of infection had bacteremia, most often due to S. cache = ./cache/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355872-z6vsjmxn author = Colón-López, Daisy D. title = Emerging viral infections date = 2019-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3708 sentences = 194 flesch = 36 summary = Characterization of bacterial and viral relationships in mosquito arthropods demonstrated a symbiotic relationship between the bacterium and host, limiting dengue virus infection and potentially revealing new antiviral strategies [39, 40] . The Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa resulted in 26,648 cases and 11,017 documented deaths, and genomic sequencing was applied in near real-time to provide information to aid in containing the outbreak [44, 45] . During the Ebola virus outbreak, sequence analysis of the viral genome over time demonstrated changes which could make the pathogen resistant to therapeutics such as siRNAs, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), and antibodies [56] . This agnostic method is appropriate for identifying changes in the human transcriptome as a result of an emerging viral infection to show specific mechanisms of immune response evasion and other effects in the host's biology at the transcriptomic level. cache = ./cache/cord-355872-z6vsjmxn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355872-z6vsjmxn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353787-24c98ug8 author = Jackson, J. A. title = Immunology in wild nonmodel rodents: an ecological context for studies of health and disease date = 2015-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8770 sentences = 333 flesch = 26 summary = Measurement of immune expression may help define individual heterogeneity in infectious disease susceptibility and transmission and facilitate our understanding of infection dynamics and risk in the natural environment; furthermore, it may provide a means of surveillance that can filter individuals carrying previously unknown acute infections of potential ecological or zoonotic importance. Potentiating much of this is the possibility of combining gene expression profiles with analytical tools derived from ecology and systems biology to reverse engineer interaction networks between immune responses, other organismal traits and the environment (including symbiont exposures), revealing regulatory architecture. Studies in wild field voles, briefly reviewed below, have aimed to identify distributional infection patterns associated with different antipathogen strategies in natural populations and to link these to expression signatures in immune-relevant genes. cache = ./cache/cord-353787-24c98ug8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353787-24c98ug8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352222-zq9o66i4 author = Rajatonirina, Soatiana title = Outcome Risk Factors during Respiratory Infections in a Paediatric Ward in Antananarivo, Madagascar 2010–2012 date = 2013-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4137 sentences = 245 flesch = 46 summary = BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease-related morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality among children worldwide, and particularly in developing countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in a paediatric ward in Antananarivo from November 2010 to July 2012 including patients under 5 years old suffering from respiratory infections. CONCLUSION: Co-mordidity, low-income and age under 6 months increase the risk of severe outcome for children infected by numerous respiratory pathogens. Our study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with the evolution and outcome of respiratory illnesses in patients aged under 5 years old hospitalised in one of the four main public hospitals in Antananarivo. In our study, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen as in other studies of hospitalised patients with acute respiratory illness, and Haemophilus influenzae type B was the next most frequent [16] [17] [18] [19] . cache = ./cache/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351490-2fx0w30u author = Russell, Clark D. title = Treatable traits and therapeutic targets: Goals for systems biology in infectious disease date = 2017-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4149 sentences = 185 flesch = 34 summary = A systems medicine approach to infection has the potential to provide new solutions to old problems: to identify host traits that are potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention, and the host immune factors that could be targeted by host-directed therapies. We suggest there are two major goals for systems biology in infection medicine: (1) to identify subgroups of patients that share treatable features; and, (2) to integrate high-throughput data from clinical and in vitro sources in order to predict tractable therapeutic targets with the potential to alter disease trajectories for individual patients. A systems medicine approach to infection has the potential to combine and integrate relevant signals from clinical, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and pathogen biology data to draw inferences about disease pathogenesis. A more specific host-directed therapy, recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC), was licensed for treatment of severe sepsis based on the results of a single clinical trial [20] . cache = ./cache/cord-351490-2fx0w30u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351490-2fx0w30u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354492-6r6qs4pp author = Messina, Giovanni title = Functional Role of Dietary Intervention to Improve the Outcome of COVID-19: A Hypothesis of Work date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6880 sentences = 355 flesch = 38 summary = Considering that the COVID-19 infection can generate a mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with a consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, a dietary regimen modification in order to improve the levels of adiponectin could be very useful both to prevent the infection and to take care of patients, improving their outcomes. In human infections with highly virulent respiratory viruses-such as avian influenza H5N1, H7N9, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19)-immunopathogenesis caused by the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines may play an essential role in disease progression and mortality [3] . Finally, considering that the COVID-19 infection can generate a mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with a consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, a modification of the dietary regimen in order to improve the levels of adiponectin could be very useful both to prevent the infection and to take care of the patients, improving their outcomes. cache = ./cache/cord-354492-6r6qs4pp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354492-6r6qs4pp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354200-51wk3h75 author = Miller, A. C. title = Statistical deconvolution for inference of infection time series date = 2020-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8040 sentences = 547 flesch = 52 summary = In this paper, we propose a statistically robust method to infer infection time series from delayed data, which we call the Robust Incidence Deconvolution Estimator (RIDE). The first class, which we term re-convolution estimators, estimate the infection curve by sampling from an assumed delay distribution and shifting observed case reports backward in timeeffectively, applying a convolution operation in reverse. The expected value of the observed data Y is a convolution of the infection time series X with the delay distribution θ; estimation of X involves the deconvolution of Y and θ. In general, we find that the model-based approaches more accurately infer the infection time series than the re-convolution and Richardson-Lucy estimators (as measured by mean squared error). As stated in the Methods section, model-based estimators start with a likelihood model for observed case data, conditioned on the underlying incidence curve. cache = ./cache/cord-354200-51wk3h75.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354200-51wk3h75.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352433-sts48u9i author = Galanti, Marta title = Direct Observation of Repeated Infections With Endemic Coronaviruses date = 2020-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3824 sentences = 170 flesch = 41 summary = BACKGROUND: Although the mechanisms of adaptive immunity to pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are still unknown, the immune response to the widespread endemic coronaviruses HKU1, 229E, NL63, and OC43 provide a useful reference for understanding repeat infection risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that reinfections with the same endemic coronavirus are not atypical in a time window shorter than 1 year and that the genetic basis of innate immune response may be a greater determinant of infection severity than immune memory acquired after a previous infection. However, in Korea, as reported by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, viable SARS-CoV-2 was not isolated in cell culture of respiratory samples from potentially reinfected individuals [5] ; thus, these subsequent positive results may have been due to inactive genetic material detected by molecular testing. cache = ./cache/cord-352433-sts48u9i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352433-sts48u9i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355171-oi3ezlsl author = MACINTYRE, C. R. title = Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date = 2013-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3072 sentences = 151 flesch = 48 summary = This study determined the risk of respiratory infection associated with high-risk procedures (HRPs) performed by healthcare workers (HCWs) in high-risk settings. In droplet transmission, pathogens or droplets which are larger than 5 μm, such as influenza virus and Bordetella pertussis are transmitted from an infected patient to HCWs through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, as well as through performing high-risk procedures (HRPs) [2, 7, 8] . Although various guidelines and policies for infection control measures are implemented in healthcare settings worldwide, the risk of transmission of infectious diseases while performing HRPs has not been well quantified. cache = ./cache/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354720-fu19u2b0 author = White-Dzuro, Gabrielle title = Multisystem effects of COVID-19: a concise review for practitioners date = 2020-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5088 sentences = 285 flesch = 35 summary = It is important that clinicians managing critically ill COVID-19 patients be aware of the multisystem impact of the disease so that care can be focused on the prevention of end-organ injuries to potentially improve clinical outcomes. It is important that clinicians managing these critically ill patients be aware of the multisystem impact of the disease so that care can be focused on the prevention of end-organ injuries to potentially improve clinical outcomes. The indirect effects of the virus result from the host's response to the viral infection, and are associated with a cytokine storm characterized by very high circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukins, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and chemokines [9] . include direct viral damage of nervous tissue, injury resulting from the excessive inflammatory response, unintended host immune response effects after the acute infection (e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome as reported in a case series of four patients [24] ), and injury resulting from the effects of systemic illness. cache = ./cache/cord-354720-fu19u2b0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354720-fu19u2b0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 author = Nedjadi, Taoufik title = Tackling dengue fever: Current status and challenges date = 2015-12-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6821 sentences = 355 flesch = 46 summary = Recent advances in molecular biology have revealed that the genetic makeup of the three elements of dengue infection (the virus, the vector, and the host) plays a primordial role in the pathogenesis of the disease and could potentially contribute to the DHF progression [19, 24, 35] . Dengue virus serotype-1 antigen was expressed in a vector based on pediatric live-attenuated Schwarz measles vaccine (MV) by using the envelope domain III (EDIII) fused with the ectodomain of the membrane protein (ectoM). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) have also developed a live-attenuated vaccine named DENVax, which was found to be highly immunogenic in both children and adults and has currently entered phase I clinical trial in the United States [96, 97] . cache = ./cache/cord-355906-yeaw9nr8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355906-yeaw9nr8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354931-0bwf8f1i author = Song, Jae-Hyoung title = Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pochonin D, a Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, against Rhinovirus Infection date = 2018-05-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4907 sentences = 279 flesch = 47 summary = In the current study, we examined the effect of the Hsp90 inhibitor pochonin D, in vitro and in vivo, using a murine model of human rhinovirus type 1B (HRV1B) infection. We therefore decided to monitor the lung cytokine levels and virus titers at 8 h after HRV1B infection for evaluating the antiviral activity of pochonin D in mice. Real-time PCR analysis of viral mRNA in lung tissues revealed that the virus titer was significantly reduced in pochonin D-treated mice compared to that of vehicle-treated mice after HRV1B infection ( Fig. 2A) . A few changes in the total cell numbers in the lung and BALF were observed after treatment of HRV1B-infected mice with pochonin D (Supplementary Fig. 3) . We found that treatment with pochonin D lowered the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung and BALF of mice, which were increased by rhinovirus infection. cache = ./cache/cord-354931-0bwf8f1i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354931-0bwf8f1i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356188-rwf78stz author = Oshansky, Christine M. title = The human side of influenza date = 2012-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9515 sentences = 486 flesch = 36 summary = Few studies have examined the role of monocytes during influenza infection in humans, particularly regarding the specific subsets mentioned above, but comparison of IFN-␥ production from T cells cocultured with CD64 ϩ CD16 Ϫ and CD64 Ϫ CD16 ϩ monocytes [119, 120] Cellular immunity Class I HLA presents peptides from internal and external viral proteins. As influenza primarily infects epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract, lung-resident DCs and macrophages are particularly important for efficient development of an adaptive immune response. [189] ), and in vitro studies suggest that activated human V␥9V␦2 T cells may have a role in the antiviral response by killing influenza-infected, monocyte-derived macrophages and producing high levels of IFN-␥ [190, 191] . Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection Characterization of the human CD8ϩ T cell response following infection with 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus cache = ./cache/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353190-7qcoxl81 author = Nicklas, Werner title = Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice date = 2012-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 27775 sentences = 1482 flesch = 39 summary = This chapter covers infections of mice with the following viruses: herpesviruses, mousepox virus, murine adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3, murine hepatitis virus, murine norovirus, murine pneumonia virus, murine rotavirus, Sendai virus, and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. These results are very difficult to summarize because the outcome of experimental infection in laboratory mice depends on various factors such as mouse strain and age, virus strain and passage history [26] , virus dose and route of inoculation [24] . Experimental infection of laboratory mice with MHV-68 is a frequently used model system for the study of human gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, e.g. of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [62, 63] which are members of the same subfamily. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV (murine hepatitis virus) or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS and intestine. cache = ./cache/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356040-qdpkidn8 author = Ghazawi, Feras M. title = Infection risk of dermatologic therapeutics during the COVID‐19 pandemic: an evidence‐based recalibration date = 2020-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4155 sentences = 250 flesch = 38 summary = Recommendations were made recently to limit or stop the use of oral and systemic immunotherapies for skin diseases due to potential risks to the patients during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) COVID‐19 pandemic. We performed a literature review to approximate the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, including available data on the roles of relevant cytokines, cell subsets, and their mediators in eliciting an optimal immune response against respiratory viruses in murine gene deletion models and humans with congenital deficiencies were reviewed for viral infections risk and if possible coronaviruses specifically. A randomized, open-label, controlled trial for the efficacy and safety of Adalimumab Injection in the treatment of patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks Efficacy and safety of apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis over 52 weeks: a phase III, randomized controlled trial (ESTEEM 2) cache = ./cache/cord-356040-qdpkidn8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356040-qdpkidn8.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-006523-zxn4oqly cord-014540-27hnlu5v cord-020010-q58x6xb0 cord-024188-d7tnku8z cord-103436-y1br5hy8 cord-025495-udz9i0fw cord-271076-436nxsua cord-289139-5ljqnc39 cord-288494-6qybdxc4 cord-295873-kykyubdq cord-331673-xv1tcugl cord-337105-jlmh79qv cord-336456-wg8vfh6w cord-349396-a6zyioc1 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-002043-z1b7pj3s cord-003053-5sucu1cg cord-001455-n7quwr4s cord-007176-61e9obb3 cord-003926-ycdaw2vh cord-003598-m2fsrwvw cord-004247-lagv3tp7 cord-004586-i8tacj63 cord-001972-1zisomq5 cord-003387-82573enr cord-001542-f089bs8r cord-009169-hzxgi1t0 cord-003855-so8xl199 cord-003357-4qrg6lqu cord-005007-pofm8b5x cord-006464-s8rjoyse cord-005902-5zuij5i3 cord-010175-p2py9wau cord-008499-tl3i7uzd cord-000457-e50a0suk cord-003915-kje8lvgl cord-006523-zxn4oqly cord-006261-yw5k8qkz cord-013837-x95r6bz8 cord-007367-e31zhty6 cord-007575-5ekgabx5 cord-015922-5wwy0m2k cord-003425-c5jdp5jv cord-001397-nrq4ncdf cord-009577-29u7pdpk cord-009193-244ii7e2 cord-007013-tlvgyzft cord-016223-nk8xwa0t cord-002659-566uoozj cord-007445-2folsh35 cord-016426-aw3wirmb cord-009380-5uptbat3 cord-007362-pjpkz6wv cord-010162-hfo35gsq cord-008716-38sqkh9m cord-010233-772e35kx cord-002757-upwe0cpj cord-009144-3slh1nbk cord-006578-wv3wc0ct cord-001120-fxd533b4 cord-002222-rgqwm3vb cord-016990-ot1wi3xi cord-016962-8vjaot6i cord-006819-sxz1s6kz cord-016572-6fu5s89c cord-007797-toam6r5y cord-011968-abd891ej cord-006129-5rog0s98 cord-016127-tbot0fc9 cord-014965-efmozngq cord-014712-5u4e00q6 cord-009967-fyqc5bat cord-016020-awanrm9u cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 cord-009507-l74c9x0n cord-016690-3gsq724l cord-016109-vbzy11hc cord-016208-u12ngkpc cord-003099-a0acr28o cord-014540-27hnlu5v cord-007417-az8xd66p cord-015487-iugrhyaq cord-016782-aods92rf cord-010255-gvkc2hjd cord-006841-3u56erru cord-015640-zdwmxaz3 cord-009860-qebenhxz cord-016601-gp259urb cord-017040-4zajnrsf cord-017140-k4lzwfge cord-017012-yl0vanuh cord-007796-zggk0x2q cord-017021-n6rpuvwd cord-006586-49btg9w7 cord-016966-b23o5roz cord-009773-pbm2vs5h cord-012484-c9ajmbw2 cord-016704-99v4brjf cord-009101-376snefs cord-016499-5iqpl23p cord-017030-tzuyo6tx cord-011095-79ce5900 cord-016882-c9ts2g7w cord-015967-kqfyasmu cord-001521-l36f1gp7 cord-011438-imbpgsub cord-017184-1ewi3dka cord-017252-88b3preq cord-009664-kb9fnbgy cord-017531-fm8gl5b3 cord-004675-n8mlxe7p cord-017461-xw02c7u5 cord-017518-u2gsa4lg cord-006466-e1phpqes cord-018017-c8myq6bi cord-017537-ztdz4a2s cord-017503-g2n4d0wi cord-017393-kx8kmdej cord-017534-0ai8chbu cord-017420-tjwxec77 cord-018785-tcr5xlf8 cord-017831-anadq4j9 cord-018058-n3majqes cord-018461-lq1m9h41 cord-018651-phb44k66 cord-017815-0t7jvvz5 cord-018208-sc8j1ate cord-017862-9fkjjmvf cord-017959-g0nf1iwm cord-017575-msc99cit cord-018220-8m11ig06 cord-017867-8cn4c6cu cord-018061-jy3km0fr cord-017364-d9zmdm23 cord-017583-72mbsib7 cord-017331-ru7mvfc0 cord-018421-wy3mtafh cord-020700-iko8gy1e cord-021399-gs3i7wbe cord-018545-fk17n2bx cord-021552-6jbm869r cord-018555-3lta1tbp cord-017622-aqhyt7jg cord-019977-kj0eaw6v cord-018808-h2zb87oa cord-019964-9leljj8j cord-022084-hap7flng cord-021588-ec7udsmw cord-020560-jnemlabp cord-019089-oots4fe4 cord-021465-2pj26fmv cord-019009-3ngfv96u cord-018302-lmly43rd cord-018319-tylkbh4h cord-021571-7kbq0v9w cord-018659-rxzy6k3b cord-018101-zd4v222b cord-022252-9yiuuye3 cord-022103-4zk8i6qb cord-022122-6ssdamhp cord-021770-zn7na974 cord-021966-5m21bsrw cord-018907-c84t1bo5 cord-021069-v9f9874x cord-022305-uvor9rts cord-022254-8y5sq72c cord-021977-yu0hrg6h cord-022176-hprwqi4n cord-019051-gtruu1op cord-021424-kocwsyi7 cord-022520-ebj51v9o cord-022393-s26d54ew cord-022453-xe5v7947 cord-021453-vf8xbaug cord-022119-bzd9e1q6 cord-022380-49oti4zg cord-019100-rce6kyu4 cord-021413-1ht1xm88 cord-020010-q58x6xb0 cord-021499-up5vftj4 cord-022203-t2f0vr1w cord-022592-g7rmzsv5 cord-021596-5s8lksxp cord-022337-f3a349cb cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-022163-7klzsrpu cord-023463-vr6uaw3a cord-022383-pz0htccp cord-023168-cd7adns8 cord-022399-66mzbynu cord-022472-q2qtl26d cord-022555-a7ie82fs cord-022582-2e9i3m4b cord-023724-5at0rhqk cord-023698-wvk200j0 cord-022583-9lmudxrh cord-023369-xwclh6ih cord-023748-3kfy36hg cord-023669-3ataw6gy cord-022521-r72jtoso cord-023925-qrr7jcwe cord-023143-fcno330z cord-023528-z9rc0ubj cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-023817-39r3a4fd cord-024188-d7tnku8z cord-027550-yyqsatqw cord-019490-m1cuuehi cord-025155-ow3r3469 cord-023942-vrs3je1x cord-028564-sltofaox cord-024795-xa7ke70d cord-024134-ym7ce5ux cord-024093-5dplc9xr cord-025628-9611eglg cord-103342-stqj3ue5 cord-174036-b3frnfr7 cord-103436-y1br5hy8 cord-103893-p9ul6k5m cord-026595-imn2jxcu cord-146391-jlu7nv6r cord-242132-fhepdgz9 cord-031876-v44o5shw cord-029032-s9geepsc cord-031252-ji0ef0by cord-201898-d1vbnjff cord-034133-tx0hciiv cord-159554-50077dgk cord-027679-89yt6fzo cord-251991-ghbpga1s cord-253197-9hjvk7p5 cord-025495-udz9i0fw cord-257255-n5o368ih cord-248301-hddxaatp cord-104317-t30dg6oj cord-257539-01s21vh0 cord-169428-g6k0vqrm cord-026005-f2khcjdy cord-034436-yhb8m1si cord-257114-pxmflm2c cord-256147-lfwytlj3 cord-167157-z0lvcb3z cord-027860-s97hdhh6 cord-118119-it3q17rp cord-256508-ce59ovan cord-253256-909chgl0 cord-252691-757mh2mh cord-226245-p0cyzjwf cord-257299-z9u12yqb cord-257467-b8o5ghvi cord-103630-nt3ogyzl cord-255781-55zrmgxq cord-257392-u6jy6w1m cord-253761-wjm8ju3v cord-254766-585iu5ey cord-259194-9zllvfqb cord-032181-gmcugd8h cord-257644-9f30s0gy cord-255479-yd5cbwnx cord-258145-usr7b6dk cord-254580-nhpjvgt4 cord-257729-s0vo7dlk cord-256282-vqus7vlg cord-257399-p6of5fno cord-255623-qdpdsye9 cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-256827-tht5h1tu cord-261150-cdo7y3ob cord-261756-4lybl57r cord-257662-viy65y72 cord-259422-5ex12eun cord-258336-zs04l3s0 cord-260605-smkr7b15 cord-263927-hnsyas9q cord-262524-ununcin0 cord-260679-tm1s6wvj cord-262104-oig3qrr7 cord-264159-e9071tyv cord-259050-482nk9je cord-264569-q8nq2gbz cord-264916-c4n0kyog cord-260472-xvvfguht cord-265964-cnp5bwet cord-260267-nau9kayk cord-265751-q1ecpfyg cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 cord-263811-w0983x19 cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 cord-258333-jmk8hdk2 cord-261867-6n0g3bz5 cord-265699-0socw0hp cord-266985-9qwttt2y cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-263744-zrzwhu0j cord-266963-belin2jq cord-267003-k7eo2c26 cord-265005-e6rpryrh cord-267041-i94lyfsh cord-267816-84z9fp2u cord-260700-u12aa739 cord-267531-tqqj4cy0 cord-267973-uvz7kavu cord-267023-w5ig7mrl cord-267115-6jqdi417 cord-267947-dnv2xl0h cord-267139-r8rg0iqq cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 cord-268553-2o4k24og cord-269181-1h3wbhq4 cord-268133-obwo7741 cord-269095-lwank6hk cord-267132-nb0j6k3h cord-024651-578c9ut5 cord-267791-v10eh408 cord-268729-n7slf5tx cord-269652-t7ghng17 cord-268758-2o2dwulc cord-269975-1ebmq7t8 cord-269734-u43gt8fh cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-271122-3fsl5589 cord-271130-6s79q1c1 cord-267402-kca05rvz cord-271076-436nxsua cord-268830-8li6xhbu cord-270294-g95skuik cord-269627-mx1mjdqc cord-270091-sqrh8ylt cord-272117-erzpz3c0 cord-272752-cobroc5h cord-270940-acwkh6ed cord-272596-yxvg8357 cord-270892-ycc3csyh cord-272052-8vvpm4tx cord-273536-h7mzqef2 cord-271653-4q2olzx1 cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 cord-274643-vjb2yt93 cord-274763-i6e3g3te cord-276348-vr5fit8r cord-275166-qduf08kp cord-272194-h7xnr389 cord-277327-il8uaavn cord-271172-y48dovux cord-273326-gmw8gl2r cord-278364-58d8kfdf cord-274824-kaefedl1 cord-275997-4ibeidyw cord-278816-l92lkj69 cord-271752-h05sten7 cord-278839-uu2wlpmp cord-278873-x6i5tiju cord-273973-3uxg97tu cord-279864-5ouuu49v cord-275795-ee7qyw5h cord-277313-5f5lrn3c cord-280060-gzby85u9 cord-283405-aozxvxxs cord-276907-b855tj7x cord-278682-s4gfbsqy cord-281417-z6k30y1m cord-283588-j27q53oz cord-277818-8w15dz20 cord-283138-18q23z8l cord-283779-mudwcypl cord-283826-lgyc3sro cord-283792-g7wyu8pc cord-279483-gwikyux2 cord-277539-xt2nt11e cord-282204-j1slaefb cord-282668-bs634hti cord-278935-3lgud7l8 cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-281249-89eycq64 cord-283545-vu8lt3w6 cord-279849-zzkliu76 cord-284386-emh9feb3 cord-285628-36gyix12 cord-280184-91d8i6ix cord-284216-4sl8xfur cord-285467-uxfk6k3c cord-285270-amh99u0j cord-282142-76jr4p7n cord-286337-qk90xb3a cord-285148-bch7814v cord-284195-qarz4o2z cord-285785-29ohzeug cord-279255-v861kk0i cord-284322-synuzaxm cord-284845-on97zu6w cord-288113-ex4yi28u cord-286368-kdwh4hgf cord-288505-v4dbswyk cord-286328-ap0wfjhq cord-289139-5ljqnc39 cord-288930-h13cxuh3 cord-288238-36hiiw91 cord-289650-q2io8vgi cord-288945-c9ow1q5c cord-289406-54vyzxjf cord-291711-usvvad21 cord-286574-t9z2ynt5 cord-292367-ocbsmmt6 cord-292521-tpb12dkq cord-288494-6qybdxc4 cord-286683-mettlmhz cord-294568-12eyo13f cord-293871-hzes7mwt cord-289697-g24xib4l cord-292871-vgposxom cord-294468-0v4grqa7 cord-295746-6e6itj3y cord-290385-0smnl70i cord-293151-g3758oes cord-296256-ipe92w4y cord-290783-ipoelk4h cord-296567-six7u615 cord-290674-1kdc6xk8 cord-298181-ypgb7uuc cord-296635-8r3tm966 cord-297834-me1ajoyb cord-295873-kykyubdq cord-273019-hbpfz8rt cord-298131-zolwjl9u cord-297790-tpjxt0w5 cord-298227-av1ev8ta cord-300747-fnli688g cord-300187-fr6tme32 cord-299255-wnf8fozk cord-300230-a3jk6w90 cord-300314-fbppvt75 cord-301276-eer1l8vg cord-299918-0ahvoak4 cord-302277-c66xm2n4 cord-298905-c2uuvfm5 cord-300815-1vy787md cord-301904-mjfbvl5n cord-301677-b6mnn27h cord-302619-3hbbpmnt cord-302056-wvf6cpib cord-303320-3tjhisfg cord-300793-tuq8z6gm cord-303517-8971aq02 cord-303299-p15irs4e cord-299261-ew99nraq cord-300965-ivczo1a7 cord-302833-6kntd89t cord-303490-rixuuytu cord-303966-z6u3d2ec cord-302379-jh6jxwyn cord-302403-kahi8cbc cord-305207-fgvbrg8d cord-305457-t7qw1oy2 cord-301225-h178zpb3 cord-302247-moor7dfc cord-304251-dohglrm1 cord-307144-g8d1xkub cord-299786-wuve0tjz cord-306266-8qdrshz3 cord-307016-4hdsb5oq cord-303741-1ou0cy5k cord-304720-0lgup7yj cord-305890-mdwjrfzp cord-306278-c4q4la5c cord-306111-wn1gxhk9 cord-303054-s1clwunc cord-305085-bv7udg9k cord-302918-0nk7zyod cord-304088-xkg0ylz8 cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-307813-elom30nx cord-310055-9qj8d2f7 cord-309138-44qpk2vf cord-305146-iprzeigk cord-310205-j57x9ke6 cord-309478-yhmgopmr cord-309642-wwaa6ls0 cord-308184-w8ewm8ve cord-310371-pylrg91h cord-309488-8guapzke cord-310042-9z8rkzq8 cord-309274-2npxrrhr cord-308816-nux087gc cord-312797-hohzjx74 cord-310840-h49dx92d cord-311908-sgdq6j6x cord-312795-0e4esl2o cord-312197-d5d8amk7 cord-310239-mmvuij3k cord-310942-191m0e65 cord-312803-fxuynxjd cord-308201-lavcsqov cord-314359-fw14b5cv cord-314449-ukqux772 cord-312438-zr9zx7pv cord-314600-x8mmuf3y cord-316500-vik30moa cord-312964-vsrqmmv7 cord-314500-89ovdnxl cord-315726-ltjurdrq cord-316513-dbzj101e cord-315304-pge45105 cord-314390-q36ye9ff cord-315794-se0sq3c3 cord-314505-7qh8dsew cord-315730-fzgxuak7 cord-317499-mxt7stat cord-317028-f3bpwm5j cord-317548-ft7lkpzq cord-314841-b5l6epy3 cord-316894-zhmuzv7z cord-318061-xe8lljz0 cord-318063-bainw3d6 cord-320145-582kmoyo cord-318172-bdotp9ko cord-317661-v93mde6l cord-318984-8m9ygzn5 cord-318826-l922zqci cord-318852-gouz6tth cord-318282-ocgfgx9r cord-317198-mean7sj9 cord-320454-dhfl92et cord-320909-p93gxjm2 cord-322380-udjoghr6 cord-321132-xdpb3ukt cord-318944-13zk6cco cord-320548-oigyut2k cord-321835-qn33sx8x cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-321481-vrfwczve cord-323643-lu3ngt6r cord-321584-4bu0lps0 cord-321949-s1qu3odd cord-321756-a7eh4dkb cord-320663-xypg6evo cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-323112-e78zpa9c cord-322899-uxvlagt3 cord-323551-22v2hn3v cord-324148-bllyruh8 cord-324333-huris8br cord-324398-68je1l3o cord-322104-f1dukpso cord-325613-oamw57gx cord-323668-evzzfu04 cord-324923-29kudfjp cord-324635-27q3nxte cord-324301-bzrh2fni cord-324775-3x5os79m cord-325172-a8ntxnmm cord-326138-16kpn9db cord-326328-9w2p3xla cord-324788-echu0zmf cord-326961-ti6mrzxf cord-323463-osf6t7cw cord-324880-s1oqkqef cord-324950-ux7shvji cord-325436-pp3q022y cord-331413-fejho1of cord-328196-fpk9elm8 cord-327493-v2iatbol cord-326887-lyewg2c9 cord-327888-4g3x5dje cord-328795-rs1sd42z cord-328720-o9h1vquo cord-329904-e05ywn5e cord-332516-eaqpiq1o cord-331827-amg309uz cord-332379-340wczmq cord-328287-3qgzulgj cord-331673-xv1tcugl cord-332344-upsn0zb4 cord-331500-l3hkn2li cord-333355-ykmp4ven cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 cord-329263-o5e2go23 cord-332747-u46xryoo cord-332737-iclruwmx cord-333024-1yrmun3z cord-333724-a3dufzxt cord-333041-69n2wwn3 cord-333286-lr32e0w4 cord-333730-qsx0m68e cord-333853-p2kbjwpy cord-335871-zieuc7vk cord-333950-e0hd3iuu cord-336045-8qcj5uiy cord-334027-xhfmio7k cord-335614-qh98622y cord-334369-xgw7o5gd cord-336456-wg8vfh6w cord-339039-6gyo9rya cord-337105-jlmh79qv cord-336510-qzm9wgde cord-339578-eg19rfvi cord-337284-joq1aqn6 cord-339852-9rq7zzqs cord-339328-wizu3arz cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 cord-341827-z9r5i0ky cord-342133-khrljehj cord-340629-1fle5fpz cord-336663-fawcn6em cord-340028-6oicmeam cord-341548-gazsszs6 cord-340357-gyvvcnuf cord-341987-lsvifqyo cord-342915-r9kv67we cord-343074-dsubeaso cord-345381-9cckppk2 cord-344093-3bniy5b5 cord-345339-kyboibtq cord-347064-ljd121no cord-344084-z4t2wkgk cord-346673-kyc1wks5 cord-347761-wgodcsav cord-343690-rafvxgx1 cord-347460-9vechh4x cord-346318-d8oq3dyw cord-344297-qqohijqi cord-343728-udjjijyu cord-344009-hm36pepp cord-348844-4rpbsj48 cord-346539-kxnrf5g5 cord-347000-zxytdb0b cord-347039-eap592i7 cord-347246-0vofftmj cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 cord-346836-6jyv0q5e cord-345222-otfnrarh cord-350186-fogm1gkg cord-349396-a6zyioc1 cord-349298-8s69wprh cord-350618-rtilfnzi cord-350749-ihkxouz8 cord-345472-qrddwebe cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-350715-x92g6bnk cord-350928-vj5qlzpj cord-349647-cfjrwt44 cord-352178-irjhmxsg cord-353786-284qn075 cord-351319-ylg93l9q cord-354656-9ao33rq8 cord-352230-8mazd3eu cord-353214-qo98m7jx cord-354068-4qlk6y7h cord-355872-z6vsjmxn cord-353787-24c98ug8 cord-352222-zq9o66i4 cord-351490-2fx0w30u cord-354200-51wk3h75 cord-352433-sts48u9i cord-354492-6r6qs4pp cord-355171-oi3ezlsl cord-354720-fu19u2b0 cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 cord-354931-0bwf8f1i cord-356188-rwf78stz cord-356040-qdpkidn8 cord-353190-7qcoxl81 Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-002043-z1b7pj3s cord-003387-82573enr cord-004586-i8tacj63 cord-003926-ycdaw2vh cord-003357-4qrg6lqu cord-003855-so8xl199 cord-003915-kje8lvgl cord-013837-x95r6bz8 cord-007013-tlvgyzft cord-009193-244ii7e2 cord-002659-566uoozj cord-001120-fxd533b4 cord-006129-5rog0s98 cord-012484-c9ajmbw2 cord-016499-5iqpl23p cord-001521-l36f1gp7 cord-009664-kb9fnbgy cord-017503-g2n4d0wi cord-018220-8m11ig06 cord-017867-8cn4c6cu cord-017331-ru7mvfc0 cord-017622-aqhyt7jg cord-018545-fk17n2bx cord-022084-hap7flng cord-021424-kocwsyi7 cord-021499-up5vftj4 cord-023168-cd7adns8 cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-022555-a7ie82fs cord-023369-xwclh6ih cord-019490-m1cuuehi cord-027550-yyqsatqw cord-023942-vrs3je1x cord-025155-ow3r3469 cord-024134-ym7ce5ux cord-103342-stqj3ue5 cord-103436-y1br5hy8 cord-103893-p9ul6k5m cord-201898-d1vbnjff cord-252691-757mh2mh cord-226245-p0cyzjwf cord-103630-nt3ogyzl cord-257467-b8o5ghvi cord-257644-9f30s0gy cord-255479-yd5cbwnx cord-261756-4lybl57r cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 cord-267003-k7eo2c26 cord-262524-ununcin0 cord-267023-w5ig7mrl cord-268758-2o2dwulc cord-269652-t7ghng17 cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-270940-acwkh6ed cord-273326-gmw8gl2r cord-279864-5ouuu49v cord-283405-aozxvxxs cord-279483-gwikyux2 cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-281249-89eycq64 cord-284386-emh9feb3 cord-284216-4sl8xfur cord-286337-qk90xb3a cord-284195-qarz4o2z cord-279255-v861kk0i cord-284845-on97zu6w cord-288113-ex4yi28u cord-289139-5ljqnc39 cord-286328-ap0wfjhq cord-286683-mettlmhz cord-293151-g3758oes cord-295873-kykyubdq cord-298131-zolwjl9u cord-300230-a3jk6w90 cord-299918-0ahvoak4 cord-302056-wvf6cpib cord-303299-p15irs4e cord-299261-ew99nraq cord-304251-dohglrm1 cord-306266-8qdrshz3 cord-305890-mdwjrfzp cord-303054-s1clwunc cord-309478-yhmgopmr cord-308201-lavcsqov cord-316500-vik30moa cord-318063-bainw3d6 cord-320145-582kmoyo cord-320909-p93gxjm2 cord-321132-xdpb3ukt cord-320548-oigyut2k cord-321584-4bu0lps0 cord-323668-evzzfu04 cord-325613-oamw57gx cord-324923-29kudfjp cord-326961-ti6mrzxf cord-328287-3qgzulgj cord-331673-xv1tcugl cord-332344-upsn0zb4 cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 cord-332747-u46xryoo cord-333024-1yrmun3z cord-333724-a3dufzxt cord-335614-qh98622y cord-333950-e0hd3iuu cord-339852-9rq7zzqs cord-341827-z9r5i0ky cord-340028-6oicmeam cord-336663-fawcn6em cord-343074-dsubeaso cord-346673-kyc1wks5 cord-344084-z4t2wkgk cord-347460-9vechh4x cord-344297-qqohijqi cord-345222-otfnrarh cord-349298-8s69wprh cord-350749-ihkxouz8 cord-350928-vj5qlzpj cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-351319-ylg93l9q cord-352230-8mazd3eu cord-354200-51wk3h75 cord-353190-7qcoxl81 Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-002043-z1b7pj3s cord-004247-lagv3tp7 cord-007176-61e9obb3 cord-003926-ycdaw2vh cord-001455-n7quwr4s cord-003053-5sucu1cg cord-001972-1zisomq5 cord-003598-m2fsrwvw cord-004586-i8tacj63 cord-003387-82573enr cord-009169-hzxgi1t0 cord-001542-f089bs8r cord-003855-so8xl199 cord-003357-4qrg6lqu cord-005007-pofm8b5x cord-000457-e50a0suk cord-010175-p2py9wau cord-008499-tl3i7uzd cord-006464-s8rjoyse cord-005902-5zuij5i3 cord-003915-kje8lvgl cord-006523-zxn4oqly cord-007367-e31zhty6 cord-003425-c5jdp5jv cord-006261-yw5k8qkz cord-015922-5wwy0m2k cord-013837-x95r6bz8 cord-007575-5ekgabx5 cord-001397-nrq4ncdf cord-009577-29u7pdpk cord-007013-tlvgyzft cord-009193-244ii7e2 cord-007445-2folsh35 cord-016223-nk8xwa0t cord-002659-566uoozj cord-016426-aw3wirmb cord-009380-5uptbat3 cord-007362-pjpkz6wv cord-010162-hfo35gsq cord-010233-772e35kx cord-009144-3slh1nbk cord-008716-38sqkh9m cord-006578-wv3wc0ct cord-002757-upwe0cpj cord-001120-fxd533b4 cord-016990-ot1wi3xi cord-002222-rgqwm3vb cord-016962-8vjaot6i cord-006819-sxz1s6kz cord-007797-toam6r5y cord-016572-6fu5s89c cord-011968-abd891ej cord-014965-efmozngq cord-016127-tbot0fc9 cord-006129-5rog0s98 cord-009967-fyqc5bat cord-016020-awanrm9u cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 cord-009507-l74c9x0n cord-016109-vbzy11hc cord-016208-u12ngkpc cord-014712-5u4e00q6 cord-016690-3gsq724l cord-003099-a0acr28o cord-014540-27hnlu5v cord-015487-iugrhyaq cord-016782-aods92rf cord-010255-gvkc2hjd cord-007417-az8xd66p cord-006841-3u56erru cord-015640-zdwmxaz3 cord-009860-qebenhxz cord-016601-gp259urb cord-017040-4zajnrsf cord-017140-k4lzwfge cord-007796-zggk0x2q cord-017021-n6rpuvwd cord-017012-yl0vanuh cord-006586-49btg9w7 cord-016966-b23o5roz cord-009773-pbm2vs5h cord-012484-c9ajmbw2 cord-016704-99v4brjf cord-009101-376snefs cord-011095-79ce5900 cord-017030-tzuyo6tx cord-016499-5iqpl23p cord-015967-kqfyasmu cord-016882-c9ts2g7w cord-011438-imbpgsub cord-017252-88b3preq cord-017461-xw02c7u5 cord-017531-fm8gl5b3 cord-017503-g2n4d0wi cord-017518-u2gsa4lg cord-017537-ztdz4a2s cord-017184-1ewi3dka cord-017393-kx8kmdej cord-018017-c8myq6bi cord-017815-0t7jvvz5 cord-018651-phb44k66 cord-017420-tjwxec77 cord-009664-kb9fnbgy cord-017831-anadq4j9 cord-018785-tcr5xlf8 cord-018461-lq1m9h41 cord-017534-0ai8chbu cord-018058-n3majqes cord-017959-g0nf1iwm cord-004675-n8mlxe7p cord-017862-9fkjjmvf cord-018208-sc8j1ate cord-017575-msc99cit cord-018220-8m11ig06 cord-017867-8cn4c6cu cord-017364-d9zmdm23 cord-017583-72mbsib7 cord-018061-jy3km0fr cord-006466-e1phpqes cord-001521-l36f1gp7 cord-017331-ru7mvfc0 cord-018421-wy3mtafh cord-020700-iko8gy1e cord-021552-6jbm869r cord-021399-gs3i7wbe cord-017622-aqhyt7jg cord-018545-fk17n2bx cord-019977-kj0eaw6v cord-018555-3lta1tbp cord-018808-h2zb87oa cord-019089-oots4fe4 cord-019964-9leljj8j cord-022084-hap7flng cord-020560-jnemlabp cord-021465-2pj26fmv cord-021588-ec7udsmw cord-019009-3ngfv96u cord-018302-lmly43rd cord-021571-7kbq0v9w cord-018659-rxzy6k3b cord-022252-9yiuuye3 cord-018319-tylkbh4h cord-018101-zd4v222b cord-022122-6ssdamhp cord-022103-4zk8i6qb cord-018907-c84t1bo5 cord-021966-5m21bsrw cord-021770-zn7na974 cord-021069-v9f9874x cord-022176-hprwqi4n cord-022305-uvor9rts cord-022254-8y5sq72c cord-021977-yu0hrg6h cord-021424-kocwsyi7 cord-019051-gtruu1op cord-019100-rce6kyu4 cord-022520-ebj51v9o cord-021453-vf8xbaug cord-022453-xe5v7947 cord-022393-s26d54ew cord-022380-49oti4zg cord-022119-bzd9e1q6 cord-021413-1ht1xm88 cord-021499-up5vftj4 cord-022203-t2f0vr1w cord-022592-g7rmzsv5 cord-022337-f3a349cb cord-023463-vr6uaw3a cord-020010-q58x6xb0 cord-021596-5s8lksxp cord-022472-q2qtl26d cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-022582-2e9i3m4b cord-022399-66mzbynu cord-022163-7klzsrpu cord-022383-pz0htccp cord-023168-cd7adns8 cord-023724-5at0rhqk cord-023698-wvk200j0 cord-023369-xwclh6ih cord-023748-3kfy36hg cord-022521-r72jtoso cord-023669-3ataw6gy cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-023925-qrr7jcwe cord-022555-a7ie82fs cord-023817-39r3a4fd cord-023528-z9rc0ubj cord-025155-ow3r3469 cord-024188-d7tnku8z cord-027550-yyqsatqw cord-023942-vrs3je1x cord-023143-fcno330z cord-103342-stqj3ue5 cord-022583-9lmudxrh cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-028564-sltofaox cord-024134-ym7ce5ux cord-174036-b3frnfr7 cord-024795-xa7ke70d cord-025628-9611eglg cord-024093-5dplc9xr cord-103893-p9ul6k5m cord-169428-g6k0vqrm cord-025495-udz9i0fw cord-103436-y1br5hy8 cord-026595-imn2jxcu cord-019490-m1cuuehi cord-034436-yhb8m1si cord-146391-jlu7nv6r cord-242132-fhepdgz9 cord-031876-v44o5shw cord-029032-s9geepsc cord-031252-ji0ef0by cord-201898-d1vbnjff cord-034133-tx0hciiv cord-159554-50077dgk cord-027679-89yt6fzo cord-251991-ghbpga1s cord-257255-n5o368ih cord-104317-t30dg6oj cord-248301-hddxaatp cord-257539-01s21vh0 cord-257114-pxmflm2c cord-256147-lfwytlj3 cord-167157-z0lvcb3z cord-027860-s97hdhh6 cord-026005-f2khcjdy cord-256508-ce59ovan cord-253256-909chgl0 cord-252691-757mh2mh cord-257299-z9u12yqb cord-253197-9hjvk7p5 cord-257467-b8o5ghvi cord-103630-nt3ogyzl cord-257392-u6jy6w1m cord-255781-55zrmgxq cord-253761-wjm8ju3v cord-254766-585iu5ey cord-118119-it3q17rp cord-259194-9zllvfqb cord-257644-9f30s0gy cord-258145-usr7b6dk cord-255479-yd5cbwnx cord-032181-gmcugd8h cord-257729-s0vo7dlk cord-254580-nhpjvgt4 cord-256282-vqus7vlg cord-226245-p0cyzjwf cord-257399-p6of5fno cord-255623-qdpdsye9 cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 cord-256827-tht5h1tu cord-261150-cdo7y3ob cord-257662-viy65y72 cord-261756-4lybl57r cord-259422-5ex12eun cord-258336-zs04l3s0 cord-260605-smkr7b15 cord-263927-hnsyas9q cord-262524-ununcin0 cord-260679-tm1s6wvj cord-262104-oig3qrr7 cord-264159-e9071tyv cord-259050-482nk9je cord-264569-q8nq2gbz cord-264916-c4n0kyog cord-265751-q1ecpfyg cord-265964-cnp5bwet cord-260472-xvvfguht cord-260267-nau9kayk cord-263811-w0983x19 cord-258333-jmk8hdk2 cord-261867-6n0g3bz5 cord-265699-0socw0hp cord-266985-9qwttt2y cord-263744-zrzwhu0j cord-266963-belin2jq cord-267003-k7eo2c26 cord-267041-i94lyfsh cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-265005-e6rpryrh cord-267816-84z9fp2u cord-260700-u12aa739 cord-267531-tqqj4cy0 cord-267023-w5ig7mrl cord-267973-uvz7kavu cord-267115-6jqdi417 cord-267947-dnv2xl0h cord-267139-r8rg0iqq cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 cord-268553-2o4k24og cord-269181-1h3wbhq4 cord-267132-nb0j6k3h cord-268133-obwo7741 cord-269095-lwank6hk cord-267791-v10eh408 cord-268758-2o2dwulc cord-268729-n7slf5tx cord-269652-t7ghng17 cord-269734-u43gt8fh cord-269975-1ebmq7t8 cord-271122-3fsl5589 cord-271130-6s79q1c1 cord-267402-kca05rvz cord-271076-436nxsua cord-024651-578c9ut5 cord-268830-8li6xhbu cord-270294-g95skuik cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-269627-mx1mjdqc cord-270091-sqrh8ylt cord-272117-erzpz3c0 cord-270940-acwkh6ed cord-272596-yxvg8357 cord-272752-cobroc5h cord-270892-ycc3csyh cord-273536-h7mzqef2 cord-272052-8vvpm4tx cord-271653-4q2olzx1 cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 cord-274643-vjb2yt93 cord-274763-i6e3g3te cord-276348-vr5fit8r cord-275166-qduf08kp cord-272194-h7xnr389 cord-277327-il8uaavn cord-271172-y48dovux cord-273326-gmw8gl2r cord-278364-58d8kfdf cord-274824-kaefedl1 cord-275997-4ibeidyw cord-278816-l92lkj69 cord-278839-uu2wlpmp cord-271752-h05sten7 cord-278873-x6i5tiju cord-279864-5ouuu49v cord-273973-3uxg97tu cord-277313-5f5lrn3c cord-275795-ee7qyw5h cord-280060-gzby85u9 cord-276907-b855tj7x cord-283405-aozxvxxs cord-278682-s4gfbsqy cord-281417-z6k30y1m cord-283588-j27q53oz cord-283138-18q23z8l cord-277818-8w15dz20 cord-283779-mudwcypl cord-283826-lgyc3sro cord-283792-g7wyu8pc cord-279483-gwikyux2 cord-277539-xt2nt11e cord-282204-j1slaefb cord-278935-3lgud7l8 cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-282668-bs634hti cord-281249-89eycq64 cord-284386-emh9feb3 cord-279849-zzkliu76 cord-283545-vu8lt3w6 cord-285628-36gyix12 cord-280184-91d8i6ix cord-285467-uxfk6k3c cord-284216-4sl8xfur cord-285270-amh99u0j cord-282142-76jr4p7n cord-286337-qk90xb3a cord-285148-bch7814v cord-284195-qarz4o2z cord-285785-29ohzeug cord-279255-v861kk0i cord-284322-synuzaxm cord-284845-on97zu6w cord-288113-ex4yi28u cord-288505-v4dbswyk cord-286368-kdwh4hgf cord-289139-5ljqnc39 cord-288930-h13cxuh3 cord-288238-36hiiw91 cord-286328-ap0wfjhq cord-289650-q2io8vgi cord-291711-usvvad21 cord-289406-54vyzxjf cord-288945-c9ow1q5c cord-286574-t9z2ynt5 cord-292367-ocbsmmt6 cord-286683-mettlmhz cord-292521-tpb12dkq cord-288494-6qybdxc4 cord-294568-12eyo13f cord-293871-hzes7mwt cord-292871-vgposxom cord-289697-g24xib4l cord-294468-0v4grqa7 cord-290385-0smnl70i cord-293151-g3758oes cord-295746-6e6itj3y cord-296256-ipe92w4y cord-290783-ipoelk4h cord-290674-1kdc6xk8 cord-298181-ypgb7uuc cord-296635-8r3tm966 cord-296567-six7u615 cord-295873-kykyubdq cord-297834-me1ajoyb cord-273019-hbpfz8rt cord-298131-zolwjl9u cord-297790-tpjxt0w5 cord-298227-av1ev8ta cord-300747-fnli688g cord-300187-fr6tme32 cord-299255-wnf8fozk cord-300314-fbppvt75 cord-300230-a3jk6w90 cord-299918-0ahvoak4 cord-301276-eer1l8vg cord-302277-c66xm2n4 cord-298905-c2uuvfm5 cord-300815-1vy787md cord-302056-wvf6cpib cord-301904-mjfbvl5n cord-301677-b6mnn27h cord-303320-3tjhisfg cord-302619-3hbbpmnt cord-300793-tuq8z6gm cord-303299-p15irs4e cord-303517-8971aq02 cord-302833-6kntd89t cord-300965-ivczo1a7 cord-299261-ew99nraq cord-303490-rixuuytu cord-302379-jh6jxwyn cord-303966-z6u3d2ec cord-302403-kahi8cbc cord-305207-fgvbrg8d cord-301225-h178zpb3 cord-305457-t7qw1oy2 cord-302247-moor7dfc cord-299786-wuve0tjz cord-307144-g8d1xkub cord-304251-dohglrm1 cord-306266-8qdrshz3 cord-303741-1ou0cy5k cord-304720-0lgup7yj cord-305890-mdwjrfzp cord-306111-wn1gxhk9 cord-306278-c4q4la5c cord-303054-s1clwunc cord-302918-0nk7zyod cord-305085-bv7udg9k cord-304088-xkg0ylz8 cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-307813-elom30nx cord-310055-9qj8d2f7 cord-307016-4hdsb5oq cord-310205-j57x9ke6 cord-309138-44qpk2vf cord-305146-iprzeigk cord-309642-wwaa6ls0 cord-309478-yhmgopmr cord-308184-w8ewm8ve cord-310371-pylrg91h cord-309488-8guapzke cord-309274-2npxrrhr cord-310042-9z8rkzq8 cord-308816-nux087gc cord-310840-h49dx92d cord-312797-hohzjx74 cord-311908-sgdq6j6x cord-312795-0e4esl2o cord-312197-d5d8amk7 cord-310942-191m0e65 cord-310239-mmvuij3k cord-312803-fxuynxjd cord-308201-lavcsqov cord-314359-fw14b5cv cord-314449-ukqux772 cord-312438-zr9zx7pv cord-314500-89ovdnxl cord-314600-x8mmuf3y cord-316500-vik30moa cord-312964-vsrqmmv7 cord-315726-ltjurdrq cord-316513-dbzj101e cord-314390-q36ye9ff cord-315304-pge45105 cord-314505-7qh8dsew cord-315794-se0sq3c3 cord-315730-fzgxuak7 cord-317028-f3bpwm5j cord-317499-mxt7stat cord-317548-ft7lkpzq cord-316894-zhmuzv7z cord-314841-b5l6epy3 cord-318061-xe8lljz0 cord-318063-bainw3d6 cord-318172-bdotp9ko cord-320145-582kmoyo cord-317661-v93mde6l cord-318852-gouz6tth cord-318984-8m9ygzn5 cord-318282-ocgfgx9r cord-318826-l922zqci cord-317198-mean7sj9 cord-320454-dhfl92et cord-320909-p93gxjm2 cord-318944-13zk6cco cord-321132-xdpb3ukt cord-322380-udjoghr6 cord-320548-oigyut2k cord-321835-qn33sx8x cord-321481-vrfwczve cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-323643-lu3ngt6r cord-321584-4bu0lps0 cord-320663-xypg6evo cord-321949-s1qu3odd cord-321756-a7eh4dkb cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-323112-e78zpa9c cord-322899-uxvlagt3 cord-323551-22v2hn3v cord-324398-68je1l3o cord-324333-huris8br cord-324148-bllyruh8 cord-322104-f1dukpso cord-323668-evzzfu04 cord-325613-oamw57gx cord-324923-29kudfjp cord-324635-27q3nxte cord-326138-16kpn9db cord-324301-bzrh2fni cord-325172-a8ntxnmm cord-324775-3x5os79m cord-326328-9w2p3xla cord-324788-echu0zmf cord-326961-ti6mrzxf cord-323463-osf6t7cw cord-324880-s1oqkqef cord-324950-ux7shvji cord-331413-fejho1of cord-325436-pp3q022y cord-326887-lyewg2c9 cord-328196-fpk9elm8 cord-327493-v2iatbol cord-328795-rs1sd42z cord-327888-4g3x5dje cord-328720-o9h1vquo cord-329904-e05ywn5e cord-332516-eaqpiq1o cord-329263-o5e2go23 cord-331827-amg309uz cord-332379-340wczmq cord-328287-3qgzulgj cord-331673-xv1tcugl cord-331500-l3hkn2li cord-332344-upsn0zb4 cord-333355-ykmp4ven cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 cord-332747-u46xryoo cord-332737-iclruwmx cord-333024-1yrmun3z cord-333724-a3dufzxt cord-333041-69n2wwn3 cord-333286-lr32e0w4 cord-333730-qsx0m68e cord-335871-zieuc7vk cord-333853-p2kbjwpy cord-333950-e0hd3iuu cord-335614-qh98622y cord-336045-8qcj5uiy cord-334027-xhfmio7k cord-334369-xgw7o5gd cord-336456-wg8vfh6w cord-339039-6gyo9rya cord-337105-jlmh79qv cord-336510-qzm9wgde cord-339578-eg19rfvi cord-337284-joq1aqn6 cord-339852-9rq7zzqs cord-339328-wizu3arz cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 cord-341827-z9r5i0ky cord-342133-khrljehj cord-340629-1fle5fpz cord-336663-fawcn6em cord-340028-6oicmeam cord-341548-gazsszs6 cord-342915-r9kv67we cord-340357-gyvvcnuf cord-343074-dsubeaso cord-341987-lsvifqyo cord-344093-3bniy5b5 cord-347064-ljd121no cord-345339-kyboibtq cord-345381-9cckppk2 cord-347761-wgodcsav cord-346673-kyc1wks5 cord-343690-rafvxgx1 cord-344084-z4t2wkgk cord-347460-9vechh4x cord-344297-qqohijqi cord-343728-udjjijyu cord-344009-hm36pepp cord-346318-d8oq3dyw cord-348844-4rpbsj48 cord-346539-kxnrf5g5 cord-347000-zxytdb0b cord-347039-eap592i7 cord-347246-0vofftmj cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 cord-346836-6jyv0q5e cord-345222-otfnrarh cord-350186-fogm1gkg cord-349396-a6zyioc1 cord-349298-8s69wprh cord-350618-rtilfnzi cord-350749-ihkxouz8 cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-345472-qrddwebe cord-350928-vj5qlzpj cord-350715-x92g6bnk cord-352178-irjhmxsg cord-349647-cfjrwt44 cord-351319-ylg93l9q cord-353786-284qn075 cord-352230-8mazd3eu cord-353214-qo98m7jx cord-354656-9ao33rq8 cord-355872-z6vsjmxn cord-354068-4qlk6y7h cord-353787-24c98ug8 cord-352222-zq9o66i4 cord-351490-2fx0w30u cord-354492-6r6qs4pp cord-354200-51wk3h75 cord-355171-oi3ezlsl cord-352433-sts48u9i cord-354720-fu19u2b0 cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 cord-354931-0bwf8f1i cord-356040-qdpkidn8 cord-356188-rwf78stz cord-353190-7qcoxl81 Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-001455-n7quwr4s cord-002043-z1b7pj3s cord-003053-5sucu1cg cord-007176-61e9obb3 cord-004247-lagv3tp7 cord-003926-ycdaw2vh cord-003598-m2fsrwvw cord-001972-1zisomq5 cord-009169-hzxgi1t0 cord-004586-i8tacj63 cord-003855-so8xl199 cord-005007-pofm8b5x cord-005902-5zuij5i3 cord-000457-e50a0suk cord-010175-p2py9wau cord-003387-82573enr cord-003357-4qrg6lqu cord-006464-s8rjoyse cord-008499-tl3i7uzd cord-006523-zxn4oqly cord-001542-f089bs8r cord-003915-kje8lvgl cord-006261-yw5k8qkz cord-013837-x95r6bz8 cord-003425-c5jdp5jv cord-015922-5wwy0m2k cord-009577-29u7pdpk cord-007575-5ekgabx5 cord-009193-244ii7e2 cord-007367-e31zhty6 cord-001397-nrq4ncdf cord-007013-tlvgyzft cord-016223-nk8xwa0t cord-007445-2folsh35 cord-016426-aw3wirmb cord-002659-566uoozj cord-009380-5uptbat3 cord-010162-hfo35gsq cord-007362-pjpkz6wv cord-010233-772e35kx cord-006578-wv3wc0ct cord-008716-38sqkh9m cord-001120-fxd533b4 cord-002757-upwe0cpj cord-009144-3slh1nbk cord-002222-rgqwm3vb cord-016990-ot1wi3xi cord-016962-8vjaot6i cord-006819-sxz1s6kz cord-016572-6fu5s89c cord-007797-toam6r5y cord-014965-efmozngq cord-011968-abd891ej cord-006129-5rog0s98 cord-016127-tbot0fc9 cord-009967-fyqc5bat cord-016020-awanrm9u cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 cord-009507-l74c9x0n cord-016109-vbzy11hc cord-003099-a0acr28o cord-016690-3gsq724l cord-016208-u12ngkpc cord-016782-aods92rf cord-015487-iugrhyaq cord-006841-3u56erru cord-010255-gvkc2hjd cord-015640-zdwmxaz3 cord-009860-qebenhxz cord-016601-gp259urb cord-017140-k4lzwfge cord-017040-4zajnrsf cord-014712-5u4e00q6 cord-007796-zggk0x2q cord-006586-49btg9w7 cord-012484-c9ajmbw2 cord-009773-pbm2vs5h cord-016966-b23o5roz cord-017021-n6rpuvwd cord-014540-27hnlu5v cord-016704-99v4brjf cord-017012-yl0vanuh cord-007417-az8xd66p cord-009101-376snefs cord-011095-79ce5900 cord-016882-c9ts2g7w cord-015967-kqfyasmu cord-017503-g2n4d0wi cord-016499-5iqpl23p cord-017461-xw02c7u5 cord-017030-tzuyo6tx cord-011438-imbpgsub cord-017531-fm8gl5b3 cord-017252-88b3preq cord-017518-u2gsa4lg cord-017537-ztdz4a2s cord-018651-phb44k66 cord-017534-0ai8chbu cord-017393-kx8kmdej cord-017420-tjwxec77 cord-017815-0t7jvvz5 cord-017831-anadq4j9 cord-018058-n3majqes cord-018208-sc8j1ate cord-018785-tcr5xlf8 cord-018461-lq1m9h41 cord-017862-9fkjjmvf cord-017184-1ewi3dka cord-017959-g0nf1iwm cord-017575-msc99cit cord-018220-8m11ig06 cord-018017-c8myq6bi cord-017583-72mbsib7 cord-020700-iko8gy1e cord-018061-jy3km0fr cord-018421-wy3mtafh cord-017867-8cn4c6cu cord-021399-gs3i7wbe cord-017364-d9zmdm23 cord-021552-6jbm869r cord-019089-oots4fe4 cord-019977-kj0eaw6v cord-018808-h2zb87oa cord-018555-3lta1tbp cord-019964-9leljj8j cord-020560-jnemlabp cord-021588-ec7udsmw cord-018545-fk17n2bx cord-009664-kb9fnbgy cord-018659-rxzy6k3b cord-018319-tylkbh4h cord-017331-ru7mvfc0 cord-021465-2pj26fmv cord-021069-v9f9874x cord-022254-8y5sq72c cord-017622-aqhyt7jg cord-022084-hap7flng cord-018302-lmly43rd cord-019009-3ngfv96u cord-018101-zd4v222b cord-021571-7kbq0v9w cord-022122-6ssdamhp cord-022103-4zk8i6qb cord-021770-zn7na974 cord-018907-c84t1bo5 cord-022305-uvor9rts cord-021977-yu0hrg6h cord-022176-hprwqi4n cord-021966-5m21bsrw cord-022252-9yiuuye3 cord-019051-gtruu1op cord-021424-kocwsyi7 cord-019100-rce6kyu4 cord-022380-49oti4zg cord-022520-ebj51v9o cord-022393-s26d54ew cord-004675-n8mlxe7p cord-022453-xe5v7947 cord-021499-up5vftj4 cord-022119-bzd9e1q6 cord-006466-e1phpqes cord-021413-1ht1xm88 cord-022203-t2f0vr1w cord-022592-g7rmzsv5 cord-022337-f3a349cb cord-023463-vr6uaw3a cord-021596-5s8lksxp cord-022399-66mzbynu cord-022472-q2qtl26d cord-022582-2e9i3m4b cord-021453-vf8xbaug cord-022163-7klzsrpu cord-023168-cd7adns8 cord-022383-pz0htccp cord-023724-5at0rhqk cord-023698-wvk200j0 cord-020010-q58x6xb0 cord-023369-xwclh6ih cord-022521-r72jtoso cord-023669-3ataw6gy cord-023925-qrr7jcwe cord-023817-39r3a4fd cord-024188-d7tnku8z cord-027550-yyqsatqw cord-025155-ow3r3469 cord-023942-vrs3je1x cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-028564-sltofaox cord-024795-xa7ke70d cord-024093-5dplc9xr cord-023748-3kfy36hg cord-024134-ym7ce5ux cord-025628-9611eglg cord-174036-b3frnfr7 cord-103342-stqj3ue5 cord-103436-y1br5hy8 cord-025495-udz9i0fw cord-103893-p9ul6k5m cord-169428-g6k0vqrm cord-034436-yhb8m1si cord-146391-jlu7nv6r cord-026595-imn2jxcu cord-023143-fcno330z cord-242132-fhepdgz9 cord-031876-v44o5shw cord-029032-s9geepsc cord-031252-ji0ef0by cord-201898-d1vbnjff cord-159554-50077dgk cord-034133-tx0hciiv cord-027679-89yt6fzo cord-251991-ghbpga1s cord-022583-9lmudxrh cord-253197-9hjvk7p5 cord-257255-n5o368ih cord-248301-hddxaatp cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-104317-t30dg6oj cord-257114-pxmflm2c cord-256147-lfwytlj3 cord-167157-z0lvcb3z cord-118119-it3q17rp cord-023528-z9rc0ubj cord-253256-909chgl0 cord-256508-ce59ovan cord-226245-p0cyzjwf cord-257299-z9u12yqb cord-257467-b8o5ghvi cord-022555-a7ie82fs cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-255781-55zrmgxq cord-257392-u6jy6w1m cord-103630-nt3ogyzl cord-001521-l36f1gp7 cord-253761-wjm8ju3v cord-254766-585iu5ey cord-259194-9zllvfqb cord-257644-9f30s0gy cord-255479-yd5cbwnx cord-258145-usr7b6dk cord-257539-01s21vh0 cord-254580-nhpjvgt4 cord-257729-s0vo7dlk cord-257399-p6of5fno cord-256282-vqus7vlg cord-252691-757mh2mh cord-255623-qdpdsye9 cord-256827-tht5h1tu cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 cord-261150-cdo7y3ob cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-257662-viy65y72 cord-027860-s97hdhh6 cord-261756-4lybl57r cord-259422-5ex12eun cord-258336-zs04l3s0 cord-260605-smkr7b15 cord-263927-hnsyas9q cord-262524-ununcin0 cord-260679-tm1s6wvj cord-262104-oig3qrr7 cord-264159-e9071tyv cord-259050-482nk9je cord-264569-q8nq2gbz cord-265751-q1ecpfyg cord-264916-c4n0kyog cord-260472-xvvfguht cord-265964-cnp5bwet cord-260267-nau9kayk cord-263811-w0983x19 cord-258333-jmk8hdk2 cord-265699-0socw0hp cord-261867-6n0g3bz5 cord-266985-9qwttt2y cord-263744-zrzwhu0j cord-267003-k7eo2c26 cord-266963-belin2jq cord-267041-i94lyfsh cord-265005-e6rpryrh cord-267816-84z9fp2u cord-260700-u12aa739 cord-267531-tqqj4cy0 cord-267023-w5ig7mrl cord-267973-uvz7kavu cord-267115-6jqdi417 cord-267947-dnv2xl0h cord-267139-r8rg0iqq cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 cord-268553-2o4k24og cord-269181-1h3wbhq4 cord-019490-m1cuuehi cord-026005-f2khcjdy cord-268133-obwo7741 cord-269095-lwank6hk cord-267791-v10eh408 cord-268758-2o2dwulc cord-268729-n7slf5tx cord-269652-t7ghng17 cord-032181-gmcugd8h cord-269734-u43gt8fh cord-271122-3fsl5589 cord-267402-kca05rvz cord-271076-436nxsua cord-271130-6s79q1c1 cord-269975-1ebmq7t8 cord-270294-g95skuik cord-268830-8li6xhbu cord-269627-mx1mjdqc cord-272117-erzpz3c0 cord-270091-sqrh8ylt cord-272752-cobroc5h cord-273536-h7mzqef2 cord-272596-yxvg8357 cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-272052-8vvpm4tx cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 cord-271653-4q2olzx1 cord-270940-acwkh6ed cord-274763-i6e3g3te cord-274643-vjb2yt93 cord-276348-vr5fit8r cord-275166-qduf08kp cord-272194-h7xnr389 cord-277327-il8uaavn cord-271172-y48dovux cord-273326-gmw8gl2r cord-275997-4ibeidyw cord-270892-ycc3csyh cord-274824-kaefedl1 cord-278364-58d8kfdf cord-278816-l92lkj69 cord-278839-uu2wlpmp cord-271752-h05sten7 cord-278873-x6i5tiju cord-279864-5ouuu49v cord-273973-3uxg97tu cord-280060-gzby85u9 cord-277313-5f5lrn3c cord-283405-aozxvxxs cord-278682-s4gfbsqy cord-276907-b855tj7x cord-281417-z6k30y1m cord-283138-18q23z8l cord-283588-j27q53oz cord-277818-8w15dz20 cord-283779-mudwcypl cord-283826-lgyc3sro cord-277539-xt2nt11e cord-283792-g7wyu8pc cord-279483-gwikyux2 cord-282204-j1slaefb cord-278935-3lgud7l8 cord-282668-bs634hti cord-267132-nb0j6k3h cord-281249-89eycq64 cord-279849-zzkliu76 cord-284216-4sl8xfur cord-284386-emh9feb3 cord-280184-91d8i6ix cord-285628-36gyix12 cord-285467-uxfk6k3c cord-282142-76jr4p7n cord-284195-qarz4o2z cord-285270-amh99u0j cord-275795-ee7qyw5h cord-286337-qk90xb3a cord-285148-bch7814v cord-285785-29ohzeug cord-284322-synuzaxm cord-286368-kdwh4hgf cord-284845-on97zu6w cord-288113-ex4yi28u cord-288930-h13cxuh3 cord-288505-v4dbswyk cord-289139-5ljqnc39 cord-286328-ap0wfjhq cord-289650-q2io8vgi cord-288238-36hiiw91 cord-288945-c9ow1q5c cord-289406-54vyzxjf cord-291711-usvvad21 cord-292367-ocbsmmt6 cord-288494-6qybdxc4 cord-292521-tpb12dkq cord-294568-12eyo13f cord-293871-hzes7mwt cord-292871-vgposxom cord-289697-g24xib4l cord-294468-0v4grqa7 cord-286683-mettlmhz cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-279255-v861kk0i cord-286574-t9z2ynt5 cord-295746-6e6itj3y cord-283545-vu8lt3w6 cord-290385-0smnl70i cord-296256-ipe92w4y cord-290783-ipoelk4h cord-296567-six7u615 cord-296635-8r3tm966 cord-297834-me1ajoyb cord-290674-1kdc6xk8 cord-298181-ypgb7uuc cord-276758-k2imddzr cord-295873-kykyubdq cord-300747-fnli688g cord-298131-zolwjl9u cord-273019-hbpfz8rt cord-297790-tpjxt0w5 cord-298227-av1ev8ta cord-300187-fr6tme32 cord-024651-578c9ut5 cord-299255-wnf8fozk cord-300314-fbppvt75 cord-300230-a3jk6w90 cord-299918-0ahvoak4 cord-302277-c66xm2n4 cord-301276-eer1l8vg cord-293151-g3758oes cord-298905-c2uuvfm5 cord-300815-1vy787md cord-302056-wvf6cpib cord-301904-mjfbvl5n cord-301677-b6mnn27h cord-302619-3hbbpmnt cord-303320-3tjhisfg cord-300793-tuq8z6gm cord-303299-p15irs4e cord-303517-8971aq02 cord-299261-ew99nraq cord-300965-ivczo1a7 cord-302833-6kntd89t cord-302379-jh6jxwyn cord-303490-rixuuytu cord-302403-kahi8cbc cord-303966-z6u3d2ec cord-305207-fgvbrg8d cord-305457-t7qw1oy2 cord-301225-h178zpb3 cord-302247-moor7dfc cord-299786-wuve0tjz cord-307144-g8d1xkub cord-307016-4hdsb5oq cord-304251-dohglrm1 cord-306266-8qdrshz3 cord-303741-1ou0cy5k cord-304720-0lgup7yj cord-305890-mdwjrfzp cord-306111-wn1gxhk9 cord-303054-s1clwunc cord-306278-c4q4la5c cord-304088-xkg0ylz8 cord-302918-0nk7zyod cord-310055-9qj8d2f7 cord-309138-44qpk2vf cord-307813-elom30nx cord-305146-iprzeigk cord-310205-j57x9ke6 cord-309642-wwaa6ls0 cord-309478-yhmgopmr cord-307899-427a7i3h cord-308184-w8ewm8ve cord-309488-8guapzke cord-309274-2npxrrhr cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 cord-310042-9z8rkzq8 cord-310371-pylrg91h cord-308816-nux087gc cord-310840-h49dx92d cord-311908-sgdq6j6x cord-312797-hohzjx74 cord-312795-0e4esl2o cord-312197-d5d8amk7 cord-310239-mmvuij3k cord-312803-fxuynxjd cord-310942-191m0e65 cord-314449-ukqux772 cord-308201-lavcsqov cord-314359-fw14b5cv cord-312438-zr9zx7pv cord-314600-x8mmuf3y cord-314500-89ovdnxl cord-316500-vik30moa cord-312964-vsrqmmv7 cord-315726-ltjurdrq cord-316513-dbzj101e cord-314505-7qh8dsew cord-314390-q36ye9ff cord-315304-pge45105 cord-315794-se0sq3c3 cord-315730-fzgxuak7 cord-317499-mxt7stat cord-317028-f3bpwm5j cord-317548-ft7lkpzq cord-316894-zhmuzv7z cord-314841-b5l6epy3 cord-305085-bv7udg9k cord-318061-xe8lljz0 cord-320145-582kmoyo cord-318063-bainw3d6 cord-318172-bdotp9ko cord-317661-v93mde6l cord-318984-8m9ygzn5 cord-318826-l922zqci cord-318852-gouz6tth cord-318282-ocgfgx9r cord-317198-mean7sj9 cord-320909-p93gxjm2 cord-320454-dhfl92et cord-318944-13zk6cco cord-321132-xdpb3ukt cord-322380-udjoghr6 cord-320548-oigyut2k cord-321835-qn33sx8x cord-321481-vrfwczve cord-321584-4bu0lps0 cord-323643-lu3ngt6r cord-321949-s1qu3odd cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-321756-a7eh4dkb cord-320663-xypg6evo cord-322899-uxvlagt3 cord-323112-e78zpa9c cord-323551-22v2hn3v cord-324398-68je1l3o cord-324148-bllyruh8 cord-324333-huris8br cord-322104-f1dukpso cord-323668-evzzfu04 cord-324923-29kudfjp cord-325613-oamw57gx cord-326138-16kpn9db cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-324635-27q3nxte cord-326328-9w2p3xla cord-324788-echu0zmf cord-325172-a8ntxnmm cord-324301-bzrh2fni cord-324775-3x5os79m cord-326961-ti6mrzxf cord-324880-s1oqkqef cord-324950-ux7shvji cord-325436-pp3q022y cord-328196-fpk9elm8 cord-323463-osf6t7cw cord-331413-fejho1of cord-327493-v2iatbol cord-328795-rs1sd42z cord-327888-4g3x5dje cord-329904-e05ywn5e cord-328720-o9h1vquo cord-329263-o5e2go23 cord-332516-eaqpiq1o cord-331827-amg309uz cord-332379-340wczmq cord-328287-3qgzulgj cord-331673-xv1tcugl cord-326887-lyewg2c9 cord-331500-l3hkn2li cord-332344-upsn0zb4 cord-333355-ykmp4ven cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 cord-332747-u46xryoo cord-332737-iclruwmx cord-333024-1yrmun3z cord-333724-a3dufzxt cord-333041-69n2wwn3 cord-333730-qsx0m68e cord-333286-lr32e0w4 cord-333853-p2kbjwpy cord-335871-zieuc7vk cord-333950-e0hd3iuu cord-335614-qh98622y cord-336045-8qcj5uiy cord-334027-xhfmio7k cord-334369-xgw7o5gd cord-336456-wg8vfh6w cord-339039-6gyo9rya cord-337105-jlmh79qv cord-339578-eg19rfvi cord-337284-joq1aqn6 cord-339852-9rq7zzqs cord-339328-wizu3arz cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 cord-341827-z9r5i0ky cord-336663-fawcn6em cord-342133-khrljehj cord-340629-1fle5fpz cord-340028-6oicmeam cord-341548-gazsszs6 cord-336510-qzm9wgde cord-342915-r9kv67we cord-341987-lsvifqyo cord-340357-gyvvcnuf cord-343074-dsubeaso cord-344093-3bniy5b5 cord-345381-9cckppk2 cord-345339-kyboibtq cord-347064-ljd121no cord-347761-wgodcsav cord-346673-kyc1wks5 cord-343690-rafvxgx1 cord-347460-9vechh4x cord-344297-qqohijqi cord-346318-d8oq3dyw cord-344084-z4t2wkgk cord-346539-kxnrf5g5 cord-343728-udjjijyu cord-344009-hm36pepp cord-348844-4rpbsj48 cord-347000-zxytdb0b cord-347246-0vofftmj cord-347039-eap592i7 cord-346836-6jyv0q5e cord-345222-otfnrarh cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 cord-350186-fogm1gkg cord-349396-a6zyioc1 cord-349298-8s69wprh cord-350618-rtilfnzi cord-350749-ihkxouz8 cord-345472-qrddwebe cord-350715-x92g6bnk cord-350928-vj5qlzpj cord-349821-5ykwwq75 cord-352178-irjhmxsg cord-349647-cfjrwt44 cord-353786-284qn075 cord-351319-ylg93l9q cord-353214-qo98m7jx cord-354656-9ao33rq8 cord-355872-z6vsjmxn cord-352222-zq9o66i4 cord-351490-2fx0w30u cord-352433-sts48u9i cord-355171-oi3ezlsl cord-354492-6r6qs4pp cord-354720-fu19u2b0 cord-354068-4qlk6y7h cord-352230-8mazd3eu cord-353787-24c98ug8 cord-356040-qdpkidn8 cord-354931-0bwf8f1i cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 cord-354200-51wk3h75 cord-356188-rwf78stz cord-353190-7qcoxl81 Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-001521-l36f1gp7 cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-353190-7qcoxl81 cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-017364-d9zmdm23 number of items: 647 sum of words: 5,219,536 average size in words: 9,979 average readability score: 43 nouns: infection; virus; patients; infections; disease; cells; cell; influenza; viruses; study; treatment; children; risk; cases; studies; mice; response; transmission; pneumonia; use; host; days; blood; results; therapy; diagnosis; time; care; age; data; control; type; tract; protein; years; fever; patient; vaccine; lung; symptoms; analysis; role; diseases; number; strains; factors; system; syndrome; responses; animals verbs: using; including; associated; cause; show; increased; infected; occurs; developed; reported; found; inducing; following; reduced; identify; based; results; suggests; detected; required; leading; compared; seen; related; considered; provided; prevent; described; observed; treated; produced; involved; demonstrated; presented; affected; known; performed; given; determined; making; isolate; indicating; remain; acquired; becoming; decreasing; controlling; contained; appear; mediated adjectives: respiratory; viral; clinical; human; immune; severe; acute; high; common; specific; bacterial; infectious; important; different; positive; chronic; many; infected; new; low; first; several; pulmonary; non; early; primary; resistant; inflammatory; significant; lower; antiviral; negative; higher; normal; effective; similar; present; available; large; small; possible; single; major; recent; multiple; anti; oral; potential; molecular; antibiotic adverbs: also; however; well; often; usually; even; especially; therefore; significantly; highly; respectively; commonly; particularly; frequently; recently; less; previously; generally; still; approximately; currently; typically; now; clinically; mainly; first; furthermore; later; directly; relatively; rapidly; prior; primarily; potentially; probably; rather; moreover; least; together; worldwide; rarely; much; yet; alone; almost; early; encephalitis; naturally; finally; always pronouns: it; we; their; they; its; our; i; them; he; his; she; her; one; itself; us; themselves; you; your; my; him; mg; himself; me; ourselves; herself; yourself; ifih1; ours; 's; s; pdcs; oneself; ifitm3; ybt; em; nr-818; mrnas; isgf3; interleukin-10; ifnar1; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942; fusb; λr1; yours; sp€; rad5; mtorc1; imagej; il-12r1; il-12 proper nouns: SARS; RSV; PCR; HIV; IFN; RNA; T; COVID-19; ⁄; C.; S.; CoV-2; C; B; •; Fig; mg; A; United; H1N1; CMV; States; Health; MRSA; der; CD4; NK; China; HRV; CoV; Table; Staphylococcus; M.; Influenza; E.; II; Disease; HCV; CD8; USA; RT; H5N1; AIDS; Salmonella; B.; Control; Human; IgG; CNS; P. keywords: infection; virus; patient; respiratory; cell; sars; covid-19; disease; rsv; hiv; ifn; rna; pcr; human; child; cmv; treatment; united; clinical; cause; viral; risk; dna; study; mrsa; influenza; states; cov-2; china; cd4; pneumonia; health; animal; hrv; response; hcv; h1n1; cns; mers; lung; ebv; cd8; care; vaccine; transplant; staphylococcus; sign; result; neonatal; mouse one topic; one dimension: infection file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4864234/ titles(s): Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera) Larval Midgut Response to BmNPV in Susceptible and Near-Isogenic Resistant Strains three topics; one dimension: patients; infection; influenza file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068815/, https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123820082000192, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158349/ titles(s): 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings | Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice | Antimikrobielle und antiinfektiöse Maßnahmen five topics; three dimensions: patients infection infections; virus infection cells; infection patients infections; infection may disease; birds infection virus file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086544/, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333188/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/, https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0248866301004891 titles(s): Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 | Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment | Abstracts from the 8th International Congress of the Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC): Bangkok, Thailand. 12-15 February 2017 | Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle | Place des viroses respiratoires dans les hyperthermies de sujets âgés hospitalisés au cours d’une saison hivernale Type: cord title: keyword-infection-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 15:20 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:infection ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-018061-jy3km0fr author: AL KASSAA, Imad title: Antiviral Probiotics: A New Concept in Medical Sciences date: 2016-12-02 words: 13236.0 sentences: 747.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018061-jy3km0fr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018061-jy3km0fr.txt summary: rhamnosus GG (LGG), a famous probiotic strain, was evaluated and showed an anti-infl uenza virus activity on intranasal and oral administration [ 26 , 27 ] . Moreover, the antiviral effect of probiotics by immunomodulatory mechanisms depends on the immune system status, which can be explained in the study conducted by Lehtoranta et al., who showed that the combination of four probiotic strains worked very well in children but not in the elderly [ 61 ] . The role of commensal bacteria in the persistence of enteric viral infections has previously been shown in a series of recent studies published in 2011, using poliovirus, reovirus and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) as EnV models [ 99 -101 ] . Differential effects of Escherichia coli Nissle and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain GG on human rotavirus binding, infection, and B cell immunity abstract: In recent decades, probiotics have shown beneficial effects on animal and human health. Probiotics can protect the host against several health threats, including infectious diseases. Before 1995, researchers believed that the effect of probiotics was only on gut microbiota which can restore the gut flora and thus prevent pathogenic bacteria from triggering gastroenteritis. Recent studies have shown that the immunomodulatory activity is the most important mechanism of action of probiotics. From this information, researchers started to evaluate the effect of some immunobiotics, not only on pathogenic bacteria but also on viruses, including enteric and respiratory viruses. Several studies have confirmed the potential antiviral activity of some probiotics due to the immunomodulatory effect. These studies were conducted on humans (clinical trials) and in animal models. In this chapter, probiotics with antiviral effect against respiratory and enteric viruses will be presented and discussed, as well as their mechanisms of action. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122849/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49688-7_1 id: cord-022084-hap7flng author: ARRUDA, EURICO title: Respiratory Tract Viral Infections date: 2009-05-15 words: 19181.0 sentences: 1041.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt summary: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the immunization of persons aged 50 years and older; residents of nursing homes; children and adults with chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, including asthma; persons chronically ill with diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, or hemoglobinopathies; immunosuppressed patients including those with HIV infection; children and adolescents on chronic aspirin therapy who may develop postinfluenza Reye'' s syndrome; women who will be pregnant during the influenza season; children aged 6 to 23 months; those who can transmit influenza to persons at high risk, such as health-care workers and household contacts of those at high risk including children 0 to 23 months of age; crew members of cruise ships; providers of essential services; and unimmunized travelers to areas where influenza may be circulating, including the tropics, the southern hemisphere between April and September, and those traveling in large organized tourist groups. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152450/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50064-8 id: cord-034436-yhb8m1si author: Abdulah, Deldar Morad title: Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 across the World date: 2020-07-04 words: 3994.0 sentences: 224.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034436-yhb8m1si.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034436-yhb8m1si.txt summary: We aimed to explore the relation of dietary factors with global infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in this study. DESIGN: In the current ecological study, the countries that had national dietary data from the Global Dietary Databases of the United Nations and Coronavirus disease statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) were included. CONCLUSION: The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. The present study showed that the crude infection rate by COVID-19 has been increased by raising consuming fruits, calcium and decreased with increasing consuming beans and legumes. Therefore, we can make the further hypothesis that the aged population of the countries with high infection rates has been the main factor in the low immune system. The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. abstract: OBJECTIVE: Poor dietary habits are considered to be the second-leading risk factors for mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in the world. Dietary patterns are different based on cultural, environmental, technological, and economic factors. Nutritional deficiencies of energy, protein, and specific micronutrients have been shown to contribute to depressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infections. We aimed to explore the relation of dietary factors with global infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in this study. DESIGN: In the current ecological study, the countries that had national dietary data from the Global Dietary Databases of the United Nations and Coronavirus disease statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) were included. The countries that had Coronavirus disease statistics from the WHO were consecutively checked for the recent data of the dietary factors. SETTING: World. PARTICIPANTS: 158 countries across the world. MEASUREMENTS: infection and mortality rates of COVID-19; dietary factors. RESULTS: The median crude infection and mortality rates by COVID-19 were 87.78 (IQR: 468.03) and 0.0015 (IQR: 0.0059), respectively. The two highest percentage of the crude infection rate were between 0 and 500 (75.9%) and 500–1000 (8.9%) per one million persons. The regression analysis showed that the crude infection rate has been increased by raising consuming fruits (Beta: 0.237; P=0.006) and calcium (Beta: 0.286; P=0.007) and was decreased with rising consuming beans and legumes (Beta: −0.145; P=0.038). The analysis showed that the crude mortality rate was increased by raising consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (Beta: 0.340; P<0.001). Whereas, the crude mortality rate by COVID-19 has been decreased by increasing fruits consuming (Beta: −0.226; P=0.047) and beans and legumes (Beta: −0.176; P=0.046). CONCLUSION: The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. In contrast, the higher intake of beans and legumes had a negative effect on both increasing infection and mortality rates. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7597421/ doi: 10.1007/s12603-020-1512-3 id: cord-258145-usr7b6dk author: Abdulah, Deldar Morad title: Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 Across the World date: 2020-07-04 words: 3994.0 sentences: 225.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258145-usr7b6dk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258145-usr7b6dk.txt summary: We aimed to explore the relation of dietary factors with global infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in this study. DESIGN: In the current ecological study, the countries that had national dietary data from the Global Dietary Databases of the United Nations and Coronavirus disease statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) were included. CONCLUSION: The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. The present study showed that the crude infection rate by COVID-19 has been increased by raising consuming fruits, calcium and decreased with increasing consuming beans and legumes. Therefore, we can make the further hypothesis that the aged population of the countries with high infection rates has been the main factor in the low immune system. The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. abstract: OBJECTIVE: Poor dietary habits are considered to be the second-leading risk factors for mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in the world. Dietary patterns are different based on cultural, environmental, technological, and economic factors. Nutritional deficiencies of energy, protein, and specific micronutrients have been shown to contribute to depressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infections. We aimed to explore the relation of dietary factors with global infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in this study. DESIGN: In the current ecological study, the countries that had national dietary data from the Global Dietary Databases of the United Nations and Coronavirus disease statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) were included. The countries that had Coronavirus disease statistics from the WHO were consecutively checked for the recent data of the dietary factors. SETTING: World. PARTICIPANTS: 158 countries across the world. MEASUREMENTS: infection and mortality rates of COVID-19; dietary factors. RESULTS: The median crude infection and mortality rates by COVID-19 were 87.78 (IQR: 468.03) and 0.0015 (IQR: 0.0059), respectively. The two highest percentage of the crude infection rate were between 0 and 500 (75.9%) and 500–1000 (8.9%) per one million persons. The regression analysis showed that the crude infection rate has been increased by raising consuming fruits (Beta: 0.237; P=0.006) and calcium (Beta: 0.286; P=0.007) and was decreased with rising consuming beans and legumes (Beta: −0.145; P=0.038). The analysis showed that the crude mortality rate was increased by raising consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (Beta: 0.340; P<0.001). Whereas, the crude mortality rate by COVID-19 has been decreased by increasing fruits consuming (Beta: −0.226; P=0.047) and beans and legumes (Beta: −0.176; P=0.046). CONCLUSION: The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. In contrast, the higher intake of beans and legumes had a negative effect on both increasing infection and mortality rates. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33155630/ doi: 10.1007/s12603-020-1434-0 id: cord-315726-ltjurdrq author: Acheson, D.W.K. title: Food and Waterborne Illnesses date: 2009-02-17 words: 10890.0 sentences: 584.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315726-ltjurdrq.txt summary: A wide variety of the common foodborne pathogens is discussed, with a brief description of what they are, the types of illness they cause, and the kinds of food most frequently associated with them along with some commentary with regard to treatment. Examples include the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) secondary to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) after Campylobacter infection, and the association of a number of enteric bacterial pathogens with reactive arthritis and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. ETEC are transmitted through contaminated water and food and have caused a number of large outbreaks in the United States; however, their importance in sporadic disease is not known. abstract: There are many different biological, chemical, or radiological agents that when added to food can result in many different types of illness. Some may be rapidly fatal; others require long-term exposure to result in illness. Some lead to short-term illness and others result in long-term complications. The universe of such agents and situations is enormous. This article summarizes some of the principal foodborne microbiological agents that clinicians and those involved with public health have to deal with. While the range of agents is broad and the list is long there are several basic mechanisms such as ingestion of preformed toxins or toxin production once a microbe is present in the intestine that facilitate sorting these agents into some logical framework. However, at the end of the day it is always key to think about ingested agents as a cause for illness, whether that illness be confined to the intestinal system or more systemic. In principle all foodborne illness is preventable and of the key messages to consumers and health care professionals is to know if you or your patient is at greater risk from foodborne illness. If one is dealing with an ‘at risk’ patient, it is important they be educated on what foods to avoid and what precautions to take to minimize the likelihood of acquiring a foodborne illness. While treating most foodborne illness is straightforward, prevention is clearly the path of choice. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001838 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00183-8 id: cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 author: Ahanchian, Hamid title: Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them? date: 2012-09-13 words: 7744.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt summary: HRV are the most common viral agents [33] ; Other respiratory tract viruses detected in children with an asthma exacerbation include RSV, influenza, coronavirus, hMPV, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and bocavirus [34] [35] [36] . Beside importance for bone health, vitamin D plays an important role in adequate function of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including development of dendritic cells and regulatory T lymphocytes [151, 152] production of antimicrobial proteins by airway epithelium [153] , modifying the effect of intestinal flora on inflammatory disorders [107] , and modulation of the inflammatory response to viral infections [154] . In a recent study of 48 children from five to 18 years of age, with newly diagnosed asthma, vitamin D supplementation during the northern hemisphere winter months (September to July) prevented declining serum concentrations of 25(OH) D and reduced the risk of asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory tract infections [161] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Asthma is a major public health problem with a huge social and economic burden affecting 300 million people worldwide. Viral respiratory infections are the major cause of acute asthma exacerbations and may contribute to asthma inception in high risk young children with susceptible genetic background. Acute exacerbations are associated with decreased lung growth or accelerated loss of lung function and, as such, add substantially to both the cost and morbidity associated with asthma. DISCUSSION: While the importance of preventing viral infection is well established, preventive strategies have not been well explored. Good personal hygiene, hand-washing and avoidance of cigarette smoke are likely to reduce respiratory viral infections. Eating a healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and bacterial-derived products, such as OM-85, may reduce recurrent infections in susceptible children. There are no practical anti-viral therapies currently available that are suitable for widespread use. SUMMARY: Hand hygiene is the best measure to prevent the common cold. A healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and immunostimulant OM-85 may reduce recurrent infections in asthmatic children. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-147 doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-147 id: cord-324788-echu0zmf author: Aich, Palok title: Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date: 2009-07-30 words: 7667.0 sentences: 396.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt summary: The current review focuses on (a) the effects of psychological stressors in humans and animals, (b) various methodologies employed to understand stress responses and their outcomes, and (c) the current status of the attempts to correlate stress and disease with respiratory disease as model system. While many genes and environmental factors contribute to susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune/infl ammatory diseases, a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which a combination of neuropeptides, neurohormones and neurotransmitters can modulate immune responses is essential for effective design of future interventions. We conducted bovine microarray analyses of RNA isolated from blood mononuclear cells to determine if changes in gene expression correlated with either stress or the severity of BRD infection; results support the conclusion that differential regulation of pro-infl ammatory responses is a major mechanism contributing to increased disease susceptibility. abstract: Studies in animals and humans link both physical and psychological stress with an increased incidence and severity of respiratory infections. For this manuscript we define stress as the physiological responses an individual undergoes while adjusting to a continually changing environment. It is known that stressors of various types (psychological/physical) can alter the physiological levels of certain hormones, chemokines and cytokines. These alterations send information to the central nervous system to take necessary action which then sends messages to appropriate organs/tissues/cells to respond. These messages can either activate or suppress the immune system as needed and failure to compensate for this by the body can lead to serious health-related problems. Little is known how stress affects disease susceptibility, yet understanding this mechanism is important for developing effective treatments, and for improving health and food quality. The current review focuses on (a) the effects of psychological stressors in humans and animals, (b) various methodologies employed to understand stress responses and their outcomes, and (c) the current status of the attempts to correlate stress and disease with respiratory disease as model system. The methodologies included in this review span traditional epidemiological, behavioral and immunological studies to current high throughput genomic, proteomic, metabolomic/metabonomic approaches. With the advent of various newer omics and bioinformatics methodologies we postulate that it will become feasible to understand the mechanisms through which stress can influence disease onset. Although the literature in this area is limited because of the infancy of this research area, the objective of this review is to illustrate the power of new approaches to address complex biological questions. These new approaches will also aid in our understanding how these processes are related to the dynamics and kinetics of changes in expression of multiple genes at various levels. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360883/ doi: nan id: cord-278839-uu2wlpmp author: Alberca, Ricardo Wesley title: Pregnancy, Viral Infection, and COVID-19 date: 2020-07-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pregnancy comprises a unique immunological condition, to allow fetal development and to protect the host from pathogenic infections. Viral infections during pregnancy can disrupt immunological tolerance and may generate deleterious effects on the fetus. Despite these possible links between pregnancy and infection-induced morbidity, it is unclear how pregnancy interferes with maternal response to some viral pathogens. In this context, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can induce the coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant women. The potential risk of vertical transmission is unclear, babies born from COVID-19-positive mothers seems to have no serious clinical symptoms, the possible mechanisms are discussed, which highlights that checking the children's outcome and more research is warranted. In this review, we investigate the reports concerning viral infections and COVID-19 during pregnancy, to establish a correlation and possible implications of COVID-19 during pregnancy and neonatal's health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32733490/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01672 id: cord-310205-j57x9ke6 author: Alcaide, Maria L. title: Pharyngitis and Epiglottitis date: 2007-06-08 words: 7562.0 sentences: 427.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310205-j57x9ke6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310205-j57x9ke6.txt summary: A major task of the primary care physician is to identify those patients with acute pharyngitis who require specific antimicrobial therapy and to avoid unnecessary and potentially deleterious treatment in the great majority who suffer from a benign, self-limited, usually viral infection. In the minority of patients who are severely ill or toxic at presentation and in whom clinical and epidemiologic evidence leads to a high index of suspicion, oral antimicrobial therapy may be initiated while awaiting the results of the throat culture. Treatment of GAS pharyngitis is recommended to prevent acute rheumatic fever, prevent suppurative complications [28] , shorten the clinical course (although only modestly) [28] , and reduce transmission of the infection in family and school units. Within days to weeks after initial infection with HIV type 1, 50% to 90% of patients develop a constellation of symptoms known as the ''''acute retroviral syndrome.'''' Fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash, myalgia, arthralgias, and mucocutaneous ulcerations are the landmarks of the syndrome [58] [59] [60] [61] . abstract: Acute pharyngitis is one of the most common illnesses for which patients visit primary care physicians. Most cases are of viral origin, and with few exceptions these illnesses are both benign and self-limited. The most important bacterial cause is the beta-hemolytic group A streptococcus. There are other uncommon or rare types of pharyngitis. For some of these treatment is required or available, and some may be life threatening. Among those discussed in this article are diphtheria, gonorrhea, HIV infection, peritonsillar abscess, and epiglottitis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561078/ doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.001 id: cord-325436-pp3q022y author: Alkhatib, Ahmad title: Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date: 2020-08-28 words: 7472.0 sentences: 340.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt summary: This review presents key evidence on how functional foods and lifestyle approaches, including physical activity, effective for cardiometabolic disease prevention outcomes [9] , can also optimize the immune system response to viral infection, especially respiratory tract infections and COVID-19. Enhancing the antiviral immune defence can benefit from the functional food intake of a considerable variety of plant, animal, and fungi species, consumed across different diets and cultural practices including traditional herbal medicine such as teas, roots, mushrooms, and fermented plants and leaves; MD components such as olive-based products, oily fish, seeds, fruits, and vegetables; popular beverages such as coffee; and protein-rich foods such as chicken extract and soybean peptides. Below is a review of popular foods within various dietary patterns, including olive oil nutraceuticals, popular vitamins such as vitamin D, traditional medicinal herbs and roots, and protein peptides for preventing viral infections including COVID-19, especially when they are adopted as part of an active lifestyle. abstract: Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is causing global mortality and lockdown burdens. A compromised immune system is a known risk factor for all viral influenza infections. Functional foods optimize the immune system capacity to prevent and control pathogenic viral infections, while physical activity augments such protective benefits. Exercise enhances innate and adaptive immune systems through acute, transient, and long-term adaptations to physical activity in a dose-response relationship. Functional foods prevention of non-communicable disease can be translated into protecting against respiratory viral infections and COVID-19. Functional foods and nutraceuticals within popular diets contain immune-boosting nutraceuticals, polyphenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, pigments, unsaturated fatty-acids, micronutrient vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate, and trace elements, including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper. Foods with antiviral properties include fruits, vegetables, fermented foods and probiotics, olive oil, fish, nuts and seeds, herbs, roots, fungi, amino acids, peptides, and cyclotides. Regular moderate exercise may contribute to reduce viral risk and enhance sleep quality during quarantine, in combination with appropriate dietary habits and functional foods. Lifestyle and appropriate nutrition with functional compounds may offer further antiviral approaches for public health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32872374/ doi: 10.3390/nu12092633 id: cord-307016-4hdsb5oq author: Allen, Upton title: Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Complications After Solid Organ Transplantation in Children date: 2010-04-30 words: 6746.0 sentences: 384.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307016-4hdsb5oq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307016-4hdsb5oq.txt summary: This review summarizes the major infections that occur after pediatric organ transplantation, highlighting the current treatment and prevention strategies, based on the available data and/or consensus. In the first month, there are 3 major causes of infection: (1) infection that was present in the recipient before transplant, with its effects now increased as a result of surgery, anesthesia, and immunosuppressive therapy; (2) infection conveyed with a contaminated allograft; and (3) the same bacterial and candidal infections of the wound, lungs, drainage catheters, and vascular access devices that are seen in nonimmunosuppressed patients undergoing comparable surgery. Despite this limitation, experience supports dividing individuals with infections during this last time period into 2 main categories: (1) most patients with a good result from transplantation (maintenance immunosuppression, good allograft function) are at greatest risk from typical community-acquired infections (such as influenza, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus); (2) a smaller group of patients with poorer outcomes from transplantation (excessive acute and chronic immunosuppression, poor allograft function, and, often, chronic viral infection). abstract: Effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases after transplantation are key factors contributing to the success of organ transplantation. Most transplant patients experience different kinds of infections during the first year after transplantation. Children are at particular risk of developing some types of infections by virtue of lack of immunity although they may be at risk for other types due the effect of immunosuppressive regimens necessary to prevent rejection. Direct consequences of infections result in syndromes such as mononucleosis, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, among other entities. Indirect consequences are mediated through cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors elaborated by the transplant recipient in response to microbial replication and invasion, which contribute to the net state of immunosuppression among other effects. This review summarizes the major infections that occur after pediatric organ transplantation, highlighting the current treatment and prevention strategies, based on the available data and/or consensus. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2010.01.005 doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2010.01.005 id: cord-326961-ti6mrzxf author: Aly, Mariam Mohsen title: Impact of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on Egyptian dentists’ fear and dental practice (a cross-sectional survey) date: 2020-10-12 words: 2884.0 sentences: 159.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the fear of infection among Egyptian dentists practicing during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to explore the dentist''s knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and to assess various modifications in dental practice. 7 Different practical guidelines were recommended for dental professionals by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Dental Association (ADA), and the WHO to control the spread of COVID-19 and like other contagious infections, these recommendations include personal protective equipment, hand washing, detailed patient evaluation, rubber dam isolation, anti-retraction handpiece, mouth rinsing before dental procedures, and disinfection of the clinic. This cross-sectional study assessed the fear of infection between Egyptian dentists practicing during the present COVID-19 pandemic and to explore their knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and various modifications in dental practice through an online survey. abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the fear of infection among Egyptian dentists practicing during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to explore the dentist’s knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and to assess various modifications in dental practice. METHODS: An online survey was submitted to dental professionals. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire consisting of 23 closed-ended questions. The gathered data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: An overall 216 dentists completed the survey. A total of 200 (92.6%) dental professionals were afraid of becoming infected with COVID-19 while 196 (90.7%) became anxious to treat patients showing suspicious symptoms. The majority of the participants were aware of the mode of transmission of COVID-19 and a lot of them were updated with the current Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for cross-infection control. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on dental professionals. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41405-020-00047-0 doi: 10.1038/s41405-020-00047-0 id: cord-016208-u12ngkpc author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Intensive Patient Treatment date: 2018-09-25 words: 4579.0 sentences: 334.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016208-u12ngkpc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016208-u12ngkpc.txt summary: Intensive care units (ICUs) are treating hospital''s poorest patients that need medical assistance during the most extreme period of their life. Intensive patients are treated with extensive invasive procedures, which may cause a risk of hospital infections in 10–30% of the cases. The hospital''s management should provide resources and written guidelines regarding infection control work, proper patient/care ratio, sufficient patient areas, isolation capacity and documented competence. Intensive care unit (ICU) should have a large enough area and furnished for a good, safe and effective infection protection [1] . Recent studies indicate that patients in separate ICU rooms will have fewer hospital infections and thus a lower risk of fatal outcome [72, 73] . An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with increased risk of patient death in an intensive care unit Single rooms may help to prevent nosocomial blood stream infection and cross-transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units abstract: Intensive care units (ICUs) are treating hospital’s poorest patients that need medical assistance during the most extreme period of their life. Intensive patients are treated with extensive invasive procedures, which may cause a risk of hospital infections in 10–30% of the cases. More than half of these infections can be prevented. The patients are often admitted directly from outside the hospital or from abroad with trauma after accidents, serious heart and lung conditions, sepsis and other life-threatening diseases. Infection or carrier state of microbes is often unknown on arrival and poses a risk of transmission to other patients, personnel and the environment. Patients that are transferred between different healthcare levels and institutions with unknown infection may be a particular risk for other patients. In spite of the serious state of the patients, many ICUs have few resources and are overcrowded and understaffed, with a lack of competent personnel. ICU should have a large enough area and be designed, furnished and staffed for a good, safe and effective infection control. The following chapter is focused on practical measures to reduce the incidence of infections among ICU patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120427/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_45 id: cord-016223-nk8xwa0t author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Strict Isolation date: 2018-09-25 words: 4884.0 sentences: 387.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016223-nk8xwa0t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016223-nk8xwa0t.txt summary: The unit should be located in a separate ward, preferably in a separate building with direct access via an external sluice and internal access through a negative air pressure sluice with sufficient areal for donning and doffing and for a safe treatment of infectious equipment and waste. Technical staff, handling medical equipment, including collection tanks and autoclaves, shall be specially trained in infection control and must be able to use a sluice function with the use of PPE, when entering these disinfection areas. • Out sluicing needs plenty of space for washbasin and suitable hand disinfectant, for doffing (undressing) and for the use of at least three waste bags (disposal, textiles and reusable equipment). Option if not autoclave/decontaminator in the isolation unit: Infectious waste bag is treated exterior with 5% chloramine and double packed in new yellow thick plastic bag in the sluice. abstract: Strict isolation: suspected highly infectious and transmissible virulent and pathogenic microbes, highly resistant bacterial strains and agents that are not accepted in any form of distribution in the society or in the environment. Examples are completely resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, viral haemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Lassa, pandemic severe influenza and coronavirus like SARS, MERS, etc. In most countries, strict isolation is a rarely used isolation regime but should be a part of the national preparedness plan. For instance, in Norway, strict isolation has not been used for the last 50–60 years, except for one case of imported Ebola infection in 2014. Patients in need of strict isolation should be placed in a separate isolation ward or building. Infection spread by contact, droplet and airborne infection, aerosols, re-aerosols, airborne microbe-carrying particles, skin cells, dust, droplets and droplet nuclei. At the same time, it is always contact transmission (contaminated environment, equipment, textiles and waste). The source of infection is usually a patient but may also be a symptomless carrier or a zoonotic disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120447/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_19 id: cord-017140-k4lzwfge author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Protection of Upper Respiratory Tract, Mouth and Eyes date: 2018-09-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pathogenic bacteria and viruses may invade via upper and lower respiratory tract and via eye mucosa. When an infected person coughs or sneezes heavily, small, invisible droplets with the infective agent may reach a good distance from the source. By using the right form of protection at the right time, infection and disease are prevented. The present chapter is focused on the protection against airborne infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121627/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_13 id: cord-017531-fm8gl5b3 author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Scenarios: Serious, Infectious Diseases date: 2018-09-25 words: 3604.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017531-fm8gl5b3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017531-fm8gl5b3.txt summary: All transport of infectious patients from the place of arrival to the hospital should take place in ambulances using the same infection control regime as for the individual infectious disease (contact infection, airborne infection, strict isolation); see isolation regimes; Chaps. • Ambulance staff and other personnel use the contact and airborne infection regime when picking up and transporting a patient. Short-time airborne isolation of exposed cases until the infection state is clarified/effect of antibacterial therapy 82.5.6 Anthrax After Staying in Turkey, Sick on the Plane Home 82.5.6.1 Patient: Strict Isolation-Air Pressure Isolate with Pressure [21, 22] Example: Two out of six people who have been on family visits in Turkey for a week, on farms with goats and skin production, are acutely ill on the plane home with cough, shortness of breath and fever. Less severe disease: isolation of index case and close contacts • Registering: All exposed persons are registered (name, address, telephone number) and followed up. abstract: Scenarios for serious, infectious diseases are important procedures used to understand the special microbe’s behaviour (clinical illness, spread of infection, etc.) and how to act most rational during special dangerous outbreaks. Furthermore, scenarios describe how to handle patients, personnel and others possibly exposed to infections,- outside and inside the hospital- to stop spread of the infection as soon as possible. Today, it is not acceptable to place a patient with a known high-risk, serious infection in the same hospital room as other patients with not the same disease (WHO). In this chapter, some seldom but realistic scenario is described to better understand how to react and treat patients to stop spread of microbes during the primary phase of dangerous transmittable diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122114/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_82 id: cord-017534-0ai8chbu author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Background Information: Isolation Routines date: 2018-09-25 words: 9640.0 sentences: 603.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017534-0ai8chbu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017534-0ai8chbu.txt summary: There is an increased need of isolates for patients with infections, especially due to pulmonary tuberculosis, MRSA, VRE, Clostridium difficile (CD), multiresistant gram-negative bacteria and other "multidrug-resistant organisms" (MDRO) [23, 24, 36, 37, [48] [49] [50] [51] . In 2009, a European investigation was done as regards the number of "high-level isolation rooms" (HIRs), i.e. airborne infection isolation units with negative pressure (not defined) with at least 6 air changes per hour and sluice (anteroom) [61] . CDC defines contact isolation, using gown and gloves when in contact with patients infected with resistant bacteria like MRSA and other MDROs (multidrug-resistant organisms), and single rooms are recommended [19] . Spread of pathogenic infectious agents through the air and droplets requires a defined negative pressure ventilation isolate and a system which reduces airborne infection in the patient''s room. abstract: The isolation of patients with suspected or documented infections—to not spread to others—has been discussed for hundreds of years. Guidelines are many, methods are different, attitudes show vide variations, routines and procedures are still changing, regulations by law may be absent, and some healthcare professionals may be afraid of adverse outcomes of isolation [1–44]. Microbes that are spread in the environment, on the hands and equipment are invisible. The invisible agent does not call on attention before the infection; clinical disease, hospital infection or nosocomial infection is a factum that can be registered [23, 28, 29, 35–37]. How to stop the transmission is often “to believe and not believe” in infection control. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122118/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_21 id: cord-017575-msc99cit author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: Dangerous Microbes date: 2018-09-25 words: 2240.0 sentences: 178.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017575-msc99cit.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017575-msc99cit.txt summary: The most dangerous microbes for humans are those that are easily transmitted, virulent and invasive to the central organs like the blood and lung, robust survivors in the environment, have a low infection dose and are without any specific treatment or vaccine [2] [3] [4] [5] . The most dangerous microbes for humans are those that are easily transmitted, virulent and invasive to the central organs like the blood and lung, robust survivors in the environment, have a low infection dose and are without any specific treatment or vaccine [2] [3] [4] [5] . They easily spread via contact and air from animals and food, survive in the environment for months especially during colder seasons, are very easily transmitted and may cause nosocomial infections, chronic febris undulans, septicaemia and lung diseases. abstract: The most dangerous microbes for humans are those that are easily transmitted, virulent and invasive to central organs like the blood and lung, robust survivors in the environment, have a low infection dose and are without any specific treatment or vaccine. Most of them are zoonoses transmitted from animals and often with insects as vectors. The most dangerous microbes cause a very high mortality, are identified as high-risk agents or “biohazard-level 4” agents and are treated at the highest level of infection protection with strict isolation measures. Dangerous microbes occur as a problem mostly in countries with low hygiene standards/high population density and in tropical-subtropical areas. Infection control must always be based on hygienic measures and strict infection protection. This chapter is a short information about the most virulent and pathogenic agents, geographic area and severity of disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122166/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_80 id: cord-017815-0t7jvvz5 author: Andersen, Bjørg Marit title: General Information date: 2018-09-25 words: 3819.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017815-0t7jvvz5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017815-0t7jvvz5.txt summary: A modern isolate for patients with infections comprises (1) a sluice with a good space for dressing and undressing of personal protective equipment (PPE) and for hand hygiene, (2) a large patient room and (3) a bathroom/disinfection room with own decontaminator or autoclave and with separate entrance from the patient''s room. A modern isolate for patients with impaired immune defence is similar to the infection isolates, with following exceptions: usually no need for decontaminator, hepafiltered clean air into the room and with a defined positive air pressure. Airborne infection isolation units: at least 10% of the bed capacity for adults and 10-15% of children in hospitals should be isolates well equipped with negative pressure, separate ventilation and private bath/disinfection room with decontaminator. Protective isolation: good hand hygiene, clean gown, surgical mask, surgical cap, room-bound shoes. abstract: Many bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and prions may cause serious infections and lead to the isolation of those who are infected from those who are susceptible. Isolation may be done in single rooms or in special isolation units. A modern isolate for patients with infections comprises (1) a sluice with a good space for dressing and undressing of personal protective equipment (PPE) and for hand hygiene, (2) a large patient room and (3) a bathroom/disinfection room with own decontaminator or autoclave and with separate entrance from the patient’s room. Isolates for airborne and droplet-transmitted infections have in addition a defined negative air pressure and hepafiltered exhaust. In all isolates, doors must be closed in such a way that contaminants do not escape the isolate. A modern isolate for patients with impaired immune defence is similar to the infection isolates, with following exceptions: usually no need for decontaminator, hepafiltered clean air into the room and with a defined positive air pressure. A positive pressure isolate should never be used for patients with infections, and a negative pressure isolate should never be used for patients with impaired immune defence, except if the patient also has an infection that needs isolation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122486/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_15 id: cord-321949-s1qu3odd author: Anderson, Evan J title: Rotavirus infection in adults date: 2004-01-28 words: 6937.0 sentences: 441.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt summary: Spread by faecal-oral transmission, rotavirus infection in adults typically manifests with nausea, malaise, headache, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, and fever. In this review we intend to familiarise clinicians who primarily provide care for adult patients with the salient features of rotavirus pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. In a separate study, 14 parents of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis developed serological evidence of infection, but only three had diarrhoea. Rotavirus infections in adult patients infected with HIV-1 frequently present as a chronic diarrhoea with sustained viral shedding in stools. In a small prospective study in the UK, rotavirus caused 4·1% of acute diarrhoea in adults admitted to hospital. 79 In a study of Mexican adults, 63% of patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis during winter months were positive for rotavirus. Rotavirus infections in adults in association with acute gastroenteritis abstract: Rotavirus has been recognised for 30 years as the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in infants and young children. By contrast, the role of rotavirus as a pathogen in adults has long been underappreciated. Spread by faecal-oral transmission, rotavirus infection in adults typically manifests with nausea, malaise, headache, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, and fever. Infection can also be symptomless. Rotavirus infection in immuno-compromised adults can have a variable course from symptomless to severe and sustained infection. Common epidemiological settings for rotavirus infection among adults include endemic disease, epidemic outbreak, travel-related infection, and disease resulting from child-to-adult transmission. Limited diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives are available for adults with suspected rotavirus infection. Because symptoms are generally self-limiting, supportive care is the rule. Clinicians caring for adults with gastroenteritis should consider rotavirus in the differential diagnosis. In this review we intend to familiarise clinicians who primarily provide care for adult patients with the salient features of rotavirus pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1473309904009284 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)00928-4 id: cord-299786-wuve0tjz author: Anderson, Robert title: Manipulation of cell surface macromolecules by flaviviruses date: 2004-02-27 words: 13584.0 sentences: 696.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299786-wuve0tjz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299786-wuve0tjz.txt summary: Dengue virus infection of immature myeloid dendritic cells has been shown to induce their maturation accompanied by the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II antigens; the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86; and the dendritic cell marker CD83 (Libraty et al., 2001) . Flaviviruses, including dengue and West Nile (Shen et al., 1997) viruses, activate endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression by either direct (virus-mediated) or indirect (cytokine-mediated) mechanisms (see Section V,C). A major candidate event in such a route is the activation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules by a factor(s) (particularly TNF-) produced by dengue virus-infected blood monocytes . Thus the roles of prior immunity, antibody-enhanced virus infection, and immune-mediated pathologic effects on the vascular system are key points in understanding the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic disease. Activation of endothelial cells via antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection of peripheral blood monocytes abstract: Cell surface macromolecules play a crucial role in the biology and pathobiology of flaviviruses, both as receptors for virus entry and as signaling molecules for cell–cell interactions in the processes of vascular permeability and inflammation. This review examines the cell tropism and pathogenesis of flaviviruses from the standpoint of cell surface molecules, which have been implicated as receptors in both virus–cell as well as cell–cell interactions. The emerging picture is one that encompasses extensive regulation and interplay among the invading virus, viral immune complexes, Fc receptors, major histocompatibility complex antigens, and adhesion molecules. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065352703590078 doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(03)59007-8 id: cord-284195-qarz4o2z author: Ansumali, Santosh title: A Very Flat Peak: Exponential growth phase of COVID-19 is mostly followed by a prolonged linear growth phase, not an immediate saturation date: 2020-04-11 words: 4425.0 sentences: 196.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284195-qarz4o2z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284195-qarz4o2z.txt summary: As such, a few weeks after these strict measures, and noting the reported success of China, governments of various provinces and countries are waiting for the new daily infections to cross over the peak. To date, other than China which continues to report nearly zero new infected cases every day for the past few weeks, all other countries are either in an exponential phase or a linear growth phase. In this work, we note by studying the COVID-19 infection data from several countries which implemented quarantine that the exponential growth phase ends, but it is followed by a linear growth phase. As much as the linear regime suggests the end of the exponential growth phase, a correlation of the daily cases with the average number of infections at the time of transition seems to suggest that the growth is only maintained in a "pause", frozen at the state where the quarantines are implemented. abstract: When actively taking measures to control an epidemic, an important indicator of success is crossing the "peak" of daily new infections. The peak is a positive sign which marks the end of the exponential phase of infection spread and a transition into a phase that is a manageable. Most countries or provinces with similar but independent growth trajectories had taken drastic measures for containing the COVID-19 pandemic and are eagerly waiting to cross the peak. However, the data after many weeks of strict measures suggests that most provinces instead enter a phase where the infections are in a linear growth. While the transition out of an exponential phase is relieving, the roughly constant number of daily new infections differ widely, range from around 50 in Singapore to around 2000 just in Lombardy (Italy), and 7600 in Spain. The daily new infection rate of a region seems to depend heavily on the time point in the exponential evolution when the restrictive measures were adopted, rather than on the population of the region. It is not easy to point the critical source of these persistent infections. We attempt to interpret this data using a simple model of newer infections mediated by asymptomatic patients, which underscores the importance of actively identifying any potential leakages in the quarantine. Given the novelty of the virus, it is hard to predict too far into the future and one needs to be observant to see if a plan B is needed as a second round of interventions. So far, the peak achieved by most countries with the first round of intervention is extremely flat. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20055772 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.07.20055772 id: cord-310239-mmvuij3k author: Arentz, Susan title: Clinical significance summary: Preliminary results of a rapid review of zinc for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral respiratory infections date: 2020-08-01 words: 3941.0 sentences: 215.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310239-mmvuij3k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310239-mmvuij3k.txt summary: Indirect evidence from systematic reviews have found zinc supplementation is effective for the prevention of acute respiratory infections in young children and zinc lozenges may reduce the duration of the common cold in adults. As of the 9 June 2020, the preliminary findings of a rapid review of zinc for the prevention or treatment Pending any definitive evidence, clinicians might consider assessing the zinc status of people with chronic disease co-morbidities and older adults as part of a SARS-CoV-2 clinical work-up, as both groups have a higher risk of zinc deficiency/insufficiency and poorer outcomes from SARS-CoV-2. The primary objective of this rapid review was to assess the effects of zinc on the incidence, duration and severity of acute upper or lower respiratory tract infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in people of any age and of any zinc status when used as a preventive supplement or as a therapy. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.009 doi: 10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.009 id: cord-350928-vj5qlzpj author: Arnott, Alicia title: Human bocavirus amongst an all‐ages population hospitalised with acute lower respiratory infections in Cambodia date: 2012-04-25 words: 4315.0 sentences: 317.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350928-vj5qlzpj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350928-vj5qlzpj.txt summary: Objectives To investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of HBoV amongst hospitalized patients with acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in Cambodia. In patients where HBoV is the only virus detected, the clinical symptoms reported are similar to those occurring as a result of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), including bronchiolitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and exacerbation of asthma. 20 Here, we report the findings of the first study investigating the prevalence, seasonality, clinical characteristics and the molecular epidemiology of HBoV in amongst an all-ages population of patients hospitalized for acute lower respiratory illness (ALRI) in Cambodia over 3 consecutive years. 5 In this study, ALRI patient samples were screened for HBoV infection using a highly sensitive multiplex PCR assay previously shown to have a lower limit of detection of 4 copies of HBoV DNA ⁄ ll of viral transport medium. abstract: Please cite this paper as: Arnott et al. (2013) Human bocavirus amongst an all‐ages population hospitalised with acute lower respiratory infections in Cambodia. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(2) 201–210. Background Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a novel parvovirus that is associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal tract disease. Objectives To investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of HBoV amongst hospitalized patients with acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in Cambodia. Study Design Samples were collected from 2773 patients of all ages hospitalised with symptoms of ALRI between 2007 and 2009. All samples were screened by multiplex RT‐PCR/PCR for 18 respiratory viruses. All samples positive for HBoV were sequenced and included in this study. Results Of the samples tested, 43 (1·5%) were positive for HBoV. The incidence of HBoV did not vary between the consecutive seasons investigated, and HBoV infections were detected year‐round. The incidence of HBoV infection was highest in patients aged <2 years, with pneumonia or bronchopneumonia the most common clinical diagnosis, regardless of age. A total of 19 patients (44%) were co‐infected with HBoV and an additional respiratory pathogen. All isolates were classified as HBoV type 1 (HBoV‐1). High conservation between Cambodian NP1 and V1V2 gene sequences was observed. Conclusions Human bocavirus infection can result in serious illness, however is frequently detected in the context of viral co‐infection. Specific studies are required to further understand the true pathogenesis of HBoV in the context of severe respiratory illness. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22531100/ doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00369.x id: cord-275166-qduf08kp author: Assane, Dieng title: Viral and Bacterial Etiologies of Acute Respiratory Infections Among Children Under 5 Years in Senegal date: 2018-02-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the leading cause of infectious disease–related morbidity, hospitalization, and morbidity among children worldwide. This study aimed to assess the viral and bacterial causes of ARI morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years in Senegal. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children under 5 years who had ARI. Viruses and bacteria were identified using multiplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and conventional biochemical techniques, respectively. Adenovirus was the most prevalent virus (50%; n = 81), followed by influenza virus (45.68%, n = 74), rhinovirus (40.12%; n = 65), enterovirus (25.31%; n = 41), and respiratory syncytial virus (16.05%; n = 26), whereas Streptococcus pneumoniae (17%; n = 29), Moraxella catarrhalis (15.43%; n = 25), and Haemophilus influenzae (8.02%; n = 13) were the most commonly isolated bacteria. Virus pathogens seem more likely to be more prevalent in our settings and were often associated with bacteria and S. pneumoniae (6%; 16) coinfection. url: https://doi.org/10.1177/1178636118758651 doi: 10.1177/1178636118758651 id: cord-256508-ce59ovan author: Asselah, Tarik title: COVID-19: discovery, diagnostics and drug development date: 2020-10-08 words: 9214.0 sentences: 556.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256508-ce59ovan.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256508-ce59ovan.txt summary: To date, with the exception of intravenous Remdesivir and dexamethasone, which have modest effects in moderate to severe COVID-19, no strong clinical evidence supports the efficacy and safety of any other drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The current diagnostic strategy to identify patients with COVID-19 is to test samples taken from the respiratory tract to assess for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific nucleic acid targets [47] . The neutralization assay is a laboratory-based test that uses live virus and cell culture methods to determine if patient antibodies can prevent viral infection in vitro [72] . A randomized, controlled, openlabel trial involving hospitalized adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe respiratory illness COVID-19 was performed [126] . Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals abstract: An epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome (Covid-19) started in humans in Wuhan in 2019, and became a pandemic. Groups from China Identified and sequenced the virus responsible for COVID-19, named SARS-CoV-2, and determined that it was a novel coronavirus (CoV) that shared high sequence identity with bat- and pangolin-derived SARS-like CoVs, suggesting a zoonotic origin. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of Coronaviridae, a family of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect a broad range of vertebrates. The rapid release of the sequence of the virus has allowed the development of diagnostic tools (e.g., RT-PCR). Additionally, serological tests can allow identification of persons who have been infected. In humans, CoVs tend to cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections. The fatality rate is around 1-3% for infected persons. An acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) likely due to an uncontrolled immune activation (“cytokine storm”) occurs in patients with severe disease and poor prognosis. Risk factors for mortality include: advanced age, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other comorbidities. Drug repurposing has been used to rapidly identify potential treatment for COVID-19, which could move quickly to phase-3. Better knowledge of the virus, its enzymes, will be mandatory to develop more potent and specific direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA). In the long term, a vaccine to prevent infection would be crucial; however even if successful it might not be available before 2021-22. To date, with the exception of intravenous Remdesivir and dexamethasone, which have modest effects in moderate to severe COVID-19, no strong clinical evidence supports the efficacy and safety of any other drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review is to provide insights on the discovery of SARS-CoV-2, its virology, the diagnostic tools, and the ongoing drug discovery effort. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168827820336758?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.031 id: cord-311908-sgdq6j6x author: Atkins, G. J. title: Transient virus infection and multiple sclerosis date: 2000-09-28 words: 6183.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311908-sgdq6j6x.txt summary: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating disease of the CNS in which autoimmunity to myelin plays a role in pathogenesis. These include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), caused by a persistent measles virus infection, and human T cell lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I)associated myelopathy, which is a slowly progressive neurological disease characterised by in¯ammatory in®ltrates and demyelination in the CNS, and is caused by an exogenous retrovirus. Another study that does not involve virus infection, but may nonetheless provide information concerning the possible viral aetiology of MS, concerns the exacerbation of brain damage following EAE induction. With regard to the activity of known human viruses in the induction of myelin damage, there is evidence that virus infections associated with CNS demyelination can cause damage to oligodendrocytes. It is possible that virus infection could induce secretion of pro-in¯ammatory cytokines that could penetrate the CNS parenchyma from the blood and lead to the recrudescence of anti-myelin autoimmunity by reactivation of previously primed T-cells. abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating disease of the CNS in which autoimmunity to myelin plays a role in pathogenesis. The epidemiology of MS indicates that it may be triggered by a virus infection before the age of adolescence, but attempts to associate a specific virus with MS have produced equivocal results. Many studies of the aetiology of MS have postulated that a persistent virus infection is involved, but transient virus infection may provide a plausible alternative mechanism that could explain many of the inconsistencies in MS research. The most studied animal model of MS is chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CREAE), which is induced in susceptible animals following injection of myelin components. While CREAE cannot provide information on the initiating factor for MS, it may mimic disease processes occurring after an initial trigger that may involve transient virus infection. The disease process may comprise separate triggering and relapse phases. The triggering phase may involve sensitisation to myelin antigens as a result of damage to oligodendrocytes or molecular mimicry. The relapse phase could be similar to CREAE, or alternatively relapses may be induced by further transient virus infections which may not involve infection of the CNS, but which may involve the recrudescence of anti‐myelin autoimmunity. Although current vaccines have a high degree of biosafety, it is suggested that the measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine in particular could be modified to obviate any possibility of triggering anti‐myelin autoimmunity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11015741/ doi: 10.1002/1099-1654(200009/10)10:5<291::aid-rmv278>3.0.co;2-u id: cord-299918-0ahvoak4 author: Aykac, Kubra title: Respiratory viral infections in infants with possible sepsis date: 2018-09-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Knowledge of infections leading to sepsis is needed to develop comprehensive infection prevention and sepsis, as well as early recognition and treatment strategies.The aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of sepsis and evaluate the proportion of respiratory viral pathogens in infants under two years of age with possible sepsis. METHODS: The prospective study was performed in two years. Multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was performed to detect viral pathogens. All patients who were included in this study had sepsis symptoms as defined by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. RESULTS: We compared 90 patients with sepsis into three groups as patients (n = 33) who had only viral positivity in nasopharyngeal swab, patients (17) had proven bacterial infection with or without viral infection, and patients (40) without the pathogen detection. Human rhinovirus (16.7%) and influenza (7.8%) were the most commonly seen viruses. A cough was more common in the viral infection group than other groups ( P = 0.02) and median thrombocyte count was lower in the bacterial infection group than the others ( P = 0.01). Patients having bacterial sepsis had the longest duration of hospitalization than the other groups ( P = 0.04). During winter and spring seaons, patients with sepsis had more viral infection; however, in summer and autumn period, patients were mostly in a state that we could not prove infection agents ( P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that respiratory tract viruses may play an important role in patients with sepsis and they should be kept in mind, especially during winter and spring seasons. In overall infection, viral respiratory viruses as a single pathogen with a detection rate of 36.6% in sepsis etiology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30192397/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.25309 id: cord-310042-9z8rkzq8 author: Aysha, Al‐Ani title: Practical management of inflammatory bowel disease patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: expert commentary from the Gastroenterological Society of Australia Inflammatory Bowel Disease faculty date: 2020-07-12 words: 3471.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310042-9z8rkzq8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310042-9z8rkzq8.txt summary: This review aims to summarise the current literature and provide guidance on the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the Australasian setting. A significant proportion of IBD patients are treated with long-term immunomodulator/immunosuppressive therapy which potentially places them at increased risk of infections and associated complications. Practitioners and patients alike are therefore concerned about the risk and implications of COVID-19 infection in the IBD patient, despite a paucity of evidence supporting an altered predisposition to disease or more severe disease course. Despite concerns regarding immunosuppression and consequent predisposition to infection, there is no evidence to suggest increased infection rates of COVID-19 in IBD patients to date. 8, 9 Hence, expert consensus currently is that patients with IBD do not appear to be at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with the general population. 2 • Reducing disease activitythere is evidence that moderate to severe disease activity increases the risk of infection in IBD patients. abstract: The COVID‐19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2, has emerged as a public health emergency and challenged healthcare systems globally. In a minority of patients, SARS‐CoV‐2 manifests with a severe acute respiratory illness and currently there are insufficient data regarding the virulence of COVID‐19 in inflammatory bowel disease patients taking immunosuppressive therapy. This review aims to summarise the current literature and provide guidance on the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the Australasian setting. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.14889 doi: 10.1111/imj.14889 id: cord-022453-xe5v7947 author: BABIUK, L.A. title: Viral Gastroenteritis in Ruminants date: 2013-11-17 words: 4838.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022453-xe5v7947.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022453-xe5v7947.txt summary: Rotavirus infection is generally limited to the small intestine in calves, pigs and humans (Middleton et al., 1974; Mebus and Newman, 1977; McAdaragh et al., 1980) , but antigen can be found in the colon of lambs (Snodgrass et al., 1977) , pigs (Theil et al., 1978) and mice (Little and Shadduck, 1982) . Bovine Coronavirus diarrhea, like rotavirus diarrhea, occurs within 15-24 h p.i. Early in infection the villous epithelial cells appear morphological normal but they contain large amounts of antigen. Since diarrhea occurs before denudation and loss of enterocytes it is postulated that it is a direct result of infection of the cell and the ensuing redirection of cellular functions from absorption to virus replication. Because of the replication in lymphoid tissue this disease can be more severe, especially in small animals, than other viral infections, because of interference with immune responses and damage to the crypts. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155712/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-87312-5.50076-x id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 words: 17476.0 sentences: 1073.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt summary: Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc. Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines. As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions. The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine. Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle. Animals that survived were permanently immune. Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals. For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease. The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying. Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests. Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120392339500056 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 id: cord-257114-pxmflm2c author: BURGUETE, SERGIO R. title: Lung transplant infection date: 2012-12-26 words: 11389.0 sentences: 648.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257114-pxmflm2c.txt summary: This article will review the common infections that develop in the lung transplant recipient, including the general risk factors for infection in this population, and the most frequent bacterial, viral, fungal and other less frequent opportunistic infections. Resistant Gramnegative organisms pose perhaps the greatest risk, and some studies suggest an association between pretransplant colonizing organisms from patients with suppurative lung disease and pneumonias following LT. A Cochrane Review comparing prophylaxis in different groups of solid organ transplant patients with antivirals versus placebo or no treatment showed a significant reduction in disease (relative risk 0.42), infection (relative risk 0.61), mortality from CMV disease (relative risk 0.26) and allcause mortality (relative risk 0.63). 114 In general, the choice for antifungal prophylaxis depends, in part, on the presence of specific risk factors such as colonization with Aspergillus, presence of airway stents or ischaemia, single lung transplantation, CMV infection, hypogammaglobulinaemia or treatment of acute rejection. abstract: Lung transplantation has become an accepted therapeutic procedure for the treatment of end‐stage pulmonary parenchymal and vascular disease. Despite improved survival rates over the decades, lung transplant recipients have lower survival rates than other solid organ transplant recipients. The morbidity and mortality following lung transplantation is largely due to infection‐ and rejection‐related complications. This article will review the common infections that develop in the lung transplant recipient, including the general risk factors for infection in this population, and the most frequent bacterial, viral, fungal and other less frequent opportunistic infections. The epidemiology, diagnosis, prophylaxis, treatment and outcomes for the different microbial pathogens will be reviewed. The effects of infection on lung transplant rejection will also be discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591266/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02196.x id: cord-321835-qn33sx8x author: Bailey, Emily S. title: A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses date: 2018-04-09 words: 3717.0 sentences: 181.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt summary: In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. Influenza A virus H3N2 subtypes are frequently reported in swine, avian, and canine hosts that are responsible for highly infectious respiratory diseases in pigs and have been examined as a potential cause of influenza in humans. In a recent review of the risks of potential outbreaks associated with zoonotic Ad (48) , it was noted that intense human-animal interaction is likely to increase the probability of emergent cross-species Ad infection. This suggests that strategies for novel virus detection should incorporate global surveillance at the human-animal interface to detect potentially emerging zoonotic viruses. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome abstract: During the last two decades, scientists have grown increasingly aware that viruses are emerging from the human–animal interface. In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. In addition to SARS, other respiratory pathogens have also emerged recently, contributing to the high burden of respiratory tract infection-related morbidity and mortality. Among the recently emerged respiratory pathogens are influenza viruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses. As the genesis of these emerging viruses is not well understood and their detection normally occurs after they have crossed over and adapted to man, ideally, strategies for such novel virus detection should include intensive surveillance at the human–animal interface, particularly if one believes the paradigm that many novel emerging zoonotic viruses first circulate in animal populations and occasionally infect man before they fully adapt to man; early detection at the human–animal interface will provide earlier warning. Here, we review recent emerging virus treats for these four groups of viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00104 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00104 id: cord-314359-fw14b5cv author: Bajaj, Satish Kumar title: Respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients: Lung findings using chest computed tomography date: 2016-11-23 words: 4341.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314359-fw14b5cv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314359-fw14b5cv.txt summary: Patient who present with classical symptoms like fever, rigors, chills, cough with expectoration, chest pain, dyspnea and whose chest radiographic findings are suggestive of common bacterial infections is considered to have typical pneumonia. Clinical features such as patient age, immune status, time of year, illness in other family members, community outbreaks, different stages of the underlying disease at onset, severity and duration of symptoms, and presence of a rash remain important in diagnosing viral causes of atypical pneumonia in immune-competent as well as ICPs. CXR is an essential tool for rapid diagnosis of lung changes and may also be help in follow up of the treatment response. However, in hospitalized patients with similar radiological features without any relevant clinical and laboratory findings consistent with lung infection, a possible diagnosis of atelectasis, old changes and organizing pneumonias following a course of antibiotics should be considered. abstract: Respiratory infections and subsequent complications are one of the leading causes of high mortality in immunocompromised patients. Although chest radiograph and computed tomography are the commonly used diagnostic tools for the early diagnosis of lung manifestations of infections, they lack the specificity for the wide range of chest infections which can occur in immunocompromised patients. Systematic analysis of the imaging findings in correlation with the clinical settings along with comparison with the old images can expedite early and accurate diagnosis for subsequent appropriate management. Computer tomography findings in immunocompromised patients with respiratory infections, with regards to various clinical settings, will be discussed here. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352621116300742 doi: 10.1016/j.jrid.2016.11.001 id: cord-253256-909chgl0 author: Bajwa, Sukhminder Jit Singh title: Peri-operative and critical care concerns in coronavirus pandemic date: 2020-03-28 words: 4543.0 sentences: 238.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253256-909chgl0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253256-909chgl0.txt summary: In this article, all outbreak response measures including triaging, preparation of isolation rooms, decontamination and disinfection protocols as well as fundamental principles of critical care and anaesthetic management in Covid-19 cases is being discussed. The need of the hour therefore is to update ourselves with clinicopathological spectrum of the deadly disease and provide evidence based medical services to all hospitalized cases with suspected Covid-19 infection. All the recommendations below have been influenced by the past experiences of corona virus outbreaks and desire improved measures for personal protection of health care workers and consequent prevention of nosocomial transmission of infection. Planning for anaesthesiaand surgery in covid-suspect cases Anaesthesiologists and intensivists are the soldiers at the final frontier of corona disaster as all patients landing up in the hospital with severe respiratory distress will be primarily seen under their domain. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient abstract: World Health Organization (WHO) declared novel coronavirus outbreak a “pandemic” on March 11(th), 2020. India has already reached Stage 2 (local transmission) and the Indian Government, in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), is taking all necessary steps to halt the community transmission(Stage 3). Anaesthesiologists and intensivists around the globe are making untiring efforts akin to soldiers at the final frontier during war. All efforts pertaining to adequate staffing, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and strict adherence to hand hygiene measures are being stressed upon to prevent in-hospital transmission. In this article, all outbreak response measures including triaging, preparation of isolation rooms, decontamination and disinfection protocols as well as fundamental principles of critical care and anaesthetic management in Covid-19 cases is being discussed. All the recommendations have been derived from the past experiences of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) outbreak as well as upcoming guidelines from the international health fraternity and Indian Health Services. url: https://doi.org/10.4103/ija.ija_272_20 doi: 10.4103/ija.ija_272_20 id: cord-302277-c66xm2n4 author: Bakaletz, Lauren O. title: Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases date: 2004 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Polymicrobial diseases involve two or more microorganisms that act synergistically, or in succession, to mediate complex disease processes. Although polymicrobial diseases in animals and humans can be caused by similar organisms, these diseases are often also caused by organisms from different kingdoms, genera, species, strains, substrains and even by phenotypic variants of a single species. Animal models are often required to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and to develop therapies and prevention regimes. However, reproducing polymicrobial diseases of humans in animal hosts presents significant challenges. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15197391/ doi: 10.1038/nrmicro928 id: cord-283138-18q23z8l author: Balasubramanian, S. title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children - What We Know So Far and What We Do Not date: 2020-04-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pediatric coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection is relatively mild when compared to adults, and children are reported to have a better prognosis. Mortality in children appears rare. Clinical features of COVID-19 in children include fever and cough, but a large proportion of infected children appears to be asymptomatic and may contribute to transmission. It remains unclear why children and young adults are less severely affected than older individuals, but this might involve differences in immune system function in the elderly and/or differences in the expression/function of the cellular receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)- Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Laboratory findings and chest imaging may not be specific in children with COVID-19. Diagnosis is by Reverse transcriptase-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing of upper or lower respiratory tract secretions. This review additionally considers COVID-19 in immunosuppressed children, and also suggests a management algorithm for the few children who appear to present with life threatening infection, including the potential use of antiviral and immunomodulatory treatment. The most significant threat to global child health from SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to be related to COVID 19 in children, but rather the socio-economic consequences of a prolonged pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32273490/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1819-5 id: cord-262524-ununcin0 author: Bankhead, Armand title: A Simulation Framework to Investigate in vitro Viral Infection Dynamics date: 2011-12-31 words: 4245.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262524-ununcin0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262524-ununcin0.txt summary: In this paper we present a tool to address these issues: a cellular automata model describing critical aspects of in vitro viral infections taking into account spatial characteristics of virus spreading within a culture well. We interrogate the model using a Latin Hypercube sensitivity analysis to identify which mechanisms are critical to the observed infection of host cells and the release of measured virus particles. We also show that the model can explain the experimentally observed virus titer data and allows a deeper understanding of the infection dynamics in the in vitro experiments. Infectious: Assembled virion is being released from the host cell according to the release function (Section 2.4) By examining the experimental viral titer data shown in Figure 1 we derived temporal delay of the state transition between Containing and Infectious. p BP represents the probability of a virus-receptor binding event leading to a cell''s infection by a single viral particle during a given model time step. abstract: Abstract Virus infection is a complex biological phenomenon for which in vitro experiments provide a uniquely concise view where data is often obtained from a single population of cells, under controlled environmental conditions. Nonetheless, data interpretation and real understanding of viral dynamics is still hampered by the sheer complexity of the various intertwined spatio-temporal processes. In this paper we present a tool to address these issues: a cellular automata model describing critical aspects of in vitro viral infections taking into account spatial characteristics of virus spreading within a culture well. The aim of the model is to understand the key mechanisms of SARS-CoV infection dynamics during the first 24hours post infection. We interrogate the model using a Latin Hypercube sensitivity analysis to identify which mechanisms are critical to the observed infection of host cells and the release of measured virus particles. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32288900/ doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2011.04.195 id: cord-257255-n5o368ih author: Barker, J. title: Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes date: 2001-12-21 words: 9238.0 sentences: 459.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257255-n5o368ih.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257255-n5o368ih.txt summary: Amongst health care professionals there is growing awareness that improved standards of hand, surface and air hygiene in community settings could do much to prevent the spread of viral infections within these environments. In a preschool daycare centre, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections decreased following implementation of measures which included reinforcing existing handwashing procedures and education of staff and families on issues of infection control including environmental surface cleaning and disinfection and disinfection of toys (Krilov et al. Nevertheless, overall, there is convincing circumstantial evidence to suggest that improved standards of hygiene can have a signi®cant impact in reducing the rates of respiratory, intestinal and other viral infections in childcare facilities, domestic homes, hospitals and adult care centres and the circulation of infections between these communities. Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections Ð studies with human parain¯uenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14 abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11442709/ doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01364.x id: cord-337284-joq1aqn6 author: Barrera‐López, Pedro title: Co‐infection of other respiratory pathogens and HIV in COVID‐19 patients: is there a pattern? date: 2020-07-24 words: 1307.0 sentences: 67.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337284-joq1aqn6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337284-joq1aqn6.txt summary: The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to the elaboration of multiple studies to increase its knowledge and understanding, hence, having the ability to accomplish an adequate and timely diagnosis and give an optimal treatment according to the patient''s condition. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 pose a series of challenges both in understanding and delimiting the disease secondary to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The general analysis, that includes a total of 300 patients, revealed that the most frequent pathogen associated with co-infection was Influenza A 6-8 (mentioned in 8 of the 19 articles focused on co-infection with respiratory pathogens), possibly following a seasonal pattern; these studies showed a slight predominance of the male sex, without preference for any age group. The foregoing, to optimize the analysis of these cases and establish if there are characteristics that allow establishing the possibility of carrying an additional infection to that of SARS-CoV-2 and the implications for the management and prognosis of the patient. abstract: The pandemic caused by SARS‐Cov‐2 has led to the elaboration of multiple studies to increase knowledge and understanding, hence, having the ability to accomplish an adequate and timely diagnosis and give an optimal treatment according to the patient's condition. The clinical manifestations of COVID‐19 pose a series of challenges both in understanding and delimiting the disease secondary to the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. This is due to the fact that the main axis of this disease is the endothelial compromise and the production of a "cytokine storm", triggering multiple organ failure and death. Given that a complete understanding of its pathophysiology and clinical behavior has not yet been achieved, we wondered if co‐infection with other respiratory viruses modifies its performance and outcomes described so far. A literature search was performed, obtaining 68 articles, of which 25 were analyzed. The analysis showed us that there is a high variety both in the types of associated infections and in the clinical behavior of patients and their outcomes. Therefore, we consider that the search for other infections should be performed exhaustively, especially in those cases that may be susceptible to treatment such as Influenza A, HIV, or bacterial infections. As well as optimize the analysis of these cases and establish if there are characteristics that allow establishing the possibility of carrying an additional infection to that of SARSCoV2 and the implications for the management and prognosis of the patient. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26331 doi: 10.1002/jmv.26331 id: cord-257729-s0vo7dlk author: Bauer, Melissa title: Obstetric Anesthesia During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date: 2020-04-20 words: 4278.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257729-s0vo7dlk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257729-s0vo7dlk.txt summary: T he management of obstetric patients infected with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) due to human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires quite unique considerations-from caring for critically ill pregnant and postpartum women to protecting health care workers from exposure during the delivery hospitalization (health care providers, personnel, family members, and beyond). 4 An additional manifestation noted among patients with COVID-19 infection is the sudden loss (or reduction) of the sense of smell and taste, which is currently recommended by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head With increasing numbers of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) cases due to efficient human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States, preparation for the unpredictable setting of labor and delivery is paramount. abstract: With increasing numbers of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) cases due to efficient human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States, preparation for the unpredictable setting of labor and delivery is paramount. The priorities are 2-fold in the management of obstetric patients with COVID-19 infection or persons under investigation (PUI): (1) caring for the range of asymptomatic to critically ill pregnant and postpartum women; (2) protecting health care workers and beyond from exposure during the delivery hospitalization (health care providers, personnel, family members). The goal of this review is to provide evidence-based recommendations or, when evidence is limited, expert opinion for anesthesiologists caring for pregnant women during the COVID19 pandemic with a focus on preparedness and best clinical obstetric anesthesia practice. url: https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000004856 doi: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004856 id: cord-006464-s8rjoyse author: Bauer, Michael title: Infectious and Immunologic Phenotype of MECP2 Duplication Syndrome date: 2015-02-27 words: 5413.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006464-s8rjoyse.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006464-s8rjoyse.txt summary: Our data for the first time show systematically that increased susceptibility to infections in MECP2 duplication syndrome is associated with IgA/IgG(2)-deficiency, low antibody titers against pneumococci and elevated acute-phase responses. The single patient who has to date not developed severe infections despite We further investigated whether patients with MECP2 duplication syndrome showed stronger acute phase responses, which we could confirm in 7/10 patients in terms of elevated CRP values above 200 mg/l during non-invasive infections, mainly pneumoniae. In summary we here show for the first time systematically that patients with MECP2 duplication syndrome are at increased risk for in particular non-invasive but also for invasive infections with potentially encapsulated bacteria, that this increased susceptibility to infections may be associated with IgG 2 -subclass deficiency/ low titers against pneumococci and elevated acute-phase responses, while the precise role of T-cell immunity and in particular the extent of impaired IFNγsecretion and its role for the observed infectious phenotype is still to be defined. abstract: MECP2 (methyl CpG binding protein 2) duplication causes syndromic intellectual disability. Patients often suffer from life-threatening infections, suggesting an additional immunodeficiency. We describe for the first time the detailed infectious and immunological phenotype of MECP2 duplication syndrome. 17/27 analyzed patients suffered from pneumonia, 5/27 from at least one episode of sepsis. Encapsulated bacteria (S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae) were frequently isolated. T-cell immunity showed no gross abnormalities in 14/14 patients and IFNy-secretion upon ConA-stimulation was not decreased in 6/7 patients. In 6/21 patients IgG(2)-deficiency was detected – in 4/21 patients accompanied by IgA-deficiency, 10/21 patients showed low antibody titers against pneumococci. Supra-normal IgG(1)-levels were detected in 11/21 patients and supra-normal IgG(3)-levels were seen in 8/21 patients – in 6 of the patients as combined elevation of IgG(1) and IgG(3). Three of the four patients with IgA/IgG(2)-deficiency developed multiple severe infections. Upon infections pronounced acute-phase responses were common: 7/10 patients showed CRP values above 200 mg/l. Our data for the first time show systematically that increased susceptibility to infections in MECP2 duplication syndrome is associated with IgA/IgG(2)-deficiency, low antibody titers against pneumococci and elevated acute-phase responses. So patients with MECP2 duplication syndrome and low IgA/IgG(2) may benefit from prophylactic substitution of sIgA and IgG. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10875-015-0129-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101860/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-015-0129-5 id: cord-352230-8mazd3eu author: Beeraka, Narasimha M. title: Strategies for Targeting SARS CoV-2: Small Molecule Inhibitors—The Current Status date: 2020-09-18 words: 9394.0 sentences: 543.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352230-8mazd3eu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352230-8mazd3eu.txt summary: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) cases have been increasing at an alarming rate (7.4 million positive cases as on June 11 2020), causing high mortality (4,17,956 deaths as on June 11 2020) and economic loss (a 3.2% shrink in global economy in 2020) across 212 countries globally. SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the binding of viral Spike proteins (S-protein) to human cells through a 2-step process, which involves Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease (TMPRSS)-2. Therefore, in this review, we have reviewed structural features of SARS-CoV-2 with special emphasis on key molecular targets and their known modulators that can be considered for the development of NSMIs. COVID-19 is a devastating disease caused by a coronavirus related to the one that caused outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the year 2002 (1, 2) . abstract: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced Coronavirus Disease - 19 (COVID-19) cases have been increasing at an alarming rate (7.4 million positive cases as on June 11 2020), causing high mortality (4,17,956 deaths as on June 11 2020) and economic loss (a 3.2% shrink in global economy in 2020) across 212 countries globally. The clinical manifestations of this disease are pneumonia, lung injury, inflammation, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Currently, there is no vaccine or effective pharmacological agents available for the prevention/treatment of SARS-CoV2 infections. Moreover, development of a suitable vaccine is a challenging task due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and Th-2 immunopathology, which aggravates infection with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the emerging SARS-CoV-2 strain exhibits several distinct genomic and structural patterns compared to other coronavirus strains, making the development of a suitable vaccine even more difficult. Therefore, the identification of novel small molecule inhibitors (NSMIs) that can interfere with viral entry or viral propagation is of special interest and is vital in managing already infected cases. SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the binding of viral Spike proteins (S-protein) to human cells through a 2-step process, which involves Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease (TMPRSS)-2. Therefore, the development of novel inhibitors of ACE2/TMPRSS2 is likely to be beneficial in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, the usage of ACE-2 inhibitors to block the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry requires additional studies as there are conflicting findings and severe health complications reported for these inhibitors in patients. Hence, the current interest is shifted toward the development of NSMIs, which includes natural antiviral phytochemicals and Nrf-2 activators to manage a SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is imperative to investigate the efficacy of existing antiviral phytochemicals and Nrf-2 activators to mitigate the SARS-CoV-2-mediated oxidative stress. Therefore, in this review, we have reviewed structural features of SARS-CoV-2 with special emphasis on key molecular targets and their known modulators that can be considered for the development of NSMIs. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.552925 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552925 id: cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 author: Belsy, Acosta title: Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes date: 2009-03-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Adenoviruses are common pathogens that are responsible for a wide variety of infectious syndromes. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize members of different adenovirus species at the molecular level and to describe the correlation between viruses and clinical syndromes during a period of 4 years. Between 2002 and 2006, 45 of 512 respiratory specimens (8%) from patients with acute respiratory tract infection tested positive for adenovirus. Four adenovirus isolates from samples sent for enterovirus isolation were also analyzed. This research identified 49 confirmed cases of human adenovirus infection by PCR and/or viral culture. The most common diagnosis was upper respiratory infection (44%). Human adenovirus D was the major species found (59%), followed by Human adenovirus C (36%) and Human adenovirus B (4%). Human adenovirus 5 was the major serotype found producing bronchiolitis, followed by human adenovirus 6. In patients with upper respiratory infection, the major serotype found was human adenovirus 17. Viruses of the species Human adenovirus D were identified in seven (77%) cases of acute febrile syndrome. Four isolates from clinical materials obtained from patients with encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and meningoencephalitis were identified as belonging to the species Human adenovirus D. Our data demonstrate a surprising result about the identification of an unusual association of viruses of the species Human adenovirus D with different clinical syndromes. This observation could be evaluated as a possible indicator of the emergence of a novel strain but further studies are required. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19280320/ doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0338-4 id: cord-302056-wvf6cpib author: Benatia, D. title: Estimating COVID-19 Prevalence in the United States: A Sample Selection Model Approach date: 2020-04-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background: Public health efforts to determine population infection rates from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been hampered by limitations in testing capabilities and the large shares of mild and asymptomatic cases. We developed a methodology that corrects observed positive test rates for non-random sampling to estimate population infection rates across U.S. states from March 31 to April 7. Methods We adapted a sample selection model that corrects for non-random testing to estimate population infection rates. The methodology compares how the observed positive case rate vary with changes in the size of the tested population, and applies this gradient to infer total population infection rates. Model identification requires that variation in testing rates be uncorrelated with changes in underlying disease prevalence. To this end, we relied on data on day-to-day changes in completed tests across U.S. states for the period March 31 to April 7, which were primarily influenced by immediate supply-side constraints. We used this methodology to construct predicted infection rates across each state over the sample period. We also assessed the sensitivity of the results to controls for state-specific daily trends in infection rates. Results The median population infection rate over the period March 31 to April 7 was 0.9% (IQR 0.64 1.77). The three states with the highest prevalence over the sample period were New York (8.5%), New Jersey (7.6%), and Louisiana (6.7%). Estimates from models that control for state-specific daily trends in infection rates were virtually identical to the baseline findings. The estimates imply a nationwide average of 12 population infections per diagnosed case. We found a negative bivariate relationship (corr. = -0.51) between total per capita state testing and the ratio of population infections per diagnosed case. Interpretation The effectiveness of the public health response to the coronavirus pandemic will depend on timely information on infection rates across different regions. With increasingly available high frequency data on COVID-19 testing, our methodology could be used to estimate population infection rates for a range of countries and subnational districts. In the United States, we found widespread undiagnosed COVID-19 infection. Expansion of rapid diagnostic and serological testing will be critical in preventing recurrent unobserved community transmission and identifying the large numbers individuals who may have some level of viral immunity. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.20.20072942v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.20.20072942 id: cord-255781-55zrmgxq author: Bergman, Scott J. title: Interferons as Therapeutic Agents for Infectious Diseases date: 2011-12-31 words: 6408.0 sentences: 376.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255781-55zrmgxq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255781-55zrmgxq.txt summary: These agents consist of naturally occurring small proteins with molecular weights of 15,000 to 27,600 Da. 3 Each is considered a first-line option for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in combination with ribavirin. Along with the list of additional indications approved by the Food and Drug Administration shown in Table 1 , IFN-a was shown to be an effective treatment for the symptoms of an aggressive case of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus, but did not eliminate infection entirely. IFNs have been tested repeatedly against infectious diseases, but injections are used mostly for the treatment of viral hepatitis C and prevention of infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease clinically. Phase 1b study of pegylated interferon lambda 1 with or without ribavirin in patients with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection abstract: This article explains the rationale for development of interferons as therapeutic agents, and describes commercial products available today. It also provides a summary of studies that have been performed with interferons for use as exogenous biological response modifiers in viral infections. Overall, the best data exist for treatment of viral hepatitis B and C, for which interferons are a cornerstone of therapy. Although infections with human papillomavirus and common cold viruses sometimes respond favorably to interferons, their outcomes are far from ideal. Finally, the role of interferons as vaccine adjuvants is still being explored but could be promising. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552011000560 doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2011.07.008 id: cord-022122-6ssdamhp author: Berry, Winter S. title: Otitis, Sinusitis, and Mastoiditis: Ear or Facial Pain Following a Common Cold date: 2018-10-15 words: 7004.0 sentences: 383.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022122-6ssdamhp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022122-6ssdamhp.txt summary: The presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergic rhinitis, and viral upper respiratory infections can all lead to inflammation of the eustachian tube and surrounding tissues resulting in the presence of increased secretions in the middle ear that accumulates because the eustachian tube is not fully patent [2] [3] [4] . The most common bacterial causes of AOM include Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. S. aureus should be included on the list of possible infecting agents in patients who have tympanostomy tubes, as these medical devices serve as a conduit between the bacteria normally present in the EAC and the middle ear. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is a more precise name for the condition caused by bacterial pathogens, and like AOM, it typically occurs when drainage is impaired secondary to the inflammation associated with a recent viral infection. abstract: Otitis, sinusitis, and mastoiditis represent a range of common upper respiratory tract infections that are more common in children than in adults. The clinical presentation of otitis varies based on the anatomic site of disease. Acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion are infections of the middle ear, and otitis externa is infection of the external auditory canal. Otitis is one of the most common infections seen in young children. Each case represents an opportunity to practice precise diagnostic skills and to practice judicious antibiotic use. Sinusitis, while also relatively common, may present with nonspecific signs and symptoms. An accurate diagnosis requires a complete history and careful physical examination to help distinguish between viral rhinosinusitis, a condition that is usually self-limiting, and bacterial rhinosinusitis, a condition that requires treatment with antibiotics. Mastoiditis is a less common condition that can occur as a complication of otitis media. Prompt recognition and appropriate antibiotic treatment, often in combination with surgical debridement, is required to prevent further spread of the infection and the development of secondary complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153047/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91080-2_4 id: cord-314600-x8mmuf3y author: Biagi, Carlotta title: Rhinovirus Infection in Children with Acute Bronchiolitis and Its Impact on Recurrent Wheezing and Asthma Development date: 2020-10-21 words: 5817.0 sentences: 259.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314600-x8mmuf3y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314600-x8mmuf3y.txt summary: Bronchiolitis is defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) as a constellation of signs and symptoms, including a viral upper respiratory tract prodrome, followed by increased respiratory effort and wheezing in children under the age of two [9] .In Europe, by contrast, the term bronchiolitis is generally referred to as a first episode of acute lower airway infection in infants younger than one year [7] . Many studies have investigated whether the severity of acute bronchiolitis-mainly measured by clinical score indexes (CSIs), oxygen requirement, ventilatory support, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admission, and length of hospital stay (LOS)-is associated with specific viral infections or co-infections, with controversial results. Finally, also in a prospective multicenter study focusing on 363 hospitalized infants with moderate-severe bronchiolitis, no significant differences appeared between RV infection-even when they considered viral types-and other single virus-infections regarding either oxygen requirement, ventilation need, or nasogastric feeding [31] . abstract: Acute bronchiolitis represents the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Together with a respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus (RV) is one of the most common pathogens associated with bronchiolitis, and its genetic diversity (>150 types) makes the recurrence of RV infections each year quite typical. The frequency of RV infection and co-infection with other viruses and its impact on the clinical course of bronchiolitis have been studied by several authors with controversial results. Some studies demonstrate that multiple virus infections result in more severe clinical presentation and a higher risk of complications, whereas other studies suggest no influence on clinical course. Moreover, RV bronchiolitis has been reported to potentially contribute to the development of long-term sequelae, such as recurrent wheezing and asthma, in the pediatric population. In the present review, we summarize the most recent findings of the role of RV infection in children with acute bronchiolitis, its impact on subsequent asthma development, and the implication in clinical practice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33096703/ doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8101620 id: cord-007362-pjpkz6wv author: Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle title: The Pathologies of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection: A Window on the Pathogenesis date: 2016-01-06 words: 9006.0 sentences: 442.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007362-pjpkz6wv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007362-pjpkz6wv.txt summary: Pathologic lesions caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections comprise a wide spectrum of type, degree, and, by implication, pathogenesis, including congenital defects, necrotic-erosive lesions in mucosal epithelia and skin, and reactive as well as degenerative changes in lymphoid tissues. 3, 22, 29 In PI calves, BVDV can be isolated from lung tissue, and virus antigen is widespread in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells, however, without accompanying histopathologic changes (see section on persistent infection without overt clinical disease and Fig. 5 ).17 Conversely, a proportion (the size varying with study) of cattle succumbing to BRD are positive for BVDV, by virus isolation from or antigen detection in lung tissue, but the ensuing pathologic changes cannot be distinguished from those of other viral pathogens in the BRD complex (perhaps with the exception of BHV-P5), and usually are dominated by the pathology caused by the secondary bacterial agent. abstract: Pathologic lesions caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections comprise a wide spectrum of type, degree, and, by implication, pathogenesis, including congenital defects, necrotic-erosive lesions in mucosal epithelia and skin, and reactive as well as degenerative changes in lymphoid tissues. At least some of the pathology may not be solely due to BVDV replication per se, but rather caused by a host response to the virus, particularly the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111321/ doi: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30461-8 id: cord-300314-fbppvt75 author: Bikov, Andras title: 13th ERS Lung Science Conference. The most important take home messages: News from the Underground date: 2015-06-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The 13th ERS Lung Science Conference (LSC) was organised to bring academics together from all over the world to present and discuss the latest developments regarding lung infection and immunity. The conference took place in breathtaking Estoril, Portugal; however, it wasn’t the beautiful surroundings that were our main motivation to attend, but instead the scientific merit of the conference and the chance to create new scientific collaborations. The scientific programme [1] was packed with the most up-to-date content in the field of lung infection and immunity and included some of the top researchers within this exciting area. Moreover, the convenient size of the LSC offered the opportunity to renew and intensify friendships and collaborations. In particular, for researchers at the start of their career, this is a great feature and we therefore warmly recommend the LSC to ERS Juniors Members! url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26306116/ doi: 10.1183/20734735.04015 id: cord-018907-c84t1bo5 author: Bin-Hussain, Ibrahim title: Infections in the Immunocompromised Host date: 2012 words: 3646.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018907-c84t1bo5.txt summary: In providing empirical antibiotic therapy in patient with pulmonary infiltrate and defect in cell-mediated immunity one need to consider Pneumocystis jiroveci, nocardia, legionella, mycoplasma, in addition to aerobic Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli therefore it is advised to use trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, macrolides including erythromycin or clarithromycin and agent active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative; for example, thirdgeneration cephalosporin with or without aminoglycoside with anti-Gram-positive either nafcillin or vancomycin based on the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The factors influencing antimicrobial selection include the types of bacterial isolates found in the institution, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, drug allergies, presence of organ dysfunction, chemotherapeutic regimen whether the patient was receiving prophylactic antibiotics, and condition of the patient at diagnosis, for example, presence of signs and symptoms at initial evaluation and presence of documented sites requiring additional therapy. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123909/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_68 id: cord-310371-pylrg91h author: Bishop, R.F. title: Enteric Viruses date: 2008-07-30 words: 4467.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt summary: The onset of acute enteritis is associated with infection by viruses that replicate at or near the site of entry into the intestinal mucosa, including caliciviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, and coronaviruses. . viruses causing localized inflammation at any level of the intestinal tract, predominantly in small intestinal mucosa, resulting in acute gastroenteritis, for example, rotaviruses, caliciviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses; . The family Caliciviridae contain small RNA viruses that cause enteric disease in a wide variety of hosts including cattle, pigs, rabbits, and humans. Caliciviruses causing enteric infections (in humans and other animals) are classified as belonging to the family Caliciviridae, which is divided into four genera. The recent demonstration that human noroviruses can infect and replicate in a three-dimensional cell culture model of human intestinal epithelium, should improve our understanding of the pathogenesis, and antigenic diversity of this important group of enteric viruses. abstract: Many viruses use the enteric tract as a route of entry to the human, animal, or avian host. The onset of acute enteritis is associated with infection by viruses that replicate at or near the site of entry into the intestinal mucosa, including caliciviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, and coronaviruses. These ‘enteric’ viruses occur globally and share similar features. Most are RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of mature absorptive epithelial cells lining the villi of the small intestine, leading to inflammation and villus atrophy. Vomiting and diarrhea can result in dehydration and death if untreated. Despite abundant growth in vivo, they initially proved difficult or impossible to grow in vitro. Most are genetically diverse, species specific, highly infectious within species and transmitted by the fecal–oral route. Severe symptoms are most commonly associated with primary infections of young animals, and are followed by short-lived immunity. Reinfections are common throughout life, but are often only mildly symptomatic. Safe and effective vaccines have been developed to prevent severe rotavirus disease in young children. In addition to these enterotropic viruses, enteric disease can also result from spread to the intestine of HIV or cytomegaloviruses during the later stages of systemic disease in immunocompromised hosts. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123744104003861 doi: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00386-1 id: cord-318944-13zk6cco author: Bizzoca, Maria Eleonora title: Covid-19 Pandemic: What Changes for Dentists and Oral Medicine Experts? A Narrative Review and Novel Approaches to Infection Containment date: 2020-05-27 words: 11691.0 sentences: 617.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318944-13zk6cco.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318944-13zk6cco.txt summary: The authors performed a narrative review on Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeCoronaVirus-2 ( SARS-CoV-2) and all infectious agents with the primary endpoints to illustrate the most accepted models of safety protocols in dentistry and oral medicine, and to propose an easy view of the problem and a comparison (prevs post-COVID19) for the most common dental procedures. After a brief excursus on all infectious agents transmittable at the dental chair, the authors described all the personal protective equipment (PPE) actually on the market and their indications, and on the basis of the literature, they compared (before and after COVID-19 onset) the correct safety procedures for each dental practice studied, underlining the danger of underestimating, in general, dental cross-infections. The precautions for infection control require wearing gloves, aprons, as well as eye and mouth protection (goggles and mask, such as medical masks and Filtering Face Piece or FPP) for each procedure involving direct contact with the patient body fluids. abstract: The authors performed a narrative review on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- CoronaVirus-2 ( SARS-CoV-2) and all infectious agents with the primary endpoints to illustrate the most accepted models of safety protocols in dentistry and oral medicine, and to propose an easy view of the problem and a comparison (pre- vs post-COVID19) for the most common dental procedures. The outcome is forecast to help dentists to individuate for a given procedure the differences in terms of safety protocols to avoid infectious contagion (by SARS-CoV-2 and others dangerous agents). An investigation was performed on the online databases Pubmed and Scopus using a combination of free words and Medical Subject Headings (MESH) terms: “dentist” OR “oral health” AND “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “coronavirus-19”. After a brief excursus on all infectious agents transmittable at the dental chair, the authors described all the personal protective equipment (PPE) actually on the market and their indications, and on the basis of the literature, they compared (before and after COVID-19 onset) the correct safety procedures for each dental practice studied, underlining the danger of underestimating, in general, dental cross-infections. The authors have highlighted the importance of knowing exactly the risk of infections in the dental practice, and to modulate correctly the use of PPE, in order to invest adequate financial resources and to avoid exposing both the dental team and patients to preventable risks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32471083/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113793 id: cord-318172-bdotp9ko author: Blanco, Jorge C. G. title: PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBODY TREATMENT AND INTRAMUSCULAR IMMUNIZATION REDUCE INFECTIOUS HUMAN RHINOVIRUS 16 LOAD IN THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT OF CHALLENGED COTTON RATS date: 2014-01-01 words: 5190.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318172-bdotp9ko.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318172-bdotp9ko.txt summary: In this work we show that, without requiring any genetic modification of either the host or the virus, intranasal infection of cotton rats with HRV16 resulted in measurable lower respiratory tract pathology, mucus production, and expression of interferon-activated genes. Over the years, the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) has been shown to support replication of a broad spectrum of human viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [25] , nonadapted strains of human influenza [26, 27] , and measles [28, 29] , among others [30] , providing modeling capabilities for the corresponding infections. The results of the described experimental work show that HRV16 infection in the cotton rat reproduces aspects of HRVassociated human disease in the respiratory tract, causing detectable inflammation in the lower airways and lung parenchyma and mucus production, and inducing a transient expression of interferon-stimulated genes that merits further investigation. In addition we demonstrated that passive transfer of antibodies generated in vaccinated cotton rats can protect naïve animals from Infectious virus titers in the lung were determined by plaque assay at the indicated times p.i. abstract: Human rhinoviruses (HRV) represent the single most important etiological agents of the common cold and are the most frequent cause of acute respiratory infections in humans. Currently the performance of available animal models for immunization studies using HRV challenge is very limited. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a well-recognized model for the study of human respiratory viral infections. In this work we show that, without requiring any genetic modification of either the host or the virus, intranasal infection of cotton rats with HRV16 resulted in measurable lower respiratory tract pathology, mucus production, and expression of interferon-activated genes. Intramuscular immunization with live HRV16 generated robust protective immunity that correlated with high serum levels of neutralizing antibodies. In addition, cotton rats treated prophylactically with hyperimmune anti-HRV16 serum were protected against HRV16 intranasal challenge. Finally, protection by immunization was efficiently transferred from mothers to newborn animals resulting in a substantial reduction of infectious virus loads in the lung following intranasal challenge. Overall, our results demonstrate that the cotton rat provides valuable additional model development options for testing vaccines and prophylactic therapies against rhinovirus infection. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1879437814000059 doi: 10.1016/j.trivac.2014.02.003 id: cord-326887-lyewg2c9 author: Bloomfield, Sally F. title: The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers date: 2007-12-10 words: 23373.0 sentences: 1029.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326887-lyewg2c9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326887-lyewg2c9.txt summary: The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers There can be no doubt that advances in hygiene during the 19th and 20th centuries, along with other aspects of modern medicine, have combined to improve both the length and quality of our lives. The data suggest the following: d For reservoir sites such as the sink waste pipes or toilets, although the probability of contamination (potentially pathogenic bacteria or viruses) is high, the risk of transfer is limited unless there is a particular risk situation (eg, a family member with enteric infection and fluid diarrhea, when toilet flushing can produce splashing or aerosol formation that can settle on contact surfaces around the toilet). Although handwashing intervention studies provide data supporting the causal link between hand contamination and ID transmission, defining the importance of hand hygiene relative to other hygiene practices, such as surface and cleaning cloth hygiene, or the risks associated with airborne transmission is difficult because of the close interdependence of these factors. abstract: Infectious diseases (ID) circulating in the home and community remain a significant concern. Several demographic, environmental, and health care trends, as reviewed in this report, are combining to make it likely that the threat of ID will increase in coming years. Two factors are largely responsible for this trend: first, the constantly changing nature and range of pathogens to which we are exposed and, secondly, the demographic changes occurring in the community, which affect our resistance to infection. This report reviews the evidence base related to the impact of hand hygiene in reducing transmission of ID in the home and community. The report focuses on developed countries, most particularly North America and Europe. It also evaluates the use of alcohol-based hygiene procedures as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, handwashing. The report compiles data from intervention studies and considers it alongside risk modeling approaches (both qualitative and quantitative) based on microbiologic data. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Hand hygiene is a key component of good hygiene practice in the home and community and can produce significant benefits in terms of reducing the incidence of infection, most particularly gastrointestinal infections but also respiratory tract and skin infections. (2) Decontamination of hands can be carried out either by handwashing with soap or by use of waterless hand sanitizers, which reduce contamination on hands by removal or by killing the organisms in situ. The health impact of hand hygiene within a given community can be increased by using products and procedures, either alone or in sequence, that maximize the log reduction of both bacteria and viruses on hands. (3) The impact of hand hygiene in reducing ID risks could be increased by convincing people to apply hand hygiene procedures correctly (eg, wash their hands correctly) and at the correct time. (4) To optimize health benefits, promotion of hand hygiene should be accompanied by hygiene education and should also involve promotion of other aspects of hygiene. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655307005950 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001 id: cord-310942-191m0e65 author: Boga, Jose Antonio title: Beneficial actions of melatonin in the management of viral infections: a new use for this “molecular handyman”? date: 2012-04-18 words: 7208.0 sentences: 362.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310942-191m0e65.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310942-191m0e65.txt summary: The potential protective mechanisms include melatonin acting as a free radical scavenger, an antioxidant enzyme inducer, a positive regulator of immune functions and an inhibitor of inflammation, as well as a regulator of programmed cell death (PCD) [ Table 2 ]. Melatonin treatment also caused a rise in protein expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that plays a critical role by binding to the antioxidant response element in the promoter region of a number of genes encoding for antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes in several types of cells and tissues [109] . Respiratory syncytial virus infection of human respiratory epithelial cells enhances inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression Melatonin decreases nitric oxide production and lipid peroxidation and increases interleukin-1 beta in the brain of mice infected by the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus abstract: Melatonin (N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine) is a multifunctional signaling molecule that has a variety of important functions. Numerous clinical trials have examined the therapeutic usefulness of melatonin in different fields of medicine. Clinical trials have shown that melatonin is efficient in preventing cell damage under acute (sepsis, asphyxia in newborns) and chronic states (metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, inflammation, aging). The beneficial effects of melatonin can be explained by its properties as a potent antioxidant and antioxidant enzyme inducer, a regulator of apoptosis and a stimulator of immune functions. These effects support the use of melatonin in viral infections, which are often associated with inflammatory injury and increases in oxidative stress. In fact, melatonin has been used recently to treat several viral infections, which are summarized in this review. The role of melatonin in infections is also discussed herein. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22511571/ doi: 10.1002/rmv.1714 id: cord-017537-ztdz4a2s author: Bologna, Mauro title: Biological Agents and Bioterrorism date: 2014-09-18 words: 3324.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt summary: For this very stimulating course, I want to share with you some of my studies and even some of my scientific and phylosophical considerations on biological agents living in the environment and their relations with humans, in the very wide concepts of ecological relationships, parasitism, immunolgical defenses and infectious disease mechanisms. All these concepts must be studied and considered in the event of criminal use of biological agents (bioterrorism) aimed at harming human populations in time and in geographical space. In the light of recent concern and interest about the potential for biological terrorism (biofarware) there are several diseases and bacterial toxins that must be considered in particular, like anthrax [ 1 , 2 ] , smallpox [ 3 , 4 ] , plague [ 5 ] , botulinum toxin [ 6 ] , and tularemia [ 7 ] . abstract: For this very stimulating course, I want to share with you some of my studies and even some of my scientific and phylosophical considerations on biological agents living in the environment and their relations with humans, in the very wide concepts of ecological relationships, parasitism, immunolgical defenses and infectious disease mechanisms. All these concepts must be studied and considered in the event of criminal use of biological agents (bioterrorism) aimed at harming human populations in time and in geographical space. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122122/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9238-7_1 id: cord-016601-gp259urb author: Bonadonna, Lucia title: Analysis of Microorganisms in Hospital Environments and Potential Risks date: 2017-03-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This report provides information on indoor air quality and on associated potential risks in hospitals. Spread and persistence of microbial communities in hospital environments are of huge interest to public health. Hospitals are characterized by high infective risk, firstly cause of the compromised immunologic conditions of the patients that make them vulnerable to bacterial, viral, parasitological and fungal opportunistic infections. Evidence suggests that microbial agents spread through air, surfaces, aerosol and hands. If surfaces may act as a reservoir for some pathogens, hands are an important transmission route. Airborne and aerosolized waterborne microorganisms are taken into consideration, and their presence into the hospital environments is reviewed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120946/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49160-8_5 id: cord-025628-9611eglg author: Bonagura, Vincent Robert title: Infections that cause secondary immune deficiency date: 2020-05-29 words: 9996.0 sentences: 570.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025628-9611eglg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025628-9611eglg.txt summary: Herein we discuss some of the secondary immune defects caused by select viruses (measles, influenza, HIV1, HTLV), parasites, (leishmania, malaria), and bacteria (Bordetella pertussis). In this chapter, we discuss how some microbes manipulate or, in the case of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV), exhaust protective innate and/or adaptive immunity, ultimately leading to severe microbial superinfections by other infectious organisms that cause significant morbidity and, on occasion, mortality from secondary infections. 74 While influenza-related mortality can in part be attributed to direct effects on the respiratory system, many of the deaths associated with IV infection are caused by increases in susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Impaired function of HIV-infected macrophages and dendritic cells contributes to the failure of effective innate and adaptive immune responses to secondary infection. Taken together, HTLV induces cytotoxic T cells to kill virus-infected cells, alters CD4 þ T cell function and cytokine production and it decreases NK cell activation leading to susceptibility to subsequent disseminated parasitic infections. abstract: Discriminating between patients with microbial infections that cause secondary immune effects from those with the same infection who have primary immune deficiency disease can be difficult. There are many microbes that temporarily “stun” innate and/or adaptive immunity during a primary infection. The common result of temporary inhibition, or permanent depletion of host immunity during some primary infections is the development of superinfections of other microbes that cause significant morbidity, and on occasion, mortality. In addition, microbes that cause persistent infection, such as the human immune deficiency virus, deplete effective immunity over time and can also lead to secondary infections with other microbes ultimately leading to death if not appropriately treated. In some cases, such as influenza virus infection, mortality can be dramatic due in large part to acquired secondary bacterial infections. Many microbes manipulate host immunity and thereby inhibit the ability of patients to combat secondary microbial infections. The overall survival of patients primarily infected with some viruses, parasites, or bacteria, is closely linked to the ability of secondary infections to take advantage of the immune modulation induced by the primary infection. Herein we discuss some of the secondary immune defects caused by select viruses (measles, influenza, HIV1, HTLV), parasites, (leishmania, malaria), and bacteria (Bordetella pertussis). Furthermore, the genetic susceptibility of a given host to become infected, or develop severe disease, also determines whether an infected individual who becomes infected with a secondary microbe survives. Future studies are needed to explore not only the immunomodulation caused by select microbes, but also the repertoire of immune responses expressed by infected individuals in order to predict clinical outcomes of these infections. Thus, understanding the delicate balance that exists between “immune altering” microbes that suppress immune responses during primary infections leading to severe secondary infections versus those infections found in patients with inborn errors of innate or adaptive immunity, is essential in predicting the clinical outcome and the appropriate treatment for these two different patient populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258708/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816768-7.00049-1 id: cord-339039-6gyo9rya author: Bonvehí, Pablo E. title: Transmission and Control of Respiratory Viral Infections in the Healthcare Setting date: 2018-04-30 words: 4737.0 sentences: 248.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339039-6gyo9rya.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339039-6gyo9rya.txt summary: The purpose of this review is to describe the most frequent and relevant nosocomial viral respiratory infections, their mechanisms of transmission and the infection control measures to prevent their spread in the healthcare setting. RECENT FINDINGS: Although most mechanisms of transmission and control measures of nosocomial viral infections are already known, improved diagnostic tools allow better characterization of these infections and also lead to the discovery of new viruses such as the coronavirus, which is the cause of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or the human bocavirus. Influenza virus can be transmitted through infectious droplets eliminated by patients when coughing or sneezing, or through direct contact with surfaces contaminated by respiratory secretions from symptomatic infected subjects (Table 1 ) [32] . Preventive measures to avoid adenovirus nosocomial infections include patient cohorting, reduction of visitors and contact and droplet precautions, along with the exclusion of infected healthcare workers from clinical duties (Table 2 ) [13, 36] . abstract: PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Viral respiratory infections have been recognized as a cause of severe illness in immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised hosts. This acknowledgement is a consequence of improvement in diagnosis and better understanding of transmission. Available vaccines and antiviral drugs for prophylaxis and treatment have been developed accordingly. Viral respiratory pathogens are increasingly recognized as nosocomial pathogens as well. The purpose of this review is to describe the most frequent and relevant nosocomial viral respiratory infections, their mechanisms of transmission and the infection control measures to prevent their spread in the healthcare setting. RECENT FINDINGS: Although most mechanisms of transmission and control measures of nosocomial viral infections are already known, improved diagnostic tools allow better characterization of these infections and also lead to the discovery of new viruses such as the coronavirus, which is the cause of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or the human bocavirus. Also, the ability to understand better the impact, dissemination and prevention of these viruses, allows us to improve the measures to prevent these infections. SUMMARY: Healthcare viral respiratory infections increase patient morbidity. Each virus has a different mechanism of transmission; therefore, early detection and prompt implementation of infection control measures are very important in order to avoid their transmission in the hospital setting. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226322/ doi: 10.1007/s40506-018-0163-y id: cord-284322-synuzaxm author: Borel, Nicole title: Mixed infections with Chlamydia and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus - a new in vitro model of chlamydial persistence date: 2010-07-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Chlamydiae induce persistent infections, which have been associated with a wide range of chronic diseases in humans and animals. Mixed infections with Chlamydia and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) may result in generation of persistent chlamydial infections. To test this hypothesis, an in vitro model of dual infection with cell culture-adapted PEDV and Chlamydia abortus or Chlamydia pecorum in Vero cells was established. RESULTS: Infected cultures were investigated by immunofluorescence (IF), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and re-infection experiments. By IF, Chlamydia-infected cells showed normal inclusions after 39 hpi. Dual infections with Chlamydia abortus revealed a heterogenous mix of inclusion types including small inclusions consisting of aberrant bodies (ABs), medium-sized inclusions consisting of ABs and reticulate bodies and normal inclusions. Only aberrant inclusions were observable in dual infection experiments with Chlamydia pecorum and PEDV. TEM examinations of mixed infections with Chlamydia abortus and Chlamydia pecorum revealed aberrant chlamydial inclusions containing reticulate-like, pleomorphic ABs, which were up to 2 μm in diameter. No re-differentiation into elementary bodies (EBs) was detected. In re-infection experiments, co-infected cells produced fewer EBs than monoinfected cells. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study we confirm that PEDV co-infection alters the developmental cycle of member species of the family Chlamydiaceae, in a similar manner to other well-described persistence induction methods. Interestingly, this effect appears to be partially species-specific as Chlamydia pecorum appears more sensitive to PEDV co-infection than Chlamydia abortus, as evidenced by TEM and IF observations of a homogenous population of aberrant inclusions in PEDV - Chlamydia pecorum co-infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-201 doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-201 id: cord-103436-y1br5hy8 author: Bourgoin, P. title: CD64 and CD169 could help differentiate bacterial from viral infections in Emergency Department date: 2020-11-03 words: 4831.0 sentences: 298.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103436-y1br5hy8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103436-y1br5hy8.txt summary: Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess discriminative performances of two biomarkers, CD64 on neutrophils (nCD64) and CD169 on monocytes (mCD169), using a new flow cytometry procedure, in patients presenting with fever to the ED. We developed a rapid flow cytometry assay, able to measure leucocytes biomarkers expressions within 10 minutes (12) , and demonstrated promising results for the triage of patients with fever at the Emergency Department (13, 14) , with CD64 on neutrophils (nCD64), increased in case of bacterial infections (15) , and CD169 on monocytes (mCD169), increased in case of viral infections (16) . -clinical data: time from onset, symptoms, X-ray examination results (performed and atypical chest X-ray or ultrasound or CT scan), final diagnosis established by the ED practitioner, outcome of the ED visit (released home, conventional or critical care hospitalization), and eventually duration of the hospitalization; -and biological data: white blood cell (WBC) and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts, CRP and PCT levels, biochemical measurements (urea, sodium, glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin), and name of the identified pathogens if isolated. abstract: Background: The identification of a bacterial, viral or even non-infectious cause is essential in the management of febrile syndrome in the emergency department (ED) setting, especially in epidemic contexts such as flu or CoVID-19. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess discriminative performances of two biomarkers, CD64 on neutrophils (nCD64) and CD169 on monocytes (mCD169), using a new flow cytometry procedure, in patients presenting with fever to the ED. Human leucocyte antigen-DR on monocytes (mHLA-DR), HLA-ABC ratio (rHLA-ABC), and CD64 on monocytes (mCD64) were also assessed. Methods: 85 adult patients presenting with potential infection were included during the 2019 flu season in the ED of La Timone Hospital. They were divided into four diagnostic outcomes according to their clinical records: no-infection, bacterial infection, viral infection and co-infection. Results: mCD169 was elevated in patients suffering from Flu A virus or Respiratory Syncytial Virus, while nCD64 was mainly found elevated in subjects with Streptococcus pneumoniae. In total, 38 (45%) patients were diagnosed with bacterial infections, 11 (13%) with viral infections and 29 (34%) with co-infections. nCD64 and mCD169 showed 90% and 80% sensitivity, and 78% and 91% specificity, respectively, for identifying patients with bacterial or viral infections. Other biomarkers had lower discriminative performances. Conclusions: nCD64 and mCD169 have potential for accurately distinguishing bacterial and acute viral infections. Combined in an easy and rapid flow cytometry procedure, they constitute a potential improvement for infection management in the ED setting, and could even help for the triage of patients during emerging epidemics. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.28.20221259v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221259 id: cord-324635-27q3nxte author: Bouza, Emilio title: The situation of infection in the elderly in Spain: a multidisciplinary opinion document date: 2020-09-08 words: 15948.0 sentences: 794.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324635-27q3nxte.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324635-27q3nxte.txt summary: Thus, for long-term care facility (LTCF) residents and in hospitalised elderly people, UTI is the number one cause of infection and is the second most common in older women living in the community [19] . The first data on infection in nursing homes in Spain come from the EPINGER study, conducted in community health centres in Catalonia, which reported a prevalence of 6.5%, although it should be pointed out that in Catalonia the concept of the community health centre would include medium-long term patients, while in the rest of the Spanish autonomous communities this concept would be limited to nursing homes [40] . This is a multi-centre system for monitoring nosocomial infections, based on the production of an annual prevalence study, which has been conducted since 1990 in a large group of hospitals in Spain and was promoted by the Spanish Society of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Hygiene. The studies reviewed allow us to estimate a prevalence of infection of between 4 and 10% in nursing homes in Spain, depending on their complexity, and between 6 and 9% in hospitalised elderly people. abstract: Infection in the elderly is a huge issue whose treatment usually has partial and specific approaches. It is, moreover, one of the areas where intervention can have the most success in improving the quality of life of older patients. In an attempt to give the widest possible focus to this issue, the Health Sciences Foundation has convened experts from different areas to produce this position paper on Infection in the Elderly, so as to compare the opinions of expert doctors and nurses, pharmacists, journalists, representatives of elderly associations and concluding with the ethical aspects raised by the issue. The format is that of discussion of a series of pre-formulated questions that were discussed by all those present. We begin by discussing the concept of the elderly, the reasons for their predisposition to infection, the most frequent infections and their causes, and the workload and economic burden they place on society. We also considered whether we had the data to estimate the proportion of these infections that could be reduced by specific programmes, including vaccination programmes. In this context, the limited presence of this issue in the media, the position of scientific societies and patient associations on the issue and the ethical aspects raised by all this were discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.37201/req/057.2020 doi: 10.37201/req/057.2020 id: cord-318282-ocgfgx9r author: Boyce, John M title: Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus date: 2005-10-31 words: 8583.0 sentences: 424.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318282-ocgfgx9r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318282-ocgfgx9r.txt summary: Measures recommended by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America for controlling health-care-associated MRSA include the use of screening cultures to detect colonised patients, placing patients in private rooms or cohorting patients, wearing gloves for room entry, gowns for substantial contact with patients or their environment, and hand hygiene before and after patient contact. Further studies are necessary to establish the relative efficacy of control measures such as screening cultures, cohort nursing, increased staffing levels, and improved hand hygiene adherence rates in controlling transmission of MRSA in health-care facilities. Revised guidelines for the control of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitals Comparison of community-and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection Epidemiology of emerging methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Denmark: a nationwide study in a country with low prevalence of MRSA infection Effectiveness of a hospitalwide selective screening programme for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers at hospital admission to prevent hospital-acquired MRSA infections abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1473309905702437 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70243-7 id: cord-283545-vu8lt3w6 author: Brabb, Thea title: Infectious Diseases date: 2011-12-16 words: 28865.0 sentences: 1659.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283545-vu8lt3w6.txt summary: Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. The efficacy of canine, porcine, human, and autogenous Bordetella vaccines and bacterins has been evaluated by several individuals; reports suggest that these vaccines do not completely protect guinea pigs from infection, but a decrease in the incidence and severity of clinical disease has been noted in experimentally challenged animals (Matherne et al., 1987; Stephenson et al., 1989) . abstract: Although guinea pigs are sensitive and susceptible to the development of lesions from a wide range of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, only a small number of organisms cause natural infection and only a portion of that group cause clinical disease. This chapter discusses naturally occurring diseases of guinea pigs, although some data from experimental infections have also been covered as they relate to the pathogenesis of the disease. The material presented includes background, etiology, epizootiology/pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, pathology, diagnosis, prevention, and therapy. The diseases are discussed in an alphabetical order based on the taxonomic groups to which the organisms belong and are independent of the order of perceived importance of the various diseases. The Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations recommends monitoring for guinea pig adenovirus, guinea pig cytomegalovirus, Sendai virus, ectoparasites, endoparasites, E. cunniculi, and a variety of bacteria including Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydia psittaci, Corynebacterium kutscheri, dermatophytes, Pasteurellaceae, Salmonella, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Streptococcus, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Clostridium piliforme. Virus-associated necrotizing ronchopneumonia in guinea pigs is a spontaneous multifactorial disease that has low morbidity, high mortality, and a worldwide distribution. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123809209000237 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00023-7 id: cord-021499-up5vftj4 author: Brayton, Cory title: Viral Infections date: 2007-09-02 words: 20925.0 sentences: 1063.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021499-up5vftj4.txt summary: Depending on inoculation route, dose, strain, and age of mice, experimental infections may result in inflammation or cytomegaly with inclusion bodies in a variety of tissues, pneumonitis, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, or splenic necrosis in susceptible strains (National Research Council, 1991; Osborn, 1982; Percy and Barthold, 2001) . Both strains are apathogenic for adult mice, but the immunosuppressive variant is more pathogenic for neonatal mice than is MMVp. Serological surveys show that the mouse is the primary natural host (Parker et al., 1970; Smith et al., 1993b; Singleton et al., 2000) , but the virus is also infective for rats, hamsters (Garant et al., 1980; Ward and Tattersall, 1982) , and Mastomys (Haag et al., 2000) during foetal development or after parenteral inoculation. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS, and intestine. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150033/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012336425-8/50076-5 id: cord-335871-zieuc7vk author: Brazee, Patricia L. title: Targeting the Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex to Modulate the Host Response and Improve Influenza A Virus Induced Lung Injury date: 2020-05-13 words: 3741.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335871-zieuc7vk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335871-zieuc7vk.txt summary: title: Targeting the Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex to Modulate the Host Response and Improve Influenza A Virus Induced Lung Injury Data from retrospective human studies as well as experimental animal models of influenza virus infection highlight the fine line between an excessive and an inadequate immune response, where the host response must balance viral clearance with exuberant inflammation. We have reported that the amplitude of the inflammatory response is regulated by Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC) activity and that dampening of LUBAC activity is protective during severe influenza virus infection. Here we review the evidence for modulating inflammation to ameliorate influenza virus infection-induced lung injury, data on current anti-inflammatory strategies, and potential new avenues to target viral inflammation and improve outcomes. Recent reports show that destabilization of respiratory epithelial LUBAC, via loss of the non-catalytic component HOIL-1L, dampens the host response during severe influenza and promotes survival with reduced lung injury as well as reduced viral titers. abstract: Abstract Influenza virus infection is characterized by symptoms ranging from mild congestion and body aches to severe pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. While the majority of those exposed have minor symptoms and recover with little morbidity, an estimated 500,000 people succumb to IAV-related complications each year worldwide. In these severe cases, an exaggerated inflammatory response, known as “cytokine storm”, occurs which results in damage to the respiratory epithelial barrier and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Data from retrospective human studies as well as experimental animal models of influenza virus infection highlight the fine line between an excessive and an inadequate immune response, where the host response must balance viral clearance with exuberant inflammation. Current pharmacological modulators of inflammation, including corticosteroids and statins, have not been successful in improving outcomes during influenza virus infection. We have reported that the amplitude of the inflammatory response is regulated by Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC) activity and that dampening of LUBAC activity is protective during severe influenza virus infection. Therapeutic modulation of LUBAC activity may be crucial to improve outcomes during severe influenza virus infection, as it functions as a molecular rheostat of the host response. Here we review the evidence for modulating inflammation to ameliorate influenza virus infection-induced lung injury, data on current anti-inflammatory strategies, and potential new avenues to target viral inflammation and improve outcomes. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0300289620301381 doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.04.019 id: cord-296635-8r3tm966 author: Breed, Andrew C. title: Evidence of Endemic Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus)—Implications for Disease Risk Management date: 2011-12-14 words: 4573.0 sentences: 199.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296635-8r3tm966.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296635-8r3tm966.txt summary: title: Evidence of Endemic Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus)—Implications for Disease Risk Management This study investigated the seroepidemiology of Hendra virus in a spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) population in northern Australia, near the location of an equine and associated human Hendra virus infection in late 2004. Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are paramyxoviruses of the genus Henipavirus with pteropid bats (i.e. flying-foxes; Pteropus sp., Family Pteropodidae) being the primary wildlife reservoir [1] . Henipaviruses have the potential to infect a wide range of mammalian species, and Hendra virus has spread from flying-foxes to horses in Australia on at least 20 reported separate occasions (five involving horse-human transmission), most recently in 2011 [5, 6, 7] . [14] on the infection dynamics of HeV in the little red flying-fox, Pteropus scapulatus, in the Northern Territory of Australia suggested that viral transmission may be predominantly horizontal, with pregnancy and lactation suggested as risk factors for infection. abstract: This study investigated the seroepidemiology of Hendra virus in a spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) population in northern Australia, near the location of an equine and associated human Hendra virus infection in late 2004. The pattern of infection in the population was investigated using a serial cross-sectional serological study over a 25-month period, with blood sampled from 521 individuals over six sampling sessions. Antibody titres to the virus were determined by virus neutralisation test. In contrast to the expected episodic infection pattern, we observed that seroprevalence gradually increased over the two years suggesting infection was endemic in the population over the study period. Our results suggested age, pregnancy and lactation were significant risk factors for a detectable neutralizing antibody response. Antibody titres were significantly higher in females than males, with the highest titres occurring in pregnant animals. Temporal variation in antibody titres suggests that herd immunity to the virus may wax and wane on a seasonal basis. These findings support an endemic infection pattern of henipaviruses in bat populations suggesting their infection dynamics may differ significantly from the acute, self limiting episodic pattern observed with related viruses (e.g. measles virus, phocine distemper virus, rinderpest virus) hence requiring a much smaller critical host population size to sustain the virus. These findings help inform predictive modelling of henipavirus infection in bat populations, and indicate that the life cycle of the reservoir species should be taken into account when developing risk management strategies for henipaviruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028816 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028816 id: cord-022163-7klzsrpu author: Broder, Christopher C. title: Henipaviruses date: 2016-09-09 words: 14465.0 sentences: 688.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022163-7klzsrpu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022163-7klzsrpu.txt summary: Central pathological features of both HeV and NiV infection in humans and several susceptible animal species is a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease (Abdullah and Tan 2014 ; Wong and Ong 2011 ; Playford et al. A new paramyxovirus was isolated and identifi ed in 1994 in an outbreak of fatal cases of respiratory disease in horses and humans in the Brisbane suburb of Hendra, Australia, and was shown to be distantly related to measles virus and other morbilliviruses (Murray et al. HeV in nature appears less transmissible and naturally acquired infections have been observed only in bats, horses, dogs and humans; however, experimentally, HeV can infect and cause disease in guinea pigs, cats, hamsters, ferrets, mice and African green monkeys (reviewed in Geisbert et al. More recently, several viral vector-based henipavirus vaccines have also been examined in animal challenge studies; these have included immunizations using the vesicular stomatitis virus based platform (VSV) expressing either the NiV G or F glycoprotein in the hamster model (DeBuysscher et al. abstract: The first henipaviruses, Hendra virus (HeV), and Nipah virus (NiV) were pathogenic zoonoses that emerged in the mid to late 1990s causing serious disease outbreaks in livestock and humans. HeV was recognized in Australia 1994 in horses exhibiting respiratory disease along with a human case fatality, and then NiV was identified during a large outbreak of human cases of encephalitis with high mortality in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999 along with respiratory disease in pigs which served as amplifying hosts. The recently identified third henipavirus isolate, Cedar virus (CedPV), is not pathogenic in animals susceptible to HeV and NiV disease. Molecular detection of additional henipavirus species has been reported but no additional isolates of virus have been reported. Central pathological features of both HeV and NiV infection in humans and several susceptible animal species is a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. In people, both viruses can also manifest relapsed encephalitis following recovery from an acute infection, particularly NiV. The recognized natural reservoir hosts of HeV, NiV, and CedPV are pteropid bats, which do not show clinical illness when infected. With spillovers of HeV continuing to occur in Australia and NiV in Bangladesh and India, these henipaviruses continue to be important transboundary biological threats. NiV in particular possesses several features that highlight a pandemic potential, such as its ability to infect humans directly from natural reservoirs or indirectly from other susceptible animals along with a capacity of limited human-to-human transmission. Several henipavirus animal challenge models have been developed which has aided in understanding HeV and NiV pathogenesis as well as how they invade the central nervous system, and successful active and passive immunization strategies against HeV and NiV have been reported which target the viral envelope glycoproteins. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153454/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-33133-1_3 id: cord-272752-cobroc5h author: Brook, Itzhak title: The challenges of treating tracheobronchitis in a laryngectomee due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: a case report date: 2018-08-20 words: 1723.0 sentences: 107.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272752-cobroc5h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272752-cobroc5h.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Laryngectomees run the risk of developing severe respiratory tract infections especially during the winter and when they do not wear a stoma cover. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old Caucasian man, a laryngectomee, presented with bacterial tracheobronchitis and conjunctivitis due to beta-lactamase-producing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining the patency of the airway in laryngectomees who suffer from lower respiratory tract infection is of utmost importance as the mucus can be very dry and viscous and can stick to the walls of the trachea and the stoma. Tracheobronchitis in laryngectomees was described as a "suffocating" respiratory infection because of the difficulties in maintaining a patent airway in these patients [6, 7] . Laryngectomees especially those who do not wear an HME or have uncovered stoma are therefore at a higher risk for lower respiratory infections. Laryngectomees are at a higher risk of developing lower respiratory tract infections especially in the winter and when not wearing an HME. abstract: BACKGROUND: Laryngectomees run the risk of developing severe respiratory tract infections especially during the winter and when they do not wear a stoma cover. A case of severe tracheobronchitis in a laryngectomee is presented that illustrates the risks and difficulties encountered in managing this infection in a neck breather. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old Caucasian man, a laryngectomee, presented with bacterial tracheobronchitis and conjunctivitis due to beta-lactamase-producing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. He was febrile (38.9 °C; 102.0 F), and had repeated episodes of hypertension. He was treated with levofloxacin 500 mg/day, ciprofloxacin eye drops, acetaminophen, and guaifenesin. Humidification of his trachea and the airway was sustained by insertions of saline into the stoma as well as breathing humidified air. The main challenge was to maintain the patency of his airway as the mucus was very dry and viscous and tended to stick to the walls of his trachea and the stoma. His condition improved within 7 days and he had a complete recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining the patency of the airway in laryngectomees who suffer from lower respiratory tract infection is of utmost importance as the mucus can be very dry and viscous and can stick to the walls of the trachea and the stoma. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-018-1764-2 doi: 10.1186/s13256-018-1764-2 id: cord-302918-0nk7zyod author: Broor, S. title: Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen date: 2008-11-01 words: 6062.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt summary: Human metapneumovirus is a recently recognized pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children as well as elderly and immunocompromised adults. Recent experimental work using primates (chimpanzees, cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, African green monkeys) and small animals (hamsters, cotton rats, mice and ferrets) has been performed to characterize the pathogenesis associated with this viral infection; hMPV replicates to a various extent in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of these experimental animals, although clinical symptoms after intranasal challenge have only been observed in chimpanzees, Cynomolgus macaques and BALB/c mice so far (van den Hoogen et al 2001; Alvarez et al 2004; Kuiken et al 2004; Skiadopoulos et al 2004; . Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups First Detection of Human Metapneumovirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection in India: a Preliminary Report abstract: Human metapneumovirus is a recently recognized pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children as well as elderly and immunocompromised adults. The virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, sub family Pneumovirinae and genus Metapneumovirus. Through genetic analysis it has been characterized into two groups A and B which are further divided into four sub-lineages. The virus is difficult to grow in tissue culture and hence reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for N and L gene is the method of choice for diagnosis. The virus has been seen in all countries with seasonal distribution in winter months for temperate and spring/summer for tropical countries. F gene is the most conserved among different lineages and efforts are underway to design recombination vaccine using F gene. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208974/ doi: 10.1007/s12038-008-0067-y id: cord-278816-l92lkj69 author: Brouard, J. title: Prise en charge des pathologies respiratoires à adénovirus chez l’enfant immunocompétent À propos d’une étude rétrospective de 116 enfants hospitalisés date: 2004-05-31 words: 4952.0 sentences: 436.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278816-l92lkj69.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278816-l92lkj69.txt summary: authors: Brouard, J.; Vabret, A.; Bach, N.; Toutain, F.; Duhamel, J. Freymuth Les adénovirus sont une cause commune d''atteinte respiratoire ; bien que dépendant du sérotype, ils peuvent également être la cause d''atteintes extrarespiratoires. Elle est par contre plus restreinte pour les enfants a priori sains : or chez eux des altérations bronchiolaires et bronchiques peuvent être à l''origine de lésions définitives parfois d''expression retardée. Les pneumopathies virales se définissent par l''existence d''une atteinte parenchymateuse : elles ne représentent qu''une faible part des infections respiratoires basses, environ 5 %. En dehors de ce contexte ces infections respiratoires sont le plus souvent bénignes, mais par-fois cette symptomatologie peut être marquée même chez l''enfant sain [18] . Les infections subaiguës des voies respiratoires par les AdV pourraient être impliquées dans la genèse de certaines formes de bronchopathies chroniques obstructives chez l''enfant et chez l''adulte. Les critères d''hospitalisation lors d''une pneumopathie supposée virale sont communs avec ceux des infections bactériennes. abstract: Résumé Les adénovirus sont une cause commune d’atteinte respiratoire ; bien que dépendant du sérotype, ils peuvent également être la cause d’atteintes extrarespiratoires. Le diagnostic positif peut en être difficile. Les résultats cliniques chez 116 enfants hospitalisés en raison d’une infection adénovirale ont été repris rétrospectivement. Chez 71 enfants, le diagnostic virologique a été obtenu par immunofluorescence directe sur les aspirations nasales, 71 par culture virale de ces mêmes prélèvements. Le tableau clinique de l’infection adénovirale est caractérisé par une fièvre élevée (moyenne 39°1C) et prolongée (durée moyenne 4,3 jours). L’atteinte des voies aériennes supérieures (rhinopharyngite, angine, otite) et des voies aériennes inférieures (bronchite, bronchiolite, pneumopathie) sont les plus fréquentes. Douze enfants ont présenté des convulsions hyperpyrétiques, 6 avaient une méningite lymphocytaire. Les examens complémentaires ont objectivé des valeurs allant de la normalité à celles évocatrices d’infection bactérienne. Cinquante-neuf enfants furent adressés pour fièvre résistante à une antibiothérapie. Les symptômes de l’atteinte respiratoire dues aux infections adénovirales s’étendent de la rhinite à la pneumopathie et la bronchiolite. Les adénovirus peuvent entraîner des séquelles graves même chez l’enfant sain. Les recherches sur les mécanismes moléculaires de l’infection virale sur les voies aériennes amèneront d’importantes voies de réflexion sur la nature des processus inflammatoires participant à l’asthme et à la bronchite chronique obstructive. La plupart des infections sont modérées et ne nécessitent qu’un traitement symptomatique. Il n’existe pas actuellement de traitement antiviral efficace pour les infections adénovirales graves. Le diagnostic virologique rapide par l’étude des sécrétions nasopharyngées est d’une grande utilité clinique. Abstract Adenoviruses most commonly cause respiratory illness; however, depending on the infecting serotype, they may also cause various other diseases. Diagnosis may be difficult to achieve. The clinical findings for 116 children hospitalised with adenoviral infection were studied retrospectively. In 71 children, the diagnosis was based on detection of adenovirus antigen in the nasopharyngeal specimens and in 71 children on viral culture. The clinical picture of adenoviral infection was characterised by high-grade (mean 39°1C) and prolonged fever (mean duration 4,3 days). Upper respiratory and lower respiratory symptoms were the most common infections. Twelve had been admitted to the hospital due to febrile convulsions, 6 had meningitis. Laboratory findings varied from normal values to values seen in bacterial infections. Thus it was difficult to distinguish adenoviral disease from a bacterial disease. Fifty-nine children were referred to the hospital due to infection unresponsive to antimicrobial therapy. Symptoms of respiratory infection caused by adenovirus may range from the common cold syndrome to pneumonia, croup and bronchiolitis. Adenoviruses can be responsible for severe consequences, even in previously healthy children. Studies of the molecular mechanisms of viral infections of the airways could provide important insights into the nature of the inflammatory process involved in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most infections are mild and require no therapy or only symptomatic treatment. There are at present time no recognised antiviral agents that are effective in treating serious adenovirus disease. The rapid detection of adenovirus antigen in nasopharygeal specimens proved to have a great clinical value in the diagnosis. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1294550104942483 doi: 10.1016/s1294-5501(04)94248-3 id: cord-300965-ivczo1a7 author: Brown, M. M. title: Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns date: 2017-08-29 words: 7428.0 sentences: 378.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt summary: Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the "new public health." In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. Personal responsibility may be a cornerstone of public health, but hand hygiene promotion is an especially persuasive vehicle for popularizing an individualistic conception of infection risk. Even in developed countries, where the assumption of personal responsibility is less likely to be impeded by structural issues, hand hygiene promotion may nevertheless skew perceptions of contextual or social determinants of infection risk. Created by the Florida Department of Health in response to H1N1, the BFifth Guy^campaign illustrates the use of a constitutive, stigmatizing rhetoric to endorse the assumption of personal responsibility for infection risk. abstract: In recent years, outbreaks such as H1N1 have prompted heightened efforts to manage the risk of infection. These efforts often involve the endorsement of personal responsibility for infection risk, thus reinforcing an individualistic model of public health. Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the “new public health.” In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. My analysis underscores the use of constitutive and stigmatizing rhetoric to depict individual bodies, rather than environments, as prime sources of infection. Common among workplaces, this rhetoric provides the impetus for encouraging individual behavior change as a hedge against infection risk. I argue, though, that the mandating of personal responsibility for infection risk galvanizes a culture of stigma and blame that may work against the aims of public health. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-017-9470-4 doi: 10.1007/s10912-017-9470-4 id: cord-262104-oig3qrr7 author: Brüssow, Harald title: COVID‐19: Test, Trace and Isolate‐New Epidemiological Data date: 2020-06-08 words: 7118.0 sentences: 365.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt summary: Very similar information was reported in data describing household transmission in Wuhan, where children showed a 4% infection rate compared with 17% in adults. 1.6 million tests were used to identify 1''400 SARS-CoV-2-positive cases; 1000 patients had had exposure to infected people from Hubei. In Wuhan, 105 index cases of patients suffering from moderate COVID-19 symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue) were investigated for secondary transmission to 392 household contacts. The control measures that stopped the epidemic locally have included: intense infection surveillance of incoming travelers; isolation of COVID-19 cases in hospitals; contact tracing and quarantine in holiday camps; and school closure but no lock-down, thus preventing the crisis from having a negative economic impact. Model calculations showed that the containment measures (the quarantine of exposed, and the isolation of infected persons) which depleted the number of susceptible individuals for the virus, reproduced the actually observed case development. abstract: In the absence of an efficient drug treatment or a vaccine, the control of the COVID‐19 pandemic relies on classic infection control measures. Since these means are socially disruptive and come with substantial economic loss for societies, a better knowledge of the epidemiology of the new coronavirus epidemic is crucial to achieve control at a sustainable cost, and within tolerable restrictions of civil rights. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15118 doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15118 id: cord-242132-fhepdgz9 author: Burlak, Gennadiy title: Is it possible to suspend the spread of an epidemic infection? The dynamic Monte Carlo approach date: 2020-05-28 words: 3201.0 sentences: 193.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-242132-fhepdgz9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-242132-fhepdgz9.txt summary: We study a dynamics of the epidemiological infection spreading at different values of the risk factor $beta$ (a control parameter) with the using of dynamic Monte Carlo approach (DMC). We study a dynamics of the epidemiological infection spreading at different values of the risk factor β (a control parameter) with the using of dynamic Monte Carlo approach (DMC). We study the spread of epidemiological infection at different values of the risk factors beta with the use of the dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) method. Such observation leads to an interesting assumption that the studied dynamics of the infection spread can (asymptotically) be associated with a critical transition in the two-dimensional (2D) percolation system, that occurs when the occupation probability of defects is p c = 0.594 12 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 see Fig.3 . Fig.7 shows the dynamics of infections (order parameter A) for different values of the risk factor β = 0.99, 0.94, 0.9, 0.8 at situation without the quarantine when only the personal immunity M > 0 presents (see Eq. abstract: We study a dynamics of the epidemiological infection spreading at different values of the risk factor $beta$ (a control parameter) with the using of dynamic Monte Carlo approach (DMC). In our toy model, the infection transmits due to contacts of randomly moving individuals. We show that the behavior of recovereds critically depends on the $beta$ value. For sub-critical values $beta10(10) particles/g fæces. Infected breast-fed babies excreted less virus than those who were bottle-fed. Stools of breast-fed babies often contained clumps of complete "smooth" rotavirus particles. When the newborn nurseries were transferred to a newly built hospital wing, infection appeared in the new wards, including those admitting only new patients, within a short period. Infection was either mild (8%) or symptomless (92%), and even babies with symptoms required no treatment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173156/ doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90967-4 id: cord-267791-v10eh408 author: Chughtai, Abrar Ahmad title: Use of personal protective equipment to protect against respiratory infections in Pakistan: A systematic review date: 2019-02-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Like other low-income countries, limited data are available on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in Pakistan. We conducted a systematic review of studies on PPE use for respiratory infections in healthcare settings in Pakistan. MEDLINE, Embase and Goggle Scholar were searched for clinical, epidemiological and laboratory-based studies in English, and 13 studies were included; all were observational/cross-sectional studies. The studies examined PPE use in hospital (n = 7), dental (n = 4) or laboratory (n = 2) settings. Policies and practices on PPE use were inconsistent. Face masks and gloves were the most commonly used PPE to protect from respiratory and other infections. PPE was not available in many facilities and its use was limited to high-risk situations. Compliance with PPE use was low among healthcare workers, and reuse of PPE was reported. Clear policies on the use of PPE and available PPE are needed to avoid inappropriate practices that could result in the spread of infection. Large, multimethod studies are recommended on PPE use to inform national infection-control guidelines. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1876034119300668 doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.01.064 id: cord-305146-iprzeigk author: Chughtai, Abrar Ahmad title: Use of personal protective equipment to protect against respiratory infections in Pakistan: A systematic review date: 2020-03-04 words: 4245.0 sentences: 242.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305146-iprzeigk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305146-iprzeigk.txt summary: We conducted a systematic review of studies on PPE use for respiratory infections in healthcare settings in Pakistan. Face masks (or medical masks) and respirators are the most commonly used PPE to protect from influenza and other respiratory infection in healthcare settings. The aim of this study was to examine the use of PPE for respiratory infections in healthcare settings in Pakistan. Studies where PPE was examined for general infection control were also included, given respiratory protective equipment (face masks and/or respirators) was mentioned. Two studies examined the guidelines and current practices on the use of face masks/respirators for influenza, tuberculosis and SARS in Pakistan [21, 22] . Medical masks were generally used to protect from influenza, tuberculosis and other respiratory infections, while the use of respirators was limited to high-risk situations [21, 22] . abstract: Like other low-income countries, limited data are available on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in Pakistan. We conducted a systematic review of studies on PPE use for respiratory infections in healthcare settings in Pakistan. MEDLINE, Embase and Goggle Scholar were searched for clinical, epidemiological and laboratory-based studies in English, and 13 studies were included; all were observational/cross-sectional studies. The studies examined PPE use in hospital (n = 7), dental (n = 4) or laboratory (n = 2) settings. Policies and practices on PPE use were inconsistent. Face masks and gloves were the most commonly used PPE to protect from respiratory and other infections. PPE was not available in many facilities and its use was limited to high-risk situations. Compliance with PPE use was low among healthcare workers, and reuse of PPE was reported. Clear policies on the use of PPE and available PPE are needed to avoid inappropriate practices that could result in the spread of infection. Large, multimethod studies are recommended on PPE use to inform national infection-control guidelines. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.02.032 doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.02.032 id: cord-345222-otfnrarh author: Ciccarelli, Simona title: Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis date: 2013-10-29 words: 14625.0 sentences: 819.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt summary: 4 In spite of the intense promotion of oral rehydration solution (ORS) at the community level and the training of health care workers, diarrhea mortality remains unacceptably high: more than 2 million children aged less than 5 years die each year from gastroenteritis, almost all living in resource-constrained nations, where acute diarrhea represents a leading cause of child mortality, second only to pneumonia. Probiotics, also defined as food supplements, improve the intestinal microbial balance of the host, have beneficial effects on health, prevent outbreaks of community-acquired diarrhea, reduce colonization of infants with pathogenic microorganisms, and reduce the duration and severity of diarrheal infections, balancing the intestinal ecosystem. 143 The European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have suggested the use of probiotic strains with proven efficacy and in appropriate doses for the management of children with acute gastroenteritis as an adjunct to rehydration therapy. abstract: Acute gastroenteritis, characterized by the onset of diarrhea with or without vomiting, continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in mostly resource-constrained nations. Although generally a mild and self-limiting disease, gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and is associated with a substantial disease burden. Worldwide, up to 40% of children aged less than 5 years with diarrhea are hospitalized with rotavirus. Also, some microorganisms have been found predominantly in resource-constrained nations, including Shigella spp, Vibrio cholerae, and the protozoan infections. Prevention remains essential, and the rotavirus vaccines have demonstrated good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials. Because dehydration is the major complication associated with gastroenteritis, appropriate fluid management (oral or intravenous) is an effective and safe strategy for rehydration. Continuation of breastfeeding is strongly recommended. New treatments such as antiemetics (ondansetron), some antidiarrheal agents (racecadotril), and chemotherapeutic agents are often proposed, but not yet universally recommended. Probiotics, also known as “food supplement,” seem to improve intestinal microbial balance, reducing the duration and the severity of acute infectious diarrhea. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases guidelines make a stronger recommendation for the use of probiotics for the management of acute gastroenteritis, particularly those with documented efficacy such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Saccharomyces boulardii. To date, the management of acute gastroenteritis has been based on the option of “doing the least”: oral rehydration-solution administration, early refeeding, no testing, no unnecessary drugs. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s12718 doi: 10.2147/idr.s12718 id: cord-299261-ew99nraq author: Cipriano, L. E. title: IMPACT OF UNIVERSITY RE-OPENING ON TOTAL COMMUNITY COVID-19 BURDEN date: 2020-09-18 words: 9221.0 sentences: 462.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299261-ew99nraq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299261-ew99nraq.txt summary: In a scenario in which students immediately engage in a 24% contact reduction compared to pre-COVID levels, the total number of infections in the community increases by 87% (from 3,900 without the students to 7,299 infections with the students), with 71% of the incremental infections occurring in the general population, causing social and economic restrictions to be re-engaged 3 weeks earlier and an incremental 17 COVID-19 deaths. The timing and magnitude of the city''s COVID-19 outbreak, excluding any impacts from students, is determined by the initial number of COVID-19 infections in the community, the level of participation in physical distancing, the responsiveness of the community to increasing critical care cases and COVID-19 deaths, and the proportion of contacts that are protected with mask wearing (Appendix Figures 5-7) . 16 In the base case, we also assume that students are equally responsive as the general population to COVID-19 outcomes in the community reducing their contacts in response to high numbers of critical care hospitalizations and deaths. abstract: Purpose: Post-secondary students have higher than average contacts than the general population due to congregate living, use of public transit, high-density academic and social activities, and employment in the services sector. We evaluated the impact of a large student population returning to a mid-sized city currently experiencing a low rate of COVID-19 on community health outcomes. We consider whether targeted routine or one-time screening in this population can mitigate community COVID-19 impacts. Methods: We developed a dynamic transmission model of COVID-19 subdivided into three interacting populations: general population, university students, and long-term care residents. We parameterized the model using the medical literature and expert opinion. We calibrated the model to the observed outcomes in a mid-sized Canadian city between March 1 and August 15, 2020 prior to the arrival of a relatively large post-secondary student population. We evaluated the impact of the student population (20,000 people arriving on September 1) on cumulative COVID-19 infections over the fall semester, the timing of peak infections, the timing and peak level of critical care occupancy, and the timing of re-engaged social and economic restrictions. We consider multiple scenarios with different student and general population COVID-19 prevention behaviours as well as different COVID-19 screening strategies in students. Results: In a city with low levels of COVID-19 activity, the return of a relatively large student population substantially increases the total number of COVID-19 infections in the community. In a scenario in which students immediately engage in a 24% contact reduction compared to pre-COVID levels, the total number of infections in the community increases by 87% (from 3,900 without the students to 7,299 infections with the students), with 71% of the incremental infections occurring in the general population, causing social and economic restrictions to be re-engaged 3 weeks earlier and an incremental 17 COVID-19 deaths. Scenarios in which students have an initial, short-term increase in contacts with other students before engaging in contact reduction behaviours can increase infections in the community by 150% or more. In such scenarios, screening asymptomatic students every 5 days reduces the number of infections attributable to the introduction of the university student population by 42% and delays the re-engagement of social and economic restrictions by 1 week. Compared to screening every 5 days, one-time mass screening of students prevents fewer infections, but is highly efficient in terms of infections prevented per screening test performed. Discussion: University students are highly inter-connected with the city communities in which they live and go to school, and they have a higher number of contacts than the general population. High density living environments, enthusiasm for the new school year, and relatively high rates of asymptomatic presentation may decrease their self-protective behaviours and contribute to increased community transmission of COVID-19 affecting at-risk members of the city community. Screening targeted at this population provides significant public health benefits to the community through averted infections, critical care admissions, and COVID-19 deaths. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.18.20197467 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.18.20197467 id: cord-270091-sqrh8ylt author: Cohen, Pascal title: Vascularites associées aux infections virales date: 2004-11-30 words: 6087.0 sentences: 531.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-270091-sqrh8ylt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270091-sqrh8ylt.txt summary: Résumé Des virus, causes de vascularites Si la plupart des vascularites systémiques sont de cause inconnue, la responsabilité d''une infection virale a été démontrée de façon formelle pour certaines d''entre elles, un traitement spécifique pouvant les guérir définitivement. Cryoglobulinemia related to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) The clinical manifestations are those of systemic vasculitis with particular tropism for the skin (involvement generally inaugural and almost constant), peripheral nerves and the glomerula. Des virus, causes de vascularites Si la plupart des vascularites systémiques sont de cause inconnue, la responsabilité d''une infection virale a été démontrée de façon formelle pour certaines d''entre elles, un traitement spécifique pouvant les guérir définitivement. L''infection à HTLV1 est rarement compliquée de vascularite ;cette dernière a un tropisme neurologique central 181 192, 193 qui fut le premier à décrire la responsabilité liée à l''hépatite B au cours de la périartérite noueuse 194 , nous décidâmes d''inclure dans un protocole prospectif tous les patients atteints de PAN HBV+ et de traiter les patients par une combinaison d''antiviraux et d''échanges plasmatiques 195 . abstract: Résumé Des virus, causes de vascularites Si la plupart des vascularites systémiques sont de cause inconnue, la responsabilité d’une infection virale a été démontrée de façon formelle pour certaines d’entre elles, un traitement spécifique pouvant les guérir définitivement. Chaque virus incriminé rend compte d’un type particulier de vascularite. Infection par le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB) Elle est la cause de la périartérite noueuse dans 36 à 50 % des cas. La symptomatologie apparaît de façon aiguë, en général dans les mois suivant l’infection; elle est comparable à celle observée en l’absence d’infection par VHB. Cryoglobulinémies liées au virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) Les manifestations cliniques sont celles d’une vascularite systémique avec un tropisme plus particulier pour la peau (atteinte le plus souvent inaugurale et presque constante), les nerfs périphériques, les glomérules. Elles surviennent assez tardivement au décours de l’infection. Vascularites associées à l’infection par le VIH (virus de l’immunodéficience humaine) Il existe un fort tropisme pour le système nerveux périphérique (multinévrites) et central. Au cours de l’infection aiguë par le Parvovirus B19 Des lésions de vascularite ont été parfois signalées après la phase virémique, se limitant généralement à une ou plusieurs poussées de pupura vasculaire prédominant aux membres inférieurs. Après infection par le virus varicelle-zona Une vascularite se développe parfois, sous la forme d’un déficit neurologique central (déficit moteur avec ou sans aphasie environ un mois après un zona ophtalmologique), d’une atteinte de la rétine, plus rarement de la peau ou des reins. Vascularites associées à l’infection par le cytomégalovirus (CMV) Survenant essentiellement chez le sujet immunodéprimé, les vascularites après infection par le CMV sont diffuses intéressant surtout le tube digestif, en particulier le côlon, le système nerveux central et la peau. Une complication rare de l’infection à HTLV1 (Human T-cell Lymphoma Virus) Une vascularite rétinienne prenant volontiers la forme d’une rétinite nécrosante est souvent associée à une paraparésie spasmodique. Stratégie thérapeutique Pour de nombreuses vascularites d’origine virale, les traitements corticoïdes et immunosuppresseurs ne sont indiqués qu’en seconde intention en cas d’échec des antiviraux et de l’association d’antiviraux et d’échanges plasmatiques. Summary Viruses, the cause of vasculitis Although the majority of systemic vasculitis are of unknown causes, the responsibility of a viral infection has been formally demonstrated in some of them and specific treatment can permanently cure them. Each virus incriminated accounts for a particular type of vasculitis. Hepatitis B viral infection (HBV) is the cause of polyarteritis nodosa in 36 to 50% of cases. The onset of the symptomatology is acute, usually within a few months following the infection; it is comparable to that observed in the absence of HBV infection. Cryoglobulinemia related to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) The clinical manifestations are those of systemic vasculitis with particular tropism for the skin (involvement generally inaugural and almost constant), peripheral nerves and the glomerula. They occur fairly late during the infection. Vasculitis associated with HIV infection There is strong tropism for the peripheral (multi-neuritis) and central nervous system. During acute parvovirus B19 infection Vasculitis lesions have occasionally been reported following the viremic phase, generally limited to one or several flares of vascular purpura predominating on the lower limbs. Following varicella-herpes zoster infection Vasculitis occasionally develops in the form of a central neurological deficiency (locomotor deficiency with or without aphasia around one month after an ophthalmologic herpes zoster) or involving the retina or, more rarely, the skin or the kidneys. Vasculitis associated with cytomegaloviral infection Predominantly observed in immunodepressed patients, vasculitis after CMV infection is diffuse and basically involving the digestive tube, notably the colon, the central nervous system and the skin. A rare complication of an HTLV1 infection Vasculitis of the retina often in the form of necrotic retinitis is often associated with spasmodic paraparessia. Therapeutic strategy For many vasculitis of viral origin, corticosteroid and immunosuppressive treatments are only indicated in second intention following failure with antiviral agents and the combination of antivirals and plasma exchanges. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0755498204989361 doi: 10.1016/s0755-4982(04)98936-1 id: cord-021596-5s8lksxp author: Colegrove, Kathleen M. title: Pinnipediae date: 2018-10-26 words: 10418.0 sentences: 613.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021596-5s8lksxp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021596-5s8lksxp.txt summary: Hepatic hemosiderosois is seen frequently in several pinniped species including young northern elephant and harbor seals, Hawaiian monk seals, northern fur seals, and CSLs. Mild chronic cholecystitis and portal hepatitis are common findings in wild pinnipeds secondary to trematode infection and trematode-associated pigment accumulation can occur. is most commonly reported in free-ranging pinnipeds including CSLs, harbor, and northern elephant seals along the Pacific coast of North America (Colegrove et al., 2005b; Gulland et al., 1996b) . pinnipedii has not been reported for any phocid species; however, the potential host range is broad and transmission from infected fur seals and sea lions has been described for zoo species, domestic cattle, and humans (Cousins et al., 2003; Kiers et al., 2008; Loeffler et al., 2014; Moser et al., 2008; Thompson et al., 1993; Thorel et al., 1998) . Harbor seals are the most commonly reported species to develop severe fatal disease with infection, and in California subadults and adults are primarily affected (Barbosa et al., 2015; Miller, 2008) . abstract: This chapter reviews common diseases of pinnipeds, including species in the Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), Phocidae (true seals), and Odobenidae (walrus) families. Much of the knowledge on pathologic conditions of pinnipeds comes from necropsies of stranded animals and those housed in captivity. As such, disease knowledge is biased toward species frequently housed in zoos and aquaria, those that strand more commonly, or those in which free-ranging populations are more easily accessible. Though historically systematic evaluations of wild populations have rarely been accomplished, in the past 10 years, with advances in marine mammal medicine and anesthesia, biologists and veterinarians more frequently completed live animal health field investigations to evaluate health and disease in free-ranging pinniped populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150363/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00023-7 id: cord-017867-8cn4c6cu author: Collántes-Fernández, Esther title: Trichomonas date: 2017-11-08 words: 24060.0 sentences: 1231.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017867-8cn4c6cu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017867-8cn4c6cu.txt summary: In addition, the OIE Terrestrial Manual also provides recommendations for PCR analyses, which can be applied in combination either with or after culture as an ancillary test or-more often-direct as the primary test to examine bovine samples-i.e., preputial material, uterine or vaginal secretions, or abomasal content of aborted fetuses. In bovine tritrichomonosis cultivation became an important diagnostic tool, because parasite numbers in bovine samples-e.g., preputial smegma or cervico-vaginal mucus-are usually too low to be detected by direct microscopy and a multiplication of parasites after a few days of cultivation increases the chance to find infected bulls. Sensitivity and specificity of culture and PCR of smegma samples of bulls experimentally infected with Tritrichomonas foetus Evaluation of a PCR test for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in bulls: effects of sample collection method, storage and transport medium on the test Comparison of sampling and culture methods for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in bulls abstract: The most widely known trichomonad in veterinary medicine is Tritrichomonas foetus. It is the etiologic agent of bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease in extensively managed herds throughout many geographic regions worldwide. The same trichomonad species is also regarded as the causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat, although more recent studies observed molecular differences between bovine- and feline-derived T. foetus. Trichomonosis in cats has a worldwide distribution and is mainly present among cats from high-density housing environments. Other trichomonads are found as inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract in birds, such as Trichomonas gallinae. Particularly, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes, and wild Passeriformes can be severely affected by avian trichomonads. Diagnosis of trichomonosis is often complicated by the fragility of the parasite. To ensure valid test results, it is essential to collect and handle specimens in the right way prior to analysis. Cultivation tests, the specific amplification of parasites, or a combination of both test methods is the most efficient and most commonly used way to diagnose trichomonosis in animals. Bovine tritrichomonosis is mainly controlled by the identification and withdrawal of infected animals from bovine herds. The control of feline and avian trichomonosis relies mainly on preventive measures. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122547/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_14 id: cord-355872-z6vsjmxn author: Colón-López, Daisy D. title: Emerging viral infections date: 2019-08-15 words: 3708.0 sentences: 194.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355872-z6vsjmxn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355872-z6vsjmxn.txt summary: Characterization of bacterial and viral relationships in mosquito arthropods demonstrated a symbiotic relationship between the bacterium and host, limiting dengue virus infection and potentially revealing new antiviral strategies [39, 40] . The Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa resulted in 26,648 cases and 11,017 documented deaths, and genomic sequencing was applied in near real-time to provide information to aid in containing the outbreak [44, 45] . During the Ebola virus outbreak, sequence analysis of the viral genome over time demonstrated changes which could make the pathogen resistant to therapeutics such as siRNAs, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), and antibodies [56] . This agnostic method is appropriate for identifying changes in the human transcriptome as a result of an emerging viral infection to show specific mechanisms of immune response evasion and other effects in the host''s biology at the transcriptomic level. abstract: The emergence of viral infections is driven by multiple factors including changes in human behavior, population growth, reservoir host distribution, viral diversity and environmental changes. Effective surveillance methods, diagnostic assays and containment measures are pivotal to preventing widespread outbreak of a new viral infection. However, the limited understanding of some emerging viruses poses numerous challenges for effective intervention. In this chapter we discuss various genomics-based methods and strategies to overcome these inherent challenges of emerging and re-emerging viral infections with a focus on current viral threats. We also provide an outlook on the use of genomic tools in personalized medicine and potential solutions to current and foreseeable challenges. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128014967000101 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801496-7.00010-1 id: cord-354656-9ao33rq8 author: Cossart, Yvonne E title: The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date: 2014-07-07 words: 3345.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt summary: 2 The success of rat extermination in controlling plague in Sydney 3 provided a triumphant validation of new microbiological theories; Joseph Lister''s carbolic spray was adopted by local surgeons; 4 Emil von Behring''s antitoxin treatment reduced mortality from diphtheria; 5 and Paul Ehrlich''s vision of a magic bullet to cure all infections was given credibility by the effi cacy of Salvarsan (arsphenamine, an arsenic-containing compound) against syphilis. 9,10 9,10 During World War II (WWII), intensive screening of Australian troops by miniature x-ray was followed up with bacteriological testing to identify patients with active infection, for whom treatment was compulsory. Tests were developed to screen donated blood and it soon became apparent that injecting drug use had silently amplifi ed prevalence of hepatitis C infection in young people in Western countries. abstract: Australia has been fortunate in its experience with infectious diseases over the past century. By the 1960s, many communicable diseases were controlled through a combination of high living standards, progressive adoption of vaccines and antimicrobial treatment. Australian medical scientists have made substantial contributions to the understanding of many historically significant communicable diseases and global initiatives for control. New challenges have emerged as previously unrecognised viral infections have emerged, and microbial resistance to antibiotics has developed in many old pathogens. Ongoing evolutionary forces, both environmental and social, change the balance between humans and microbes. The effects of these forces are most sorely felt in poor countries and communities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25047768/ doi: 10.5694/mja14.00112 id: cord-277327-il8uaavn author: Couch, MD, Robert B. title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Persons date: 1997-03-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The acute respiratory illnesses are the most common type of acute illness in the United States today. The respiratory viruses—which include influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses—cause the majority of these illnesses. Some of these viruses cause illness throughout the year, whereas others are most common in winter. All population groups experience these infections and illnesses. As the number of elderly persons and those with underlying disease increases, awareness is growing that these common infections can have serious consequences. This has recently been emphasized for immunocompromised persons. At the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), infection surveillance of mostly hospitalized adults with leukemia or a recent bone marrow transplant yielded a respiratory virus from 181 of 668 (27.1%) respiratory illness episodes. In descending order of frequency, infections with RSV, rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, and adenoviruses were detected in each of three surveillance years. High frequencies of nosocomial acquisition occurred, as has been noted in prior reports. Similarly, persistence of infection and high frequencies of pneumonia and death among infected patients occurred, which have also been noted earlier. At MDACC, pneumonia occurred in 58–78% of infected patients, and 22–44% died. The role of the virus infection in many cases of pneumonia is uncertain, but death from pure viral pneumonia is well documented. A number of immune deficiencies in this patient population and options for control of these infections have been described that can, respectively, account for the medical problem and provide ways to approach prevention and treatment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10868136/ doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00003-x id: cord-266963-belin2jq author: Cowling, Benjamin J title: Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak date: 2020-02-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.6.2000110 doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.6.2000110 id: cord-256282-vqus7vlg author: Cox, Michael J title: Co-infections: potentially lethal and unexplored in COVID-19 date: 2020-04-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835323/ doi: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30009-4 id: cord-021588-ec7udsmw author: Craighead, John E. title: Enteric Viral Disease date: 2007-05-09 words: 3474.0 sentences: 188.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021588-ec7udsmw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021588-ec7udsmw.txt summary: This virus and its soon-to-be-discovered close relatives (the so-called Norwalk-like viruses [NLVs]) proved to be important causes of explosive outbreaks of diarrhea in both children and adults. But, this painstaking approach has now yielded evidence to indicate that viruses of at least six families may contribute to enteric illness in children and in adult citizens whose immunity has waned (Figure 32.1, Table 32 .1). The etiological role of these viruses as a cause of intestinal disease was established by demonstrating a temporal association of naturally occurring infections (as demonstrated by stool examination using electron microscopy) with illness and by experimental induction of disease in both human volunteers and experimental animals (Hall et al, 1984) . Volunteer studies have yielded important histological and ultrastructural documentation of the profound but relatively transient changes that occur in the mucosa of the small intestine during the course of infections with NLVs (Agus ei al, 1973; Schreiber ei al, 1973 Schreiber ei al, , 1974 Dolin ei al, 1975) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150330/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012195160-3/50033-9 id: cord-290783-ipoelk4h author: Crouch, C. F. title: Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: Enhancement of lactogenic immunity date: 1985-09-30 words: 4545.0 sentences: 254.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt summary: This article examines methods currently used to enhance the titre and duration of specific antibody in the mammary secretions of cows and pigs with particular reference to rotavirus and coronavirus infections. The situation in neonatal piglets is less clear, rotavirus infections are apparently common 6.t4-tt, w.hilst transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), the prototype enteric coronavirus in swine, is an example of a seasonal cold-weather disease, probably related to both the thermal sensitivity of the virus ~ and the effect of cold-stress on converting subclinical to clinical infections ~8. It is apparent that the enhancement of lactogenic immunity through the vaccination of the dam provides a suitable mechanism by which neonatal pigs and calves can be protected against rotavirus and coronavirus infections. Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections: Maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immunoglobulin G 1 antibody secretion in milk Antibody responses in serum, colostrum and milk of swine after infection or vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis virus abstract: Passive immunity against enteric viral infections is dependent upon the continual presence in the gut lumen of a protective level of specific antibodies. This article examines methods currently used to enhance the titre and duration of specific antibody in the mammary secretions of cows and pigs with particular reference to rotavirus and coronavirus infections. In addition, some of the potential problems to be found in attempting to produce vaccines against these viral infections are outlined url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X85900568 doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(85)90056-8 id: cord-324775-3x5os79m author: Crowe, J.E. title: Human Respiratory Viruses date: 2008-07-30 words: 5716.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt summary: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen, with hMPV, PIV-3, influenza viruses, and rhinoviruses accounting for the majority of the remainder of acute viral respiratory infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), adenoviruses, and influenza viruses were identified initially as the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children. These patients also suffer more frequent and more severe disease including mortality with common respiratory viruses, including RSV, hMPV, PIV, influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses. Enterovirus infections occur most commonly in the summer months in temperate areas, which differs from the season of many of the other most common respiratory viruses such as paramyxoviruses and influenza virus. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. abstract: Viruses are the leading causes of acute lower respiratory-tract infection in infancy. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen, with hMPV, PIV-3, influenza viruses, and rhinoviruses accounting for the majority of the remainder of acute viral respiratory infections. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory-tract disease. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012374410400488X doi: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00488-x id: cord-017364-d9zmdm23 author: Crowe, James E. title: Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus date: 2014-02-27 words: 18331.0 sentences: 897.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt summary: A virus causing a similar cytopathic effect in cultured cells was recovered from infants with respiratory illness shortly after, and studies of human antibodies in the serum of infants and children indicated that infection was common early in life [ 1 , 2 ] . Higher titers of virus in respiratory secretions usually are associated with increased severity of disease, in prospective studies of natural infection [ 114 ] or of clinical vaccine trials [ 115 ] . Most epidemiologic studies of MPV in children show that the virus is the second leading cause of lower respiratory infection after RSV. Acute lower respiratory tract infections by human metapneumovirus in children in Southwest China: a 2-year study The impact of infection with human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viruses in young infants and children at high risk for severe pulmonary disease Comparison of risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children abstract: Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (MPV) are members of the family Paramyxoviridae of the Mononegavirales order, comprising the nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Paramyxoviridae has two subfamilies: Paramyxovirinae, which includes the parainfluenza viruses 1–4 and measles and mumps viruses, and Pneumovirinae, which includes RSV and MPV. Pneumovirinae has two genera: Pneumovirus, which includes human RSV, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and pneumonia virus of mice, and Metapneumovirus, which includes human MPV and avian metapneumovirus, sometimes called avian pneumovirus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121911/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_26 id: cord-259194-9zllvfqb author: Cupples, Sandra A. title: Transplant Infectious Disease: Implications for Critical Care Nurses date: 2011-11-02 words: 4469.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259194-9zllvfqb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259194-9zllvfqb.txt summary: 4 Patient-related risk factors for infection include older age, poor nutritional status, indwelling catheters, prolonged intubation, postoperative bleeding, blood transfusions, multiorgan dysfunction, comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, prolonged hospitalization before VAD implantation, and surgical reexploration. Factors that promote infection in potential organ donors include the use of medical devices and the treatment of patients in certain units that have high rates of bacterial contamination. Risk factors for PTLD include pretransplant EBV-negative serostatus, primary EBV infection, high EBV viral load, CMV serostatus mismatch (recipient is CMV negative and donor is CMV positive), CMV disease, potent rejection treatment, and type of allograft. 27 Risk factors for fungal infections include the use of high-dose corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics, rejection that requires increased immunosuppression, allograft dysfunction, and a simultaneous infection with an immunomodulating virus such as CMV. The risk of posttransplant mediastinitis is higher if the patient had a mechanical circulatory assist device or a total artificial heart as a bridge to transplantation. abstract: Infection is an important issue for critical care nurses as they care for patients throughout all phases of the transplant continuum: potential organ donors, transplant candidates, and transplant recipients. This article has reviewed salient issues relative to infections in each of these patient populations, including patients with VADs, and has highlighted key points pertaining to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0899588511000293 doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2011.08.001 id: cord-314449-ukqux772 author: Curtis, L.T. title: Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: review of non-pharmacological interventions date: 2008-06-02 words: 8994.0 sentences: 522.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314449-ukqux772.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314449-ukqux772.txt summary: Interventions such as proper hand and surface cleaning, better nutrition, sufficient numbers of nurses, better ventilator management, use of coated urinary and central venous catheters and use of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters have all been associated with significantly lower nosocomial infection rates. This review is not exhaustive and will not attempt mathematical data analysis but will examine recent research that examines non-pharmacological interventions for reducing HAIs. It will also include a brief description of the morbidity, mortality and medical costs associated with nosocomial infections, along with a brief discussion of the routes by which HAIs spread. Many terms were used in the literature searches including nosocomial, hospital acquired, MRSA (meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), staphyloccoccus, streptococcus, VRE (vancomycinresistant enterococcus), Clostridium difficile, legionella, klebsiella, tuberculosis, airborne infection, waterborne infection, hand washing, hospital cleaning, urinary catheters, central catheters, haemodialysis, ultraviolet light, HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filtration and many others. abstract: Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections (HAIs) increase morbidity, mortality and medical costs. In the USA alone, nosocomial infections cause about 1.7 million infections and 99 000 deaths per year. HAIs are spread by numerous routes including surfaces (especially hands), air, water, intravenous routes, oral routes and through surgery. Interventions such as proper hand and surface cleaning, better nutrition, sufficient numbers of nurses, better ventilator management, use of coated urinary and central venous catheters and use of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters have all been associated with significantly lower nosocomial infection rates. Multiple infection control techniques and strategies simultaneously (‘bundling’) may offer the best opportunity to reduce the morbidity and mortality toll of HAIs. Most of these infection control strategies will more than pay for themselves by saving the medical costs associated with nosocomial infections. Many non-pharmacological interventions to prevent many HAIs will also reduce the need for long or multiple-drug antibiotic courses for patients. Lower antibiotic drug usage will reduce risk of antibiotic-resistant organisms and should improve efficacy of antibiotics given to patients who do acquire infections. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0195670108001503 doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.03.018 id: cord-031252-ji0ef0by author: D''Angelo, Lawrence title: Infectious Disease Problems in Adolescents date: 2020-09-01 words: 7922.0 sentences: 484.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-031252-ji0ef0by.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031252-ji0ef0by.txt summary: When prevention is impossible or unsuccessful, treatment with amantadine can shorten the duration of fever and systemic and respiratory symptoms by about 50% if the illness is caused by type A virus and the drug therapy is initiated within the first 48 hours of infection. Mononucleosis is an acute infection most commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the herpesvirus group. In general, the incidence of mononucleosis is greatest in individuals who have not encountered the virus prior to adolescence, although EBV can cause illness in younger children (3) . In adolescents and young adults, other infectious agents can cause illnesses that mimic EBV-induced mononucleosis. Most genital lesions encountered in adolescents and young adults are due to STDs. The most common lesions are vaginal warts and herpes simplex infection, usually with type II virus. Evidence for active Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with persistent unexplained illnesses: Elevated anti-early antigen antibodies abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462522/ doi: 10.1016/s0197-0070(20)30007-3 id: cord-279849-zzkliu76 author: DaPalma, T. title: A systematic approach to virus–virus interactions date: 2010-01-20 words: 8230.0 sentences: 366.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279849-zzkliu76.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279849-zzkliu76.txt summary: Therefore, in this review we identify known and potential types of virus-virus interactions (VVIs) and organize them into three categories: (1) direct interactions of viral genes or gene products, (2) indirect interactions that result from alterations in the host environment, and (3) a subset of indirect interactions called immunological interactions, unique to organisms equipped with an adaptive immune system. One of the first helper-dependent viruses described was bacteriophage P4, a bacteria-infecting virus that is able to replicate its own genome, but requires the presence of a coinfecting bacteriophage, such as P2, to provide capsid components and cell lysis (Shore et al., 1978; Six and Klug, 1973) . While direct binding and activation of viral transactivating proteins to heterologous viral promoters has been documented, more common are reports of viral infections inducing increased expression or activation of cellular transcription factors, which then act on promoters of coinfecting viruses. Human cytomegalovirus TRS1 and IRS1 gene products block the double-stranded-RNA-activated host protein shutoff response induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 infection abstract: A virus–virus interaction is a measurable difference in the course of infection of one virus as a result of a concurrent or prior infection by a different species or strain of virus. Many such interactions have been discovered by chance, yet they have rarely been studied systematically. Increasing evidence suggests that virus–virus interactions are common and may be critical to understanding viral pathogenesis in natural hosts. In this review we propose a system for classifying virus–virus interactions by organizing them into three main categories: (1) direct interactions of viral genes or gene products, (2) indirect interactions that result from alterations in the host environment, and (3) immunological interactions. We have so far identified 15 subtypes of interaction and assigned each to one of these categories. It is anticipated that this framework will provide for a more systematic approach to investigating virus–virus interactions, both at the cellular and organismal levels. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.002 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.002 id: cord-021399-gs3i7wbe author: Dada, M.A. title: SUDDEN NATURAL DEATH | Infectious Diseases date: 2005-11-18 words: 3486.0 sentences: 213.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021399-gs3i7wbe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021399-gs3i7wbe.txt summary: Despite the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, a substantial number of sudden and unexpected deaths are caused by infections. Forensic pathologists should be aware of the importance of infectious causes of sudden death in the present era of bioterrorism and emergent and reemergent diseases. Sudden death due to infectious disease may be classified by organ system involvement (e.g., cardiac -myocarditis; nervous system -meningitis and encephalitis) or according to the etiological agent (e.g., viral, chlamydial, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or helminthic) . The common infectious causes of sudden death by organ system are listed in Table 1 . Viral infections causing sudden death usually involve the cardiac, respiratory, or the central nervous system. Bacterial infections of the respiratory system Sudden death from acute epiglottitis occurs from respiratory obstruction caused by swelling of the epiglottic folds, uvula, and vocal cords. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149575/ doi: 10.1016/b0-12-369399-3/00357-8 id: cord-016109-vbzy11hc author: Damjanovic, V. title: Outbreaks of Infection in the ICU: What’s up at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century? date: 2011-08-10 words: 5492.0 sentences: 287.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016109-vbzy11hc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016109-vbzy11hc.txt summary: We used the same framework as in the second edition of this book; however, outbreaks were not presented separately per ICU type but according to causative organisms, in the following order: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), aerobic Gramnegative bacilli (AGNB), Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. A paper from Italy published in 2002 reported a unique experience of controlling a MRSA outbreak of 8 months'' duration in a medical/surgical AICU in 1998 using enterally administered vancomycin in mechanically ventilated patients [5] . In 2005, a report from Italy described an outbreak of VRE colonisation and infection in an ICU that lasted 16 months (2001-2002) [12] . A report from The Netherlands published in 2001 described an outbreak of infections with a multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella strain [19] associated with contaminated roll boards in operating rooms. abstract: Surveillance cultures are the only cultures that allow the distinction between secondary endogenous and exogenous infections. These types of infection are the two known to cause outbreaks. Secondary endogenous infections can be controlled by enterally administered antimicrobials and should be integrated into the routine infection control measures. Exogenous infections can be controlled by topically applied antimicrobials and hygiene. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120292/ doi: 10.1007/978-88-470-1601-9_12 id: cord-006819-sxz1s6kz author: Daniel Givens, M. title: Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality date: 2008-05-27 words: 7666.0 sentences: 538.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt summary: The clinical presentations of disease due to reproductive pathogens are emphasized, with a focus on assisting development of complete lists of causes that result in abortion and infertility in these species. Fetal maceration results when abortion or parturition fails to occur following fetal death and CL regression (occasionally in bovine www.theriojournal.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Theriogenology 70 (2008) 270-285 Table 1 Infectious causes of infertility and abortion in domestic animals Infected animals can experience signs of infertility due to early embryonic death and abortion between 4 and 7 months of gestation. Transmission occurs via contact with materials contaminated by infected respiratory or vaginal discharges; the bacteria then spread hematogenously to the fetus. Affected animals might have no clinical signs of disease, but serve as a source of infection, or they can abort late in gestation and have stillbirths. abstract: The purpose of this review is to summarize bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and viral causes of reproductive dysgenesis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, dogs, and cats. The clinical presentations of disease due to reproductive pathogens are emphasized, with a focus on assisting development of complete lists of causes that result in abortion and infertility in these species. Clinicians are encouraged to assess clinical presentation, create complete lists of differential diagnoses, obtain appropriate diagnostic samples, maximize diagnostic laboratory support, and avoid zoonotic infections resulting from reproductive pathogens of animals. The foundation of an accurate diagnosis of reproductive loss due to infectious pathogens facilitates the prudent use of immunization and biosecurity to minimize reproductive losses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103133/ doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.018 id: cord-268758-2o2dwulc author: Daniel, Krupa title: Repeat cesarean section in a COVID-19 positive mother in the United States date: 2020-10-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In our report, we present a case of repeat cesarean section in a 29-year-old Ecuadorian mother who contracted COVID-19 and traveled to the United States during her last trimester of pregnancy. We assembled a multidisciplinary team to safely deliver the mother by cesarean section. She received supportive care for her COVID-19 infection. Infection prevention procedures were based on early available data, and the baby was delivered without complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33149913/ doi: 10.1177/2050313x20945536 id: cord-018659-rxzy6k3b author: Danziger-Isakov, Lara title: Posttransplant Complications and Comorbidities date: 2018-01-08 words: 6901.0 sentences: 340.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018659-rxzy6k3b.txt summary: cenocepacia has been associated with increased posttransplant mortality (relative risk 8.4) with one study reporting 1-year survival of 29% compared to 92% in those uninfected and is considered by many centers as a contraindication to transplant (Shoham and Shah 2013) . Risk factors for invasive disease include ischemia at the anastomosis site, single lung transplant, hypogammaglobulinemia, placement of bronchial stent, CMV infection, and colonization (Robertson et al. Treatment of invasive fungal infection in pediatric lung transplant recipients should include input from an infectious diseases specialist particularly regarding drug choice and dosage. Epidemiology and Risk Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients and particularly lung transplant recipients are at increased risk of medical complications and mortality when acquiring common respiratory viral infections (Manuel et al. There are no other vaccines available for the prevention of respiratory infection in most pediatric lung transplant recipients. Posttransplant, infections remain a significant factor causing both morbidity and mortality in pediatric lung transplant recipients. abstract: Infectious complications cause significant acute morbidity and mortality after pediatric lung transplantation. With the lung graft in direct communication with the environment, it is susceptible to a variety of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. Appreciation for pretransplant risk factors in addition to perioperative and posttransplant exposures is necessary to anticipate, diagnose, and treat infections in this population. Further, epidemiologic associations between infection and chronic allograft dysfunction have been reported and suggest consequences of infectious events may have substantial impact. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123596/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07284-5_71 id: cord-328720-o9h1vquo author: Davis, Cristina E. title: Breath analysis for respiratory infections date: 2020-09-18 words: 5832.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328720-o9h1vquo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328720-o9h1vquo.txt summary: Indeed, recruiting those with the same symptoms in the control groups, including noninfectious disease subjects, such as sarcoidosis patients in the case of breath sampling for tuberculosis, is an increasingly essential parameter in a study design. Breath studies to diagnose bacterial infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are more likely to succeed than any other approach due to the extensive groundwork done by the Belgian-Tanzanian group APOPO (Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling) who have evaluated the volatiles from tens of thousands of sputum samples using trained giant Gambian rats. Beccaria and colleagues conducted two studies evaluating the use of human breath collected and stored on thermal desorption tubes and analyzed by comprehensive gas chromatographyetime-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCÂGC-TOFMS) to diagnose active TB in subjects with confirmed Mtb infection. In this particular case, however, cells inoculated with just RSV did not yield a sufficient change to the volatile profile for accurate diagnoses, providing evidence that each respiratory viral infection may have to be independently evaluated for its ability to be detected directly in breath samples. abstract: One of the most logical applications of modern breath analysis techniques is to provide information on respiratory infections. Ongoing work in various types of pulmonary infections has begun to denote candidate breath biomarkers of bacterial, viral, and fungal lung infections. Groundbreaking studies have been performed in naturally occurring cases with humans and with animal models of the disease. This has been coupled with cell culture work to understand the nature of the origins of breath biomarkers generated from the pathogen itself as it proliferates. Much work remains to be done, and the published studies described in this chapter are helping to set a foundation for this research area. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128199671000219 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819967-1.00021-9 id: cord-103630-nt3ogyzl author: Deal, C. L. title: Recurrent respiratory viral diseases and chronic sequelae due to dominant negative IFIH1 date: 2020-07-06 words: 2147.0 sentences: 146.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103630-nt3ogyzl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103630-nt3ogyzl.txt summary: Genomic sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants in the IFIH1 gene, encoding the protein Melanoma Differentiation Association Protein 5 (MDA5), a RIG-I-like cytoplasmic sensor of RNA intracellular infections. Furthermore, biallelic loss of function variants in IFIH1 result in severe infections due to common viral illnesses (2, 3) , and one study suggested a possible dominant negative role for heterozygous loss-of-function variants (1) . Patients with loss-of-function variants in IFIH1 are susceptible to common viral pathogens, particularly human rhinovirus. In summary, we present the oldest case of an individual suffering from compound heterozygous IFIH1 variants resulting in a phenotype of recurrent viral infections, nasal polyposis and chronic pansinusitis due to bacterial and fungal organisms, marked chronic eosinophilia, severe asthma with ground glass opacities and bronchiectasis, as well as neuropathy. Severe viral respiratory infections in children with IFIH1 loss-of-function mutations Loss-of-function mutations E627X and I923V of IFIH1 are associated with lower poly(I:C)-induced interferon-β production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 1 diabetes patients abstract: Viral respiratory infections are the most common childhood infection worldwide. However, even common pathogens can have significant consequences in the context of patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases. More than half or viral infections annually are due to rhinovirus/enterovirus strains. Most clinical manifestations of viral infection are mild. However 3% of cases result in hospitalization in patients who have no other known risk factors. These patients may have an inborn error of immunity, a genetic susceptibility to viral infections. Here we present the case of an adult male who suffered respiratory viral infections his whole life and developed chronic, inflammatory damage to sinuses and lungs as a consequence. Genomic sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants in the IFIH1 gene, encoding the protein Melanoma Differentiation Association Protein 5 (MDA5), a RIG-I-like cytoplasmic sensor of RNA intracellular infections. We show a dominant negative effect on these variants on the level of interferon-induced expression of MDA5 protein. This work supports that loss-of-function variants in IFIH1 affect the sensing of viral infections. Underlying genomic variants may dictate the point at which recurrent, respiratory viral infections leave commonplace experience and incur lasting damage. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.01.20105379v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.01.20105379 id: cord-263811-w0983x19 author: Decaro, Nicola title: Canine Adenoviruses and Herpesvirus date: 2008-05-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Canine adenoviruses (CAVs) and canine herpesvirus (CHV) are pathogens of dogs that have been known for several decades. The two distinct types of CAVs, type 1 and type 2, are responsible for infectious canine hepatitis and infectious tracheobronchitis, respectively. In the present article, the currently available literature on CAVs and CHV is reviewed, providing a meaningful update on the epidemiologic, pathogenetic, clinical, diagnostic, and prophylactic aspects of the infections caused by these important pathogens. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561608000685 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.006 id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 words: 71765.0 sentences: 5075.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt summary: These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x id: cord-257539-01s21vh0 author: Delvecchio, Rodrigo title: Chloroquine, an Endocytosis Blocking Agent, Inhibits Zika Virus Infection in Different Cell Models date: 2016-11-29 words: 5669.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257539-01s21vh0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257539-01s21vh0.txt summary: Immunofluorescence staining corroborated these results ( Figure 1B ) and additionally, chloroquine decreased the production of infectious ( Figure 1C ) and total ( Figure 1D ) virus particles, including defective viral particles, by ZIKV-infected cells. Incubation of Vero cells with chloroquine at 0 h postinfection had a greater impact on the production of ZIKV particles, decreasing viral RNA 64-fold over the controls ( Figure 3A ). To evaluate which step of the viral cycle was susceptible to inhibition, chloroquine was added to Vero cells at different time points post-infection with ZIKV MR766. To evaluate which step of the viral cycle was susceptible to inhibition, chloroquine was added to Vero cells at different time points post-infection with ZIKV MR766. Incubation of Vero cells with chloroquine at 0 h post-infection had a greater impact on the production of ZIKV particles, decreasing viral RNA 64-fold over the controls ( Figure 3A ). abstract: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in utero might lead to microcephaly and other congenital defects. Since no specific therapy is available thus far, there is an urgent need for the discovery of agents capable of inhibiting its viral replication and deleterious effects. Chloroquine is widely used as an antimalarial drug, anti-inflammatory agent, and it also shows antiviral activity against several viruses. Here we show that chloroquine exhibits antiviral activity against ZIKV in Vero cells, human brain microvascular endothelial cells, human neural stem cells, and mouse neurospheres. We demonstrate that chloroquine reduces the number of ZIKV-infected cells in vitro, and inhibits virus production and cell death promoted by ZIKV infection without cytotoxic effects. In addition, chloroquine treatment partially reveres morphological changes induced by ZIKV infection in mouse neurospheres. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27916837/ doi: 10.3390/v8120322 id: cord-308201-lavcsqov author: Desforges, Marc title: Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date: 2019-12-20 words: 8470.0 sentences: 473.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt summary: Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Even though no clear cause and effect link has ever been made with the onset of human neurological diseases, their neuropathogenicity is being increasingly recognized in humans, as several recent reports associated cases of encephalitis [244] , acute flaccid paralysis [271] and other neurological symptoms, including possible complications of HCoV infection such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM [249, [272] [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279] . Like for several other respiratory viruses, accumulating evidence now indicate that HCoV are neuroinvasive in humans and we hypothesize that these recognized respiratory pathogens are potentially neurovirulent as well, as they could participate in short-and long-term neurological disorders either as a result of inadequate host immune responses and/or viral propagation in the CNS, which directly induces damage to resident cells. abstract: Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010014 doi: 10.3390/v12010014 id: cord-017583-72mbsib7 author: Devarajan, Padma V. title: Infectious Diseases: Need for Targeted Drug Delivery date: 2014-09-01 words: 8877.0 sentences: 531.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017583-72mbsib7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017583-72mbsib7.txt summary: The adaptive mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survive inside the macrophages are prevention of fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes by producing tryptophan-aspartate-containing coat protein (TACO). In case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, alveolar macrophages (dust cells), along with dendritic cells engulf bacteria and exhibit innate as well as an adaptive immune response. Infection of macrophages leads to changes in the expression pattern of the concerned receptors, which can be exploited for targeted drug delivery employing nanocarriers. Table 3 .6 is a summary of the important receptors on macrophages and illustrative examples of ligands for the same that could play a role in designing targeted nanocarriers for infectious disease therapy. Targeted drug delivery to enhance effi cacy and shorten treatment duration in disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in mi host factors infl uencing the preferential localization of sterically stabilized liposomes in klebsiella pneumoniae-infected rat lung tissue Targeted intracellular delivery of antituberculosis drugs to mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages via functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles abstract: Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide, with the constant fear of global epidemics. It is indeed an irony that the reticuloendothelial system (RES), the body’s major defence system, is the primary site for intracellular infections which are more difficult to treat. Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages play an important role in defence. However, ingenious pathogen survival mechanisms including phagolysosome destruction enable their persistence. Microbial biofilms present additional challenges. Low intracellular drug concentrations, drug efflux by efflux pumps and/or enzymatic degradation, emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR), are serious limitations of conventional therapy. Targeted delivery using nanocarriers, and passive and active targeting strategies could provide quantum increase in intracellular drug concentration. Receptor mediated endocytosis using appropriate ligands is a viable approach. Liposomes and polymeric/lipidic nanoparticles, dendrimers micelles and micro/nanoemulsions could all be relied upon. Specialised targeting approaches are demonstrated for important diseases like tuberculosis, HIV and Malaria. Application of targeted delivery in the treatment of veterinary infections is exemplified and future possibilities indicated. The chapter thus provides an overview on important aspects of infectious diseases and the challenges therein, while stressing on the promise of targeted drug delivery in augmenting therapy of infectious diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122176/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_3 id: cord-279255-v861kk0i author: Dhama, Kuldeep title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 words: 23862.0 sentences: 1164.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt summary: Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. abstract: In recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32580969/ doi: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 id: cord-300230-a3jk6w90 author: Ding, Ji-Guang title: Retrospective analysis of nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in China during 2003 and 2007 date: 2009-07-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections are a major threat to patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Limited data exist on the epidemiology of ICU-acquired infections in China. This retrospective study was carried out to determine the current status of nosocomial infection in China. METHODS: A retrospective review of nococomial infections in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in East China between 2003 and 2007 was performed. Nosocomial infections were defined according to the definitions of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The overall patient nosocomial infection rate, the incidence density rate of nosocomial infections, the excess length of stay, and distribution of nosocomial infection sites were determined. Then, pathogen and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were further investigated. RESULTS: Among 1980 patients admitted over the period of time, the overall patient nosocomial infection rate was 26.8% or 51.0 per 1000 patient days., Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) accounted for most of the infections (68.4%), followed by urinary tract infections (UTI, 15.9%), bloodstream (BSI, 5.9%), and gastrointestinal tract (GI, 2.5%) infections. There was no significant change in LRTI, UTI and BSI infection rates during the 5 years. However, GI rate was significantly decreased from 5.5% in 2003 to 0.4% in 2007. In addition, A. baumannii, C. albicans and S. epidermidis were the most frequent pathogens isolated in patients with LRTIs, UTIs and BSIs, respectively. The rates of isolates resistant to commonly used antibiotics ranged from 24.0% to 93.1%. CONCLUSION: There was a high and relatively stable rate of nosocomial infections in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in China through year 2003–2007, with some differences in the distribution of the infection sites, and pathogen and antibiotic susceptibility profiles from those reported from the Western countries. Guidelines for surveillance and prevention of nosocomial infections must be implemented in order to reduce the rate. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630992/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-115 id: cord-017518-u2gsa4lg author: Divatia, J. V. title: Nosocomial Infections and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Cancer Patients date: 2019-07-09 words: 8766.0 sentences: 421.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017518-u2gsa4lg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017518-u2gsa4lg.txt summary: These infection rates can be significantly reduced by the implementing and improving compliance with the "care bundles." This chapter will address the common nosocomial infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), and surgical site infections (SSI), including preventive strategies and care bundles for the same. (a) Patient factors such as extremes of age, immunosuppression due to malignancy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), patients requiring emergency admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), duration of stay more than 7 days, chronic illness like renal failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, presence of indwelling catheters, ventilation, total parenteral nutrition, trauma, abdominal surgeries, and impaired functional status [44, 45] (b) Organizational factors such as the poor environmental hygiene inside the hospital or ICU, lack of efficient infection control measures, inadequate manpower such as an inadequate nurse to patient ratio or inadequate waste management staff, and inadequate equipment for patient use (c) Iatrogenic factors such as ignorance regarding infection control practices, lack of training in infection control, etc. abstract: Nosocomial infections or healthcare-acquired infections are a common cause of increased morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. Cancer patients are at an increased risk for these infections due to their immunosuppressed states. Considering these adverse effects on and the socioeconomic burden, efforts should be made to minimize the transmission of these infections and make the hospitals a safer environment. These infection rates can be significantly reduced by the implementing and improving compliance with the “care bundles.” This chapter will address the common nosocomial infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), and surgical site infections (SSI), including preventive strategies and care bundles for the same. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122096/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_125 id: cord-267973-uvz7kavu author: Do, Lien Anh Ha title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Viral Infections among Children under Two Years Old in Southern Vietnam 2009-2010: Clinical Characteristics and Disease Severity date: 2016-08-08 words: 5921.0 sentences: 476.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267973-uvz7kavu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267973-uvz7kavu.txt summary: title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Viral Infections among Children under Two Years Old in Southern Vietnam 2009-2010: Clinical Characteristics and Disease Severity This study aims to describe the viral etiologies, the demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of children under two years of age who were hospitalized with a lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), focusing on RSV (prevalence, seasonality, subgroups, viral load) and its association with disease severity. However, information on detailed clinical, epidemiological features and virological characteristics of RSV infections (e.g. disease burden, demographics, seasonal variations of RSV and other viral infections, circulating genotypes and subgroups, viral load) or on the frequency / impact of other respiratory viruses among Vietnamese children under two years old are limited [6] . Here, we aimed to describe the viral etiologies and the demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of children under two years of age who were hospitalized with a LRTI, focusing on RSV (prevalence, seasonality, subgroups, viral load) and its association with disease severity. abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite a high burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections among children, data on demographic and clinical characteristics of RSV are scarce in low and middle income countries. This study aims to describe the viral etiologies, the demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of children under two years of age who were hospitalized with a lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), focusing on RSV (prevalence, seasonality, subgroups, viral load) and its association with disease severity. METHODS: A prospective study among children under two years of age, hospitalized with LRTI was conducted in two referral pediatric hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from May 2009 to December 2010. Socio-demographic, clinical data and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected on enrolment and discharge. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR (13 viruses) and quantitative RSV RT-PCR were used to identify viral pathogens, RSV load and subgroups. RESULTS: Among 632 cases, 48% were RSV positive. RSV infections occurred at younger age than three other leading viral infections i.e rhinovirus (RV), metapneumovirus (MPV), parainfluenza virus (PIV-3) and were significantly more frequent in the first 6 months of life. Clinical severity score of RSV infection was significantly higher than PIV-3 but not for RV or MPV. In multivariate analysis, RV infection was significantly associated with severity while RSV infection was not. Among RSV infections, neither viral load nor viral co-infections were significantly associated with severity. Young age and having fever at admission were significantly associated with both RSV and LRTI severity. A shift in RSV subgroup predominance was observed during two consecutive rainy seasons but was not associated with severity. CONCLUSION: We report etiologies, the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of LRTI among hospitalized children under two years of age and risk factors of RSV and LRTI severity. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160606 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160606 id: cord-309488-8guapzke author: Dodd, R. title: Other emerging viral pathogens date: 2006-08-15 words: 4365.0 sentences: 215.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309488-8guapzke.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309488-8guapzke.txt summary: Attention was refocused on viral infections as a result of the outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in the USA along with the recognition that it was transmissible by transfusion [1] . In 1997, Blackbourn and colleagues [17] reported on the detection of HHV-8 DNA in the blood of a seropositive blood donor; based on evidence of in vitro passage of the virus to allogeneic cells, the authors expressed concern about the potential for transmission by transfusion. This concern is based upon the historical fact that there have been periodic pandemics associated with the circulation of new strains of the virus in humans and the current outbreak of the H5N1 strain of avian influenza, which causes high mortality when it does infect humans [27] . Seroprevalence of human herpes virus 8 antibody in populations at high or low risk of transfusion, graft, or sexual transmission of viruses Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2824.2006.00043.x doi: 10.1111/j.1751-2824.2006.00043.x id: cord-306111-wn1gxhk9 author: Dommett, R. M. title: Mannose‐binding lectin in innate immunity: past, present and future date: 2006-09-01 words: 9061.0 sentences: 436.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306111-wn1gxhk9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306111-wn1gxhk9.txt summary: Third MBL mutation in codon 52 (variant D) described (52) 1995 Polymorphisms found in promoter region of MBL gene (55) 1997 Second MASP found to activate complement (20) MBL mutations are an important risk factor for infections in children (132) 1998 Reconstitution of opsonizing activity by infusion of purified MBL into MBL-deficient humans (112) 1999 Truncated form of MASP-2 -MAp19 (21) 2000 Complement-activating complex of ficolins and MASP (133) MBL shown to bind to clinically relevant organisms (15) Structural aspects of MBL abstract: The human collectin, mannose‐binding lectin (MBL), is an important protein of the humoral innate immune system. With multiple carbohydrate‐recognition domains, it is able to bind to sugar groups displayed on the surfaces of a wide range of microorganisms and thereby provide first‐line defence. Importantly, it also activates the complement system through a distinctive third pathway, independent of both antibody and the C1 complex. Three single point mutations in exon 1 of the expressed human MBL‐2 gene appear to impair the generation of functional oligomers. Such deficiencies of functional protein are common in certain populations, e.g. in sub‐Saharan Africa, but virtually absent in others, e.g. indigenous Australians. MBL disease association studies have been a fruitful area of research and implicate a role for MBL in infective, inflammatory and autoimmune disease processes. Overall, there appears to be a genetic balance in which individuals generally benefit from high levels of the protein. However, in certain situations, reduced levels of circulating MBL may be beneficial to the host and this may explain the persistence of the deleterious gene polymorphisms in many population groups. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948640/ doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00649.x id: cord-018545-fk17n2bx author: Dorofaeff, Tavey title: Infections in the PICU date: 2012 words: 14180.0 sentences: 981.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018545-fk17n2bx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018545-fk17n2bx.txt summary: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV, types 1 and 2) (a) Systemic infection in the neonate with shock and coagulopathy and severe liver failure (b) Encephalitis, hepatitis (c) Local (mouth, esophagus, larynx, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, CNS) or systemic disease in organ and stem cell transplant and immunocompromised patients 2. Pneumonia means inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by infection and the diagnosis is made clinically in a febrile child with respiratory signs and symptoms who has evidence of consolidation on CXR. • Development of an empyema or less commonly a lung abscess • Underlying lung disease such as: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD, in ex-premies), cystic fibrosis, inhaled foreign body, tracheobronchomalacia or post tracheal surgery, or infected congenital lung cyst • Diagnosed or undiagnosed immunodeficiency states (primary, HIV, leukemia) • Children with neuromuscular diseases, weakness, or spasticity such as muscular dystrophies, myasthenia, spinal muscular atrophy, or cerebral palsy • Inappropriate antibiotics, inappropriately low dose or resistant bacteria • Non bacterial pneumonia (viral pneumonia or alternative pathogen such as Tuberculosis) abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123446/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_268 id: cord-022203-t2f0vr1w author: Dowers, Kristy L title: The pyrexic cat date: 2009-05-15 words: 8910.0 sentences: 761.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt summary: Clinical signs are often non-specific and include fever, anorexia and weight loss. Gastrointestinal signs are uncommon in cats compared to dogs, and include chronic diarrhea, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and anorexia. • Dysfunction of any organ system may result from granuloma formation within the tissue of that organ, e.g., liver, kidney, spleen, intestines, lungs, etc., however, organ failure producing clinical signs only rarely occurs, and most dysfunction is only detected on biochemical tests. Clinical signs in the acute, fatal form of extraintestinal disease are caused primarily by tissue damage from the rapidly dividing tachyzoites. • Young kittens are more likely to have gastrointestinal signs, although mild clinical disease has been reported in adult cats as well. Systemic signs, which are not present in all cats, include fever, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and lymphadenopathy. Systemic signs such as fever, anorexia and depression are commonly reported (44% of cats) and can be seen with skin lesions. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155435/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-2488-7.50024-7 id: cord-272117-erzpz3c0 author: Downey, Jeffrey title: Dissecting host cell death programs in the pathogenesis of influenza date: 2018-04-18 words: 9230.0 sentences: 440.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272117-erzpz3c0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272117-erzpz3c0.txt summary: Experimentally, apoptosis of IAV-infected epithelial cells was shown to be dependent upon viral replication, as an inactivated virus failed to induce apoptosis in mice [46] and human cells [47] . PKR can directly sense dsRNA generated during viral replication to induce Fas expression and FADD-dependent apoptosis [52] , as well as inhibit host and viral protein translation through the phosphorylation of eIF2a [53] in IAV-infected cells [54] . Additionally, pandemic and highly virulent strains of the virus, including HPAI and the 1918 H1N1 strain, are known to completely exhaust the replicative niche of epithelial cells of the lung over the course of infection as a by-product of overly exuberant replication and failure of immune response to control viral propagation. Collectively, these findings suggest that in contrast to the biphasic role of epithelial cell apoptosis in preventing or promoting pathogenesis, highly virulent IAV rapidly infects and induces early death in pulmonary M4 to suppress antiviral responses. abstract: Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pulmonary pathogen, responsible for significant yearly morbidity and mortality. Due to the absence of highly effective antiviral therapies and vaccine, as well as the constant threat of an emerging pandemic strain, there is considerable need to better understand the host–pathogen interactions and the factors that dictate a protective versus detrimental immune response to IAV. Even though evidence of IAV-induced cell death in human pulmonary epithelial and immune cells has been observed for almost a century, very little is known about the consequences of cell death on viral pathogenesis. Recent study indicates that both the type of cell death program and its kinetics have major implications on host defense and survival. In this review, we discuss advances in our understanding of cell death programs during influenza virus infection, in hopes of fostering new areas of investigation for targeted clinical intervention. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1286457918300935 doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.03.005 id: cord-312964-vsrqmmv7 author: Doyle, William J. title: Prevention of otitis media caused by viral upper respiratory tract infection: Vaccines, antivirals, and other approaches date: 2003 words: 6376.0 sentences: 259.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312964-vsrqmmv7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312964-vsrqmmv7.txt summary: Past studies show that new episodes of OM are usually a complication of viral upper respiratory infection (vURI), and therefore, a rational approach to achieving that goal is to develop intervention strategies that target vURIassociated OM. Past studies show that new episodes of OM are usually a complication of viral upper respiratory infection (vURI), and therefore, a rational approach to achieving that goal is to develop intervention strategies that target vURIassociated OM. Active synergy between certain upper respiratory viruses and nasopharyngeal pathogens was demonstrated for OM pathogenesis in chinchillas and humans [27] [28] [29] , and pre-existing or concurrent vURI in infants and children with acute, bacterial OM is frequently observed [24, 25] . In one double-blind clinical study, intranasal steroid (fluticasone propionate) was administered for 7 days immediately after onset of vURI symptoms in an attempt to decrease nasopharyngeal inflammation (and possible eustachian-tube obstruction), but was not efficacious in preventing AOM and might have increased OM incidence during rhinovirus infection [69] . abstract: Otitis media (OM) imposes significant morbidity on the pediatric age group and a large financial burden on the general population. Because standard medical treatments are not highly efficacious in resolving the accompanying middle ear (ME) inflammation, a goal of current research is OM prevention. Past studies show that new episodes of OM are usually a complication of viral upper respiratory infection (vURI), and therefore, a rational approach to achieving that goal is to develop intervention strategies that target vURIassociated OM. However, past experiences with antibiotics show that, in the absence of well-defined treatment protocols that maximize expected efficacy, the adoption of prophylactic or active treatments for OM can have negative consequences for the patient and for the general population. In this review, we discuss the hypothesized mechanisms by which a vURI is translated into an acute OM episode and describe different strategies for aborting that process. Limitations to deployment of each strategy are outlined. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791210/ doi: 10.1007/s11882-003-0093-7 id: cord-261756-4lybl57r author: Dubert, Marie title: Late viral or bacterial respiratory infections in lung transplanted patients: impact on respiratory function date: 2020-02-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Respiratory infections are a major threat for lung recipients. We aimed to compare with a monocentric study the impact of late viral and bacterial respiratory infections on the graft function. METHODS: Patients, who survived 6 months or more following lung transplantation that took place between 2009 and 2014, were classified into three groups: a viral infection group (VIG) (without any respiratory bacteria), a bacterial infection group (BIG) (with or without any respiratory viruses), and a control group (CG) (no documented infection). Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) and acute rejection were analysed 6 months after the inclusion in the study. RESULTS: Among 99 included lung recipients, 57 (58%) had at least one positive virological respiratory sample during the study period. Patients were classified as follows: 38 in the VIG, 25 in the BIG (among which 19 co-infections with a virus) and 36 in the CG. The BIG presented a higher initial deterioration in lung function (p = 0.05) than the VIG. But 6 months after the infection, only the VIG presented a median decrease of forced expiratory volume in 1 s; − 35 mL (IQR; − 340; + 80) in the VIG, + 140 mL (+ 60;+ 330) in the BIG and + 10 (− 84;+ 160) in the CG, p < 0.01. Acute rejection was more frequent in the VIG (n = 12 (32%)), than the BIG (n = 6 (24%)) and CG (n = 3 (8%)), p < 0.05, despite presenting no more CLAD (p = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a less severe initial presentation, single viral respiratory infections seem to lead to a greater deterioration in lung function, and to more acute rejection, than bacterial infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32093612/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-4877-3 id: cord-314500-89ovdnxl author: Dunachie, Susanna title: The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries date: 2018-12-04 words: 5810.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314500-89ovdnxl.txt summary: Diabetes increases susceptibility to infection and worsens outcomes for some of the world''s major infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, melioidosis and dengue, but the relationship between diabetes and many neglected tropical diseases is yet to be accurately characterised. A greater understanding of the impact of diabetes on risks and outcomes for infections causing significant diseases in LMIC is essential in order to develop vaccines and therapies for the growing number of people with diabetes at risk of infection, and to prioritise research agendas, public health interventions and policy. In a metaanalysis of five case-control studies of acute dengue, diabetes was associated with an increased risk of a severe clinical presentation of dengue compared with either asymptomatic infection or non-severe acute dengue, 43 although given the limited data, the authors emphasised this was only suggestive of a link. abstract: Four out of five people in the world with diabetes now live in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), and the incidence of diabetes is accelerating in poorer communities. Diabetes increases susceptibility to infection and worsens outcomes for some of the world’s major infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, melioidosis and dengue, but the relationship between diabetes and many neglected tropical diseases is yet to be accurately characterised. There is some evidence that chronic viral infections such as hepatitis B and HIV may predispose to the development of type 2 diabetes by chronic inflammatory and immunometabolic mechanisms. Helminth infections such as schistosomiasis may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. A greater understanding of the impact of diabetes on risks and outcomes for infections causing significant diseases in LMIC is essential in order to develop vaccines and therapies for the growing number of people with diabetes at risk of infection, and to prioritise research agendas, public health interventions and policy. This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697/ doi: 10.1093/trstmh/try124 id: cord-018220-8m11ig06 author: Duncan, Coley B. title: Viral Infections date: 2009-02-02 words: 6477.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018220-8m11ig06.txt summary: The recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) 2007 relating to the elderly, include vaccination of all persons ³ 50 years, vaccination of residents of nursing homes and chronic-care facilities, vaccination of healthcare personnel, and vaccination of healthy household contacts (including children) and caregivers of adults ³ 50 years (3) . In a prospective study from Rochester, NY, using a combination of viral culture, RT-PCR and serology for diagnosis, RSV infection was documented in 3-7% of 608 healthy elderly and 4-10% of adults with chronic cardiopulmonary conditions over four winter seasons (16) . In healthy elderly patients and in adults with chronic pulmonary disease, low serum neutralizing antibody titers are associated with increased risk of hospitalization with RSV infection suggesting a vaccine may be beneficial. Although PIV infections are not commonly documented in older adults, several studies of community-acquired pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations implicate PIV as a cause in 2-17% of cases (25, 26) . abstract: Although influenza remains indisputably the most significant viral pathogen in adults, other viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and human metapneumovirus are now recognized as significant pathogens in older populations. Oseltamivir and zanamivir are antiviral agents that are effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A and B. For treatment and for optimal effect, therapy should be initiated within 48 h of symptom onset. Infection with hepatitis viruses may be more severe in older adults with more fulminate disease as observed with acute hepatitis A and a more rapid progression to cirrhosis with hepatitis C. Outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis are common in long-term care facilities, and infection may lead to death due to dehydration and oliguria. The incidence of herpes zoster increases with advancing age and carries with it a significant risk of post herpetic neuralgia. The use of antiviral medications and corticosteroids may reduce the incidence and severity of chronic pain. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123043/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-534-7_23 id: cord-269975-1ebmq7t8 author: Duplantier, Allen J. title: Combating biothreat pathogens: ongoing efforts for countermeasure development and unique challenges date: 2020-05-27 words: 12963.0 sentences: 580.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269975-1ebmq7t8.txt summary: None of the filoviruses or henipaviruses has any FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines available for prevention or treatment of human disease, and while ribavirin is sometimes used to treat Lassa fever, it is not a terribly effective drug against this viral infection [28] . Many of the therapeutics that are in different stages of either preclinical or clinical development for select biothreat pathogens include small molecule antivirals (Tables 7.3 and 7.4), antibody (or antibody cocktails) against viruses or bacteria/virulence factors (Table 7 .5), and combination drug therapy (Table 7 .6). Although no FDA-approved HDT therapies are yet available for treating infectious diseases, we have summarized in this section the antimicrobial Primary screening of small molecule chemical libraries in the phenotypic HCI assay will identify compounds that inhibit pathogen infection as well as those that may contribute to cellular toxicity. abstract: Research to discover and develop antibacterial and antiviral drugs with potent activity against pathogens of biothreat concern presents unique methodological and process-driven challenges. Herein, we review laboratory approaches for finding new antibodies, antibiotics, and antiviral molecules for pathogens of biothreat concern. Using high-throughput screening techniques, molecules that directly inhibit a pathogen’s entry, replication, or growth can be identified. Alternatively, molecules that target host proteins can be interesting targets for development when countering biothreat pathogens, due to the modulation of the host immune response or targeting proteins that interfere with the pathways required by the pathogen for replication. Monoclonal and cocktail antibody therapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for countering anthrax and under development for treatment of Ebola virus infection are discussed. A comprehensive tabular review of current in vitro, in vivo, pharmacokinetic and efficacy datasets has been presented for biothreat pathogens of greatest concern. Finally, clinical trials and animal rule or traditional drug approval pathways are also reviewed. Opinions; interpretations; conclusions; and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the US Army. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128184806000072 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818480-6.00007-2 id: cord-021453-vf8xbaug author: Dysko, Robert C. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2007-09-02 words: 41994.0 sentences: 2688.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt summary: The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149775/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50014-4 id: cord-303299-p15irs4e author: Dzien, Alexander title: Will the COVID-19 pandemic slow down in the Northern hemisphere by the onset of summer? An epidemiological hypothesis date: 2020-06-23 words: 1263.0 sentences: 70.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303299-p15irs4e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303299-p15irs4e.txt summary: The infection caused by the human corona virus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2) resulted in a worldwide pandemic affecting several million people and causing severe disease and fatality mostly based on virus mediated lung failure [1, 2] . However, epidemics with respiratory virus such as not only influenza but also human corona viruses are prevalent in the Northern hemisphere over several months during the cold season and then disappear whereas influenza remains prevalent in tropical regions throughout the whole year [5] [6] [7] . The grey lines indicate seasons where no specific pandemic respiratory infections are recorded. If COVID-19 would behave similar to other respiratory viruses causing respiratory infections including human corona viruses which peak during winter time and early spring, there is hope that the COVID-19 pandemic can be slowed down by this seasonal trend [7, 9] . However, pandemics with new viruses such as the influenza H1N1v can circulate independent of typical respiratory viral seasons throughout the whole year [10] . abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected most countries of the world. As corona viruses are highly prevalent in the cold season, the question remains whether or not the pandemic will improve with increasing temperatures in the Northern hemisphere. We use data from a primary care registry of almost 15,000 patients over 20 years to retrieve information on viral respiratory infection outbreaks. Our analysis suggests that the severity of the pandemic will be softened by the seasonal change to summer. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32578052/ doi: 10.1007/s15010-020-01460-1 id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 words: 17040.0 sentences: 872.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt summary: Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. abstract: Zoonoses refers to the infectious diseases and infestations that are transmissible directly from an animal host to humans. The biomedical literature contains numerous reports of zoonotic diseases and parasitic infestations from laboratory mice and their wild counterparts. The extended maintenance of the laboratory mouse over a number of generations under controlled and increasingly sophisticated laboratory animal housing conditions with veterinary oversight and effective infection control measures has markedly reduced the likelihood that zoonotic agents would be encountered in a modem animal care and use environment. Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated hazards. In addition to the zoonoses, mice are capable of inflicting bites on inadequately trained personnel and are a rich source of allergens for a substantial number of persons predisposed to develop mouse-associated allergic sensitivities. This chapter discusses the mouse-associated zoonotic diseases and other health hazards and explains the strategies that are helpful for reducing or eliminating the risk of personnel exposure to these conditions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155645/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 id: cord-003855-so8xl199 author: Ebert, Gregor title: Virology Downunder, a meeting commentary from the 2019 Lorne Infection and Immunity Conference, Australia date: 2019-09-02 words: 1899.0 sentences: 95.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003855-so8xl199.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003855-so8xl199.txt summary: The bat innate immune response appears to be ''pre-activated'' with higher basal levels of type I interferon expression, in contrast to humans, who are very quick responders to viral infections, but require a lot more dampening of their immune signals afterwards to get back to basal levels. demonstrated that bats'' response to stress in form of viral infections is more targeted and thus potentially more effective by numerous adaptions and modifications of the innate immune system. In the ''Pathogenesis and Prevention of Infection'' session, Rosa Coldbeck-Shackley working with Michael Beard at the University of Adelaide, Australia, and also colleagues at the Hudson Institute, presented findings on the importance of interferon-epsilon (IFN-ɛ) in the innate immune response to ZIKV infection. Also in the ''Pathogenesis and Prevention of Infection'' session, Allison Abendroth (University of Sydney) presented ''Disarming the killer: targeting of natural killer cells by varicella zoster virus''. abstract: The aim of this article is to summarise the virology content presented at the 9th Lorne Infection and Immunity Conference, Australia, in February 2019. The broad program included virology as a key theme, and the commentary herein highlights several key virology presentations at the meeting. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6720860/ doi: 10.1186/s12985-019-1217-6 id: cord-312197-d5d8amk7 author: Edmond, Karen title: New Approaches to Preventing, Diagnosing, and Treating Neonatal Sepsis date: 2010-03-09 words: 5224.0 sentences: 259.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312197-d5d8amk7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312197-d5d8amk7.txt summary: Health facility infections are also a major problem in lowincome countries, but the more pressing issues are the high proportion of home deliveries in unclean environments predisposing to sepsis and ensuring that all neonates have access to effective interventions from health care providers in the first days of life 2 . Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of maternal protein-calorie and multiple micronutrient and supplementation have demonstrated significant improvements in rates of prematurity and birth weight and variable impact on mortality; but no studies have examined their impact on rates of neonatal sepsis [20, 21] . New studies from Malawi and Nepal indicate that maternal antisepsis interventions such as vaginal chlorhexidine during labour may have a significant impact on rates of neonatal mortality and sepsis in developing countries [33] . Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has been highly effective in reducing both early-onset neonatal bacterial and maternal sepsis in developed countries [35] . abstract: Karen Edmond and Anita Zaidi highlight new approaches that could reduce the burden of neonatal sepsis worldwide. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231868/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000213 id: cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 author: Edwards, Michael R. title: The microbiology of asthma date: 2012-06-06 words: 8087.0 sentences: 352.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt summary: The hygiene hypothesis posits that repeated exposure to diverse common infections (in particular, with bacteria, food-borne and oro faecal parasites 4 , and hookworms 5 ) and exposure to environmental microbiota during childhood 6, 7 are strongly associated with a healthy maturation of the immune system and with protection from the development of asthma and allergies later in life 8, 9 . Case control studies show a clear link between respiratory virus infection together with allergen exposure in sensitized children 108 and adults 109 in increasing the risk of hospital admissions due to asthma exacerbations. 5. Excessive T H 2 type responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of RSV-mediated bronchiolitis 110 , and increased production of IL-5 by T cells at birth is associated with a greater risk of severe respiratory infection 111 . abstract: Asthma remains an important human disease that is responsible for substantial worldwide morbidity and mortality. The causes of asthma are multifactorial and include a complex mix of environmental, immunological and host genetic factors. In addition, epidemiological studies show strong associations between asthma and infection with respiratory pathogens, including common respiratory viruses such as rhinoviruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as bacteria (including atypical bacteria) and fungi. In this Review, we describe the many roles of microorganisms in the risk of developing asthma and in the pathogenesis of and protection against the disease, and we discuss the mechanisms by which infections affect the severity and prevalence of asthma. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2801 doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2801 id: cord-289406-54vyzxjf author: Edwards, Suzanne title: An Experimental Model for Myocarditis and Congestive Heart Failure after Rabbit Coronavirus Infection date: 1992-01-17 words: 3503.0 sentences: 217.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289406-54vyzxjf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289406-54vyzxjf.txt summary: In a model for virus-induced myocarditis and congestive heart failure, rabbit coronavirus infection was divided into acute (days 2–5) and subacute (days 6–12) phases on the basis of day of death and pathologic findings. Both Coxsackie Band encephalomyocarditis virus infections in mice may progress to myocarditis and congestive heart failure, and some survi-vors may progress to a dilated cardiomyopathy later in life [5, [14] [15] [16] . Rabbits that died on days 10-12 had pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, ascites, enlarged hearts, dilated right and left ventricular cavities, and congestion in the lungs and liver. It seems likely that pleural effusion disease virus infection also results in a significant percentage of animals dying from heart failure, since degeneration and necrosis of myocytes, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, dilated ventricles, and congestion of the lungs, liver, and spleen are common [18, 26] . abstract: In a model for virus-induced myocarditis and congestive heart failure, rabbit coronavirus infection was divided into acute (days 2–5) and subacute (days 6–12) phases on the basis of day of death and pathologic findings. During the acute phase, the principal histologic lesions were degeneration and necrosis of myocytes, myocytolysis, interstitial edema, and hemorrhage. The severity of these changes increased in the subacute phase. Pleural effusion and congestion of the lungs and liver were also present at this time. Myocarditis was detected by day 9 and peaked by day 12. Heart weights and heart weight-to-body weight ratios were increased, and dilation of the right ventricular cavity became prominent early in infection and persisted. In contrast, dilation of the left ventricle occurred late in the subacute stage. Virus was isolated from infected hearts between days 2 and 12. These data suggest that rabbit coronavirus infection progresses to myocarditis and congestive heart failure. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1309370/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/165.1.134 id: cord-006841-3u56erru author: Einsele, Hermann title: Infectious complications after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: epidemiology and interventional therapy strategies: Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) date: 2003-09-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The risk of infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is determined by the underlying disease, the intensity of previous treatments and complications that may have occurred during that time, but above all, the risk of infection is determined by the selected transplantation modality (e.g. HLA-match between the stem cell donor and recipient, T cell depletion of the graft, and others). In comparison with patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation, patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation are at a much higher risk of infection even after hematopoietic reconstitution, due to the delayed recovery of T and B cell functions. The rate at which immune function recovers after hematopoietic reconstitution greatly influences the incidence and type of post-transplant infectious complications. Infection-associated mortality, for example, is significantly higher following engraftment than during the short neutropenic period that immediately follows transplantation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103165/ doi: 10.1007/s00277-003-0772-4 id: cord-292367-ocbsmmt6 author: El-Masri, Maher M. title: Exploring the influence of enforcing infection control directives on the risk of developing healthcare associated infections in the intensive care unit: A retrospective study date: 2012-02-29 words: 3089.0 sentences: 134.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292367-ocbsmmt6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292367-ocbsmmt6.txt summary: Such comparison is intended to provide a surrogate measure of the influence that strict enforcement of infection control strategies during the SARS outbreak may have had on the risk of HAIs. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on the medical records of 400 intensive care patients who were admitted to the ICU three months before and during the 2003 SARS outbreak. The intent of such comparison is to provide a surrogate measure of the influence that strict enforcement of infection control guidelines might have had on the risk of developing HAIs. A retrospective chart review was conducted on the medical records of 400 patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit of a community-based hospital in Southwestern Ontario. abstract: Summary Background Although strict adherence to infection control strategies is recognised as the simplest and most cost effective method to prevent the spread of healthcare associated infections (HAIs), measurement of the direct impact that such adherence may have on the risk of developing such infections has always been a challenge. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the risk of HAIs before and during the SARS outbreak. Such comparison is intended to provide a surrogate measure of the influence that strict enforcement of infection control strategies during the SARS outbreak may have had on the risk of HAIs. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on the medical records of 400 intensive care patients who were admitted to the ICU three months before and during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Results The rate of HAIs was higher in the pre-SARS period than the SARS period. Specifically, 61.7% of all reported infections were diagnosed in the pre-SARS period. The rate of HAIs in the pre-SARS period was 14.5% as opposed to 9% during the SARS period. Adjusted logistic regression analysis suggested that the odds of HAIs were 2.2 times higher in the pre-SARS period as compared to the SARS period (OR =2.2; 95%CI =1.08–4.49). Conclusion Our findings suggest that strict enforcement of infection control strategies may have a positive impact on the efforts to minimise the risk of HAIs. These findings carry a clinical significance that shall not be ignored with regard to our overall efforts to minimise the risk of developing HAIs in the ICU. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2011.10.003 doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2011.10.003 id: cord-003598-m2fsrwvw author: Elbahesh, Husni title: Response Modifiers: Tweaking the Immune Response Against Influenza A Virus date: 2019-04-12 words: 4171.0 sentences: 225.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003598-m2fsrwvw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003598-m2fsrwvw.txt summary: Like many viruses, IAV is reliant on host factors and signaling-pathways for its replication, which could potentially offer alternative options to treat infections. Clinical treatment options for severe influenza virus infections remain limited and relying heavily on the administration of antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) and supportive critical care (9). While virus-targeted therapies remain the standard approach, IV''s mutability and adaptation to current antivirals has highlighted the need for new therapeutic options that target host factors that regulate IV infections and resulting immune responses. Host kinases regulate not only IAV entry and replication but also initiate antiviral signaling cascades that regulate expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines during infections and present viable targets for intervention (24, (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) . Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase impairs influenza virus-induced primary and secondary host gene responses and protects mice from lethal H5N1 infection abstract: Despite causing pandemics and yearly epidemics that result in significant morbidity and mortality, our arsenal of options to treat influenza A virus (IAV) infections remains limited and is challenged by the virus itself. While vaccination is the preferred intervention strategy against influenza, its efficacy is reduced in the elderly and infants who are most susceptible to severe and/or fatal infections. In addition, antigenic variation of IAV complicates the production of efficacious vaccines. Similarly, effectiveness of currently used antiviral drugs is jeopardized by the development of resistance to these drugs. Like many viruses, IAV is reliant on host factors and signaling-pathways for its replication, which could potentially offer alternative options to treat infections. While host-factors have long been recognized as attractive therapeutic candidates against other viruses, only recently they have been targeted for development as IAV antivirals. Future strategies to combat IAV infections will most likely include approaches that alter host-virus interactions on the one hand or dampen harmful host immune responses on the other, with the use of biological response modifiers (BRMs). In principle, BRMs are biologically active agents including antibodies, small peptides, and/or other (small) molecules that can influence the immune response. BRMs are already being used in the clinic to treat malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Repurposing such agents would allow for accelerated use against severe and potentially fatal IAV infections. In this review, we will address the potential therapeutic use of different BRM classes to modulate the immune response induced after IAV infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6473099/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00809 id: cord-018461-lq1m9h41 author: Elgazzar, Abdelhamid H. title: Inflammation date: 2014-06-27 words: 10121.0 sentences: 639.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018461-lq1m9h41.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018461-lq1m9h41.txt summary: Exudate should be differentiated from "transudate," which is a fl uid with low protein Facilitates phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages (opsonization of bacteria) Kinin system Bradykinin included in the system is the most important vascular permeability factor, also a mediator for pain which is a major feature of acute infl ammation Coagulation factors It may be followed in some organisms by necrosis and liquefaction and walling off of the pus, which results in abscess formation that can be present with both acute and chronic infl ammation. F-18 fl uorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) has emerged as an important diagnostic agent for infectious and noninfectious soft tissue and skeletal infl ammations including infl ammatory bowel disease, fevers of unknown origin, rheumatologic disorders, tuberculosis infection, fungal infection, pneumonia, abscess, postarthroplasy infections, chronic and vertebral osteomyelitis, sarcoidosis, and chemotherapy-induced pneumonitis [ 72 -74 ] . abstract: Inflammation was described as early as 3000 BC in an Egyptian papyrus [1] and is still a common problem despite continuous advancements in prevention and treatment methods. The delineation of the site and extent of inflammation are crucial to the clinical management of infection and for monitoring the response to therapy [2]. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123337/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-06112-2_4 id: cord-336510-qzm9wgde author: Ellermann-Eriksen, Svend title: Macrophages and cytokines in the early defence against herpes simplex virus date: 2005-08-03 words: 20036.0 sentences: 986.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336510-qzm9wgde.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336510-qzm9wgde.txt summary: In a first wave of responses, cytokines, primarily type I interferons (IFN) and tumour necrosis factor are produced and exert a direct antiviral effect and activate the macrophages themselves. Generally the type I IFNs exhibit a huge range of biological effects, such as antiviral and antiproliferative effects, stimulation of immune cells such as T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, increased expression of MHC-I, activation of pro-apoptotic genes and inhibition of anti-apoptotic mechanisms, modulation of cellular differentiation, and inhibition of angiogenesis [171] . Effect of IL-4 and IL-13 on IFN-gamma-induced production of nitric oxide in mouse macrophages infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 Herpes Simplex virus type 1-induced interferon production and activation of natural killer cells in mice NF-kappaB activation is responsible for the synergistic effect of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection on interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages abstract: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 are old viruses, with a history of evolution shared with humans. Thus, it is generally well-adapted viruses, infecting many of us without doing much harm, and with the capacity to hide in our neurons for life. In rare situations, however, the primary infection becomes generalized or involves the brain. Normally, the primary HSV infection is asymptomatic, and a crucial element in the early restriction of virus replication and thus avoidance of symptoms from the infection is the concerted action of different arms of the innate immune response. An early and light struggle inhibiting some HSV replication will spare the host from the real war against huge amounts of virus later in infection. As far as such a war will jeopardize the life of the host, it will be in both interests, including the virus, to settle the conflict amicably. Some important weapons of the unspecific defence and the early strikes and beginning battle during the first days of a HSV infection are discussed in this review. Generally, macrophages are orchestrating a multitude of anti-herpetic actions during the first hours of the attack. In a first wave of responses, cytokines, primarily type I interferons (IFN) and tumour necrosis factor are produced and exert a direct antiviral effect and activate the macrophages themselves. In the next wave, interleukin (IL)-12 together with the above and other cytokines induce production of IFN-γ in mainly NK cells. Many positive feed-back mechanisms and synergistic interactions intensify these systems and give rise to heavy antiviral weapons such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. This results in the generation of an alliance against the viral enemy. However, these heavy weapons have to be controlled to avoid too much harm to the host. By IL-4 and others, these reactions are hampered, but they are still allowed in foci of HSV replication, thus focusing the activity to only relevant sites. So, no hero does it alone. Rather, an alliance of cytokines, macrophages and other cells seems to play a central role. Implications of this for future treatment modalities are shortly considered. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16076403/ doi: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-59 id: cord-267041-i94lyfsh author: Ellner, Jerrold J. title: Management of acute and chronic respiratory tract infections date: 1988-09-16 words: 3288.0 sentences: 178.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267041-i94lyfsh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267041-i94lyfsh.txt summary: ELLNER, M.D. Cleveland, CM Pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia represent the most common respiratory tract infections. Potentially pathogenic bacteria can be isolated in most sputum specimens from persons with chronic bronchitis, even in the absence of symptoms of acute infectious exacerbation, Although it is true that Streptococcus pneumoniae is isolated in increased quantities when patients experience exacerbation [Sl, it is not clear in the SYMPOSIUM ON CEFIXIME / ELLNER Determination of the Cause of Pneumonia * Is the current condition accurately termed "acute," or is it really chronic? Although the Gram''s stain may suggest that the cause of a pneumonia is not bacterial by the finding of inflammatory cells and no organisms, the clinical presentation can be even more useful for distinguishing a bacterial from a nonbacterial infection. The search for elastin fibers appears to be a generally useful adjunct for diagnosis not only in hospitalized patients but in all persons with pneumonia, particularly when symptoms do not fit the classic patterns of either bacterial or nonbacterial syndromes. abstract: Abstract Pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia represent the most common respiratory tract infections. With a view to establishing effective management strategies, the origins of these illnesses and the diagnostic techniques that have been developed to discover them are reviewed. Therapeutic regimens with documented efficacy are outlined with emphasis on specific rather than empiric treatment. Although many respiratory tract pathogens remain exquisitely sensitive to penicillin, the emergence of resistant strains underscores the need for safe and effective alternative therapies. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002934388904561 doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90456-1 id: cord-344084-z4t2wkgk author: Ellwanger, Joel Henrique title: Beyond HIV infection: neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases date: 2020-05-30 words: 15735.0 sentences: 840.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344084-z4t2wkgk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344084-z4t2wkgk.txt summary: The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. In agreement with studies showing that CCR5Δ32 homozygous genotype is a risk factor for symptomatic WNV infection in humans, Ccr5-/-WNV-infected mice showed a reduced capacity of viral control, increased disease severity, impaired leukocyte trafficking towards the brain, and high mortality rates than Ccr5 wild-type mice. In conclusion, although tissue analysis and evidence obtained in vitro suggest that the CCR5 is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of HPV, most studies point to a lack of involvement of CCR5Δ32 in susceptibility to HPV infection or HPV-associated diseases. abstract: The interactions between chemokine receptors and their ligands may affect susceptibility to infectious diseases as well as their clinical manifestations. These interactions mediate both the traffic of inflammatory cells and virus-associated immune responses. In the context of viral infections, the human C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) receives great attention from the scientific community due to its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. Also, the genetic variant CCR5Δ32 modifies the CCR5-mediated inflammatory responses in various conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases. CCR5 antagonists mimic, at least in part, the natural effects of the CCR5Δ32 in humans, which explains the growing interest in the potential benefits of using CCR5 modulators for the treatment of different diseases. Nevertheless, beyond HIV infection, understanding the effects of the CCR5Δ32 variant in multiple viral infections is essential to shed light on the potential effects of the CCR5 modulators from a broader perspective. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. Subsequently, this review addresses the impacts of CCR5 gene editing and CCR5 modulation on health and viral diseases. Also, this article connects recent findings regarding extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), viruses, and CCR5. Neglected and emerging topics in “CCR5 research” are briefly described, with focus on Rocio virus, Zika virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rhinovirus. Finally, the potential influence of CCR5 on the immune responses to coronaviruses is discussed. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0168170220302938 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040 id: cord-034133-tx0hciiv author: Engda, Tigist title: The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018 date: 2020-10-22 words: 3923.0 sentences: 192.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034133-tx0hciiv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034133-tx0hciiv.txt summary: title: The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018 This study aimed to assess the contribution of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the graduate students of health sciences about the prevention and control of nosocomial infection in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Gondar in the Academic Year of 2018. Therefore, the current study intended to determine the impact of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of graduate health sciences students about the prevention and control of nosocomial infections at the University of Gondar. abstract: BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infection, also called a hospital-acquired infection, is an infection acquired during admitting patients in health care facilities. Nosocomial infection can be prevented and controlled by giving training to those responsible. This study aimed to assess the contribution of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the graduate students of health sciences about the prevention and control of nosocomial infection in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Gondar in the Academic Year of 2018. METHOD: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among all graduate health science students posted in the different departments at the University of Gondar in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences from February to June 2018. A total of 422 study participants were included. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Out of a total of 422 respondents, only 40% have taken training for infection prevention; out of which 39% had taken the training for a year ago. Moreover, only 35.5% have good knowledge of nosocomial infections as a result of the training; and only 32.5% have good understanding of the practical training given on prevention and control. Only 36% have good attitude towards its prevention and control. CONCLUSION: The result shows that only a few of the respondents have taken the infection prevention training. Yet, a smaller proportion of them had good knowledge, attitude, and practice on nosocomial infections. Hence, the Medical Education System should give more attention to the training of the nosocomial infection control by developing different strategies to prepare the students on these issues before they start their clinical attachment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7579876/ doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02271-6 id: cord-288113-ex4yi28u author: Epalza, Cristina title: Role of Viral Molecular Panels in Diagnosing the Etiology of Fever in Infants Younger Than 3 Months date: 2019-11-09 words: 3656.0 sentences: 182.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288113-ex4yi28u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288113-ex4yi28u.txt summary: As infants with proven viral infection present lower risk of bacterial infection, we evaluated how molecular methods detecting viruses on respiratory secretions could contribute to etiological diagnostic of these febrile episodes. The management of febrile infants younger than 3 months in the emergency room (ER) is challenging as they have a higher risk of serious bacterial infection (SBI) than older children and because clinical evaluation has a low sensitivity and specificity in identifying those infants with SBI. The aims of this prospective study were to evaluate the analytical performances of a multiplex diagnostic tool detecting the most frequent respiratory viruses as compared with our set of homemade real-time PCRs and the potential contribution of these molecular methods to the etiologic diagnosis of febrile episodes in infants younger than 3 months of life. The present evaluation demonstrates that molecular techniques greatly improve the detection rate of viral infections, especially in the challenging group of febrile infants without clinical source, among which the increase in microbiological documentation was nearly 20%. abstract: As infants with proven viral infection present lower risk of bacterial infection, we evaluated how molecular methods detecting viruses on respiratory secretions could contribute to etiological diagnostic of these febrile episodes. From November 2010 to May 2011, we enrolled all febrile infants <90 days presenting to emergency room. Standard workup included viral rapid antigenic test and viral culture on nasopharyngeal aspirate. Samples negative by rapid testing were tested by molecular methods. From 208 febrile episodes (198 infants) with standard techniques, rate of documented microbiological etiology was 13% at emergency department, 47% during hospitalization, and 64% with viral cultures. Molecular methods increased microbiologically documented etiology rate by 12%, to 76%. Contribution of molecular methods was the highest in infants without clinical source of infection, increasing documentation by 18%, from 50% to 68%. Making viral molecular results rapidly available could help identifying a higher proportion of infants at low risk of serious bacterial infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31709801/ doi: 10.1177/0009922819884582 id: cord-310840-h49dx92d author: Eslamy, Hedieh K. title: Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date: 2011-09-30 words: 8279.0 sentences: 488.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt summary: The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The role of imaging, including chest radiographs, ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT), is to detect the presence of pneumonia, determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as parapneumonic effusion/ empyema and suppurative lung complications. CT is often used to further evaluate: (1) suppurative lung complications and to differentiate these from parapneumonic effusion/empyema; (2) patients with recurrent or chronic pneumonia and concern for an underlying lesion; and (3) immunocompromised children with noncontributory or confusing chest radiographs and clinical findings that could be secondary to lung infection. The chest radiograph of acute focal pneumonia usually shows a dense, typically more peripheral airspace opacity, which may appear segmental, lobar, or spherical ( Figs. abstract: Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by a wide variety of organisms in pediatric patients. The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The overarching goal of this article is to review cause, role of imaging, imaging techniques, and the spectrum of acute and chronic pneumonias in children. Pneumonia in the neonate and immunocompromised host is also discussed. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033838911000777 doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.007 id: cord-306278-c4q4la5c author: Esposito, Susanna title: Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Respiratory Infections Due to Adenovirus in Children Living in Milan, Italy, during 2013 and 2014 date: 2016-04-05 words: 4660.0 sentences: 220.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306278-c4q4la5c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306278-c4q4la5c.txt summary: To evaluate the predominant human adenovirus (HAdV) species and types associated with pediatric respiratory infections, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children attending an emergency room in Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection from January 1 to February 28 of two subsequent years, 2013 and 2014. To evaluate the circulation of the different HAdV types and the possible relationship between viral load, viral genetic characteristics, and the severity of infection, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children consecutively attending the Emergency Room of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca'' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection. However, further studies are needed to identify the potential pathogenetic role of the different species and types of HAdV and the importance of viral load in the severity of infection. abstract: To evaluate the predominant human adenovirus (HAdV) species and types associated with pediatric respiratory infections, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children attending an emergency room in Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection from January 1 to February 28 of two subsequent years, 2013 and 2014. The HAdVs were detected using a respiratory virus panel fast assay (xTAG RVP FAST v2) and with a HAdV-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction; their nucleotides were sequenced, and they were tested for positive selection. Among 307 nasopharyngeal samples, 61 (19.9%) tested positive for HAdV. HAdV was the only virus detected in 31/61 (50.8%) cases, whereas it was found in association with one other virus in 25 (41.0%) cases and with two or more viruses in 5 (8.2%) cases. Human Enterovirus/human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were the most common co-infecting viral agents and were found in 12 (19.7%) and 7 (11.5%) samples, respectively. Overall, the HAdV strain sequences analyzed were highly conserved. In comparison to HAdV-negative children, those infected with HAdV had a reduced frequency of lower respiratory tract involvement (36.1% vs 55.2%; p = 0.007), wheezing (0.0% vs 12.5%; p = 0.004), and hospitalization (27.9% vs 56.1%; p<0.001). Antibiotic therapy and white blood cell counts were more frequently prescribed (91.9% vs 57.1%; p = 0.04) and higher (17,244 ± 7,737 vs 9,565 ± 3,211 cells/μL; p = 0.04), respectively, in children infected by HAdV-C than among those infected by HAdV-B. On the contrary, those infected by HAdV-B had more frequently lower respiratory tract involvement (57.1% vs 29.7%) but difference did not reach statistical significant (p = 0.21). Children with high viral load were absent from child care attendance for a longer period of time (14.5 ± 7.5 vs 5.5 ± 3.2 days; p = 0.002) and had higher C reactive protein levels (41.3 ± 78.5 vs 5.4 ± 9.6 μg/dL; p = 0.03). This study has shown that HAdV infections are diagnosed more commonly than usually thought and that HAdVs are stable infectious agents that do not frequently cause severe diseases. A trend toward more complex disease in cases due to HAdV species C and in those with higher viral load was demonstrated. However, further studies are needed to clarify factors contributing to disease severity to understand how to develop adequate preventive and therapeutic measures. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27045588/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152375 id: cord-296256-ipe92w4y author: Evelyn, Obando title: Prevalence, clinical outcomes and rainfall association of acute respiratory infection by human metapneumovirus in children in Bogotá, Colombia date: 2019-10-10 words: 3629.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296256-ipe92w4y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296256-ipe92w4y.txt summary: title: Prevalence, clinical outcomes and rainfall association of acute respiratory infection by human metapneumovirus in children in Bogotá, Colombia Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently been described as a cause of severe acute respiratory infection and its prevalence and clinical behavior in children at moderate altitudes is unknown. RESULTS: Out of a total of 14,760 discharged patients, multiplex RT-PCR was performed on 502 and a virus was detected in 420 children with acute respiratory infection (ARI). CONCLUSIONS: Human metapneumovirus was the fifth most frequently isolated virus in children with ARI, had similar clinical behavior and severity to other viruses but a higher rate of viral coinfection. The data was taken from the institutional electronic charts of children who were hospitalized for acute respiratory infections and who received multiplex RT-PCR (FilmArray® BioMériux), the analyte used in this technique for HMPV detection was Type 16, A1 IA10-2003 Zeptometrix 0810161CF. abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Viruses are the main etiological agents, and their behavior tends to be seasonal and vary by geographical location. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently been described as a cause of severe acute respiratory infection and its prevalence and clinical behavior in children at moderate altitudes is unknown. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on patients seen at a university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia between October 2015 and December 2017 in a city at a moderate altitude above sea level. Children with acute respiratory infections who had had a multiplex RT-PCR assay were selected. The prevalence of HMPV infection, its clinical outcomes and its relationship to rainfall were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of a total of 14,760 discharged patients, multiplex RT-PCR was performed on 502 and a virus was detected in 420 children with acute respiratory infection (ARI). The study group had a median age of 21 months (IQR 7–60), with similar proportion of males and females (56.4 and 43.6% respectively) and 5.2% (CI 95 3.3–7.8%) prevalence of HMPV infection. The group with HMPV infection showed a greater frequency of viral coinfection (22.7% vs 14% P = 0.03) compared with ARI caused by other viruses. The rate of bacterial coinfection (P = 0.31), presence of comorbidities (p = 0.75), length of hospital stay (P = 0.42), need for mechanical ventilation (P = 0.75) and mortality (P = 0.22) were similar for HMPV and other viral infections. A moderate correlation was established between HMPV infection and rainfall peaks (Spearman’s Rho 0.44 p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Human metapneumovirus was the fifth most frequently isolated virus in children with ARI, had similar clinical behavior and severity to other viruses but a higher rate of viral coinfection. Its peaks seem to correlate to rainy seasons. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1734-x doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1734-x id: cord-001120-fxd533b4 author: Everitt, Aaron R. title: Defining the Range of Pathogens Susceptible to Ifitm3 Restriction Using a Knockout Mouse Model date: 2013-11-21 words: 4874.0 sentences: 252.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001120-fxd533b4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001120-fxd533b4.txt summary: We showed that Ifitm3 does not impact on the restriction or pathogenesis of bacterial (Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or protozoan (Plasmodium berghei) pathogens, despite in vitro evidence. Here we sought therefore to expand and define the role of Ifitm3 in pathogen restriction by assessing the susceptibility of Ifitm3-deficient (Ifitm3 -/-) mice to bacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis), a parasite (Plasmodium berghei) and a virus (respiratory syncytial virus, RSV) to determine the specificity of this crucial antimicrobial protein. Similarly, bacterial counts revealed no significant differences between wild type and Ifitm3 -/-mice; together showing that Ifitm3 does not play a role in resistance or susceptibility to Salmonella infection. The experimental challenge revealed there to be no significant difference in phenotype seen in Ifitm3 -/-mice compared with wild type littermate controls, with both showing susceptibility to ECM ( Figure 5A ). abstract: The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) family of proteins has been shown to restrict a broad range of viruses in vitro and in vivo by halting progress through the late endosomal pathway. Further, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in its sequence have been linked with risk of developing severe influenza virus infections in humans. The number of viruses restricted by this host protein has continued to grow since it was first demonstrated as playing an antiviral role; all of which enter cells via the endosomal pathway. We therefore sought to test the limits of antimicrobial restriction by Ifitm3 using a knockout mouse model. We showed that Ifitm3 does not impact on the restriction or pathogenesis of bacterial (Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or protozoan (Plasmodium berghei) pathogens, despite in vitro evidence. However, Ifitm3 is capable of restricting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vivo either through directly restricting RSV cell infection, or by exerting a previously uncharacterised function controlling disease pathogenesis. This represents the first demonstration of a virus that enters directly through the plasma membrane, without the need for the endosomal pathway, being restricted by the IFITM family; therefore further defining the role of these antiviral proteins. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836756/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080723 id: cord-347246-0vofftmj author: Everitt, J I title: Infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract: implications for toxicology studies. date: 1990-04-17 words: 3572.0 sentences: 190.0 pages: flesch: 28.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347246-0vofftmj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347246-0vofftmj.txt summary: This paper reviews several important infectious diseases of the upper airway of rats and mice and discusses the potential influence of these conditions on the results of toxicology studies. All three agents cause significant rodent respiratory disease, with lesions in the upper airways, including the nasal passages. Although there are many excellent descriptive studies ofthe histogenesis of Sendai virus-induced lesions within the lower respiratory tract, few pathology reports include a description of lesions in the nasal cavity and upper airway. Although numerous bacteria can infect the upper airway of the rat and mouse, they are not generally prevalent in well-conducted toxicology studies begun with animals free of adventitious murine pathogens and maintained with modern methods of laboratory animal husbandry. A variety of important microbial pathogens including viruses, mycoplasmas, bacteria, and fungi infect the upper respiratory tract of the mouse and rat and result in significant pathologic alterations. abstract: The consequences of adventitious infectious agents upon the interpretation of toxicology studies performed in rats and mice are incompletely understood. Several prevalent murine pathogens cause alterations of the respiratory system that can confuse the assessment of chemically induced airway injury. In some instances the pathogenesis of infection with these agents has been relatively well studied in the lower respiratory tract. However, there are few well-controlled studies that have examined the upper respiratory region, which result in interpretive problems for toxicologic pathologists. The conduct and interpretation of both short-term and chronic rodent bioassays can be compromised by both the clinical and subclinical manifestations of infectious diseases. This paper reviews several important infectious diseases of the upper airway of rats and mice and discusses the potential influence of these conditions on the results of toxicology studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2200664/ doi: nan id: cord-009380-5uptbat3 author: Evermann, James F. title: Diagnostic Medicine: The Challenge of Differentiating Infection from Disease and Making Sense for the Veterinary Clinician date: 2007-09-28 words: 2922.0 sentences: 173.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt summary: Diagnostic medicine has taken on a new, broader meaning in the 1990s and reflects an expansion of clinical investigation from the diagnosis of disease to include detection of infection (Evermann, 1998) . Disease diagnosis has customarily used diagnostic assays for early recognition of disease and rapid implementation of therapy in an individual animal basis, and when appropriate use of corrective management (segregation, culling, vaccination, etc.) on a population basis. With a combination of more sensitive diagnostic assays, the veterinarian''s concern to know the state of the preclinical infection, economic incentives to minimize disease by effectively controlling the infection, and concern over potential zoonotic diseases, laboratory diagnosis has taken on a different strategy. However, with early testing the problems of detecting cross-reacting viruses (feline enteric coronaviruses) increases, as does the question of whether the preclinical result accurately identifies an animal that is just infected or will progress onto disease (Evermann et al., 1995; Foley et al., 1997) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149316/ doi: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80006-8 id: cord-261867-6n0g3bz5 author: Evermann, James F. title: Canine Reproductive, Respiratory, and Ocular Diseases due to Canine Herpesvirus date: 2011-10-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This review documents how clinical inquiry expands as our knowledge base about canine herpesvirus (CHV) increases. We must understand the various forms of CHV infection that may occur in the dog population. This has prompted the veterinary community to develop more sensitive diagnostic assays. CHV is more common than we considered a decade ago. Up to 70% of some high-risk dog populations have been infected with and are latent carriers of CHV. Recognition of the various forms of CHV-induced disease, availability of diagnostic assays with increased sensitivity, and the formation of reliable biosecurity measures will allow for better control steps. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.007 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.007 id: cord-351319-ylg93l9q author: Evers, Dorothea title: Red cell alloimmunisation in patients with different types of infections date: 2016-08-18 words: 5097.0 sentences: 261.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351319-ylg93l9q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351319-ylg93l9q.txt summary: Patients developing a first transfusion‐induced red cell alloantibody (N = 505) were each compared with two similarly exposed, but non‐alloimmunised controls (N = 1010) during a 5‐week ''alloimmunisation risk period'' using multivariate logistic regression analysis. In this nested case-control study, we quantified relative alloimmunisation risks for patients receiving red cell units during an infectious episode, according to the type of infection, its intensity, and the patient''s inflammatory response to it. Using this design, we compared patients who developed red cell alloantibodies following transfusion with non-alloimmunised controls on the basis of supposed causal attributes, including various types of infections. In conclusion, our data suggest a potential risk modifying influence of infection-associated inflammation on red cell alloimmunisation in transfused patients. abstract: Red cell alloantigen exposure can cause alloantibody‐associated morbidity. Murine models have suggested that inflammation modulates red cell alloimmunisation. This study quantifies alloimmunisation risks during infectious episodes in humans. We performed a multicentre case–control study within a source population of patients receiving their first and subsequent red cell transfusions during an 8‐year follow‐up period. Patients developing a first transfusion‐induced red cell alloantibody (N = 505) were each compared with two similarly exposed, but non‐alloimmunised controls (N = 1010) during a 5‐week ‘alloimmunisation risk period’ using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Transfusions during ‘severe’ bacterial (tissue‐invasive) infections were associated with increased risks of alloantibody development [adjusted relative risk (RR) 1·34, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0·97–1·85], especially when these infections were accompanied with long‐standing fever (RR 3·06, 95% CI 1·57–5·96). Disseminated viral disorders demonstrated a trend towards increased risks (RR 2·41, 95% CI 0·89–6·53), in apparent contrast to a possible protection associated with Gram‐negative bacteraemia (RR 0·58, 95% CI 0·13–1·14). ‘Simple’ bacterial infections, Gram‐positive bacteraemia, fungal infections, maximum C‐reactive protein values and leucocytosis were not associated with red cell alloimmunisation. These findings are consistent with murine models. Confirmatory research is needed before patients likely to develop alloantibodies may be identified based on their infectious conditions at time of transfusion. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14307 doi: 10.1111/bjh.14307 id: cord-334027-xhfmio7k author: Fagre, Anna C. title: Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses? date: 2019-03-03 words: 8738.0 sentences: 492.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334027-xhfmio7k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334027-xhfmio7k.txt summary: No demonstrable pathologic effects noted during infection of three bat species [big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), little brown bats (Myotis lucifigus) and Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensie mexicana) with various strains of JBEV or St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) [69] . While experimental data demonstrated that some bat species can sustain JBEV infections and support mosquito-borne transmission of this virus, the epidemiological significance of these observations in the field remains unclear. To truly elucidate the role of bats as reservoirs for arboviruses, field surveillance studies documenting natural infection and transmission dynamics among vector and vertebrate species must be supplemented with experimental infections to characterize viremia profiles and infectiousness to vectors, virus-induced pathology, and immune kinetics following infection. The isolation of Marburg virus from Egyptian rousette bats in Uganda in addition to experimental infections demonstrating viremia and shedding in the absence of overt pathology support the role of this bat species as the reservoir for Marburg virus [6, 7, 208] . abstract: Bats are known to harbor and transmit many emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which are extremely pathogenic in humans but do not cause overt pathology in their bat reservoir hosts: henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra), filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg), and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV). Direct transmission cycles are often implicated in these outbreaks, with virus shed in bat feces, urine, and saliva. An additional mode of virus transmission between bats and humans requiring further exploration is the spread of disease via arthropod vectors. Despite the shared ecological niches that bats fill with many hematophagous arthropods (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges, etc.) known to play a role in the transmission of medically important arboviruses, knowledge surrounding the potential for bats to act as reservoirs for arboviruses is limited. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken examining the current understanding and potential for bats to act as reservoirs for viruses transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. Serosurveillance and viral isolation from either free-ranging or captive bats are described in relation to four arboviral groups (Bunyavirales, Flaviviridae, Reoviridae, Togaviridae). Further, ecological associations between bats and hematophagous viral vectors are characterized (e.g., bat bloodmeals in mosquitoes, ingestion of mosquitoes by bats, etc). Lastly, knowledge gaps related to hematophagous ectoparasites (bat bugs and bed bugs (Cimicidae) and bat flies (Nycteribiidae and Streblidae)), in addition to future directions for characterization of bat-vector-virus relationships are described. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030215 doi: 10.3390/v11030215 id: cord-284845-on97zu6w author: Falcinelli, Shane D. title: Integration of Global Analyses of Host Molecular Responses with Clinical Data To Evaluate Pathogenesis and Advance Therapies for Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections date: 2016-07-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: [Image: see text] Outbreaks associated with emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens continue to increase in frequency and are associated with an increasing burden to global health. In light of this, there is a need to integrate basic and clinical research for investigating the connections between molecular and clinical pathogenesis and for therapeutic development strategies. Here, we will discuss this approach with a focus on the emerging viral pathogens Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola virus (EBOV), and monkeypox virus (MPXV) from the context of clinical presentation, immunological and molecular features of the diseases, and OMICS-based analyses of pathogenesis. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of global investigations of host kinases, the kinome, for investigating emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens from the context of characterizing cellular responses and identifying novel therapeutic targets. Lastly, we will address how increased integration of clinical and basic research will assist treatment and prevention efforts for emerging pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27933782/ doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00104 id: cord-340357-gyvvcnuf author: Fallahi, Hamid Reza title: Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review date: 2020-04-24 words: 3777.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340357-gyvvcnuf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340357-gyvvcnuf.txt summary: This article addresses all information collected to date on the virus, in accordance with the guidelines of international health care institutions, and provides a comprehensive protocol for managing possible exposure to patients or those suspected of having coronavirus. The purpose of this protocol is to protect the entire dental care team, prevent any cross-infection in the office, inform health authorities active in the field of controlling and managing the disease, and ultimately provide the optimal medical and dental care for patients affected by the virus according to the CDC and the ADA guidelines. Due to close face-to-face contact with patients and frequent utilization of sharp devices, dental personnel are repeatedly exposed to respiratory tract secretions, blood, saliva, and other contaminated body fluids and are always at risk for 2019-nCoV infection. 2019-nCoV transmission in dental settings occurs through four major routes: (1) direct exposure to respiratory secretions containing droplets, blood, saliva, or other patient materials; abstract: Coronavirus is an enveloped virus with positive-sense single-stranded RNA. Coronavirus infection in humans mainly affects the upper respiratory tract and to a lesser extent the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical symptoms of coronavirus infections can range from relatively mild (similar to the common cold) to severe (bronchitis, pneumonia, and renal involvement). The disease caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was called Covid-19 by the World Health Organization in February 2020. Face-to-face communication and consistent exposure to body fluids such as blood and saliva predispose dental care workers at serious risk for 2019-nCoV infection. As demonstrated by the recent coronavirus outbreak, information is not enough. During dental practice, blood and saliva can be scattered. Accordingly, dental practice can be a potential risk for dental staff, and there is a high risk of cross-infection. This article addresses all information collected to date on the virus, in accordance with the guidelines of international health care institutions, and provides a comprehensive protocol for managing possible exposure to patients or those suspected of having coronavirus. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-020-00256-5 doi: 10.1186/s40902-020-00256-5 id: cord-281249-89eycq64 author: Falsey, Ann R title: Utility of serum procalcitonin values in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cautionary note date: 2012-02-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Serum procalcitonin levels have been used as a biomarker of invasive bacterial infection and recently have been advocated to guide antibiotic therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, rigorous studies correlating procalcitonin levels with microbiologic data are lacking. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) have been linked to viral and bacterial infection as well as noninfectious causes. Therefore, we evaluated procalcitonin as a predictor of viral versus bacterial infection in patients hospitalized with AECOPD with and without evidence of pneumonia. METHODS: Adults hospitalized during the winter with symptoms consistent with AECOPD underwent extensive testing for viral, bacterial, and atypical pathogens. Serum procalcitonin levels were measured on day 1 (admission), day 2, and at one month. Clinical and laboratory features of subjects with viral and bacterial diagnoses were compared. RESULTS: In total, 224 subjects with COPD were admitted for 240 respiratory illnesses. Of these, 56 had pneumonia and 184 had AECOPD alone. A microbiologic diagnosis was made in 76 (56%) of 134 illnesses with reliable bacteriology (26 viral infection, 29 bacterial infection, and 21 mixed viral bacterial infection). Mean procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in patients with pneumonia compared with AECOPD. However, discrimination between viral and bacterial infection using a 0.25 ng/mL threshold for bacterial infection in patients with AECOPD was poor. CONCLUSION: Procalcitonin is useful in COPD patients for alerting clinicians to invasive bacterial infections such as pneumonia but it does not distinguish bacterial from viral and noninfectious causes of AECOPD. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/copd.s29149 doi: 10.2147/copd.s29149 id: cord-009860-qebenhxz author: Falsey, Ann R. title: Viral Respiratory Infections in the Institutionalized Elderly: Clinical and Epidemiologic Findings date: 2015-04-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the incidence and impact of viral respiratory infection in the institutionalized elderly during a winter season. DESIGN: Prospective descriptive study, without intervention. METHOD: Patients with respiratory illnesses were evaluated by a directed history and physical examination. Nasopharyngeal secretions for viral culture were obtained, and acute and convalescent serum samples were obtained for analysis. Serologic evidence of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza were determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and influenza by hemagglutination‐inhibition assay and EIA. SETTING: A 591‐bed nursing home. PARTICIPANTS: Residents with signs or symptoms of acute respiratory illness (nasal congestion, pharyngitis, cough, wheezing, or respiratory difficulty) were eligible for study. RESULTS: A viral etiology was documented in 62 out of 149 illnesses (42%). RSV was the most common virus associated with illness; it was documented in 27% of respiratory illnesses, followed by rhinovirus (9%), parainfluenza (6%), and influenza (1%). RSV was associated with significantly more severe disease when compared with rhinovirus. Clustering of specific viral infections occurred, suggesting nosocomial transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Viruses are an important cause of acute respiratory infections in the institutionalized elderly during the winter months. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166501/ doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01929.x id: cord-292871-vgposxom author: Falsey, Ann R. title: The “Common Cold” in Frail Older Persons: Impact of Rhinovirus and Coronavirus in a Senior Daycare Center date: 2015-04-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and impact of rhino‐virus and Coronavirus infections in older persons attending daycare. DESIGN: Prospective descriptive study. SETTING: Three senior daycare centers in Rochester, New York. PATIENTS: Frail older persons and staff members of the daycare centers who developed signs or symptoms of an acute respiratory illness MEASUREMENTS: Demographic, medical, and physical findings were recorded on subjects at baseline and during respiratory illness. Nasopharyngeal specimens for viral culture as well as acute and convalescent sera for Coronavirus 229E enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were obtained for all illnesses. RESULTS: During the 44 months of study, 352 older persons experienced 522 illnesses. Thirty‐five (7%) of 522 cultures were positive for rhinovirus and 37 (8%) of 451 serologies were positive for Coronavirus 229E infection. The clinical syndromes associated with rhinovirus and Coronavirus infection were similar and characterized by nasal congestion, cough, and constitutional symptoms. No patient died or was hospitalized, but approximately 50% had evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement. The average illness lasted 14 days. During the same period, 113 staff developed 338 respiratory illnesses. Eight percent were identified as Coronavirus and 9% as rhinovirus. Cough, sputum production, and constitutional symptoms were significantly more common among older persons. CONCLUSIONS: Rhinovirus and Coronavirus 229E are common causes of moderately debilitating acute respiratory illnesses among older persons attending daycare. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180664/ doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb01474.x id: cord-328795-rs1sd42z author: Falsey, Ann R. title: Rhinoviruses date: 2016-10-24 words: 4511.0 sentences: 222.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328795-rs1sd42z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328795-rs1sd42z.txt summary: The incidence of HRV infection in children during the first 2 years of life was noted to be 0.7-2 infections per year in older studies using cell culture for viral detection (Brownlee and Turner, 2008) . Although symptoms associated with ''the common cold'' syndrome are often attributed to HRV disease, the clinical findings of rhinovirus infections are indistinguishable from those of other viral pathogens. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs approved for clinical use in HRV infections although a few agents have been advanced to clinical trials and shown modest results in decreasing either symptom severity or viral activity. Conversely, monoclonal antibody blockade of the ICAM-1 receptor, the site of cellular attachment for the majority of HRV-A and HRV-B serotypes, has also been studied and demonstrated a reduction in the severity of symptoms and viral shedding but failed to prevent infection in the rhinovirus challenge model (Greenberg, 2003) . abstract: Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are ubiquitous pathogens and the leading cause of the common cold syndrome. HRV are very diverse with more than 100 serotypes identified which cause disease in persons of all ages with the highest incidence documented in young children. Although illness is typically mild and self-limited, lost time from work and school creates a considerable economic burden. Infection of the upper airways is the most common site of infection, although lower airways disease is also well documented, as is the link between HRV infection and exacerbations of asthma. Unfortunately, effective specific antiviral treatments and vaccines remain elusive. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785003866 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00386-6 id: cord-314841-b5l6epy3 author: Falsey, Ann Regina title: Respiratory viral infections date: 2019-08-15 words: 6006.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314841-b5l6epy3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314841-b5l6epy3.txt summary: Analysis of the host transcriptional response during respiratory viral infection using in-vitro, animal models and natural and experimental human challenge have furthered the understanding of the mechanisms and predictors of severe disease and may identify potential therapeutic targets to prevent and ameliorate illness. In addition to sensitive and rapid diagnostic testing, new molecular techniques allow an understanding of viral evolution, mechanisms and predictors of severe disease, interrogation of vaccine responses, improved bacterial and viral diagnostics and associations of viral infections with non-respiratory medical events. A number of candidate genes influencing respiratory virus susceptibility have been identified in animal and human studies and involve host virus interactions, innate immune signaling, interferon related pathways and cytokine responses (Table 1) [49] [50] [51] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] . In addition, two compartments, the respiratory epithelium and blood can be sampled in human studies and interrogated using different viruses or viral strains to develop gene signatures for prognosis, as indicators of severity and to identify potential therapeutic targets. abstract: Molecular analysis of respiratory viruses and the host response to both infection and vaccination have transformed our understanding of these ubiquitous pathogens. Polymerase chain reaction for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of viral infections has led to a better understanding of the epidemiology and impact of many common respiratory viruses and resulted in better patient care. Over the past decade a number of new respiratory viruses including human metapneumovirus and new coronaviruses have been discovered using molecular techniques such as random primer amplification, pan-viral array and next generation sequencing. Analysis of the host transcriptional response during respiratory viral infection using in-vitro, animal models and natural and experimental human challenge have furthered the understanding of the mechanisms and predictors of severe disease and may identify potential therapeutic targets to prevent and ameliorate illness. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128014967000095 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801496-7.00009-5 id: cord-300815-1vy787md author: Fang, Li-Qun title: Travel-related infections in mainland China, 2014–16: an active surveillance study date: 2018-07-20 words: 3916.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300815-1vy787md.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300815-1vy787md.txt summary: We integrated the data from all entry-exit ports in mainland China to characterise travel-related infections, define the demographic features of imported cases, identify risk groups and exposure countries or regions, and assess the effectiveness of surveillance for further improvement. However, hepatitis B and C virus infections, syphilis, HIV, malaria, and dengue were substantially more common in the international group, whereas respiratory infections with rhinovirus, para influenza virus and metapneumovirus, and hand, foot, and mouth disease were more common in travellers from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan ( figure 3) . Our findings, which are based on surveillance data for 45 infections among 22 797 travellers who arrived at the 272 entry-exit ports to the mainland, are helpful for increasing public health awareness about the potential risk of imported infections. abstract: BACKGROUND: Transmission of infection through international travel is a growing health issue, and the frequency of imported infection is increasing in China. We aimed to quantify the total number of infections imported into mainland China by arriving travellers. METHODS: We actively surveyed arriving travellers at all 272 international entry–exit ports in mainland China. Suspected cases were detected through fever screening, medical inspection, self-declaration, and reporting by on-board staff. Participants completed a standardised questionnaire with questions about demographics, their travel itinerary (including detailed information about all countries or regions visited), and clinical manifestations. Nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum samples, faecal samples, vomitus, blood, and serum were collected as appropriate for diagnoses. Diagnosis was made by specific laboratory tests according to the national technical guidelines. Infections were classified as respiratory, gastrointestinal, vector-borne, blood-transmitted and sex-transmitted, or mucocutaneous. We divided arriving travellers into two groups: travellers coming from countries other than China, and travellers coming from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. We integrated surveillance data for 2014–16, calculated incidences of travel-related infections, and compared the frequency of infections among subgroups. FINDINGS: Between Jan 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2016, 22 797 cases were identified among 805 993 392 arriving travellers—an overall incidence of 28·3 per million. 45 pathogens were detected in participants: 18 respiratory (19 662 cases), ten gastrointestinal (189 cases), seven vector-borne (831 cases), seven blood-transmitted and sex-transmitted (1531 cases), and three mucocutaneous (584 cases). Both the overall number and incidence of infection were more than five times higher in 2016 than in 2014. Case numbers and incidences also varied substantially by province, autonomous region, and municipality. Overall, 17 643 (77%) infections were detected by fever screening, but 753 (49%) blood-transmitted and sex-transmitted infections were identified through medical inspection. 14 305 (73%) cases of respiratory infection and 96 (51%) of gastrointestinal infections were in tourists. Tuberculosis, hepatitis A virus, vector-borne, and blood-transmitted and sex-transmitted infections were common among Chinese labourers who worked abroad. Dengue and malaria were most commonly diagnosed in travellers arriving from Africa. 12 126 (93%) of the 12 985 cases arriving from Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan were respiratory infections. Hand, foot, and mouth disease accounted for 2·90% of infections in travellers from Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan and 0·31% of infections in international travellers. INTERPRETATION: This report is the first to characterise the profile of travel-related infections among arriving travellers in mainland China. Our findings should increase public awareness of the potential risk of imported infections, and help health-care providers to make evidence-based health recommendations to travellers. FUNDING: The Natural Science Foundation of China. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468266718301270 doi: 10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30127-0 id: cord-346318-d8oq3dyw author: Fang, Yeqing title: Reply: Practical experiences on the prevention and treatment strategies to fight against COVID-19 in hospital date: 2020-05-05 words: 428.0 sentences: 28.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346318-d8oq3dyw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346318-d8oq3dyw.txt summary: regarding our recent article, Shenzhen'' Experience on Containing 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia Transmission [1] , which was published on April 3, 2020. The author of the letter described their treatment strategies to contain the epidemic and improve clinical outcomes: increase the medics'' protective gear to ensure double-zero infection: no nosocomial infection, no developed into critical or death case; timely control and regulate the inpatient area by adopting the AI and infection control observing system; "Two early, three changes and three strictness"; early use of traditional Chinese medicine according to characteristics of different persons, etc. Next, during the outbreak, hospitals need to redeploy the working arrangement of healthcare workers, suspend or close non-emergency departments and selective operations to add staff to supplementary emergency, fever clinic and infection wards, so that there are sufficient medical workers to respond to the increasing coronavirus patients efficiently. Shenzhen'' experience on containing 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia transmission abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32369584/ doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa158 id: cord-294568-12eyo13f author: Fernandes-Matano, Larissa title: Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico date: 2017-05-03 words: 4930.0 sentences: 240.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294568-12eyo13f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294568-12eyo13f.txt summary: Influenza viruses are one of the main causative agents of ARIs worldwide; however, many other respiratory viruses for which insufficient epidemiological information is available can also cause ARIs. Studies performed at the international level have frequently identified human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), influenza virus (flu), human mastadenovirus (HMdV), rhinovirus (RV), and enterovirus (EV) and less frequently identified human metapneumovirus (HMPV), primate bocaparvovirus (PBpV), and human coronavirus (HCoV) [12] . Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the viral aetiology of these infections and to analyse the behaviour of non-influenza respiratory viruses in the Mexican population. The importance of the differential diagnosis of other respiratory viruses in samples with negative influenza results becomes apparent when we observe the prevalence of the three main viruses identified in this study as well as their associations with severe cases and deaths, especially in the child population. abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although a viral aetiological agent is estimated to be involved in up to 80% of cases, the majority of these agents have never been specifically identified. Since 2009, diagnostic and surveillance efforts for influenza virus have been applied worldwide. However, insufficient epidemiological information is available for the many other respiratory viruses that can cause Acute respiratory infections. METHODS: This study evaluated the presence of 14 non-influenza respiratory viruses in 872 pharyngeal exudate samples using RT-qPCR. All samples met the operational definition of a probable case of an influenza-like illness or severe acute respiratory infection and had a previous negative result for influenza by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: The presence of at least one non-influenza virus was observed in 312 samples (35.8%). The most frequent viruses were rhinovirus (RV; 33.0%), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV; 30.8%) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV; 10.6%). A total of 56 cases of co-infection (17.9%) caused by 2, 3, or 4 viruses were identified. Approximately 62.5% of all positive cases were in children under 9 years of age. CONCLUSION: In this study, we identified 13 non-influenza respiratory viruses that could occur in any season of the year. This study provides evidence for the prevalence and seasonality of a wide range of respiratory viruses that circulate in Mexico and constitute a risk for the population. Additionally, our data suggest that including these tests more widely in the diagnostic algorithm for influenza may reduce the use of unnecessary antibiotics, reduce the hospitalisation time, and enrich national epidemiological data with respect to the infections caused by these viruses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28467515/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176298 id: cord-271130-6s79q1c1 author: Filoni, Claudia title: Putative progressive and abortive feline leukemia virus infection outcomes in captive jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) date: 2017-11-17 words: 6584.0 sentences: 337.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271130-6s79q1c1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271130-6s79q1c1.txt summary: title: Putative progressive and abortive feline leukemia virus infection outcomes in captive jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) Thus, the aim of this study was to perform additional serological and molecular tests and monitor the population of jaguarundis at FPZSP for FeLV infection and development of FeLV-related diseases for 5 years (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) . Two captive-born male jaguarundis, the geriatric #1 and the mature adult #4, presented serological and molecular FeLV test results similar to the progressive FeLV infection outcome in domestic cats [25] . Moreover, consistent with findings in domestic cats with a progressive FeLV infection, no antibodies to FeLV antigens were detected in jaguarundis #1 and #4. Two captive-born jaguarundis, #2 and #22, presented test results similar to those reported for domestic cats with abortive FeLV infection and seroconversion as the only marker of FeLV exposure [28] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an exogenous gammaretrovirus of domestic cats (Felis catus) and some wild felids. The outcomes of FeLV infection in domestic cats vary according to host susceptibility, virus strain, and infectious challenge dose. Jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) are small wild felids from South and Central America. We previously reported on FeLV infections in jaguarundis. We hypothesized here that the outcomes of FeLV infection in P. yagouaroundi mimic those observed in domestic cats. The aim of this study was to investigate the population of jaguarundis at Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo for natural FeLV infection and resulting outcomes. METHODS: We investigated the jaguarundis using serological and molecular methods and monitored them for FeLV-related diseases for 5 years. We retrieved relevant biological and clinical information for the entire population of 23 jaguarundis held at zoo. Post-mortem findings from necropsies were recorded and histopathological and immunohistopathological analyses were performed. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed for FeLV-positive samples. For sample prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare frequencies between infected and uninfected animals. P-values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: In total, we detected evidence of FeLV exposure in four out of 23 animals (17%; 95% CI 5–39%). No endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) sequences were detected. An intestinal B-cell lymphoma in one jaguarundi was not associated with FeLV. Two jaguarundis presented FeLV test results consistent with an abortive FeLV infection with seroconversion, and two other jaguarundis had results consistent with a progressive infection and potentially FeLV-associated clinical disorders and post-mortem changes. Phylogenetic analysis of env revealed the presence of FeLV-A, a common origin of the virus in both animals (100% identity) and the closest similarity to FeLV-FAIDS and FeLV-3281 (98.4% identity), originally isolated from cats in the USA. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence of progressive and abortive FeLV infection outcomes in jaguarundis, and domestic cats were probably the source of infection in these jaguarundis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29149857/ doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0889-z id: cord-022472-q2qtl26d author: Fishman, Jay A. title: Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients date: 2009-05-15 words: 10757.0 sentences: 606.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022472-q2qtl26d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022472-q2qtl26d.txt summary: • Solid organ transplant recipients who are naïve (seronegative) and receive an organ from a seropositive donor (D+/R−) • Solid organ transplant recipients who are seropositive (R+) and receive antilymphocyte antibodies or other intensive immune suppression (e.g., for graft rejection) Symptoms, fever/neutropenia mo (or valacyclovir 500 bid or acyclovir 400 tid) Use of CMV-negative or leukocyte-filtered blood Status unknown with ALS Intravenous ganciclovir 5mg/kg iv for first dose and QD (corrected for renal function) until sero-status determined. • End organ damage (e.g., BK polyomavirus nephropathy, cryoglobulinemia, or cirrhosis from HCV-HBV being relatively well managed at present) • Malignancy (post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease [PTLD] due to EBV, skin, or anogenital cancer due to papilloma viruses) • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) The third group of patients (~10% of all recipients) has less than satisfactory allograft function and requires excessive amounts of immunosuppressive therapy for recurrent graft rejection. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155736/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-0158-4.50041-0 id: cord-347000-zxytdb0b author: Foweraker, Juliet title: Recent advances in the microbiology of respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis date: 2009-01-20 words: 6699.0 sentences: 419.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347000-zxytdb0b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347000-zxytdb0b.txt summary: The range of micro-organisms causing infection differs from those in patients without CF with the commonest pathogens being Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 17 Streptococcus pneumoniae from CF respiratory samples were better at producing biofilms in vitro than blood culture isolates from non-CF patients, 18 which suggests that these organisms have the ability to persist in the CF lung. 31 The role of current methods of synergy testing is controversial, but there is a definite need for clinically validated in vitro tests to guide treatment of multi-and pan-resistant bacteria at acute exacerbation and when patients receive lung transplants. Phenotypic variability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputa from patients with acute infective exacerbation of cystic fibrosis and its impact on the validity of antimicrobial susceptibility testing Hypermutation is a key factor in development of multiple-antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains causing chronic lung infections Evolving epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Burkholderia cepacia complex in cystic fibrosis lung infection abstract: INTRODUCTION: Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Research on CF infection has highlighted differences from other respiratory infections—both in the range and the nature of the organisms—especially in chronic infection. This is a rapidly advancing field of microbiology and is bringing insights into the complexity and adaptations of bacteria causing chronic infection in the respiratory tract. AREAS OF AGREEMENT AND CONTROVERSY: The epidemiology of some infections in CF has changed, with reduction in spread of Burkholderia cenocepacia following patient segregation. Conversely, epidemic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have emerged, which spread between patients; previously, most P. aeruginosa strains were patient-specific. Studies on hypermutators, quorum sensing, biofilm growth and the development of molecular identification have shed light on pathogenicity, microbial adaptation to the host and complexity of infection in CF. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are emerging pathogens in CF; however, there is much to learn about pathogenicity and treatment of these infections. Species of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, more commonly encountered in the upper tract, are found in significant numbers in CF sputum. The significance of this is however under debate. Finally, although the clinical relevance of conventional antibiotic susceptibility testing for chronic CF pathogens has been questioned, there are no clear alternatives. EMERGING AREAS FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: Much has been learnt about pathogenicity, evolution of CF pathogens and development of antibiotic resistance. The need is to focus on clinical relevance of these observations to improve diagnosis, prevention and treatment of CF infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldn050 doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldn050 id: cord-016020-awanrm9u author: Fox, Julie D. title: Respiratory Pathogens date: 2007 words: 4603.0 sentences: 220.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016020-awanrm9u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016020-awanrm9u.txt summary: In addition, despite the well-recognized association of viral infections with upper and lower respiratory tract infections, the current diagnostic virology procedures do not provide an answer rapidly enough to with parainfluenza virus type 4, human coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, and some enteroviruses would not ordinarily be identified without RNA detection methods. Published diagnostic methods for detection of respiratory pathogen DNA or RNA directly from clinical specimens utilize target amplification procedures such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA).Although direct detection methods based on nucleic acid hybridization would be theoretically possible, the amount of target nucleic acid in specimens may be minimal and such methods would lack sensitivity compared to amplification methods, unless the organism was propagated before analysis. Thus, the molecular amplification procedures reported for direct detection of respiratory pathogens in clinical samples include PCR (e.g., Reference 19 and Figure 41 assays have utilized bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA; e.g., Reference 22 ). abstract: Respiratory tract infections are among the most common presenting complaints of patients in both hospital and community settings. They are a considerable burden in terms of both patient morbidity and public health interventions. Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory tract infections should provide guidance in therapy and prognosis, as well as useful epidemiological information reflecting trends in the community. Understanding and monitoring such trends facilitates early recognition of new infectious agents in a population. A summary of the common viruses and bacteria causing respiratory tract infections and their clinical relevance is given in Tables 41–1 and 41–2, respectively. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120168/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-33227-7_41 id: cord-005902-5zuij5i3 author: Frank, Johannes title: Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Extremities date: 2008-05-30 words: 3543.0 sentences: 223.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005902-5zuij5i3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005902-5zuij5i3.txt summary: As a consequence, early clinical diagnoses with thorough surgical debridement of the infected liquid necrotic fascia as well as correct antibiotic treatment are needed. An amputation in the extremities is not the primary treatment, but in cases where the whole tissue is necrotic and most muscles involved, this might be the only option to stop further spreading and systemic sepsis with multiple organ failure. After primary intensive care and control of the infection and sepsis (mostly after 1 week) reconstructive procedures are initialized reaching from secondary wound closure and skin grafting to flap coverage saving viable tissue and restore function. Besides the basic treatment including intensive care medicine and surgical debridement numerous adjuvant therapies have been recommended with respect to the systemic management of these infections as well as possibilities for local wound treatment. Conclusion Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a life threatening soft tissue infection, characterized by foudroyant spreading necrosis of the involved fascias. abstract: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) describes a life threatening soft tissue infection characterized by a rapid spreading infection of the subcutaneous tissue and in particular the fascia. Various synonyms for this type of infection are used, often due to the difficult diagnosis. Necrotizing fasciits of the extremities is found after simple skin lacerations and often in rural, farming or garden setting environments. Many of the infections are found in immunologically healthy people, but persons revealing a compromised wound healing are endangered additionally, e.g., diabetes. In the majority of the microbiological analyses, streptococci alone or a mixture with mainly anaerobic bacteria may be detected. The management of infected extremities requires a rapid diagnosis, dedicated aggressive surgical management as soon as possible, and a wide debridement extending the border of the infected fascia. Timely surgical revisions within the first day or days together with antibiotic treatment are the only measures to stop the infection. Depending on the status of the patient a hyperbaric oxygenation treatment seems to be useful in order to limit the infection. In fulminated cases early amputations, maximal intensive care treatment of the septic patient are required, where all means are warranted to save the patients life. As a consequence, early clinical diagnoses with thorough surgical debridement of the infected liquid necrotic fascia as well as correct antibiotic treatment are needed. Secondary plastic reconstruction of the soft tissue defects will generally be required. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095926/ doi: 10.1007/s00068-008-8074-0 id: cord-007797-toam6r5y author: Franquet, Tomás title: Imaging of Pulmonary Infection date: 2019-02-20 words: 4850.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 28.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007797-toam6r5y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007797-toam6r5y.txt summary: Community acquired pneumonia refers to an acute infection of the lung in patients who did not meet any of the criteria for HCAP, presenting select clinical features (e.g., cough, fever, sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain) and accompanied by an acute infiltrate on a chest radiograph. Chest radiographs are of limited value in predicting the causative pathogen but are of good use to determine the extent of pneumonia and to detect complications (i.e., cavitation, abscess formation, pneumothorax, pleural effusion), to detect additional or alternative diagnoses, and, in some cases, to guide invasive diagnostic procedures. Risk factors for the development of staphylococcal pneumonia include underlying pulmonary disease (e.g., COPD, carcinoma), chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes mellitus, renal failure), or viral infection. The lower lobes contrast-enhanced CT image shows a mixed opacity of consolidation (arrow) and ground-glass opacity (small arrows) consistent with lobar pneumonia tend to be affected, and the radiographic pattern is similar to that seen with S. abstract: The spectrum of organisms known to cause respiratory infections is broad and constantly increasing as new pathogens are identified, and an increasing number of patients have impaired immunity due to disease or medications. The radiographic manifestations of a given organism may be variable depending on the immunologic status of the patient and the presence of pre- or coexisting lung disease. Moreover, the clinical data and radiographic findings often fail to lead to a definitive diagnosis of pneumonia because there are an extensive number of noninfectious processes associated with febrile pneumonitis. This chapter describes and illustrates the characteristic imaging manifestations of the most common community- acquired pneumonias, nosocomial pneumonias, and the various infections seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123565/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-11149-6_7 id: cord-354068-4qlk6y7h author: Friedrich, Brian M. title: Potential Vaccines and Post-Exposure Treatments for Filovirus Infections date: 2012-09-21 words: 10605.0 sentences: 540.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354068-4qlk6y7h.txt summary: Due to the difficulties in evaluating wild-type filovirus infection in small animals and the generally high level of immune protection correlates derived from non-human primate (NHP) models of infection, therapeutics and vaccines are ultimately evaluated in NHP species for efficacy against filovirus. In their study, a heterologous prime/boost strategy with recombinant adenovirus serotypes 26 and 35 carrying GP (Z) and GP (S/G) demonstrated complete protection among NHPs. Each of these vectors was capable of stimulating humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in the context of NHPs pre-vaccinated with rAd5 as evidenced by antibody titers reaching an order of magnitude above those achieved in rAd5 vaccinated subjects (1:32,000 compared to 1:6,800), and CD8 + intracellular cytokine staining was 4.7-fold greater among heterologous prime/boosted subjects (0.41% compared to 0.09%) [59] . This GP-Fc fusion protein induced both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, and mice vaccinated with ZEBOVGP-Fc demonstrated 90% protection against a lethal EBOV challenge. abstract: Viruses of the family Filoviridae represent significant health risks as emerging infectious diseases as well as potentially engineered biothreats. While many research efforts have been published offering possibilities toward the mitigation of filoviral infection, there remain no sanctioned therapeutic or vaccine strategies. Current progress in the development of filovirus therapeutics and vaccines is outlined herein with respect to their current level of testing, evaluation, and proximity toward human implementation, specifically with regard to human clinical trials, nonhuman primate studies, small animal studies, and in vitro development. Contemporary methods of supportive care and previous treatment approaches for human patients are also discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v4091619 doi: 10.3390/v4091619 id: cord-261150-cdo7y3ob author: Fthenakis, G. C. title: Interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep date: 2015-02-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract This review article summarises the many reports in the literature, confirming that, in sheep, parasitic infections can adversely affect reproductive efficiency; examples, which refer to all parts of the reproductive cycle of sheep, are as follows: trichostrongylosis in ewe-lambs (which can lead to delayed attainment of puberty), myiosis of the prepuce (which can cause impediment of mating), chorioptic mange or trypanosomosis in rams (which can lead to testicular degeneration or azoospermia, respectively), trypanosomosis or sarcoptic mange in pre-conceptual ewes (which can lead to poor conception rates or reduced number of ovulations, respectively), toxoplasmosis or neosporosis in pregnant ewes (which are causes of abortion), trichostrongylosis or trematode infections in lactating ewes (which can cause reduction of milk yield and can be a risk factor for mastitis, respectively), cryptosporidiosis in newborn lambs (which can be a cause of deaths), coccidiosis in growing pre-weaned lambs (which can cause suboptimal growth rate). In other cases, the reproductive status of the animal can influence the parasitic infection; examples are as follows: the increase in faecal parasitic output during the peri-parturient period (as a consequence of the peri-parturient relaxation of immunity), the heavier trichostrongylid infections of twin lambs compared to lambs from single parities (as a consequence of developmental origin issues in twin lambs). All the above examples support the idea of presence of interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25577675/ doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.017 id: cord-003425-c5jdp5jv author: Fu, Yangxi title: Human adenovirus type 7 infection causes a more severe disease than type 3 date: 2019-01-09 words: 5640.0 sentences: 334.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003425-c5jdp5jv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003425-c5jdp5jv.txt summary: RESULTS: Clinical characteristics revealed that HAdV-7 infection caused more severe pneumonia, toxic encephalopathy, respiratory failure, longer mean hospitalization, significantly lower white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts, compared to those of HAdV-3. In the present study, therefore, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of the comparative clinical features of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 infection, as well as a serial of experiments, were performed to better understand the association between severity of the disease and the serotypes of HAdVs. Participants, demographic data, clinical data analysis Patients ranging in age from 1 month to 16 years and requiring inpatient treatment due to acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) at the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children''s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between June, 2009 and May, 2015, were enrolled in this study. Since type-specific adenovirus infection is known to cause different tissue tropisms and clinical manifestations as indicated before, viral loads and fitness of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 were evaluated in several human epithelial cells to determine if there were differences. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) and 7 (HAdV-7) cause significant morbidity and develop severe complications and long-term pulmonary sequelae in children. However, epidemiologic reports have suggested that nearly all highly severe or fatal adenoviral diseases in children are associated with HAdV-7 rather than HAdV-3. Here, we conduct in-depth investigations to confirm and extend these findings through a comprehensive series of assays in vitro and in vivo as well as clinical correlates. METHODS: A total of 8248 nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples were collected from hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from June 2009 to May 2015. Among 289 samples that tested positive for HAdVs, clinical data of 258 cases of HAdV-3 (127) and HAdV-7 (131) infections were analyzed. All HAdV-positive samples were classified by sequencing the hexon and fiber genes, and compared with clinical data and virological assays. We also performed in vitro assays of virus quantification, viral growth kinetics, competitive fitness, cytotoxicity and C3a assay of the two strains. Mouse adenovirus model was used to evaluate acute inflammatory responses. RESULTS: Clinical characteristics revealed that HAdV-7 infection caused more severe pneumonia, toxic encephalopathy, respiratory failure, longer mean hospitalization, significantly lower white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts, compared to those of HAdV-3. In cell culture, HAdV-7 replicated at a higher level than HAdV-3, and viral fitness showed significant differences as well. HAdV-7 also exhibited higher C3a production and cytotoxic effects, and HAdV-7-infected mice showed aggravated pathology and higher pulmonary virus loads, compared to HAdV-3-infected mice. Macrophages in BALF remained markedly high during infection, with concomitant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-6), compared HAdV-3 infection. CONCLUSIONS: These results document that HAdV-7 replicates more robustly than HAdV-3, and promotes an exacerbated cytokine response, causing a more severe airway inflammation. The findings merit further mechanistic studies that offer the pediatricians an informed decision to proceed with early diagnosis and treatment of HAdV-7 infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6327436/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3651-2 id: cord-002659-566uoozj author: Fujimoto, Yousuke title: Pulmonary inflammation and cytokine dynamics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a mouse model of bronchial asthma during A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection date: 2017-08-22 words: 4768.0 sentences: 275.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002659-566uoozj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002659-566uoozj.txt summary: Cytokine levels and virus titres in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice with and without asthma after A(H1N1)pdm09 or seasonal H1N1 infection were examined. Virus titres in asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice were highest at 3 days post-infection, and decreased by 7 days post-infection, although the levels at this time point were still higher than that in any other group. In the present study, we investigated the sequential changes in intra-tracheal cytokine production, viral loads, and pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of bronchial asthma during the first 7 days after A(H1N1)pdm09 or seasonal H1N1 influenza infection. In contrast, the levels in control mice increased to 161.4 pg/mL by 3 days post-seasonal virus infection, which were similar to those in asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice (p = 1.00), and these levels were maintained until 7 days post-infection. The notable findings in the present study were the early peak in both IL-6 and TNF-α levels, the high inflammatory cell infiltration in BAL fluids, and the severe pulmonary inflammation at 3 days post-infection in asthmatic/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice. abstract: Asthmatic patients present more rapid progression of respiratory distress after A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection than after seasonal infection. Here, we sought to clarify the pathophysiology of early deterioration in asthmatic patients after A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Cytokine levels and virus titres in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice with and without asthma after A(H1N1)pdm09 or seasonal H1N1 infection were examined. In asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice, IL-6 and TNF-α levels peaked at 3 days post-infection and were higher than those in all other groups. IFN-γ levels in asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice at 3 days post-infection were higher than in all other mice at any time point, whereas at 7 days post-infection, the levels were lowest in asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice. Virus titres in asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09 mice were highest at 3 days post-infection, and decreased by 7 days post-infection, although the levels at this time point were still higher than that in any other group. Histopathological examination showed more inflammatory cell infiltration and lung tissue destruction in the asthma/A(H1N1)pdm09 group than in any other group. The distinct cytokine profiles in A(H1N1)pdm09-infected asthmatic mice indicated excessive inflammation and virus replication within a few days after infection. Thus, bronchial asthma could be a more exacerbating factor for pandemic influenza infection than for seasonal influenza infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5567326/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08030-w id: cord-264569-q8nq2gbz author: GRÜnberg, K. title: Rhinovirus infections: induction and modulation of airways inflammation in asthma date: 2001-12-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: There is renewed interest in the role of respiratory virus infections in the pathogenesis of asthma and in the development of exacerbations in pre‐existing disease. This is due to the availability of new molecular and experimental tools. Circumstantial evidence points towards a potentially causative role as well as to possibly protective effects of certain respiratory viruses in the cause of allergic asthma during early childhood. In addition, it now has become clear that exacerbations of asthma, in children as well as adults, are mostly associated with respiratory virus infections, with a predominant role of the common cold virus: rhinovirus. Careful human in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that rhinovirus can potentially stimulate bronchial epithelial cells to produce pro‐inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, may activate cholinergic‐ or noncholinergic nerves, increase epithelial‐derived nitric oxide synthesis, upregulate local ICAM‐1 expression, and can lead to nonspecific T‐cell responses and/or virus‐specific T‐cell proliferation. Experimental rhinovirus infections in patients with asthma demonstrate features of exacerbation, such as lower airway symptoms, variable airways obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, the latter being associated with eosinophil counts and eosinophilic cationic protein levels in induced sputum. This suggests that multiple cellular pathways can be involved in rhinovirus‐induced asthma exacerbations. It is still unknown whether these mechanisms are a distinguishing characteristic of asthma. Because of the limited effects of inhaled steroids during asthma exacerbations, new therapeutic interventions need to be developed based on the increasing pathophysiological knowledge about the role of viruses in asthma. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10421825/ doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00011.x id: cord-256147-lfwytlj3 author: Gabriella, di Mauro title: SARS-Cov-2 infection: response of human immune system and possible implications for the rapid test and treatment date: 2020-04-16 words: 1645.0 sentences: 81.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256147-lfwytlj3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256147-lfwytlj3.txt summary: Considering the clinical impact of the new outbreak, it is highly important to study the potential responses of the human immune system during the SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the role of virus-specific T cells and by B-lymphocytes. In order to apply a rapid test able to detect the presence of specific IgM and IgG for SARS-CoV-2, it is important to consider that the IgM values tend to disappear within 2 weeks since the beginning of the infection. The sensitivity and specificity of these tests were evaluated on 397 blood samples from patients who tested positive for the nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 infection and on 128 patients who tested negative and asymptomatic but potentially at risk of developing the infection based on epidemiological criteria [7] . The results of the study showed that out of 397 blood samples from patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection, 352 tested positive. Development and Clinical Application of A Rapid IgM-IgG Combined Antibody Test for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Diagnosis abstract: The new coronavirus outbreak is an ongoing pandemic that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The new coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 belongs to the subfamily of β−coronaviruses and shares 79.5% of the genetic sequence of SARS-CoV, the causative agent of the epidemic that started in 2002 and ended in 2004. Considering the clinical impact of the new outbreak, it is highly important to study the potential responses of the human immune system during the SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the role of virus-specific T cells and by B-lymphocytes. Moreover, specific data on the production of IgG and IgM is crucial to allow the rapid identification of the infection. In this paper we also described the importance of sensitive and specific rapid test for SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, this test represents an important immunological tool aimed at identifying the precise phase of the infection in order to undertake a more appropriate pharmacological treatment. Lastly, we provided an overview of pharmacological treatments aimed to reduce inflammatory processes underlying the infection and the need for the discovery of a new vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32311668/ doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106519 id: cord-323551-22v2hn3v author: Galanti, M. title: Rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection across age groups date: 2019-04-15 words: 3120.0 sentences: 152.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323551-22v2hn3v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323551-22v2hn3v.txt summary: We enrolled 214 individuals at multiple New York City locations and tested weekly for respiratory viral pathogens, irrespective of symptom status, from fall 2016 to spring 2018. Here, we document rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection through a large-scale community study across multiple age groups. For the entire duration of the study, participants provided a daily report rating nine respiratory illness-related symptoms (fever, chills, muscle pain, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, chest pain), which were recorded on a Likert scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Pairwise comparisons between single infections and coinfections across all eight definitions showed that testing positive for multiple viruses was not associated with more severe symptoms. Figure 3 shows that while children were most frequently infected with a respiratory virus (they presented with the highest number of viral shedding events per season), they recorded (as reported by their parents) the lowest symptom scores on average. abstract: Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease worldwide. A variety of respiratory viruses produce infections in humans with effects ranging from asymptomatic to life-treathening. Standard surveillance systems typically only target severe infections (ED outpatients, hospitalisations, deaths) and fail to track asymptomatic or mild infections. Here we performed a large-scale community study across multiple age groups to assess the pathogenicity of 18 respiratory viruses. We enrolled 214 individuals at multiple New York City locations and tested weekly for respiratory viral pathogens, irrespective of symptom status, from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined these test results with participant-provided daily records of cold and flu symptoms and used this information to characterise symptom severity by virus and age category. Asymptomatic infection rates exceeded 70% for most viruses, excepting influenza and human metapneumovirus, which produced significantly more severe outcomes. Symptoms were negatively associated with infection frequency, with children displaying the lowest score among age groups. Upper respiratory manifestations were most common for all viruses, whereas systemic effects were less typical. These findings indicate a high burden of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection exists in the general population. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268819000505 doi: 10.1017/s0950268819000505 id: cord-352433-sts48u9i author: Galanti, Marta title: Direct Observation of Repeated Infections With Endemic Coronaviruses date: 2020-07-07 words: 3824.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352433-sts48u9i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352433-sts48u9i.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Although the mechanisms of adaptive immunity to pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are still unknown, the immune response to the widespread endemic coronaviruses HKU1, 229E, NL63, and OC43 provide a useful reference for understanding repeat infection risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that reinfections with the same endemic coronavirus are not atypical in a time window shorter than 1 year and that the genetic basis of innate immune response may be a greater determinant of infection severity than immune memory acquired after a previous infection. However, in Korea, as reported by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, viable SARS-CoV-2 was not isolated in cell culture of respiratory samples from potentially reinfected individuals [5] ; thus, these subsequent positive results may have been due to inactive genetic material detected by molecular testing. abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the mechanisms of adaptive immunity to pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are still unknown, the immune response to the widespread endemic coronaviruses HKU1, 229E, NL63, and OC43 provide a useful reference for understanding repeat infection risk. METHODS: Here we used data from proactive sampling carried out in New York City from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined weekly nasal swab collection with self-reports of respiratory symptoms from 191 participants to investigate the profile of recurring infections with endemic coronaviruses. RESULTS: During the study, 12 individuals tested positive multiple times for the same coronavirus. We found no significant difference between the probability of testing positive at least once and the probability of a recurrence for the betacoronaviruses HKU1 and OC43 at 34 weeks after enrollment/first infection. We also found no significant association between repeat infections and symptom severity, but found strong association between symptom severity and belonging to the same family. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that reinfections with the same endemic coronavirus are not atypical in a time window shorter than 1 year and that the genetic basis of innate immune response may be a greater determinant of infection severity than immune memory acquired after a previous infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32692346/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa392 id: cord-266985-9qwttt2y author: Gale, P. title: Applications of omics approaches to the development of microbiological risk assessment using RNA virus dose–response models as a case study date: 2014-11-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: T e in the amount of ‘omics’ data available and in our ability to interpret those data. The aim of this paper was to consider how omics techniques can be used to improve and refine microbiological risk assessment, using dose–response models for RNA viruses, with particular reference to norovirus through the oral route as the case study. The dose–response model for initial infection in the gastrointestinal tract is broken down into the component steps at the molecular level and the feasibility of assigning probabilities to each step assessed. The molecular mechanisms are not sufficiently well understood at present to enable quantitative estimation of probabilities on the basis of omics data. At present, the great strength of gene sequence data appears to be in giving information on the distribution and proportion of susceptible genotypes (for example due to the presence of the appropriate pathogen‐binding receptor) in the host population rather than in predicting specificities from the amino acid sequences concurrently obtained. The nature of the mutant spectrum in RNA viruses greatly complicates the application of omics approaches to the development of mechanistic dose–response models and prevents prediction of risks of disease progression (given infection has occurred) at the level of the individual host. However, molecular markers in the host and virus may enable more broad predictions to be made about the consequences of exposure in a population. In an alternative approach, comparing the results of deep sequencing of RNA viruses in the faeces/vomitus from donor humans with those from their infected recipients may enable direct estimates of the average probability of infection per virion to be made. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12656 doi: 10.1111/jam.12656 id: cord-339578-eg19rfvi author: Garcia-Garcia, Maria Luz title: Role of viral coinfections in asthma development date: 2017-12-05 words: 3651.0 sentences: 190.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare the frequency of asthma development at 6–8 years in children with previous admission for bronchiolitis associated with single versus double or multiple viral infection. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma at 6–8 years is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection-bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Of the 351 children previously admitted with bronchiolitis, with positive viral detection and current age between 6 and 8 years, 244 (52 coinfections and 192 single infections) could be located and agreed to participate in the study. In conclusion, asthma at the age of 6-8 is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Moreover, viral coinfection, allergic rhinitis and older age at admission seem also to be strong independent risk factors for asthma development in children previously hospitalised because of bronchiolitis. abstract: BACKGROUND: Viral respiratory infections, especially acute bronchiolitis, play a key role in the development of asthma in childhood. However, most studies have focused on respiratory syncytial virus or rhinovirus infections and none of them have compared the long-term evolution of single versus double or multiple viral infections. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare the frequency of asthma development at 6–8 years in children with previous admission for bronchiolitis associated with single versus double or multiple viral infection. PATIENTS & METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 244 children currently aged 6–8 years, previously admitted due to bronchiolitis between September 2008 and December 2011. A structured clinical interview and the ISAAC questionnaire for asthma symptoms for 6-7-year-old children, were answered by parents by telephone. Specimens of nasopharyngeal aspirate for virological study (polymerase chain reaction) and clinical data were prospectively taken during admission for bronchiolitis. RESULTS: Median current age at follow-up was 7.3 years (IQR: 6.7–8.1). The rate of recurrent wheezing was 82.7% in the coinfection group and 69.7% in the single-infection group, p = 0.06. The number of wheezing-related admissions was twice as high in coinfections than in single infections, p = 0.004. Regarding the ISAAC questionnaire, 30.8% of coinfections versus 15% of single infections, p = 0.01, presented “wheezing in the last 12 months”, data that strongly correlate with current prevalence of asthma. “Dry cough at night” was also reported more frequently in coinfections than in single infections, p = 0.02. The strongest independent risk factors for asthma at 6–8 years of age were: age > 9 months at admission for bronchiolitis (OR: 3.484; CI95%: 1.459–8.317, p:0.005), allergic rhinitis (OR: 5.910; 95%CI: 2.622–13.318, p<0.001), and viral coinfection-bronchiolitis (OR: 3.374; CI95%: 1.542–7.386, p:0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Asthma at 6–8 years is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection-bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Allergic rhinitis and older age at admission seem also to be strong independent risk factors for asthma development in children previously hospitalised because of bronchiolitis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29206851/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189083 id: cord-301225-h178zpb3 author: Gautret, Philippe title: Fever in Returned Travelers date: 2018-11-26 words: 6385.0 sentences: 373.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301225-h178zpb3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301225-h178zpb3.txt summary: 5, 9, 10 While, overall, malaria is the most common specific infection causing systemic febrile illness, dengue fever, mononucleosis, rickettsial infections, and enteric fever are also important infections. More than a third of malaria-infected travelers in a study from Israel and the United States had illness that developed >2 months after return from endemic areas. 28 In the GeoSentinel database, confirmed or probable dengue fever was the most common specific diagnosis in patients with febrile systemic illness who had traveled to tropical and subtropical areas in the Caribbean, South America, South Central and Southeast Asia. 52 In most cases the disease is acquired in Africa (not only sub-Saharan); however, in the last decade an seek medical care suggested that 2% of imported fevers are caused by rickettsioses and that 20% of these patients are hospitalized. abstract: Predominant causes of fever vary by different geographic areas of exposure. Malaria is the most common overall cause of systemic febrile illness in travelers returning from tropical areas; dengue is the most common cause in travelers to some regions. The approach to a febrile patient must consider travel and exposure history, incubation period, mode of exposure, and impact of pretravel vaccination. Initial symptoms of self-limited and life-threatening infections may be similar; focal signs and symptoms can help to limit the differential diagnosis. Routine laboratory results can provide clues to the final diagnosis. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323546966000562 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54696-6.00056-2 id: cord-019009-3ngfv96u author: Gea-Banacloche, Juan title: Risks and Epidemiology of Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation date: 2016-02-15 words: 8485.0 sentences: 401.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019009-3ngfv96u.txt summary: Several characteristics of the transplant infl uence the risk of infection: the conditioning preparative regimen, the source of stem cells, the degree of HLA identity between donor and recipient, and the prophylactic strategy adopted to prevent GVHD (use of T cell depletion or immunosuppressive medications). These factors may result in increased risk of infections associated with T cell immunodefi ciency, like CMV, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Risk factors for recurrence of invasive fungal infection during secondary antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Impact of the intensity of the pretransplantation conditioning regimen in patients with prior invasive aspergillosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective survey of the infectious diseases working party of the european group for blood and marrow transplantation Infl iximab use in patients with severe graftversus-host disease and other emerging risk factors of noncandida invasive fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cohort study abstract: Infections following HCT are frequently related to risk factors caused by the procedure itself. Neutropenia and mucositis predispose to bacterial infections. Prolonged neutropenia increases the likelihood of invasive fungal infection. GVHD and its treatment create the most important easily identifiable risk period for a variety of infectious complications, particularly mold infections. Profound, prolonged T cell immunodeficiency, present after T cell-depleted or cord blood transplants, is the main risk factor for viral problems like disseminated adenovirus disease or EBV-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124050/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_6 id: cord-283588-j27q53oz author: Gebicki, Jerzy title: COVID-19 infection: mitohormetic concept of immune response date: 2020-07-14 words: 422.0 sentences: 35.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283588-j27q53oz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283588-j27q53oz.txt summary: title: COVID-19 infection: mitohormetic concept of immune response 1-MNA, previously regarded as a useless metabolite of NA excreted with urine, has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory properties 5 . The mitohormetic concept of anti-inflammatory activity by 1-MNA is presented in Fig. 1 . As AOX expression is particularly high in respiratory tissues, it may be expected that there would be significant 1-MNA anti-inflammatory activity in the airways as well. Indeed, the excretion of 1-MNA with urine has been found to be significantly reduced in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection 7 . It has been suggested that the weakened ability to fend off inflammation during RSV infection is likely due to lower levels of 1-MNA 7 . The lower levels of 1-MNA observed in some airway diseases, including viral infections, may further suggest that 1-MNA plays an important physiological role in regulation of the innate immune response. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-020-00297-9 doi: 10.1038/s41420-020-00297-9 id: cord-257399-p6of5fno author: Gentry, Chris A title: Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-09-21 words: 4529.0 sentences: 196.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257399-p6of5fno.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257399-p6of5fno.txt summary: METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included de-identified information of all veterans in the US Veterans Health Administration clinical administrative database aged 18 years or older with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or associated rheumatological conditions (based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, diagnostic codes) who were alive on March 1, 2020. We aimed to examine whether patients with rheuma tological conditions receiving chronic hydroxy chloroquine therapy are at less risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with a propensity-matched group of patients not receiving hydroxychloroquine. Our study takes advantage of a setting in which a specific group of patients has been receiving chronic hydroxy chloroquine over several months to years as a novel virus emerges among the population, setting up an ideal premise to test the hypothesis that hydroxychloroquine might be effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. abstract: BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine is one of several agents being evaluated in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We aimed to examine whether patients with rheumatological conditions receiving chronic hydroxychloroquine therapy are at less risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection than those not receiving hydroxychloroquine. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included de-identified information of all veterans in the US Veterans Health Administration clinical administrative database aged 18 years or older with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or associated rheumatological conditions (based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, diagnostic codes) who were alive on March 1, 2020. A propensity score was calculated for each patient, and each patient who was receiving hydroxychloroquine was matched to two patients who were not receiving hydroxychloroquine (controls). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection among those receiving chronic hydroxychloroquine versus the propensity-matched patients not receiving chronic hydroxychloroquine between March 1 and June 30, 2020. Secondary outcomes were hospital admission associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection; intensive care requirement associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection; mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection; and overall rates of any hospital admission and mortality (ie, all cause). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine independent variables for the development of active SARS-CoV-2 infection. FINDINGS: Between March 1 and June 30, 2020, 10 703 patients receiving hydroxychloroquine and 21 406 patients not receiving hydroxychloroquine were included in the primary analysis. The incidence of active SARS-CoV-2 infections during the study period did not differ between patients receiving hydroxychloroquine and patients not receiving hydroxychloroquine (31 [0·3%] of 10 703 vs 78 [0·4%] of 21 406; odds ratio 0·79, 95% CI 0·52–1·20, p=0·27). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes between the two groups in patients who developed active SARS-CoV-2 infection. For all patients in the study, overall mortality was lower in the hydroxychloroquine group than in the group of patients who did not receive hydroxychloroquine (odds ratio 0·70, 95% CI 0·55–0·89, p=0·0031). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, receipt of hydroxychloroquine was not associated with the development of active SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio 0·79, 95% CI 0·51–1·42). INTERPRETATION: Hydroxychloroquine was not associated with a preventive effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large group of patients with rheumatological conditions. FUNDING: None. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2665991320303052 doi: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30305-2 id: cord-310055-9qj8d2f7 author: Gerace, Elisabetta title: Cryptosporidium Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Differential Diagnosis date: 2019-10-22 words: 3102.0 sentences: 162.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310055-9qj8d2f7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310055-9qj8d2f7.txt summary: Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide infection caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium, a parasite that infects many species of vertebrates, including humans, causing acute gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, and diarrhea [1] . Cryptosporidiosis is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route, i.e., by ingesting viable oocysts of animal and/or human origin, emitted with feces that contaminated food or water [2, 3] . 9-10 μm in diameter), another coccidian protozoan parasite that infects the intestine of humans causing acute diarrhea, much attention should be given when evaluating stool samples since the oocysts of both parasites are autofluorescent and acid-fast ( Figure 2 ) [46, 47] . In addition to the above described methods, watery or mushy stools can be examined for the laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis using different techniques such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic test, which have good sensitivity and specificity for detection of Cryptosporidium antigens [51] [52] [53] . abstract: Cryptosporidium is a protozoan that infects a wide variety of vertebrates, including humans, causing acute gastroenteritis. The disease manifests with abdominal pain and diarrhea similar to that of choleric infection. In the immunocompromised hosts, the parasite causes prolonged infections that can also be fatal. For this reason, cryptosporidiosis is considered one of riskiest opportunistic infections for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The best way to control the infection in these patients is setting up sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for epidemiological surveillance and morbidity reduction. Here, we summarized the general aspects of Cryptosporidium infection focusing on available diagnostic tools used for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. Molecular methods currently available for its detection and progress in the development of new diagnostics for cryptosporidiosis are also discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31934363/ doi: 10.1556/1886.2019.00019 id: cord-356040-qdpkidn8 author: Ghazawi, Feras M. title: Infection risk of dermatologic therapeutics during the COVID‐19 pandemic: an evidence‐based recalibration date: 2020-07-03 words: 4155.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356040-qdpkidn8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356040-qdpkidn8.txt summary: Recommendations were made recently to limit or stop the use of oral and systemic immunotherapies for skin diseases due to potential risks to the patients during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) COVID‐19 pandemic. We performed a literature review to approximate the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, including available data on the roles of relevant cytokines, cell subsets, and their mediators in eliciting an optimal immune response against respiratory viruses in murine gene deletion models and humans with congenital deficiencies were reviewed for viral infections risk and if possible coronaviruses specifically. A randomized, open-label, controlled trial for the efficacy and safety of Adalimumab Injection in the treatment of patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks Efficacy and safety of apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis over 52 weeks: a phase III, randomized controlled trial (ESTEEM 2) abstract: Recommendations were made recently to limit or stop the use of oral and systemic immunotherapies for skin diseases due to potential risks to the patients during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) COVID‐19 pandemic. Herein, we attempt to identify potentially safe immunotherapies that may be used in the treatment of cutaneous diseases during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. We performed a literature review to approximate the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, including available data on the roles of relevant cytokines, cell subsets, and their mediators in eliciting an optimal immune response against respiratory viruses in murine gene deletion models and humans with congenital deficiencies were reviewed for viral infections risk and if possible coronaviruses specifically. Furthermore, reported risk of infections of biologic and non‐biologic therapeutics for skin diseases from clinical trials and drug data registries were evaluated. Many of the immunotherapies used in dermatology have data to support their safe use during the COVID‐19 pandemic including the biologics that target IgE, IL‐4/13, TNF‐α, IL‐17, IL‐12, and IL‐23. Furthermore, we provide evidence to show that oral immunosuppressive medications such as methotrexate and cyclosporine do not significantly increase the risk to patients. Most biologic and conventional immunotherapies, based on doses and indications in dermatology, do not appear to increase risk of viral susceptibility and are most likely safe for use during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The limitation of this study is availability of data on COVID‐19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32621284/ doi: 10.1111/ijd.15028 id: cord-317198-mean7sj9 author: Giamberardin, Heloisa I.G. title: Clinical and epidemiological features of respiratory virus infections in preschool children over two consecutive influenza seasons in southern Brazil date: 2016-02-09 words: 3534.0 sentences: 183.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317198-mean7sj9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317198-mean7sj9.txt summary: title: Clinical and epidemiological features of respiratory virus infections in preschool children over two consecutive influenza seasons in southern Brazil This study reports the results of a systematic screening for respiratory viruses in pediatric outpatients from an emergency department (ED) in southern Brazil during two consecutive influenza seasons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in pediatric outpatients represent a significant burden on emergency departments (EDs) and the patients'' families, mainly during influenza seasons, being associated with around 20% of all deaths in pre-school children worldwide, with 90% of these deaths due to pneumonia. This study reports, the results of a laboratory-based surveillance for respiratory viruses in preschool children who were treated in the ED of a pediatric referral hospital during two consecutive influenza seasons. abstract: This study reports the results of a systematic screening for respiratory viruses in pediatric outpatients from an emergency department (ED) in southern Brazil during two consecutive influenza seasons. Children eligible for enrollment in this study were aged 24–59 months and presented with acute respiratory symptoms and fever. Naso‐ and oropharyngeal swabs were collected and multiplex reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR) was performed to identify the respiratory viruses involved. In total, 492 children were included in this study: 248 in 2010 and 244 in 2011. In 2010, 136 samples (55%) were found to be positive for at least one virus and the most frequently detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV) (18%), adenovirus (AdV) (13%), and human coronavirus (CoV) (5%). In 2011, 158 samples (65%) were found to be positive for at least one virus, and the most frequently detected were HRV (29%), AdV (12%), and enterovirus (9%). Further, the presence of asthma (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.86–5.46) was independently associated with HRV infection, whereas fever was associated with AdV (OR, 3.86; 95% CI, 1.31–16.52) and influenza infections (OR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.26–16.06). Ten patients (2%) were diagnosed with pneumonia, and six of these tested positive for viral infection (4 HRV, 1 RSV, and 1 AdV). Thus, this study identified the most common respiratory viruses found in preschool children in the study region and demonstrated their high frequency, highlighting the need for improved data collection, and case management in order to stimulate preventive measures against these infections. J. Med. Virol. 88:1325–1333, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26773605/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.24477 id: cord-009193-244ii7e2 author: Giancane, Gabriella title: Opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: analysis by the Pharmachild Safety Adjudication Committee date: 2020-04-07 words: 7024.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009193-244ii7e2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009193-244ii7e2.txt summary: BACKGROUND: To derive a list of opportunistic infections (OI) through the analysis of the juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients in the Pharmachild registry by an independent Safety Adjudication Committee (SAC). With the advent of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), in a chronic condition like juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), regulatory authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have demanded from pharmaceutical companies and clinical researchers to evaluate the long-term safety of drugs used in children enrolled in phase II-III clinical trials [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Primary objectives of the present study were to derive a consensus-based list of opportunistic pathogens for use in children with JIA and confirm its role in identifying OI through the evaluation of the infectious events reported in Pharmachild registry by an independent Safety Adjudication Committee (SAC). abstract: BACKGROUND: To derive a list of opportunistic infections (OI) through the analysis of the juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients in the Pharmachild registry by an independent Safety Adjudication Committee (SAC). METHODS: The SAC (3 pediatric rheumatologists and 2 pediatric infectious disease specialists) elaborated and approved by consensus a provisional list of OI for use in JIA. Through a 5 step-procedure, all the severe and serious infections, classified as per MedDRA dictionary and retrieved in the Pharmachild registry, were evaluated by the SAC by answering six questions and adjudicated with the agreement of 3/5 specialists. A final evidence-based list of OI resulted by matching the adjudicated infections with the provisional list of OI. RESULTS: A total of 772 infectious events in 572 eligible patients, of which 335 serious/severe/very severe non-OI and 437 OI (any intensity/severity), according to the provisional list, were retrieved. Six hundred eighty-two of 772 (88.3%) were adjudicated as infections, of them 603/682 (88.4%) as common and 119/682 (17.4%) as OI by the SAC. Matching these 119 opportunistic events with the provisional list, 106 were confirmed by the SAC as OI, and among them infections by herpes viruses were the most frequent (68%), followed by tuberculosis (27.4%). The remaining events were divided in the groups of non-OI and possible/patient and/or pathogen-related OI. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant number of OI in JIA patients on immunosuppressive therapy. The proposed list of OI, created by consensus and validated in the Pharmachild cohort, could facilitate comparison among future pharmacovigilance studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT 01399281; ENCePP seal: awarded on 25 November 2011. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136994/ doi: 10.1186/s13075-020-02167-2 id: cord-276907-b855tj7x author: Giersing, Birgitte K. title: Report from the World Health Organization’s third Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) meeting, Geneva, 8–10th June 2016 date: 2019-11-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract The third meeting of WHO’s Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) was held in June 2016, with a remit to revisit the pathogen areas for which significant progress has occurred since recommendations from the 2015 meeting, as well as to consider new advances in the development of vaccines against other pathogens. Since the previous meeting, significant progress has been made with regulatory approvals of the first malaria and dengue vaccines, and the first phase III trials of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidate has started in the elderly and pregnant women. In addition, PDVAC has also supported vaccine development efforts against important emerging pathogens, including Middle Eastern Coronavirus (MERS CoV) and Zika virus. Trials of HIV and tuberculosis vaccine candidates are steadily progressing towards pivotal data points, and the leading norovirus vaccine candidate has entered a phase IIb efficacy study. WHO’s Immunization, Vaccine and Biologicals (IVB) department is actively working in several pathogen areas on the recommendation of PDVAC, as well as continuing horizon scanning for advances in the development of vaccines that may benefit low and middle income countries (LMICs), such as the recent licensure of the enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine in China. Following on from discussions with WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization, PDVAC will also look beyond licensure and consider data needs for vaccine recommendation and implementation to reduce the delay between vaccine approval and vaccine impact. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X16312051 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.090 id: cord-267115-6jqdi417 author: Giobbe, Giovanni Giuseppe title: SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in human fetal and pediatric gastric organoids date: 2020-06-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global public health emergency. COVID-19 typically manifests as a respiratory illness but an increasing number of clinical reports describe gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. This is particularly true in children in whom GI symptoms are frequent and viral shedding outlasts viral clearance from the respiratory system. By contrast, fetuses seem to be rarely affected by COVID-19, although the virus has been detected in placentas of affected women. These observations raise the question of whether the virus can infect and replicate within the stomach once ingested. Moreover, it is not yet clear whether active replication of SARS-CoV-2 is possible in the stomach of children or in fetuses at different developmental stages. Here we show the novel derivation of fetal gastric organoids from 8-21 post-conception week (PCW) fetuses, and from pediatric biopsies, to be used as an in vitro model for SARS-CoV-2 gastric infection. Gastric organoids recapitulate human stomach with linear increase of gastric mucin 5AC along developmental stages, and expression of gastric markers pepsinogen, somatostatin, gastrin and chromogranin A. In order to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection with minimal perturbation and under steady-state conditions, we induced a reversed polarity in the gastric organoids (RP-GOs) in suspension. In this condition of exposed apical polarity, the virus can easily access viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The pediatric RP-GOs are fully susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2, where viral nucleoprotein is expressed in cells undergoing programmed cell death, while the efficiency of infection is significantly lower in fetal organoids. The RP-GOs derived from pediatric patients show sustained robust viral replication of SARS-CoV-2, compared with organoids derived from fetal stomachs. Transcriptomic analysis shows a moderate innate antiviral response and the lack of differentially expressed genes belonging to the interferon family. Collectively, we established the first expandable human gastric organoid culture across fetal developmental stages, and we support the hypothesis that fetal tissue seems to be less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in early stages of development. However, the virus can efficiently infect gastric epithelium in pediatric patients, suggesting that the stomach might have an active role in fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.24.167049 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.24.167049 id: cord-349647-cfjrwt44 author: Girkin, Jason title: Chapter 8 In vivo experimental models of infection and disease date: 2019-12-31 words: 12472.0 sentences: 659.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt summary: However, the recognition that RV infection is associated with more severe clinical manifestations in people with chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD provided a new impetus to research and a new direction to human experimental infection studies. 166 These studies extend the use of RV infection in mice to new areas, including mechanisms of early life infection susceptibility, to mechanisms of secondary bacterial infection/compromised antimicrobial immunity and experimental exploration of clinical risk factors associated with increased likelihood to develop virus-induced exacerbations of respiratory diseases. 190 In the same elastase-induced model, fluticasone proprionate treatment reduced IFN responses, increased viral load, suppressed airway immune cell numbers (lymphocytes and neutrophils), suppressed inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα), and increased mucus production, following RV-A1 exacerbation. Human experimental RV challenge studies have shed light on the biology of RV infection and the mechanisms associated with RV-induced exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. abstract: Abstract Human and animal models continue to play a crucial role in research to understand host immunity to rhinovirus (RV) and identify disease mechanisms. Human models have provided direct evidence that RV infection is capable of exacerbating chronic respiratory diseases and identified immunological processes that correlate with clinical disease outcomes. Mice are the most commonly used nonhuman experimental RV infection model. Although semipermissive, under defined experimental conditions sufficient replication occurs to induce host immune responses that recapitulate immunity and disease during human infection. The capacity to use genetically modified mouse strains and drug interventions has shown the mouse model to be an invaluable research tool defining causal relationships between host immunity and disease and supporting development of new treatments. Used in combination the insights achieved from human and animal experimental infection models provide complementary insights into RV biology and yield novel therapeutic options to reduce the burden of RV-induced disease. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128164174000081 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816417-4.00008-1 id: cord-009967-fyqc5bat author: Gleckman, Richard title: Cost‐Effective Antibiotic Prescribing date: 2012-01-24 words: 5938.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009967-fyqc5bat.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009967-fyqc5bat.txt summary: Recent studies have confirmed the efficacy and reduced expense of oral antibiotics prescribed for selected children with osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.1"22 In 1973, it was reported that favorable results ensued when oral antibiotic therapy was prescribed for hospitalized patients with serious infectionsz3 Fourteen patients with osteomyelitis were treated successfully with oral cephalexin after they had received a short course of parenteral cephaloridine. Adults with disseminated gonococcal infection can be effectively treated with a one week program consisting initially of 2 million units of penicillin G administered every 4 hours followed by oral ampicillin or amoxicillin prescribed as 500 mg four times daily.34,35 Hospitalization is usually recommended to establish the diagnosis of disseminated gonococcal disease since misdiagnosis occurs not infrequently with this disorder.33 Selected patients can complete the oral regimens in an outpatient setting or, alternatively, they can be treated entirely without ho~pitalization.~~ Acceptable oral regimens consist of giving amoxicillin (500 mg four times daily), tetracycline (500 mg four times daily), or erythromycin (500 mg four times daily) for at least 7 days. abstract: Antibiotics are often misused, resulting in a high frequency of adverse effects, emergence of drug‐resistant organisms, and excessive costs. The high cost of antibiotics is currently receiving the greatest attention. Considerable cost savings can be achieved by appropriate prescribing of antibiotics for patients receiving these drugs prophylactically as well as for those with established infections. This article cites specific examples of how cost‐effective antibiotic prescribing practices can realize substantial cost savings without any diminished quality in patient care. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167648/ doi: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03264.x id: cord-273019-hbpfz8rt author: Glingston, R. Sahaya title: Organelle dynamics and viral infections: at cross roads date: 2018-06-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites of the host cells. A commonly accepted view is the requirement of internal membranous structures for various aspects of viral life cycle. Organelles enable favourable intracellular environment for several viruses. However, studies reporting organelle dynamics upon viral infections are scant. In this review, we aim to summarize and highlight modulations caused to various organelles upon viral infection or expression of its proteins. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1286457918301412 doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.002 id: cord-275997-4ibeidyw author: Goldrick, Barbara A. title: The practice of infection control and applied epidemiology: A historical perspective date: 2005-10-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The United States health care system and patient populations have changed substantially over the past several decades. The practice of infection control also has evolved since the landmark Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control project, and infection control professionals (ICPs) must continue to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to practice infection prevention and control. Practice analyses of infection control conducted between 1982 and 2001 were analyzed to determine changes in practice. These data reflect a 145% increase in infection control activities over a 20-year period. However, resources for infection control and prevention have not kept pace with this increased activity. In addition, the current trend toward mandatory reporting of health care-associated infections (HAIs) among several states will add more tasks for ICPs with limited resources, at the risk of spending less time on prevention and control activities. In keeping with its philosophy of quality health care and responsible public reporting, the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, continues to explore the issue of mandatory reporting of HAIs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655305007388 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.250 id: cord-006586-49btg9w7 author: Golfieri, R. title: Pulmonary complications of liver transplantation: radiological appearance and statistical evaluation of risk factors in 300 cases date: 2000 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, radiographic appearance, time of onset, outcome and risk factors of non-infectious and infectious pulmonary complications following liver transplantation. Chest X-ray features of 300 consecutive patients who had undergone 333 liver transplants over an 11-year period were analysed: the type of pulmonary complication, the infecting pathogens and the mean time of their occurrence are described. The main risk factors for lung infections were quantified through univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Non-infectious pulmonary abnormalities (atelectasis and/or pleural effusion: 86.7 %) and pulmonary oedema (44.7 %) appeared during the first postoperative week. Infectious pneumonia was observed in 13.7 %, with a mortality of 36.6 %. Bacterial and viral pneumonia made up the bulk of infections (63.4 and 29.3 %, respectively) followed by fungal infiltrates (24.4 %). A fairly good correlation between radiological chest X-ray pattern, time of onset and the cultured microorganisms has been observed in all cases. In multivariate analysis, persistent non-infectious abnormalities and pulmonary oedema were identified as the major independent predictors of posttransplant pneumonia, followed by prolonged assisted mechanical ventilation and traditional caval anastomosis. A “pneumonia-risk score” was calculated: low-risk score ( < 2.25) predicts 2.7 % of probability of the onset of infections compared with 28.7 % of high-risk ( > 3.30) population. The “pneumonia-risk score” identifies a specific group of patients in whom closer radiographic monitoring is recommended. In addition, a highly significant correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between pneumonia-risk score and the expected survival, thus confirming pulmonary infections as a major cause of death in OLT recipients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102073/ doi: 10.1007/s003309900268 id: cord-009577-29u7pdpk author: Gonzalez‐Scarano, F. title: Molecular pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections date: 2004-10-08 words: 6374.0 sentences: 294.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009577-29u7pdpk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009577-29u7pdpk.txt summary: To cause systemic illness, a virus must first enter the host animal, undergo primary replication at a site near its portal of entry, and then ultimately spread to distant target tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS). An infecting animal virus faces two main blocks to penetration of the CNS or any other specific target organ: (1) a variety of barriers prevent the free access of viruses to target cells, and (2) even when these barriers are ineffective, only certain cell types will support the internalization and replication of a particular virus. Monoclonal antibody variants have been used to map the antigenic sites of the influenza hemagglutinin 122, 76, 771 and have been used successfully to define important regions of the cellular binding proteins of rabies virus, reovirus, coronaviruses, and the California serogroup-all CNS pathogens. Viruses bind to the plasma membrane of susceptible target cells through specific receptors which may be proteins (HIV), lipids (vesicular stomatitis virus), or contain sialic acid (reovirus, influenza) [21, 641. abstract: Classical virologists defined a number of viruses that affect the nervous system and identified tissue tropism, extraneural replication, and viremia as important parameters that determine whether viral infections will affect the central nervous system. Molecular techniques are expanding this knowledge by permitting us to relate specific genes and gene products to two defined phenotypes: neuroinvasion and neurovirulence. Two converging situations make this knowledge particularly useful: (1) the development of antiviral drugs and subunit vaccines, which mandate that pathogenesis be related to specific regions of the viral genome; and (2) the expanding problem of central nervous system infections in immunodeficient states. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159691/ doi: 10.1002/ana.410220502 id: cord-322899-uxvlagt3 author: Gorji, Ali title: The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-11-06 words: 4922.0 sentences: 292.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt summary: Micronutrients play a critical role in the coordinated recruitment of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, particularly in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. [16] Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired immune responses and leads to a higher risk of respiratory viral infections, particularly in elderly subjects. [61] The beneficial effects of vitamin A on morbidity and mortality of some viral infections, such as measles and HIV, could be due to increased antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation as well as enhanced T-cell lymphopoiesis. [102] A modest level of vitamin E supplementation regulates the cellular free radical-antioxidant balance, enhances the antibody response, and activates the immune cells of broilers vaccinated with the infectious bronchitis virus. Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians abstract: Preliminary studies indicate that a robust immune response across different cell types is crucial in the recovery from COVID-19. An enormous number of investigations point to the vital importance of various micronutrients in the interactions between the host immune system and viruses, including COVID-19. There are complex and multifaceted links between micronutrient status, the host immune response, and the virulence of pathogenic viruses. Micronutrients play a critical role in the coordinated recruitment of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, particularly in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. Furthermore, inadequate amounts of micronutrients not only weaken the immune system in combating viral infections, but also contribute to the emergence of more virulent strains via alterations of the genetic make-up of the viral genome. This study aimed to evaluate the evidence which suggests the contribution of micronutrients in the spread as well as the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. Both the presence of micronutrient deficiencies among infected subjects and the effect of micronutrient supplementation on the immune responses and overall outcome of the disease could be of great interest to weigh the use of micronutrients in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. These investigations could be of great value in dealing with future viral epidemics. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900720303300?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111047 id: cord-267947-dnv2xl0h author: Gornet, Jean-Marc title: What do surgeons need to know about the digestive disorders and paraclinical abnormalities induced by COVID-19? date: 2020-04-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract The symptoms associated with COVID-19 are mainly characterized by a triad composed of fever, dry cough and dyspnea. However, digestive symptoms have also been reported; at first considered as infrequent, they in fact seem to affect (to some extent) more than half of patients. The symptoms are mainly manifested by anorexia, diarrhea, nausea and/or vomiting and abdominal pain. Even though prognosis is associated with lung injury, digestive symptoms seem significantly more frequent in patients presenting with severe COVID-19 infection. Digestive forms, which may be isolated or which can precede pulmonary symptoms, have indeed been reported, with diarrhea as a leading clinical sign. The main biological abnormalities that can suggest COVID-19 infection at an early stage are lymphopenia, elevated CRP and heightened ASAT transaminases. Thoraco-abdominal scan seems useful as a means of on the one hand ruling out digestive pathology not connected with coronavirus and on the other hand searching for pulmonary images compatible with COVID-19 infection. No data exist on the interest of digestive endoscopy in cases of persistent digestive symptoms. Moreover, the endoscopic surgeons may themselves be at significant risk of contamination. Fecal-oral transmission of the infection is possible, especially insofar as viral shedding in stools seems frequent and of longer duration than at the ENT level, including in patients with negative throat swab and without digestive symptoms. In some doubtful cases, virologic assessment of stool samples can yield definitive diagnosis. In the event of prolonged viral shedding in stools, a patient’s persistent contagiousness is conceivable but not conclusively established. Upcoming serology should enable identification of the patients having been infected by the COVID-19 epidemic, particularly among previously undetected pauci-symptomatic members of a health care staff. Resumption of medico-surgical activity should be the object of a dedicated strategy preceding deconfinement. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32360205/ doi: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2020.04.017 id: cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 author: Gowin, Ewelina title: Assessment of the Usefulness of Multiplex Real-Time PCR Tests in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Process of Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children: A Single-Center Experience date: 2017-01-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The aim of the study was assessment of the usefulness of multiplex real-time PCR tests in the diagnostic and therapeutic process in children hospitalized due to pneumonia and burdened with comorbidities. Methods. The study group included 97 children hospitalized due to pneumonia at the Karol Jonscher Teaching Hospital in Poznań, in whom multiplex real-time PCR tests (FTD respiratory pathogens 33; fast-track diagnostics) were used. Results. Positive test results of the test were achieved in 74 patients (76.3%). The average age in the group was 56 months. Viruses were detected in 61 samples (82% of all positive results); bacterial factors were found in 29 samples (39% of all positive results). The presence of comorbidities was established in 90 children (92.78%). On the basis of the obtained results, 5 groups of patients were established: viral etiology of infection, 34 patients; bacterial etiology, 7 patients; mixed etiology, 23 patients; pneumocystis, 9 patients; and no etiology diagnosed, 24 patients. Conclusions. Our analysis demonstrated that the participation of viruses in causing severe lung infections is significant in children with comorbidities. Multiplex real-time PCR tests proved to be more useful in establishing the etiology of pneumonia in hospitalized children than the traditional microbiological examinations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182108/ doi: 10.1155/2017/8037963 id: cord-259422-5ex12eun author: Graat, Judith M title: A prospective, community-based study on virologic assessment among elderly people with and without symptoms of acute respiratory infection date: 2003-12-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Community-based elderly studies concerning microbiology of acute respiratory infections are scarce. Data on subclinical infections are even totally absent, although asymptomatic persons might act as a source of respiratory infections. METHODS: In a 1-year community-based study, we prospectively investigated the possible virologic cause of acute respiratory infections in 107 symptomatic case episodes and 91 symptom-free control periods. Participants, persons ⩾60 years, reported daily the presence of respiratory symptoms in a diary. Virologic assessment was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology. RESULTS: In 58% of the case episodes a pathogen was demonstrated, the most common being rhinoviruses (32%), coronaviruses (17%), and influenzaviruses (7%). The odds ratio for demonstrating a virus in cases with symptoms vs. controls without symptoms was 30.0 (95% confidence interval 10.2–87.6). In 4% of the symptom-free control periods a virus was detected. CONCLUSION: This study supports the importance of rhinovirus infections in community-dwelling elderly persons, whereas asymptomatic elderly persons can also harbor pathogens as detected by PCR, and thus might be a source of infection for their environment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14680673/ doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00171-9 id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 author: Grant, William B. title: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date: 2020-04-02 words: 8014.0 sentences: 452.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt summary: Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. For COPD patients, 25(OH)D inversely correlated with risk, severity, and exacerbation [88] Found at higher rates in regions with elevated air pollution Air pollution associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations [89] Note: 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); case-fatality rate (CFR); interleukin 6 (IL-6); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); C-reactive protein (CRP); vitamin D deficiency (VDD). abstract: The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D(3) for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D(3) doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32252338/ doi: 10.3390/nu12040988 id: cord-295746-6e6itj3y author: Gu, Young E. title: Characteristics of human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in hospitalized children in Korea date: 2020-01-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The characteristics of human parainfluenza virus type 4 (hPIV4) infection are not thoroughly understood. We therefore clarified the characteristics of hPIV4 in Korea. METHOD: From January 2013 to December 2017, children admitted with respiratory tract infection at the Department of Pediatrics in Chung‐Ang University Hospital were enrolled in the study. Nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens were obtained from patients and tested for hPIV types by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We retrospectively reviewed subject medical records, focusing on epidemiological and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 12 423 NPA specimens, 8,406 were positive by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for nine respiratory viruses, and 1,018 were positive for one of the four types of hPIV: 1,018 specimens led to the detection of 1,029 hPIVs; 3ss (31.3%) were positive for hPIV1, 120 (11.7%) were positive for hPIV2, 356 (34.6%) were positive for hPIV3, and 231 (22.4%) were positive for hPIV4. Of the hPIV‐positive patients, the mean age was 2.3 years (range, 0.1–12.7 years), 225 (97.4%) had no underlying disease, and 178 (77.1%) had a fever with a duration of 4.1 ± 2.3 days and a peak temperature of 39.0 ± 0.7 ℃. The most common diagnosis in hPIV4 infection was pneumonia (44.2%), followed by bronchiolitis (26.0%) and upper respiratory tract infection (24.3%). Only 2.2% of patients were diagnosed with croup. Although the most prevalent overall type of hPIV was hPIV3, hPIV4 generally caused acute respiratory tract infection in summer and early fall in an irregular annual pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Human parainfluenza virus type 4 is an important common pathogen of respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients in Korea. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31705838/ doi: 10.1111/ped.14049 id: cord-273973-3uxg97tu author: Guenette, Alexis title: Infectious Complications Following Solid Organ Transplantation date: 2019-01-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infections in solid organ transplant recipients are complex and heterogeneous. This article reviews the clinical syndromes that will likely be encountered in the intensive care unit and helps to guide in the therapy and management of these patients. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749070418307425 doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2018.08.004 id: cord-028564-sltofaox author: Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia title: Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date: 2020-07-06 words: 3322.0 sentences: 169.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028564-sltofaox.txt summary: RECENT FINDINGS: This infection could have detrimental outcomes in obese patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Its low-grade chronic inflammatoryinduced state negatively impacts immune function and host defense [2] , as shown during the 2009 influenza A virus H1N1 pandemic, where obesity resulted to be an independent risk factor for severe disease, hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and mortality upon infection [1] . It is well studied that obese patients can develop cardiovascular diseases; however, it is less known that the lowinflammatory chronic state might affect host defense and immune cell dysfunction and infections, such as influenza A, could have detrimental outcomes in such patients, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Cardiovascular complications associated with influenza infection include myocarditis, pericardial effusion, myopericarditis, right and left ventricle dysfunction, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and circulatory failure due to septic shock. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To better understand the impact of obesity and cardiovascular diseases on influenza A infection. RECENT FINDINGS: This infection could have detrimental outcomes in obese patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Nevertheless, there also might be some cardioprotective benefits associated with influenza vaccination, such as a reduced mortality, hospitalization, and acute coronary syndromes, in patients with coronary heart disease and/or heart failure. SUMMARY: Obesity negatively impacts immune function and host defense. Recent studies report obesity to be an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality following infection. Obese patients might need special considerations in the treatment; however, there is not enough evidence to fully comprehend the mechanisms behind the reduced immunocompetence when influenza A infection occurs. Future studies should focus on special consideration treatments when the patients have not been vaccinated and have cardiovascular diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7335730/ doi: 10.1007/s40475-020-00207-0 id: cord-312803-fxuynxjd author: Gómez-Ríos, Manuel Ángel title: Preventing Infection of Patients and Healthcare Workers Should Be the New Normal in the Era of Novel Coronavirus Epidemics: Comment date: 2020-06-16 words: 590.0 sentences: 43.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312803-fxuynxjd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312803-fxuynxjd.txt summary: title: Preventing Infection of Patients and Healthcare Workers Should Be the New Normal in the Era of Novel Coronavirus Epidemics: Comment Unfortunately, it has taken a coronavirus to reveal the extent of these shortcomings, and it comes as no surprise that 12,300 Spanish health professionals have so far been infected, with 2,000 infections registered today. There are two reasons for this: (1) personal protective equipment, which was scarce even at the start of the outbreak, is now entirely lacking, and (2) symptomatic healthcare workers cannot be polymerase chain reaction-tested, so the authorities have to allow them to continue working. At the start of the outbreak, hospital departments went to great lengths to draw up local protocols to ensure the highest quality of care for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) . Expert recommendations for tracheal intubation in critically ill patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003373 doi: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003373 id: cord-021552-6jbm869r author: HURST, CHRISTON J. title: Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses date: 2007-05-09 words: 7828.0 sentences: 395.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt summary: Viral replication ~ at the individual host level, the primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the cervix, conjunctiva, pharynx, small intestine, and urethra; the secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the brain, kidney, lungs, and lymph nodes; at the host population level, these viruses generally are endemic and initially acquired at a very early age, with the infections very often asymptomatic in young children. ~ral replication ~ at the individual host level, primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the small intestine; secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the liver; at the host population level, these tend to be epidemic within human populations; for the hepatitis E virus it seems that acquisition occurs from swine, with the result being epidemics (often very widespread) of human disease; some acquisition from animals may come from eating infected animals; subsequent transmission of all caliciviruses within human populations is by fecally contaminated waste and thus can be very widespread. Alternate hosts: One species of viral family Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus) is known to infect humans, and it seems naturally limited to humans. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150212/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012362675-2/50015-x id: cord-016572-6fu5s89c author: Hage, Chadi A. title: Endemic mycosis date: 2005 words: 9004.0 sentences: 571.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016572-6fu5s89c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016572-6fu5s89c.txt summary: All three illnesses occur in normal hosts, although histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis are also major opportunistic mycoses in patients with depressed cell-mediated immunity, and especially in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [4] , [5] . Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis are major T-cell opportunistic infections, as demonstrated by the very aggressive course seen in patients with AIDS, in whom T-cell deficiency is most severe. The most severe form of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) occurs in patients with AIDS with profound T-cell dysfunction [21] . By that time, most patients have either recovered or have required other more invasive methods of diagnosis because of rapidly worsening disease There are two ways to make a rapid diagnosis of PDH, sampling and examination of likely infected tissue with the use of special stains and the use of the ultrasensitive assay for fungal antigens. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120910/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-23380-6_12 id: cord-253761-wjm8ju3v author: Haidopoulou, Katerina title: Human bocavirus infections in hospitalized Greek children date: 2010-03-09 words: 2012.0 sentences: 114.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253761-wjm8ju3v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253761-wjm8ju3v.txt summary: To define the epidemiological profile and the clinical characteristics associated with HBoV infection in a population of children hospitalized with respiratory tract infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a one-year period throat swab samples were collected from 370 previously healthy children, aged 14 days to 13 years, admitted to two different paediatric wards because of respiratory tract infection. The aim of the present study was to define the epidemiological profile and the clinical characteristics associated with HBoV in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infection (RTI) in Greece. One may argue that the fact that HBoV is prevalent in samples from patients with respiratory tract infection does not guarantee a causative role for the symptoms, especially when -as in this case -it is frequently detected in combination with other respiratory viruses of known pathogenic potential. Human bocavirus infection in young children in the United States: molecular epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of a newly emerging respiratory virus abstract: INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of human bocavirus (HBoV) infections has not been described in Greece, a south-eastern European country. To define the epidemiological profile and the clinical characteristics associated with HBoV infection in a population of children hospitalized with respiratory tract infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a one-year period throat swab samples were collected from 370 previously healthy children, aged 14 days to 13 years, admitted to two different paediatric wards because of respiratory tract infection. Samples were tested for HBoV by PCR amplifying a part of the NS1 gene. RESULTS: Human bocavirus was detected in 12 children (3.2%). Four of the 12 cases were co-infections, 3 of them with influenza A and 1 with coronavirus OC43. Cases were observed only during the cold months. The mean age of children was 1.8 years (range 2 months to 4 years). The most common symptoms were fever, cough and various degrees of respiratory distress. All children were clinically diagnosed as having lower respiratory tract infections, mainly pneumonia and acute laryngotracheobronchitis, and recovered uneventfully. CONCLUSIONS: HBoV infections occur in Greece mostly among very young children. They accounted for 3.2% of children hospitalized with acute respiratory disease. Cases were observed only in late autumn to early spring. url: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2010.13515 doi: 10.5114/aoms.2010.13515 id: cord-312797-hohzjx74 author: Hamelin, Marie-Ève title: Human Metapneumovirus: A New Player among Respiratory Viruses date: 2004-04-01 words: 3353.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312797-hohzjx74.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312797-hohzjx74.txt summary: Despite the fact that prospective and case-control studies have been limited, the epidemiology and clinical manifestations associated with hMPV have been found to be reminiscent of those of the human respiratory syncytial virus, with most severe respiratory tract infections occurring in infants, elderly subjects, and immunocompromised hosts. In addition, studies have shown that hMPV is not a new pathogen, with serological evidence of human infection dating from 1958 in The Netherlands [4] and viral isolation for the past 10-20 years in Europe and Canada [4, 7] . Symptoms of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections have been associated with hMPV in young children, although most reports are biased towards description of the most severe symptomatology in hospitalized subjects. Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups abstract: The human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly described member of the Paramyxoviridae family belonging to the Metapneumovirus genus. Since its initial description in 2001, hMPV has been reported in most parts of the world and isolated from the respiratory tract of subjects from all age groups. Despite the fact that prospective and case-control studies have been limited, the epidemiology and clinical manifestations associated with hMPV have been found to be reminiscent of those of the human respiratory syncytial virus, with most severe respiratory tract infections occurring in infants, elderly subjects, and immunocompromised hosts. Additional research is needed to define the pathogenesis of this viral infection and the host's specific immune response. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15034830/ doi: 10.1086/382536 id: cord-023698-wvk200j0 author: Hammerschlag, Margaret R. title: Chlamydia pneumoniae date: 2014-10-31 words: 10016.0 sentences: 533.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023698-wvk200j0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023698-wvk200j0.txt summary: Because the organism has been difficult to grow and because of the lack of a commercially available other diagnostic assay, most original associations with respiratory diseases have been use of serology with the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test. 38, 39 For an example of the complexity of this issue, consider that two multicenter pneumonia treatment studies in children showed that although 7% to 13% of the patients in the study had positive culture results and 7% to 18% met the serologic criteria with the MIF test for acute infection, they were not the same patients. pneumoniae infection is that the MIF method used to detect serum antibodies is not standardized; recent studies have shown substantial interlaboratory variation in the performance of these tests. Multicenter comparison trial of DNA extraction methods and PCR assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in endarterectomy specimens Multicenter comparison trial of DNA extraction methods and PCR assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in endarterectomy specimens abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173483/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00184-3 id: cord-289650-q2io8vgi author: Hammond, Ffion R. title: If it’s not one thing, HIF’s another: immunoregulation by hypoxia inducible factors in disease date: 2020-07-06 words: 3795.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289650-q2io8vgi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289650-q2io8vgi.txt summary: Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) are master transcriptional regulators of the cellular response to hypoxia, that have influential roles in innate immune cell behaviour during inflammation and infections [1] . All rights reserved HIF researchers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019 for their discoveries on the regulation of the cellular hypoxia response, with their medical research predominantly focusing on HIFs'' potential role as a therapeutic target to combat anaemia, due to HIF''s activating effect on red blood cell production [8] . During infection and inflammation, HIF-α is stabilised in immune cell populations, partially driven by the hypoxic tissue context of disease, alongside oxygen independent activation [10]. Promoting HIF-1α stabilisation with the hydroxylase inhibitor CoCl 2 promoted fungal death in vitro (human macrophages) and in vivo (mouse) indicating a therapeutic potential for HIF-1α manipulation in candida infection [55] . abstract: Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) have emerged in recent years as critical regulators of immunity. Localised, low oxygen tension is a hallmark of inflamed and infected tissues. Subsequent myeloid cell HIF stabilisation plays key roles in the innate immune response, alongside emerging oxygen‐independent roles. Manipulation of regulatory proteins of the HIF transcription factor family can profoundly influence inflammatory profiles, innate immune cell function and pathogen clearance and, as such, has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy against inflammatory diseases. The direction and mode of HIF manipulation as a therapy is dictated by the inflammatory properties of the disease in question, with innate immune cell HIF reduction being, in general, advantageous during chronic inflammatory conditions, while upregulation of HIF is beneficial during infections. The therapeutic potential of targeting myeloid HIFs, both genetically and pharmacologically, has been recently illuminated in vitro and in vivo, with an emerging range of inhibitory and activating strategies becoming available. This review focuses on cutting edge findings that uncover the roles of myeloid cell HIF signalling on immunoregulation in the contexts of inflammation and infection, and explores future directions of potential therapeutic strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32633061/ doi: 10.1111/febs.15476 id: cord-018651-phb44k66 author: Hammoud, Dima A. title: Neuroimaging date: 2017-05-26 words: 2940.0 sentences: 133.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018651-phb44k66.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018651-phb44k66.txt summary: A common approach is the use of recombinant viruses engineered to express a luciferase enzyme which allows performing longitudinal imaging, accurately determining the site(s) of infection, describing the temporal systemic dissemination of the virus, and eventually quantifying viral titers in various organs. More recent examples include the use of recombinant murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) expressing the firefly luciferase (Fluc) to monitor virus progression after CNS infection [11] and of recombinant Dengue virus, for realtime evaluation of replication kinetics in the brain of infected mice [12] . Other examples of reporter gene use include imaging of Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis with spatiotemporal demonstration of recrudescence of the infection from the CNS of immunocompromised mice [15] . More complex models such as the transgenic reporter mouse strain that expresses Fluc under the regulatory control of a concatenated Gal4 promoter [18] and the transgenic reporter mouse in which luciferase expression is driven by the nuclear factor B (NF-B)-dependent portion of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 long terminal repeat (HIV-1 LTR) [19] allowed the visualization of brain luciferase expression in response to adenovirus infection [18] and LPS intraperitoneal injection [19] , respectively. abstract: Imaging of infection in the CNS has been handled using cross-sectional imaging for more than two decades now resulting in a large array of descriptive diagnostic criteria, capable, in most circumstances of narrowing the differential diagnosis, detecting life-threatening complications and establishing baseline for assessment of treatment response. Limitations however exist, and in many circumstances, both cross-sectional imaging and nonspecific molecular imaging, such as (18)F-FDG, fail to establish a diagnosis. The availability of pathogen-specific imaging agents/ligands would have a great effect on the management of patients with CNS infection. Besides early diagnosis, avoidance of diagnostic brain biopsies can have significant effect on the mortality and morbidity of patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123586/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-54592-9_8 id: cord-286337-qk90xb3a author: Hanada, Shigeo title: Respiratory Viral Infection-Induced Microbiome Alterations and Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia date: 2018-11-16 words: 9806.0 sentences: 436.0 pages: flesch: 22.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286337-qk90xb3a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286337-qk90xb3a.txt summary: While the effects of these alterations on risk of secondary bacterial pneumonia have not been studied, potential mechanisms by which these changes might modulate susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections include alterations in the nature and magnitude of the immune response in the host (microbiome on host effects) and facilitating growth of pathogens in the absence of normal commensals (inter-microbial effects). Given the effects of viruses on enhancing bacterial adherence to the epithelium (86) (87) (88) , it is perhaps not surprising that multiple studies of human subjects as well as in animal models have shown that viral infections are associated with increased colonization by potentially pathogenic bacteria (known as "pathobionts"). Another study of patients with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection revealed that the predominant phyla of the upper respiratory tract (nasal and nasopharyngeal samples) in patients harboring pandemic H1N1 were Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria although normal controls were not included; however, the authors suggested that flu is associated with an expansion of Proteobacteria (109) which is generally less abundant in healthy hosts. abstract: Influenza and other respiratory viral infections are the most common type of acute respiratory infection. Viral infections predispose patients to secondary bacterial infections, which often have a more severe clinical course. The mechanisms underlying post-viral bacterial infections are complex, and include multifactorial processes mediated by interactions between viruses, bacteria, and the host immune system. Studies over the past 15 years have demonstrated that unique microbial communities reside on the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract, which have both direct and indirect effects on host defense against viral infections. In addition, antiviral immune responses induced by acute respiratory infections such as influenza are associated with changes in microbial composition and function (“dysbiosis”) in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, which in turn may alter subsequent immune function against secondary bacterial infection or alter the dynamics of inter-microbial interactions, thereby enhancing the proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacterial species. In this review, we summarize the literature on the interactions between host microbial communities and host defense, and how influenza, and other acute respiratory viral infections disrupt these interactions, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of secondary bacterial infections. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02640 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02640 id: cord-007417-az8xd66p author: Hansbro, Nicole G. title: Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: New therapeutic directions date: 2008-01-29 words: 29677.0 sentences: 1459.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007417-az8xd66p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007417-az8xd66p.txt summary: Whether an infection induces disease depends on viral (type (E.g. RSV, RV)), host (genetic susceptibility, age, immune responses) and environmental (allergen exposure, season) factors. With respect to allergy RSV infection might only trigger defective immunity in genetically susceptible individuals or that allergic inflammatory and immune responses may promote the influx of virus-specific cells into the airways increasing inflammation and AHR (Schwarze et al., 1999c) . Nevertheless most studies suggest that Th1 responses may result in viral clearance and mild symptoms whereas an aberrant bias towards a Th2 phenotype may lead to more intense RSV-induced disease and promote the development of asthma . Animal models have been used to determine if RSV can induce the development of asthma by triggering pro-asthmatic immune responses that lead to variable airflow obstruction and airway inflammation. Further studies are required to elucidate the links between infection, immune responses and susceptibility to chronic respiratory diseases and why some individuals but not others develop persistent wheeze and asthma. abstract: Asthma is a common and debilitating disease that has substantially increased in prevalence in Western Societies in the last 2 decades. Respiratory tract infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) are widely implicated as common causes of the induction and exacerbation of asthma. These infections in early life are associated with the induction of wheeze that may progress to the development of asthma. Infections may also promote airway inflammation and enhance T helper type 2 lymphocyte (Th2 cell) responses that result in exacerbations of established asthma. The mechanisms of how RSV and RV induce and exacerbate asthma are currently being elucidated by clinical studies, in vitro work with human cells and animal models of disease. This research has led to many potential therapeutic strategies and, although none are yet part of clinical practise, they show much promise for the prevention and treatment of viral disease and subsequent asthma. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112677/ doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.11.002 id: cord-318063-bainw3d6 author: Haque, Mainul title: Health care-associated infections – an overview date: 2018-11-15 words: 8255.0 sentences: 534.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318063-bainw3d6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318063-bainw3d6.txt summary: Several studies suggest that simple infection-control procedures such as cleaning hands with an alcohol-based hand rub can help prevent HCAIs and save lives, reduce morbidity, and minimize health care costs. Health care-associated infections and prevention strategy About 68.6% of all bacterial isolates were resistant to cefuroxime used in the management of orthopedic SSIs. This study also found that diabetes mellitus, smoking, operations lasting more than 3 hours, the absence of antibiotic prophylaxis, and a history of previous surgery were positive risk factors associated with a significant upsurge in SSIs. 87 SSIs comprise at least 14%-22.2% of all HCAIs for abdominal surgery [88] [89] [90] and often lead to extended hospitalization and higher antimicrobial costs. Prevalence, incidence burden, and clinical impact of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance: a national prevalent cohort study in acute care hospitals in Greece abstract: Health care-associated infections (HCAIs) are infections that occur while receiving health care, developed in a hospital or other health care facility that first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admission, or within 30 days after having received health care. Multiple studies indicate that the common types of adverse events affecting hospitalized patients are adverse drug events, HCAIs, and surgical complications. The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention identifies that nearly 1.7 million hospitalized patients annually acquire HCAIs while being treated for other health issues and that more than 98,000 patients (one in 17) die due to these. Several studies suggest that simple infection-control procedures such as cleaning hands with an alcohol-based hand rub can help prevent HCAIs and save lives, reduce morbidity, and minimize health care costs. Routine educational interventions for health care professionals can help change their hand-washing practices to prevent the spread of infection. In support of this, the WHO has produced guidelines to promote hand-washing practices among member countries. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30532565/ doi: 10.2147/idr.s177247 id: cord-251991-ghbpga1s author: Harcourt, Jennifer L. title: Evaluation of the Calu-3 cell line as a model of in vitro respiratory syncytial virus infection() date: 2011-03-31 words: 3557.0 sentences: 169.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-251991-ghbpga1s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-251991-ghbpga1s.txt summary: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication is primarily limited to the upper respiratory tract epithelium and primary, differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) have, therefore, been considered a good system for in vitro analysis of lung tissue response to respiratory virus infection and virus–host interactions. Polarized Calu-3 are susceptible to RSV infection and release infectious virus primarily from the apical surface, consistent with studies in NHBE cells. The mechanisms of cellular responses to RSV infection have been studied extensively in vitro in a variety of immortalized epithelial cell lines grown in monolayer cultures, including but not limited to Vero, Hep-2, A549, and ଝ The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of CDC. Consistent with previous studies in polarized MDCK (Roberts et al., 1995) and in differentiated NHBE, polarized Calu-3 released infectious virus primarily from the apical surface, and infection was persistent, detectable for at least 6 weeks post-infection. abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication is primarily limited to the upper respiratory tract epithelium and primary, differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) have, therefore, been considered a good system for in vitro analysis of lung tissue response to respiratory virus infection and virus–host interactions. However, NHBE cells are expensive, difficult to culture, and vary with the source patient. An alternate approach is to use a continuous cell line that has features of bronchial epithelial cells such as Calu-3, an epithelial cell line derived from human lung adenocarcinoma, as an in vitro model of respiratory virus infection. The results show that Calu-3 fully polarize when grown on permeable supports as liquid-covered cultures. Polarized Calu-3 are susceptible to RSV infection and release infectious virus primarily from the apical surface, consistent with studies in NHBE cells. The data demonstrate that polarized Calu-3 may serve as a useful in vitro model to study host responses to RSV infection. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166093411001182 doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.027 id: cord-272052-8vvpm4tx author: Hartmann, Katrin title: Clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukemia virus infection date: 2011-10-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses with a global impact on the health of domestic cats. The two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of developing opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. In most naturally infected cats, however, FIV itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and FIV-infected cats may live many years without any health problems. FeLV is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. FeLV can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia) and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus on bone marrow and the immune system. Today, FeLV is less important as a deadly infectious agent as in the last 20 years prevalence has been decreasing in most countries. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242711002005 doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.003 id: cord-343690-rafvxgx1 author: Hartmann, Katrin title: Clinical Aspects of Feline Retroviruses: A Review date: 2012-10-31 words: 10289.0 sentences: 498.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343690-rafvxgx1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343690-rafvxgx1.txt summary: Although FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in cats ("feline AIDS") comparable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans, with increased risk for opportunistic infections, neurologic diseases, and tumors, in most naturally infected cats, FIV does not cause a severe clinical syndrome. Experimental FIV infection also progresses through several stages, similar to HIV infection in people, including an acute phase, a clinically asymptomatic phase of variable duration, and a terminal phase sometimes called "feline acquired immunodeficiency syndrome" ("AIDS") [18, 19] . Of 8642 FeLV-infected cats presented to North American Veterinary Teaching Hospitals, various co-infections (including FIV infection, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), upper respiratory infection, hemotropic mycoplasmosis, and stomatitis) were the most frequent findings (15%), followed by anemia (11%), lymphoma (6%), leukopenia or thrombocytopenia (5%), and leukemia or myeloproliferative diseases (4%) [20] . An early defect in primary and secondary t cell responses in asymptomatic cats during acute feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection abstract: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses with global impact on the health of domestic cats. The two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. FeLV is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. FeLV can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia), and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus on bone marrow and the immune system. Today, FeLV is less commonly diagnosed than in the previous 20 years; prevalence has been decreasing in most countries. However, FeLV importance may be underestimated as it has been shown that regressively infected cats (that are negative in routinely used FeLV tests) also can develop clinical signs. FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. In most naturally infected cats, however, FIV itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and FIV-infected cats may live many years without any health problems. This article provides a review of clinical syndromes in progressively and regressively FeLV-infected cats as well as in FIV-infected cats. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23202500/ doi: 10.3390/v4112684 id: cord-277313-5f5lrn3c author: Hayakawa, Satoshi title: Covid‐19 pandemic and pregnancy date: 2020-08-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus disease, COVID‐19, emerged and quickly spread around the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative virus of this disease, belongs to the β‐coronavirus family, together with SARS and middle east respiratory syndrome, and has similar biological characteristics to these viruses. For obstetricians, the susceptibility and prognoses of pregnant women and the effects of the infection on the fetus have been the focus of attention; however, at present, the seriousness of the disease in pregnant women is not apparent, and COVID‐19 does not increase the rate of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labor or teratogenicity. Even so, carriers might transmit SARS‐CoV‐2 to pregnant women. Thus, we must keep in mind that all medical personnel must understand and maintain standard precautions in their clinical and laboratory practices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32779342/ doi: 10.1111/jog.14384 id: cord-342915-r9kv67we author: Hayden, Frederick G. title: Advances in antivirals for non‐influenza respiratory virus infections date: 2013-11-01 words: 5748.0 sentences: 281.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342915-r9kv67we.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342915-r9kv67we.txt summary: Most of the treatment data regarding antivirals for non-influenza respiratory viruses have been derived from observational studies in immunocompromised hosts, and sometimes, infants, but recent randomized, controlled trials in specific target populations have helped to address the potential value of antiviral interventions. 12, [17] [18] [19] In addition, systematic reviews of the observational reports concluded that the common use of multiple agents in combination, varying dose regimens, paucity of studies with systematic data collection, complications from immunosuppressive therapy, and the lack of randomized, controlled trials meant that existing data were inconclusive with regard to putative antivirals and thus inadequate to determine appropriate management of SARS infections. In addition, one approved agent for selected parasitic infections, oral nitazoxanide, may have interferon-inducing properties, is inhibitory for various respiratory viruses including influenza and a canine CoV in vitro, 32 and has shown promising dose-related activity in a phase 2, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in treating uncomplicated influenza 33 Consequently, nitazoxanide would be an interesting agent to test alone and in combination with other antivirals for CoV infections. abstract: Progress in the development of antivirals for non‐influenza respiratory viruses has been slow with the result that many unmet medical needs and few approved agents currently exist. This commentary selectively reviews examples of where specific agents have provided promising clinical benefits in selected target populations and also considers potential therapeutics for emerging threats like the SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. Recent studies have provided encouraging results in treating respiratory syncytial virus infections in lung transplant recipients, serious parainfluenza virus and adenovirus infections in immunocompromised hosts, and rhinovirus colds in outpatient asthmatics. While additional studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of the specific agents tested, these observations offer the opportunity to expand therapeutic studies to other patient populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24215380/ doi: 10.1111/irv.12173 id: cord-267531-tqqj4cy0 author: He, Ying title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China date: 2014-05-14 words: 4686.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267531-tqqj4cy0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267531-tqqj4cy0.txt summary: title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China OBJECTIVES: To determine the viral etiology and seasonality of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children, a 3-year study was conducted in Shenzhen, China. 3, 4 The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV), which are responsible for most episodes of ARTIs in children. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence, seasonality and clinical characteristics of acute viral respiratory infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen and to provide insights into etiologies of ARTIs in local infants and children. Most studies showed that RSV or HRV was the most prevalent viruses in children with viral respiratory tract infection. 9 In this study, due to the high detection rate and similar seasonality of RSV, HRV, IAV, PIV and HMPV, an overall spring-summer seasonality of viral respiratory infections in children was concluded. abstract: BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of local viral etiologies is essential for the management of viral respiratory tract infections. Limited data are available in China to describe the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections, especially in small–medium cities and rural areas. OBJECTIVES: To determine the viral etiology and seasonality of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children, a 3-year study was conducted in Shenzhen, China. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal aspirates from eligible children were collected. Influenza and other respiratory viruses were tested by molecular assays simultaneously. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. RESULTS: Of the 2025 children enrolled in the study, 971 (48·0%) were positive for at least one viral pathogen, in which 890 (91·7%) were <4 years of age. The three most prevalent viruses were influenza A (IAV; 35·8%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 30·5%) and human rhinovirus (HRV; 21·5%). Co-infections were found in 302 cases (31·1%), and dual viral infection was dominant. RSV, HRV and IAV were the most frequent viral agents involved in co-infection. On the whole, the obvious seasonal peaks mainly from March to May were observed with peak strength varying from 1 year to another. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a basic profile of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infection in hospitalized children in Shenzhen. The spectrum of viruses in the study site is similar to that in other places, but the seasonality is closely related to geographic position, different from that in big cities in northern China and neighboring Hong Kong. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12257 doi: 10.1111/irv.12257 id: cord-006261-yw5k8qkz author: Heath, Gregory W. title: Exercise and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Is There a Relationship? date: 2012-10-23 words: 6209.0 sentences: 329.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006261-yw5k8qkz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006261-yw5k8qkz.txt summary: Few studies have investigated the common belief that moderate physical activity is beneficial in decreasing risk of respiratory tract infections and improving immune function. Laboratory and clinical studies suggest that changes in immune parameters associated with heavy train ing lead to adverse health effects, particularly an increase in the incidence or severity of upper respiratory tract infections. During this time, the women in the exercise group experienced fewer upper respiratory tract infection symptom days, improved cardiorespiratory fitness, and increased natural killer cell numbers compared with their sedentary controls. This study indicates that intensity of exercise may playa role, and that moderate activity may actually improve immune function and associated upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. Clinical studies examining the effects of moderate levels of physical activity have shown possible enhanced immune responses with a concomitant impact on the length and severity of an upper respiratory tract infection. The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute upper respiratory tract infections abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100814/ doi: 10.2165/00007256-199214060-00003 id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w author: Heath, Joan A. title: Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control date: 2009-05-19 words: 21244.0 sentences: 1014.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt summary: The fact that a hand hygiene campaign was associated with increased hand hygiene compliance and a lower rate of CONS-positive cultures supports this ~ontention.''~ Enterococcus has been shown to account for 10% of total nosocomial infections in neonates, 6% to 15% of bloodstream infections, 0% to 5% of cases of pneumonia, 17% of urinary tract infections, and 9% of surgical site Sepsis and meningitis are common manifestations of enterococcal infection during NICU outbreak^''^,^^; however, polymicrobial bacteremia and NEC frequently accompany enterococcal sepsis.77 Identified risk factors for enterococcal sepsis, after adjustment for birth weight, include use of a nonumbilical CVC, prolonged presence of a CVC, and bowel resection?'' Because Enterococcus colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can survive for long periods of time on inanimate surfaces, the patient''s environment may become contaminated and, along with the infant, serve as a reservoir for ongoing spread of the organism. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150280/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50037-2 id: cord-006129-5rog0s98 author: Hemida, Maged Gomaa title: Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of MicroRNAs in Viral Diseases: Expectations and Limitations date: 2012-08-16 words: 7443.0 sentences: 508.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006129-5rog0s98.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006129-5rog0s98.txt summary: [12] Answering back, certain host miRNAs alter the cell gene expression to defend the cells against the viral infection by interfering with viral proteins or other cellular factors as a type of immune response against these particular viruses. [40] These virus-encoded miRNAs play important roles in the establishment of latent infection, as well as the pathogenesis of virally induced diseases. According to the most recent studies, herpesviruses utilize their encoded miRNAs in a wide range of biologic functions, such as inhibition of apoptosis, immune evasion, control of cellular proliferation, and regulation of viral replication. [58] Downregulation of UL114 protein, using miR-UL112-1, results in inhibition of viral DNA replication and subsequently triggers the latent phase of infection, making the virus able to evade the host immune system. abstract: New therapeutic approaches are urgently needed for serious diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections, and others. A recent direction in drug development is the utilization of nucleic acidbased therapeutic molecules, such as antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, short interfering RNA (siRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are endogenous, short, non-coding RNA molecules. Some viruses encode their own miRNAs, which play pivotal roles in viral replication and immune evasion strategies. Conversely, viruses that do not encode miRNAs may manipulate host cell miRNAs for the benefits of their replication. miRNAs have therefore become attractive tools for the study of viral pathogenesis. Lately, novel therapeutic strategies based on miRNA technology for the treatment of viral diseases have been progressing rapidly. Although this new generation of molecular therapy is promising, there are still several challenges to face, such as targeting delivery to specific tissues, avoiding off-target effects of miRNAs, reducing the toxicity of the drugs, and overcoming mutations and drug resistance. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the role and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in viral diseases, and discuss the limitations of these therapies, as well as strategies to overcome them to provide safe and effective clinical applications of these new therapeutics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099301/ doi: 10.1007/bf03256383 id: cord-017030-tzuyo6tx author: Henao-Martínez, Andrés F. title: Infections in Heart, Lung, and Heart-Lung Transplantation date: 2018-12-08 words: 11531.0 sentences: 740.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017030-tzuyo6tx.txt summary: There are several factors predisposing thoracic transplant recipients to infections: (A) factors present before transplantation: age, presence of comorbidities (e.g., chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, etc.), nutrition status, latent infections, colonization with healthcare-associated organisms, and occult community-acquired infections; (B) factors during the surgery: duration of the transplant procedure, graft injury including ischemic time, colonization or latent infection of the graft, surgical instrumentation (e.g., mechanical ventilation, invasive devices such as catheters, drains, Foley catheters, etc.), ICU stay, and need for re-interventions; and (C) factors present after transplant: degree of immunosuppression, CMV infection, and rejections ( Mechanical ventilation (MV) for >5 days immediately following transplant surgery and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) from airway cultures in the recipient were considered risk factors for invasive SA infections in a retrospective study of patients with lung and heart-lung transplants [20] . abstract: Half a century has passed since the first orthotopic heart transplant took place. Surgical innovations allowed for heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation to save lives of patients with incurable chronic cardiopulmonary conditions. The complexity of the surgical interventions, chronic host health conditions, and antirejection immunosuppressive medications makes infectious complications common. Infections have remained one of the main barriers for successful transplantation and a source of significant morbidity and mortality. Recognition of infections and its management in this setting require outstanding clinical skills since transplant recipients may not exhibit classic signs or symptoms of disease, and laboratory work has some pitfalls. The prevention, identification, and management of infectious diseases complications in this population are a priority to undertake to improve the medical outcomes of transplantation. Herein, we reviewed the historical aspects, epidemiology, and prophylaxis of infections in heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation. We also discuss the most prevalent organisms affecting the host and the organ systems involved. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121494/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9034-4_2 id: cord-267003-k7eo2c26 author: Hendaus, Mohamed A title: Virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review date: 2015-08-24 words: 3468.0 sentences: 238.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267003-k7eo2c26.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267003-k7eo2c26.txt summary: 7 The human body is usually capable of eliminating respiratory viral infections with no sequelae; however, in some cases, viruses bypass the immune response of the airways, causing conceivable severe respiratory diseases. 49, 50 virus effect on the immune system Post-viral sustained desensitization of lung sentinel cells to TLR signals may be one possible contributor to the common secondary bacterial pneumonia associated with viral infection. Hendaus et al human-alveolar basal-epithelial cells) during a respiratory viral infection by increasing the expression of ICAM-1. It has been recommended that treatment or prevention of a viral disease may be a superior method for diminishing 62 It has also been published that live attenuated influenza vaccine is effective in reducing the incidence of all-cause AOM [86] [87] [88] and pneumonia 89 compared to placebo in children. Effects of rhinovirus infection on the adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cultured human airway epithelial cells abstract: Respiratory diseases are a very common source of morbidity and mortality among children. Health care providers often face a dilemma when encountering a febrile infant or child with respiratory tract infection. The reason expressed by many clinicians is the trouble to confirm whether the fever is caused by a virus or a bacterium. The aim of this review is to update the current evidence on the virus-induced bacterial infection. We present several clinical as well in vitro studies that support the correlation between virus and secondary bacterial infections. In addition, we discuss the pathophysiology and prevention modes of the virus–bacterium coexistence. A search of the PubMed and MEDLINE databases was carried out for published articles covering bacterial infections associated with respiratory viruses. This review should provide clinicians with a comprehensive idea of the range of bacterial and viral coinfections or secondary infections that could present with viral respiratory illness. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345407/ doi: 10.2147/tcrm.s87789 id: cord-298181-ypgb7uuc author: Hendaus, Mohamed A title: Why Are Children With Bronchiolitis At Risk Of Urinary Tract Infections? date: 2019-11-14 words: 1879.0 sentences: 116.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298181-ypgb7uuc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298181-ypgb7uuc.txt summary: 3 Several published studies have shown an association between acute bronchiolitis and secondary bacterial infection, including urinary tract infections (UTI). 3 Several published studies have shown an association between acute bronchiolitis and secondary bacterial infection, including urinary tract infections (UTI). Hendaus et al 8 studied the prevalence of urinary tract infection in infants and children with bronchiolitis. Multicenter RSV-SBI Study Group of the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics Risk of serious bacterial infection in young febrile infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections Concurrent serious bacterial infections in 2396 infants and children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections Prevalence of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection A prospective study of the risk for serious bacterial infections in hospitalized febrile infants with or without bronchiolitis Testing for urinary tract infection in the influenza/respiratory syncytial virus-positive febrile infant aged 2 to 12 months abstract: Viral respiratory infections are frequently eliminated from human bodies without any sequelae. Secondary serious bacterial infection (SBI) in children with acute bronchiolitis has been an apprehension expressed by health care providers. Several published studies have shown an association between acute bronchiolitis and secondary bacterial infection, including urinary tract infections (UTI). However, the proposed mechanism by which a virus can induce UTIs is not yet known. The aim of this commentary is to update the current evidence of risk of UTI in children with bronchiolitis. We present several clinical studies related to the topic as well as a brief review of the potential pathophysiology of secondary infections that could present with viral respiratory illness. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s222470 doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s222470 id: cord-017012-yl0vanuh author: Herberg, Jethro title: Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date: 2009 words: 23980.0 sentences: 1301.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt summary: Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) . abstract: The kidney is involved in a wide range of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases. In most systemic infections, renal involvement is a minor component of the illness, but in some, renal failure may be the presenting feature and the major problem in management. Although individual infectious processes may have a predilection to involve the renal vasculature, glomeruli, interstitium, or collecting systems, a purely anatomic approach to the classification of infectious diseases affecting the kidney is rarely helpful because most infections may involve several different aspects of renal function. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121468/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_52 id: cord-017393-kx8kmdej author: Herbers, Alexandra title: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Febrile Neutropenia date: 2009-08-31 words: 13295.0 sentences: 566.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017393-kx8kmdej.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017393-kx8kmdej.txt summary: Despite numerous clinical studies, since the 1970s, no single empirical antibiotic regimen has been shown to be superior for initial treatment of patients who become febrile during a neutropenic episode after therapy with chemotherapy drugs for hematological malignancies (see Table 5 -2) [4, 9, [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] . Similarly, bacteremias due to Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium species as well as candidemias are more frequently encountered in patients with acute leukemia who suffer from neutropenic enterocolitis or typhlitis, the most serious disturbance of the delicate balance between mucosal damage and microbial flora in the setting of prolonged exposure to antibiotics after intermediate or high-dose cytarabine chemotherapy. In addition, if a persistently neutropenic patient has no complaints and displays no clinical, radiological, or laboratory evidence of infection, cessation of antibiotic therapy or a change to oral antimicrobials should be considered after 4 days without symptoms. abstract: Aggressive chemotherapy has a deleterious effect on all components of the defense system of the human body. The resulting neutropenia as well as injury to the pulmonary and gastrointestinal mucosa allow pathogenic micro-organisms easy access to the body. The symptoms of an incipient infection are usually subtle and limited to unexplained fever due to the absence of granulocytes. This is the reason why prompt administration of antimicrobial agents while waiting for the results of the blood cultures, the so-called empirical approach, became an undisputed standard of care. Gram-negative pathogens remain the principal concern because their virulence accounts for serious morbidity and a high early mortality rate. Three basic intravenous antibiotic regimens have evolved: initial therapy with a single antipseudomonal β-lactam, the so-called monotherapy; a combination of two drugs: a β-lactam with an aminoglycoside, a second β-lactam or a quinolone; and, thirdly, a glycopeptide in addition to β-lactam monotherapy or combination. As there is no single consistently superior empirical regimen, one should consider the local antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates in the selection of the initial antibiotic regimen. Not all febrile neutropenic patients carry the same risk as those with fever only generally respond rapidly, whereas those with a clinically or microbiologically documented infection show a much slower reaction and less favorable response rate. Once an empirical antibiotic therapy has been started, the patient must be monitored continuously for nonresponse, emergence of secondary infections, adverse effects, and the development of drug-resistant organisms. The averageduration of fever in serious infections in eventually successfully treated neutropenic patients is 4–5 days. Adaptations of an antibiotic regimen in a patient who is clearly not responding is relatively straightforward when a micro-organism has been isolated; the results of the cultures, supplemented by susceptibility testing, will assist in selecting the proper antibiotics. The management of febrile patients with pulmonary infiltrates is complex. Bronchoscopy and a high resolution computer-assisted tomographic scan represent the cornerstones of all diagnostic procedures, supplemented by serological tests for relevant viral pathogens and for aspergillosis. Fungi have been found to be responsible for two thirds of all superinfections that may surface during broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment of neutropenic patients. Antibiotic treatment is usually continued for a minimum of 7 days or until culture results indicate that the causative organism has been eradicated and the patient is free of major signs and symptoms. If a persistently neutropenic patient has no complaints and displays no evidence of infection, early watchful cessation of antibiotic therapy or a change to the oral regimen should be considered. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121946/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-415-5_5 id: cord-290674-1kdc6xk8 author: Hershenson, Marc B. title: Rhinovirus-Induced Exacerbations of Asthma and COPD date: 2013-02-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Over the past two decades, increasing evidence has shown that, in patients with chronic airways disease, viral infection is the most common cause of exacerbation. This review will examine the evidence for viral-induced exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease and the potential mechanisms by which viruses cause exacerbations. Attention will be focused on rhinovirus, the most common cause of respiratory exacerbations. Exacerbations due to rhinovirus, which infects relatively few cells in the airway and does not cause the cytotoxicity of other viruses such as influenza or respiratory syncytial virus, are particularly poorly understood. While the innate immune response likely plays a role in rhinovirus-induced exacerbations, its precise role, either adaptive or maladaptive, is debated. Because current treatment strategies are only partially effective, further research examining the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying viral-induced exacerbations of chronic airways diseases is warranted. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24278777/ doi: 10.1155/2013/405876 id: cord-019100-rce6kyu4 author: Heymann, Peter W. title: VIRUS-INDUCED WHEEZING IN CHILDREN: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Rhinovirus date: 1998-02-01 words: 4835.0 sentences: 237.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019100-rce6kyu4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019100-rce6kyu4.txt summary: Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to measure viral nucleic acid material has provided the opportunity to study virus-induced wheezing among children in greater detail, and investigations of experimental rhinovirus infections in adults have demonstrated how this virus can augment both the early and late phase manifestations of airway hyperreactivity. When nasal washes from another study of children seen in the emergency room were tested using PCR techniques, rhinovirus was again the most common virus associated with wheezing after the age of 2.43 Once again, the combination of allergen-specific IgE antibody and viral infection increased the risk for wheezing (odds ratio = 16.4). abstract: The strong association between infantile wheezing and respiratory tract infections caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been well established. In studies of older children, rhinovirus becomes the major virus associated with asthma. These relationships are outlined in the box on page 36. In the past, this relationship was more difficult to appreciate, because rhinovirus does not always grow well in culture. In addition, the linkage between asthma and atopy during childhood has raised the question whether viral infections alone can precipitate exacerbations of asthma. Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to measure viral nucleic acid material has provided the opportunity to study virus-induced wheezing among children in greater detail, and investigations of experimental rhinovirus infections in adults have demonstrated how this virus can augment both the early and late phase manifestations of airway hyperreactivity. This article reviews recent advances that have enhanced our understanding of virus-induced wheezing, along with new information indicating that interactions between viral infections and allergic inflammation may be critical to the pathogenesis of acute symptoms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7125794/ doi: 10.1016/s0889-8561(05)70345-3 id: cord-005007-pofm8b5x author: Higgins, P. G. title: Interferons and viral infections date: 1984 words: 1595.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005007-pofm8b5x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005007-pofm8b5x.txt summary: This has been shown to occur in some children who are abnormally susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections (2) and also in some instances of fulminating hepatitis, when giving exogenous interferon appears to activate the patient''s own interferon production (3). As interferon''s antiviral effect is mediated through the protection of non-infected cells and not by any direct action on the virus particle, interferon''s prophylactic effect will probably be greater than its therapeutic action. For example it is now known that there is a critical concentration of interferon and frequency of administration below which intranasal interferon fails to protect against experimental rhinovirus infection (26) and that the beneficial effect of interferon in zoster in patients with malignancies is directly related to the amount given (16, 27) . Effect of human leukocyte interferon on hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chxonic active hepatitis abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087989/ doi: 10.1007/bf01977473 id: cord-283792-g7wyu8pc author: Hiltunen, Raimo title: Preventing airborne infection with an intranasal cellulose powder formulation (Nasaleze Travel®) date: 2007 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A total of 52 volunteers were recruited to take part in a dual-centered, randomized, blinded study so investigators could determine whether the level of airborne infection could be significantly reduced in patients randomly assigned to treatment with either Nasaleze® cellulose extract alone or a combination of Nasaleze cellulose and powdered garlic extract (PGE). One puff into each nostril was recommended, and volunteers who developed an infection while traveling were told to use at least 3 puffs per nostril until symptoms were reduced. This study took place over an 8-wk period across Finland and the United Kingdom between November 2006 and March 2007. Volunteers were instructed to use a 5-point scale to assess their health and to record infectious episodes and symptoms in a daily diary. The activetreatment group (Nasaleze cellulose with PCE) experienced significantly fewer infections than the control group (20 vs 57; P<.001) and far fewer days on which an infection was obviously present (126 d in the active group vs 240 d in the control group; P<.05). Consequently, volunteers in the active group were less likely to pick up an airborne infection when PCE was added to this novel cellulose extract. Volunteers in the control group were much more likely to report more than 1 infectious episode over the treatment period or to endure longer periods of infection. The investigators concluded that the combination Nasaleze Travel formulation significantly reduced the number of airborne infections to which volunteers were exposed while traveling. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18029341/ doi: 10.1007/bf02877720 id: cord-318826-l922zqci author: Holschbach, Chelsea L. title: Salmonella in Dairy Cattle date: 2018-03-31 words: 11033.0 sentences: 532.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318826-l922zqci.txt summary: In large free stall dairies, it is increasingly common to encounter Salmonella infection as an endemic challenge with clinical presentations that are highly variable, ranging from the classic textbook description of reproductive losses and enteric disease in adult cattle through to lower impact problems with fevers of unknown origin, little to no diarrhea, and only modest consequences in terms of appetite and milk yield reduction. 29 Hence, if one is merely trying to obtain a yes or no answer or identify and track specific serovars, or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over time, composite fecal samples are typically collected from areas on dairy operations where manure accumulates from a majority of adult animals, such as holding pens, alleyways, and lagoons. Prompt diagnosis, treatment, and isolation are important during an outbreak in adult cattle and environmental sampling to include bulk tank milk and high-risk housing areas should now be considered a routine part of disease prevention and surveillance. abstract: As an infectious, contagious pathogen, Salmonella is probably rivaled by only bovine viral diarrhea virus in its ability to cause clinical disease, such as enteritis, septicemia, pneumonia, and reproductive losses. The increasing prevalence of Salmonella, particularly Salmonella Dublin, on dairies presents new challenges to producers and veterinarians. No current discussion of bovine salmonellosis is complete without acknowledging the increasing public health concern. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens brings the use of antimicrobials by veterinarians and producers under ever stricter scrutiny. This article provides a comprehensive review of Salmonella etiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment, and control. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0749072017300853 doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005 id: cord-312438-zr9zx7pv author: Hoo, Regina title: Innate Immune Mechanisms to Protect Against Infection at the Human Decidual-Placental Interface date: 2020-09-10 words: 7551.0 sentences: 382.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt summary: Here, we outline the anatomy of the human placenta and uterine lining, the decidua, and discuss the potential capacity of pathogen pattern recognition and other host defense strategies present in the innate immune cells at the placental-decidual interface. Pathogen recognition is not only an essential component of the innate immune response against infection, but also plays an important role in bridging the innate and adaptive systems by Toll-like receptors (TLR) activation of antigen presenting cells by up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules (75) . Current evidence is only limited to in vitro TLR2/4 stimulation studies using placental explants and primary first trimester trophoblast cells, which drives the expression of FIGURE 3 | Toll-like receptors and potential inflammatory response at the decidua. In the mouse model of ZIKV infection, type I IFN-mediated signaling is essential for the control of viral replication in the placenta, but can also lead to significant placental pathology and fetal mortality (116, 117) . abstract: During pregnancy, the placenta forms the anatomical barrier between the mother and developing fetus. Infectious agents can potentially breach the placental barrier resulting in pathogenic transmission from mother to fetus. Innate immune responses, orchestrated by maternal and fetal cells at the decidual-placental interface, are the first line of defense to avoid vertical transmission. Here, we outline the anatomy of the human placenta and uterine lining, the decidua, and discuss the potential capacity of pathogen pattern recognition and other host defense strategies present in the innate immune cells at the placental-decidual interface. We consider major congenital infections that access the placenta from hematogenous or decidual route. Finally, we highlight the challenges in studying human placental responses to pathogens and vertical transmission using current experimental models and identify gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. We further propose novel experimental strategies to address such limitations. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02070 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02070 id: cord-004247-lagv3tp7 author: Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob title: Reassessing therapeutic antibodies for neglected and tropical diseases date: 2020-01-30 words: 6756.0 sentences: 314.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004247-lagv3tp7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004247-lagv3tp7.txt summary: This mAb was protective in an in vitro, antigen-dependent, cellular cytotoxicity assay with rat macrophages or eosinophils and also in vivo during the early phase of infection Second, beyond the cell-surface proteins, schistosomes also express a large number of glycans as part of their glycoprotein and glycolipid repertoire, and an antibody response against those glycans is mounted by the infected host [80] . In addition to antibodies that directly target and inhibit the fungal pathogen, mAbs can be directed to checkpoints that control the host immune response. In addition to highlighting the potential of mAbs as therapeutics, these studies have demonstrated the diversity of inhibitory actions that mAbs can perform on cryptococcal cells, which can include opsonization and increased phagocytosis, inhibition of fungal growth, capsular polysaccharide release and biofilm formation, antibody-mediated target cleavage, and augmentation of the host response [104] [105] [106] [107] . abstract: In the past two decades there has been a significant expansion in the number of new therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are approved by regulators. The discovery of these new medicines has been driven primarily by new approaches in inflammatory diseases and oncology, especially in immuno-oncology. Other recent successes have included new antibodies for use in viral diseases, including HIV. The perception of very high costs associated with mAbs has led to the assumption that they play no role in prophylaxis for diseases of poverty. However, improvements in antibody-expression yields and manufacturing processes indicate this is a cost-effective option for providing protection from many types of infection that should be revisited. Recent technology developments also indicate that several months of protection could be achieved with a single dose. Moreover, new methods in B cell sorting now enable the systematic identification of high-quality antibodies from humanized mice, or patients. This Review discusses the potential for passive immunization against schistosomiasis, fungal infections, dengue, and other neglected diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6991954/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007860 id: cord-022399-66mzbynu author: Hopkins, Graham title: Basic microbiology date: 2009-05-15 words: 8602.0 sentences: 552.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022399-66mzbynu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022399-66mzbynu.txt summary: Bacteria are important because of their ubiquity -that is, their ability to infect and multiply in varied environments -and the ability of many types of bacteria to cause disease -their pathogenicity. To reduce problems caused by bacteria, it is important to understand something of their structure, growth, environmental and metabolic requirements, classification, relationship with disease and the particular problems they can cause to the eye. The result is that the cells tend to grow and divide at a slower rate but are more resistant to antibacterial chemicals, viruses (bacteriophages), phagocytes and other adverse agents. As causative organisms of disease, fungi are less important than bacteria and viruses. • Sterilization: the killing or removal of all viable organisms (including bacterial spores) from an object or pharmaceutical product by the use of chemical or physical agents. Developments have led to the introduction of agents that are more effective against the infecting organism and less toxic to the host. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155651/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-8864-2.50005-2 id: cord-298905-c2uuvfm5 author: Horzinek, M. C. title: Molecular pathogenesis of virus infections date: 1987 words: 3888.0 sentences: 193.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298905-c2uuvfm5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298905-c2uuvfm5.txt summary: Using coronaviruses as examples the changes in virulence have been traced back to single mutational events; recombination, however, is likely to be an alternative mechanism by which virus-host interactions (e.g. the cell-, organor animal species-spectrum) can dramatically change. Parainfluenzaviruses, for example, attach to neuraminic acid-containing receptors; since glycolipids and glycoproteins containing neuraminic acid abound in vertebrate cell membranes the adsorption/penetration process lacks the specificity required to explain the restrictions in host range and tissue tropism of paramyxoviruses 29. Also in influenza virus infection cap structures are essential: these are cannibalized from host cell nuclear RNA precursor molecules and used as primers for viral RNA replication and synthesis 28. Autoimmune phenomena involving both the humoral and cellular limbs of the immune response have been identified in neurological conditions following infections with e.g. canine distemper virus3; invasion of brain tissue is supposed to cause changes in the molecular constitution of myelin and membrane components, making them recognizable as ''nonself''. abstract: Although a very wide range of viral diseases exists in vertebrates, certain generalizations can be made regarding pathogenetic pathways on the molecular level. The presentation will focus on interactions of virions and their components with target cells. Using coronaviruses as examples the changes in virulence have been traced back to single mutational events; recombination, however, is likely to be an alternative mechanism by which virus-host interactions (e.g. the cell-, organ- or animal species-spectrum) can dramatically change. Receptor molecules are essential for the early interactions during infection and some ot these have been identified. Events in the target cell and the host organism are discussed, and wherever possible, aspects of virus evolution and cooperation between infectious agents are highlighted. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2826215/ doi: 10.1007/bf01945522 id: cord-279864-5ouuu49v author: Hou, Jing title: Children’s Respiratory Infections in Tianjin Area, China: Associations with Home Environments and Lifestyles date: 2020-06-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Children spend most of their indoors time at home, which may have substantial influence on their health. We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Tianjin area, China to quantify the incidence of respiratory infections among children, and its association with home environments and lifestyles. The lifetime-ever incidences of croup, pneumonia and ear infection among children aged 0–8 in Tianjin area was 9.2%, 28.7% and 11.6%, respectively. The incidence of common cold infections more than twice per year was 31.3%. Home environments and lifestyles included strong risk factors for childhood respiratory infections. Perceived dry air had the greatest association with childhood common colds (population attributable fraction (PAF = 15.0%). Modern floor covering had the greatest association with croup (PAF = 14.7%) and ear infection (PAF = 34.5%), while infrequent bedding sun-curing had the greatest association with pneumonia (PAF = 18.7%). Condensation (a proxy of poor ventilation) accounted for 12.2% of the incidence of croup (PAF = 12.2%) and frequent common colds (PAF = 8.4%). Our findings indicate that factors related to “modern” home environments and lifestyles are risks for childhood respiratory infections. Modifying such factors might reduce the incidence of respiratory infections among children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32517360/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17114069 id: cord-248301-hddxaatp author: Howard, Daniel title: Genetic Programming visitation scheduling solution can deliver a less austere COVID-19 pandemic population lockdown date: 2020-06-17 words: 7985.0 sentences: 426.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/cord-248301-hddxaatp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-248301-hddxaatp.txt summary: A number of alternatives for this computation are presented and results of numerical experiments involving over 230 people of various ages and background health levels in over 1700 visits that take place over three consecutive days. A novel partial infection model is introduced to discuss these proof of concept solutions which are compared to round robin uninformed time scheduling for visits to places. A method of optimization, in this proof of concept this is a Genetic Programming [7] method, takes these requests and simulates the outings by means of an infection model, to discover a nearly optimal allocation of precise time slots for visits that reduce the likely hospitalization and death numbers. abstract: A computational methodology is introduced to minimize infection opportunities for people suffering some degree of lockdown in response to a pandemic, as is the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Persons use their mobile phone or computational device to request trips to places of their need or interest indicating a rough time of day: `morning', `afternoon', `night' or `any time' when they would like to undertake these outings as well as the desired place to visit. An artificial intelligence methodology which is a variant of Genetic Programming studies all requests and responds with specific time allocations for such visits that minimize the overall risks of infection, hospitalization and death of people. A number of alternatives for this computation are presented and results of numerical experiments involving over 230 people of various ages and background health levels in over 1700 visits that take place over three consecutive days. A novel partial infection model is introduced to discuss these proof of concept solutions which are compared to round robin uninformed time scheduling for visits to places. The computations indicate vast improvements with far fewer dead and hospitalized. These auger well for a more realistic study using accurate infection models with the view to test deployment in the real world. The input that drives the infection model is the degree of infection by taxonomic class, such as the information that may arise from population testing for COVID-19 or, alternatively, any contamination model. The taxonomy class assumed in the computations is the likely level of infection by age group. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.10748v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-292521-tpb12dkq author: Howard, John title: Widely Disseminated Cryptococcosis Manifesting in a Previously Undiagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive 18-Year-Old date: 2020-10-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Patient: Male, 18-year-old Final Diagnosis: Disseminated cryptococcosis in previously undiagnosed HIV Symptoms: Diarhea • lymphadenopathy Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: General and Internal Medicine • Pathology OBJECTIVE: Unusual clinical course BACKGROUND: After initial infection with HIV, loss of CD4+ T cells progresses along a predictable timeline. The clinical latency stage lasts an average of 10 years, until the CD4+ T cell count falls below 200 cells/uL or the patient develops an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection/cancer. This report describes an unusual opportunistic infection in a young patient with no prior clinical evidence of HIV infection. CASE REPORT: An 18-year-old man presented with fever, abdominal pain, and dyspnea for the previous 2 weeks and was symptomatically treated for gastroenteritis. He presented 2 weeks later with extreme fatigue, and a CT scan revealed diffuse lymphadenopathy. He was transferred to a regional hospital, but upon arrival and prior to detailed investigative work-up, he developed cardiac arrest. Despite maximal resuscitative efforts, he died approximately 8 h after admission. At autopsy, diffuse lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and pulmonary congestion were noted. Disseminated cryptococcal infection involving almost every organ system was identified at autopsy. A postmortem HIV-1 antibody test was positive. The cause of death was severe immunodeficiency as a result of advanced HIV infection resulting in disseminated cryptococcal infection, with cerebral edema, herniation, and respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS: This patient’s non-specific symptoms in conjunction with his rapid decline made arriving at a correct diagnosis challenging. Only during autopsy was the disseminated fungal infection discovered, leading to suspicion of HIV infection. HIV autopsies are not uncommon, but the clinical history is usually known beforehand. This case report highlights the importance of considering HIV-related conditions in patients presenting with this array of symptoms, as well as to alert healthcare providers and staff to the need for increased biosafety precautions. url: https://doi.org/10.12659/ajcr.924410 doi: 10.12659/ajcr.924410 id: cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author: Hui, David S.C. title: A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date: 2017-07-05 words: 7703.0 sentences: 432.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt summary: Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. The global circulation of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza, the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 followed by its continual circulation, 6 the rising number of A(H7N9) infections in humans 2 and the ongoing spread of A(H5N8) in recent months in the poultry populations in many countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and Middle East with pandemic potential 7 all point to an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013 in patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia. abstract: Seasonal influenza epidemics and periodic pandemics are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Patients with chronic co‐morbid illness, those at the extremes of age and pregnant women are at higher risks of complications requiring hospitalization, whereas young adults and obese individuals were also at increased risk during the A(H1N1) pandemic in 2009. Avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) viruses have continued to circulate widely in some poultry populations and infect humans sporadically since 1997 and 2013, respectively. The recent upsurge in human cases of A(H7N9) infections in Mainland China is of great concern. Sporadic human cases of avian A(H5N6), A(H10N8) and A(H6N1) have also emerged in recent years while there are also widespread poultry outbreaks due to A(H5N8) in many countries. Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. Whether higher than standard doses of NAI would provide greater antiviral effects in such patients will require further investigation. High‐dose systemic corticosteroids were associated with worse outcomes in patients with severe influenza. There is an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies for treatment of influenza infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13114 doi: 10.1111/resp.13114 id: cord-016127-tbot0fc9 author: Hurtado, F. J. title: Sepsis: Clinical Approach, Evidence-Based at the Bedside date: 2009-11-19 words: 4875.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016127-tbot0fc9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016127-tbot0fc9.txt summary: Since 2002 the Surviving Sepsis Campaign was introduced with the initial goal of increasing clinicians'' awareness about severe sepsis mortality and to improve outcome in this patient population. Despite the fact that most of these recommendations were not supported by high levels of evidence, they represented the international consensus on the best available standards of care for the management of sepsis. Mortality increases according to the presence of shock, and metabolic markers like arterial lactate are useful to characterize disease severity and the response to treatment [8] . The current management of severe sepsis and septic shock aims to control infection, achieve hemodynamic stabilization, modulate the immune response, and provide metabolic and organ support. The SSC is a global initiative that involves several international organizations with the common objective of elaborating evidence-based guidelines and recommendations for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock abstract: Sepsis is a common disease in intensive care medicine representing almost one third of patient admissions. Its incidence has substantially increased over the past decades and overall mortality has declined during this period of time. It was reported that sepsis incidence increased from 82.7 to 240.4 per 100,000 population between 1979–2000. At the same time, sepsis global mortality decreased from 27.8 to 17.9% [1–3]. However, the absolute number of deaths significantly increased from 21.9 to 43.9 per 100,000 population. Male gender, some chronic diseases like diabetes, immunosuppressive states, human immunodeficiency virus infections, and malignancies are factors that increase the risk for sepsis. Some particular conditions like progressive number of organ dysfunctions, in-hospital-acquired infections and increasing age are associated with higher risk of death [1,4]. On the other hand, septic shock mortality only diminished from 61.6 to 53.1% [5]. This slight decline in mortality observed during recent decades could be attributable to improvements in supportive care and/or avoidance of iatrogenic complications. For example, the instrumentation of early goal resuscitation protocols not aiming at supranormal targets for cardiac output and oxygen delivery, and the use of lung protective strategies could explain at least in part this favorable change. Other strategies directed to treat the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the septic process like recombinant human-activated protein-C (rhAPC), have also contributed to improve survival. However, mortality remains unacceptably high and further improvement in sepsis management is needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120313/ doi: 10.1007/978-88-470-1436-7_25 id: cord-285270-amh99u0j author: Husain, Shahid title: A 2010 working formulation for the standardization of definitions of infections in cardiothoracic transplant recipients date: 2011-03-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21419994/ doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.701 id: cord-296567-six7u615 author: Hussain, Akhtar title: Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic date: 2020-04-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.002 doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.002 id: cord-346836-6jyv0q5e author: Ikegami, Tetsuro title: The Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever date: 2011-05-06 words: 10419.0 sentences: 483.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346836-6jyv0q5e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346836-6jyv0q5e.txt summary: RVFV infection in humans usually causes a self-limiting, acute and febrile illness; however, a small number of cases progress to neurological disorders, partial or complete blindness, hemorrhagic fever, or thrombosis. This review describes the pathology of RVF in human patients and several animal models, and summarizes the role of viral virulence factors and host factors that affect RVFV pathogenesis. RVFV infection in humans primarily causes a self-limiting febrile illness; however, some patients develop hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders, or blindness after the febrile period [5, 7, 8] . Inbred rat strains mimic the disparate human response to rift valley fever virus infection Clinical, virological and serological response of the west african dwarf sheep to experimental infection with different strains of rift valley fever virus abstract: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in sub-Saharan African countries and the Arabian Peninsula. The disease is caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) of the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates of mortality and abortion. RVFV infection in humans usually causes a self-limiting, acute and febrile illness; however, a small number of cases progress to neurological disorders, partial or complete blindness, hemorrhagic fever, or thrombosis. This review describes the pathology of RVF in human patients and several animal models, and summarizes the role of viral virulence factors and host factors that affect RVFV pathogenesis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21666766/ doi: 10.3390/v3050493 id: cord-334369-xgw7o5gd author: Innes, Elisabeth A. title: A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis date: 2020-01-23 words: 7484.0 sentences: 327.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.txt summary: Livestock, in particular young calves, are very vulnerable to cryptosporidiosis and a recent modelling study estimated the global load of Cryptosporidium parasites in livestock manure to be in the region of 3.2 × 10 23 oocysts per year, with cattle being the predominant source [10] . Therefore, improving our understanding of environmental transmission routes of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and oocyst survival is important in assessing and mitigating against disease risk and is essential for a One Health approach to tackle human and animal cryptosporidiosis. In addition, applying methods on farm to minimise the environmental contamination with faeces containing infective Cryptosporidium oocysts will also help to minimise risk to other animals and to people through protection of the environment and water catchments (Figure 2 ). Treatment of livestock and human faecal waste to reduce viability of Cryptosporidium oocysts would help to minimise contamination of the environment with infectious parasites and protect human and animal health. abstract: Cryptosporidiosis is a significant diarrhoeal disease in both people and animals across the world and is caused by several species of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. Recent research has highlighted the longer-term consequences of the disease for malnourished children, involving growth stunting and cognitive deficits, and significant growth and production losses for livestock. There are no vaccines currently available to prevent the disease and few treatment options in either humans or animals, which has been a significant limiting factor in disease control to date. A One Health approach to tackle zoonotic cryptosporidiosis looking at new advances in veterinary, public, and environmental health research may offer several advantages and new options to help control the disease. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147149222030009X doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.016 id: cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author: Ippolito, G. title: Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date: 2006-09-09 words: 6497.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349821-5ykwwq75.txt summary: The term ''highly infectious diseases'' describes infections caused by pathogens that are transmissible from person to person, cause severe or life-threatening illness; present a serious hazard in healthcare settings and in the community; and require specific control measures, which may include management of cases in a highly secure isolation unit. In Canada, where SARS ''paralysed the Greater Toronto Area healthcare system for weeks'' [27] , and the Toronto public health department investigated 2132 potential cases of SARS, identified over 23,000 contacts as requiring quarantine and logged more than 316,000 calls on its SARS hotline [28] , a national review commission identified systemic deficiencies in response capacity, including ''inadequacies in institutional outbreak management protocols, infection control and infectious disease surveillance'', and found that these deficiencies resulted at least in part from failure to implement lessons learned from earlier public health emergencies [22] . abstract: In the last 2 decades, successive outbreaks caused by new, newly recognised and resurgent pathogens, and the risk that high-consequence pathogens might be used as bioterrorism agents amply demonstrated the need to enhance capacity in clinical and public health management of highly infectious diseases. In this article we review these recent and current threats to public health, whether naturally occurring or caused by accidental or intentional release. Moreover, we discuss some components of hospital preparedness for, and response to, infectious disease of the emergencies in developed countries. The issues of clinical awareness and education, initial investigation and management, surge capacity, communication, and caring for staff and others affected by the emergency are discussed. We also emphasise the importance of improving the everyday practice of infection control by healthcare professionals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16964581/ doi: 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y id: cord-018017-c8myq6bi author: Iversen, Patrick L. title: The Threat from Viruses date: 2018-09-30 words: 11563.0 sentences: 615.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt summary: Numerous emerging infections caused by viral agents have imposed high impact on human survival (Table 3 .3). The apparent success of these viruses is that as they move from reservoir hosts to humans and as humans become immune to the initial infection, the population of diverse genomes offers multiple chances to adapt by finding a "fit" genome version which can propagate until the next transition requiring adaption. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1) HTLV-1 is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus, defined by their use of reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, that makes a DNA copy of the RNA 7 kb viral genome. If we combine cardiovascular events and neoplasia caused by infection, then infectious disease is the most significant threat to human life and qualifies as the area of greatest impact. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) is a single stranded DNA virus that infects humans but are not known to cause disease. is a 5229 base double-stranded DNA virus infecting less than 5 percent of the human population. abstract: Infectious disease represent the most significant threat to human health. Significant geologic cataclysmic events have caused the extinction of countless species, but these “Wrath of God” events predate the emergence of Homo sapiens. Pandemic infections have accompanied the rise of human civilization frequently re-occurring leaving a lasting imprint on human history punctuated by profound loss of life. Emerging infections become endemic and are here to stay marking their presence with an annual death toll. Each decade brings a new onslaught of emerging infectious agents. We are surprised again and again but are never prepared. The long-term consequences often remain unrecognized and are always inconvenient including cancer, cardiovascular disease and immune associated diseases that threaten our health. Reliance on clusters of clinical symptoms in the face of diverse and non-descriptive viral infection symptoms is a foolhardy form of crisis management. Viral success is based on rapid replication resulting in large numbers. Single-stranded RNA viruses with their high replication error rate represent a paradigm for resilience. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122756/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-98164-2_3 id: cord-326328-9w2p3xla author: JENKINS, IAN A. title: Infections of the airway date: 2009-06-25 words: 6302.0 sentences: 348.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt summary: Infectious mononucleosis (IM) can cause compromise of the airway ( Figure 2 ) and this has been reported in as many as 25-60% of children presenting with IM (7) (8) (9) . Although most authors since the 1960s have advocated the use of glucocorticoids to avert the need for surgical intervention, several series note that, despite steroids, 40-88% of patients with airway obstruction required tonsillectomy (7, 9) . Historically, epiglottitis has been associated primarily with Haemophilus influenzae infections, typically occurring in children aged 3 months to 5 years, with a peak incidence between 1 and 3 years, and characterized by a rapid onset of fever, drooling and stridor (47) . Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management Haemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis as a cause of acute upper airways obstruction in children abstract: Infections of the airway in children may present to the anesthetist as an emergency in several locations: the Emergency Department, the Operating Department or on Intensive Care. In all of these locations, relevant and up to date knowledge of presentations, diagnoses, potential complications and clinical management will help the anesthetist and the surgical team, not only with the performance of their interventions, but also in buying time before these are undertaken, avoiding complications and altering the eventual outcome for the child. Diseases such as epiglottitis and diphtheria may show diminished incidence but they have not gone away and their clinical features and essential management remain unchanged. Paradoxically, perhaps, some conditions such as Lemierre’s syndrome appear to be making a comeback. In these instances, clinicians need to be alert to these less common conditions, not only in regard to the disease itself but also to potentially serious complications. This article describes those infections of the airway that are most likely to present to the anesthetist, their attendant complications and recommendations for treatment. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02999.x doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02999.x id: cord-007176-61e9obb3 author: Jackson, George Gee title: Viroses Causing Common Respiratory Infections in Man. III. Respiratory Syncytial Viroses and Coronavimses date: 1973-11-17 words: 4090.0 sentences: 299.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007176-61e9obb3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007176-61e9obb3.txt summary: RS virus was estimated, from sucrose density gradient centrifugation studies, to be 90-120 nm in diameter [2] ; viral particles in infected cells measured 65 nm by electron microscopy. All adults tested possessed detectable levels of neutralizing antibody to RS virus before challenge, but the titer of naturally acquired antibody had no significant effect on subsequent RS infection of volunteers and was poorly correlated with development of mild clinical illnesses. The neutralization test is more sensitive than CF when serum from infants is used, but rises in neutralizing antibody have been detected in only half of the virus-positive infections in this age group. Virus structures were detected 6-8 hr later [17] .· Infection of WI-38 cells with strain 229E resulted in a reorganization of the cytoplasm, as determined by electron microscopy. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adult volunteers. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adult volunteers. Morphology and development of respiratory syncytial virus in cell culture abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7109772/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/128.5.674 id: cord-353787-24c98ug8 author: Jackson, J. A. title: Immunology in wild nonmodel rodents: an ecological context for studies of health and disease date: 2015-04-27 words: 8770.0 sentences: 333.0 pages: flesch: 26.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353787-24c98ug8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353787-24c98ug8.txt summary: Measurement of immune expression may help define individual heterogeneity in infectious disease susceptibility and transmission and facilitate our understanding of infection dynamics and risk in the natural environment; furthermore, it may provide a means of surveillance that can filter individuals carrying previously unknown acute infections of potential ecological or zoonotic importance. Potentiating much of this is the possibility of combining gene expression profiles with analytical tools derived from ecology and systems biology to reverse engineer interaction networks between immune responses, other organismal traits and the environment (including symbiont exposures), revealing regulatory architecture. Studies in wild field voles, briefly reviewed below, have aimed to identify distributional infection patterns associated with different antipathogen strategies in natural populations and to link these to expression signatures in immune-relevant genes. abstract: Transcriptomic methods are set to revolutionize the study of the immune system in naturally occurring nonmodel organisms. With this in mind, the present article focuses on ways in which the use of ‘nonmodel’ rodents (not the familiar laboratory species) can advance studies into the classical, but ever relevant, epidemiologic triad of immune defence, infectious disease and environment. For example, naturally occurring rodents are an interesting system in which to study the environmental stimuli that drive the development and homeostasis of the immune system and, by extension, to identify where these stimuli are altered in anthropogenic environments leading to the formation of immunopathological phenotypes. Measurement of immune expression may help define individual heterogeneity in infectious disease susceptibility and transmission and facilitate our understanding of infection dynamics and risk in the natural environment; furthermore, it may provide a means of surveillance that can filter individuals carrying previously unknown acute infections of potential ecological or zoonotic importance. Finally, the study of immunology in wild animals may reveal interactions within the immune system and between immunity and other organismal traits that are not observable under restricted laboratory conditions. Potentiating much of this is the possibility of combining gene expression profiles with analytical tools derived from ecology and systems biology to reverse engineer interaction networks between immune responses, other organismal traits and the environment (including symbiont exposures), revealing regulatory architecture. Such holistic studies promise to link ecology, epidemiology and immunology in natural systems in a unified approach that can illuminate important problems relevant to human health and animal welfare and production. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25689683/ doi: 10.1111/pim.12180 id: cord-337105-jlmh79qv author: Jacob, Fadi title: Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism Predominates in Choroid Plexus Epithelium date: 2020-09-21 words: 9954.0 sentences: 567.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337105-jlmh79qv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337105-jlmh79qv.txt summary: We optimized a protocol to generate choroid plexus organoids from hiPSCs and showed that productive SARS-CoV-2 infection of these organoids is associated with increased cell death and transcriptional dysregulation indicative of an inflammatory response and cellular function deficits. QPCR analysis also showed higher levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in CPOs at 50 DIV and 100 DIV than in hippocampal organoids ( Figure S2D ) Together, these results show that our CPOs exhibit a similar transcriptome as adult human choroid plexus tissue and express markers for choroid plexus epithelial cells and SARS-CoV-2 receptors, representing a suitable experimental model to study SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our finding that dysregulated gene expression varies widely among hepatocyte, intestinal, and choroid plexus organoids infected with SARS-CoV-2 suggests unique responses in different cell types and highlights the need for diverse human cellular model systems when studying the disease. abstract: Neurological complications are common in patients with COVID-19. While SARS-CoV-2, the causal pathogen of COVID-19, has been detected in some patient brains, its ability to infect brain cells and impact their function are not well understood. Here we investigated the susceptibility of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived monolayer brain cells and region-specific brain organoids to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that neurons and astrocytes were sparsely infected, but choroid plexus epithelial cells underwent robust infection. We optimized a protocol to generate choroid plexus organoids from hiPSCs and showed that productive SARS-CoV-2 infection of these organoids is associated with increased cell death and transcriptional dysregulation indicative of an inflammatory response and cellular function deficits. Together, our findings provide evidence for selective SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and support the use of hiPSC-derived brain organoids as a platform to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility of brain cells, mechanisms of virus-induced brain dysfunction, and treatment strategies. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S193459092030463X?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.09.016 id: cord-009144-3slh1nbk author: Jacobs, J.W. title: RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL AND OTHER VIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN INFANTS date: 1971-05-01 words: 3288.0 sentences: 218.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009144-3slh1nbk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009144-3slh1nbk.txt summary: Diagnosis by virus isolation and serology was attempted in 377 cases of respiratory-tract infection in infants under one year of age admitted to hospital during two winters. THERE have been few intensive studies of respiratoryvirus infections of infants.1-5 To prevent these infections, it is necessary to know which viruses cause the most severe illness and whether maternal antibody plays any part in their prevention. We report here the results of a survey of respiratory-virus infections in infants under one year of age in hospital. In this survey, as in others, R.s. virus was the commonest cause of respiratory illness requiring admission at this age (40°0), and the illnesses were more severe than those associated with other viruses (table iv). 23 Effect of Maternal Antibody The few parainfluenza virus infections observed in this survey occurred only in infants more than four months of age. abstract: Diagnosis by virus isolation and serology was attempted in 377 cases of respiratory-tract infection in infants under one year of age admitted to hospital during two winters. A diagnosis of infection with respiratory syncytial (R.S.) virus was made in 40%, rhinovirus in 6·1%, adenovirus in 3·7%, parainfluenza in 2·1%, enterovirus in 1·9%, and influenza in 1·3%. R.S.-virus infections were more severe than others and occurred mostly in the first five months of life, with a peak at two months. Rhinovirus infections occurred at all ages, and often involved the lower respiratory tract. Of the 12 deaths, only 1 (due to R.S. virus) was not associated with a contributory cause. Maternal antibody to R.S. virus did not notably affect the incidence or severity of R.S.-virus infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135715/ doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92440-8 id: cord-022305-uvor9rts author: Jacoby, Robert O. title: Viral Diseases date: 2013-11-17 words: 15852.0 sentences: 898.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022305-uvor9rts.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022305-uvor9rts.txt summary: The number of viruses known to be naturally infectious for laboratory rats is small, and most cause inapparent infections which usually are detected by serological monitoring (Table I) . Significance: Latent, vertically-transmissible agent isolated from submaxillary gland; no signs or lesions; induces HAI antibody; unre lated antigenically to rat coronaviruses or cytomegalovirus; must dif ferentiate isolates from coronaviruses, cytomegaloviruses C. Infected rats excrete virus from the respiratory tract for about 7 days, at which time anti-SDAV antibody is first detectable in serum by either NT or CF tests ( Fig. 30 and Table V) (61) . Infections of SDAV or RCV can be diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, lesions, and serological profiles of NT and CF antibody and confirmed by isolation of the causative virus. The pathogenesis and lesions of natural and experimental Sendai virus infection have been well described for mice (2, 132, 160) , but only limited information on rats is available. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155549/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-074901-0.50018-6 id: cord-277818-8w15dz20 author: Jaichenco, Andre L. title: Infectious Disease Considerations for the Operating Room date: 2018-02-09 words: 9728.0 sentences: 528.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277818-8w15dz20.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277818-8w15dz20.txt summary: Hand hygiene is a well-known and effective solution to the problem of bacterial transmission within and across patients and is considered the most important and cost-effective individual intervention in the prevention of health care–associated infections in children and health care providers Compliance with the current "5 moments" World Health Organization guidelines could make a major inroad into reducing provider hand and workspace contamination. These findings have clinical implications for the risk of colonization and subsequent HCIs-for example, SSIs. This calls attention to the need to develop and enforce strict hand hygiene guidelines for personnel who are providing anesthesia care, but more importantly the need to increase compliance with environmental disinfection of the OR (between cases and terminal cleaning), and to study further the directions of the spread of pathogens in the OR and anesthesia work areas. abstract: The risk of infection transmission by anesthesia providers in their work area environment is reviewed. The dynamics of transmission and the strategies for preventing infection transmission in health care institutions are discussed. Anesthesiologists have long been patient safety advocates and have taken on increasing responsibility for preventing health care–associated infections. Anesthesia providers practice in a nonsterile environment within the operating room and have an impact on bacterial transmission and infection rates. Understanding the characteristics of transmission elements provides the practicing anesthesiologist with methods to protect susceptible patients and themselves to avoid spreading infection. It is vital to have in place proper systems to remove contaminated air to minimize the risk of airborne pathogens being transmitted by children. Preoperative patient skin and other bacterial reservoir decontamination and hand hygiene by anesthesia providers reduces contamination of the work area and IV access ports. Hand hygiene is a well-known and effective solution to the problem of bacterial transmission within and across patients and is considered the most important and cost-effective individual intervention in the prevention of health care–associated infections in children and health care providers Compliance with the current “5 moments” World Health Organization guidelines could make a major inroad into reducing provider hand and workspace contamination. Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis is an essential tool to reduce the risk of postoperative infections, and the anesthesia team plays a central role in ensuring the proper timing of drug administration. Protocols, although effective, require continuous feedback and revision. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323429740000501 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-42974-0.00050-1 id: cord-256827-tht5h1tu author: Jain, Neemisha title: Upper respiratory tract infections date: 2001 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Acute respiratory infections accounts for 20–40% of outpatient and 12–35% of inpatient attendance in a general hospital. Upper respiratory tract infections including nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and otitis media constitute 87.5% of the total episodes of respiratory infections. The vast majority of acute upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses. Common cold is caused by viruses in most circumstances and does not require antimicrobial agent unless it is complicated by acute otitis media with effusion, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infection. Sinusitis is commonly associated with common cold. Most instances of rhinosinusitis are viral and therefore, resolve spontaneously without antimicrobial therapy. The most common bacterial agents causing sinusitis areS. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis,S. aureus andS. pyogenes. Amoxycillin is antibacterial of choice. The alternative drugs are cefaclor or cephalexin. The latter becomes first line if sinusitis is recurrent or chronic. Acute pharyngitis is commonly caused by viruses and does not need antibiotics. About 15% of the episodes may be due to Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABS). Early initiation of antibiotics in pharyngitis due to GABS can prevent complications such as acute rheumatic fever. The drug of choice is penicillin for 10–14 days. The alternative medications include oral cephalosporins (cefaclor, cephalexin), amoxicillin or macrolides. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11838568/ doi: 10.1007/bf02722930 id: cord-339328-wizu3arz author: Jain, Sanjay K. title: The Promise of Molecular Imaging in the Study and Treatment of Infectious Diseases date: 2017-02-02 words: 4249.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339328-wizu3arz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339328-wizu3arz.txt summary: Preclinical Unique insights into disease pathogenesis, e.g., assessing hideouts of infections, defining the diversity of the microbial populations (microbiome) Studying multi-compartment antimicrobial pharmacokinetics Expedite bench-to-bedside translation of new therapeutics, e.g., surrogate end points to assess antimicrobial or vaccine efficacy or predict stable cure Clinical trials Unique insights into disease pathogenesis-noninvasive visualization of processes deep inside the body Phase 0 studies to determine compartment-specific antimicrobial penetration/binding (sites of infection, necrotic/fibrotic lesions, privileged sites-CNS) to inform appropriate dosing of novel drugs; determine accumulation at non-target sites to assess potential toxicities; current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines require tissue drug distribution studies at the infected sites Patient settings Enabling precision medicine by providing unique insights into disease pathogenesis, antimicrobial pharmacokinetics, etc. abstract: Infectious diseases are a major threat to humanity, and it is imperative that we develop imaging tools that aid in their study, facilitate diagnosis, and guide treatment. The alarming rise of highly virulent and multi-drug-resistant pathogens, their rapid spread leading to frequent global pandemics, fears of bioterrorism, and continued life-threatening nosocomial infections in hospitals remain as major challenges to health care in the USA and worldwide. Early diagnosis and rapid monitoring are essential for appropriate management and control of infections. Tomographic molecular imaging enables rapid, noninvasive visualization, localization, and monitoring of molecular processes deep within the body and offers several advantages over traditional tools used for the study of infectious diseases. Noninvasive, longitudinal assessments could streamline animal studies, allow unique insights into disease pathogenesis, and expedite clinical translation of new therapeutics. Since molecular imaging is already in common use in the clinic, it could also become a valuable tool for clinical studies, for patient care, for public health, and for enabling precision medicine for infectious diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28155078/ doi: 10.1007/s11307-017-1055-0 id: cord-332344-upsn0zb4 author: Jeswin, Joseph title: Proteomic analysis by iTRAQ in red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, hematopoietic tissue cells post white spot syndrome virus infection date: 2016-02-01 words: 5882.0 sentences: 285.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332344-upsn0zb4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332344-upsn0zb4.txt summary: To elucidate proteomic changes of Hpt cells from red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, we have carried out isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) of cellular proteins at both early (1 hpi) and late stage (12 hpi) post white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Generally, these differentially expressed proteins include: 1) the metabolic process related proteins in glycolysis and glucogenesis, DNA replication, nucleotide/amino acid/fatty acid metabolism and protein biosynthesis; 2) the signal transduction related proteins like small GTPases, G-protein-alpha stimulatory subunit, proteins bearing PDZor 14-3-3-domains that help holding together and organize signaling complexes, casein kinase I and proteins of the MAP-kinase signal transduction pathway; 3) the immune defense related proteins such as α-2 macroglobulin, transglutaminase and trans-activation response RNA-binding protein 1. To further identify proteins or pathways altered during viral infection, here we report proteomic responses of crayfish Hpt cells by iTRAQ at both early (1 hpi) and late (12 hpi) stages post WSSV infection accordingly. abstract: To elucidate proteomic changes of Hpt cells from red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, we have carried out isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) of cellular proteins at both early (1 hpi) and late stage (12 hpi) post white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Protein database search revealed 594 protein hits by Mascot, in which 17 and 30 proteins were present as differentially expressed proteins at early and late viral infection, respectively. Generally, these differentially expressed proteins include: 1) the metabolic process related proteins in glycolysis and glucogenesis, DNA replication, nucleotide/amino acid/fatty acid metabolism and protein biosynthesis; 2) the signal transduction related proteins like small GTPases, G-protein-alpha stimulatory subunit, proteins bearing PDZ- or 14-3-3-domains that help holding together and organize signaling complexes, casein kinase I and proteins of the MAP-kinase signal transduction pathway; 3) the immune defense related proteins such as α-2 macroglobulin, transglutaminase and trans-activation response RNA-binding protein 1. Taken together, these protein information shed new light on the host cellular response against WSSV infection in a crustacean cell culture. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26845698/ doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.035 id: cord-302379-jh6jxwyn author: Jevon, Phil title: Management of odontogenic infections and sepsis: an update date: 2020-09-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The management of odontogenic infections has improved over recent decades, but further improvements are still required. The ongoing education of GDPs and their dental teams on this issue continues to be important, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic, where remote triage poses additional difficulties and challenges. Odontogenic infections can lead to sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the body's immune system responding in an abnormal way. This can lead to tissue damage, organ failure and death. A patient with non-odontogenic-related infection could also present with sepsis at a dental practice. Early recognition and prompt management of sepsis improves outcomes. GDPs and their dental teams should be trained in the recognition and management of sepsis. Age-specific sepsis decision support tools have been developed by the UK Sepsis Trust to help dental staff recognise and manage patients with suspected sepsis. The aim of this article is to provide an update on the management of odontogenic infections and sepsis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32978579/ doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-2114-5 id: cord-201898-d1vbnjff author: Jha, Vishwajeet title: Forecasting the transmission of Covid-19 in India using a data driven SEIRD model date: 2020-06-08 words: 4664.0 sentences: 223.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-201898-d1vbnjff.txt txt: ./txt/cord-201898-d1vbnjff.txt summary: One of the most significant epidemiological parameter, namely the effective reproduction number of the infection is extracted from the daily growth rate data of reported infections and it is included in the model with a time variation. One of the most significant epidemiological parameter, namely the effective reproduction number of the infection is extracted from the daily growth rate data of reported infections and it is included in the model with a time variation. The results of calculations with these parameters that use the time varying β(t) parameter as determined above provide a good description of the evolution in the case numbers of reported infected, recovered and death population as shown in Fig. 2a . Calculations performed using the time dependent contact rate parameter β(t) in the SEIRD model provide a good description of the case numbers of infections, recovered and deaths. abstract: The infections and fatalities due to SARS-CoV-2 virus for cases specific to India have been studied using a deterministic susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered-dead (SEIRD) compartmental model. One of the most significant epidemiological parameter, namely the effective reproduction number of the infection is extracted from the daily growth rate data of reported infections and it is included in the model with a time variation. We evaluate the effect of control interventions implemented till now and estimate the case numbers for infections and deaths averted by these restrictive measures. We further provide a forecast on the extent of the future Covid-19 transmission in India and predict the probable numbers of infections and fatalities under various potential scenarios. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.04464v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-353214-qo98m7jx author: Jhaveri, Ravi title: Fever Without Localizing Signs date: 2017-07-18 words: 3690.0 sentences: 200.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt summary: 19 Among 233 infants who were born at term with no perinatal complications or underlying diseases, who had not received antibiotics, and who were hospitalized for fever and possible septicemia, 144 (62%) were considered unlikely to have a serious bacterial infection and fulfilled all of the following criteria: no clinical evidence of infection of the ear, skin, bones, or joints; white blood cell (WBC) count between 5000 and 15,000/mm 3 ; less than 1500 band cells/mm 3 ; and normal urinalysis results. Some clinicians adhere to a protocol of treating all young infants with fever and no apparent focus of infection with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents administered intravenously in the hospital until the results of cultures of the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are known. 34 Studies performed in that era showed that some children 3 months of age or older with fever who did not appear to be toxic and who had no apparent focus of infection had bacteremia, most often due to S. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323401814000141 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00014-1 id: cord-309478-yhmgopmr author: Jin, Ying-Hui title: Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey date: 2020-05-11 words: 4562.0 sentences: 223.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309478-yhmgopmr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309478-yhmgopmr.txt summary: title: Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey Results showed that they experienced psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline healthcare workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19. All 105 infected medical staff with COVID-19 in our hospital was invited, finally 103 cases agreed with the consent and finished our questionnaire was included for analysis (response rate: 98.1%), Table 1 presented their basic characteristics. Protective equipment should be upgraded in hospital at the onset of a new disease especially for staff conducting procedures involving close contact and caring for high risk patients. How to train the health personnel for protecting themselves from novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection during their patient or suspected case care abstract: BACKGROUND: Many healthcare workers were infected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) early in the epidemic posing a big challenge for epidemic control. Hence, this study aims to explore perceived infection routes, influencing factors, psychosocial changes, and management procedures for COVID-19 infected healthcare workers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, single hospital-based study. We recruited all 105 confirmed COVID-19 healthcare workers in the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from February 15 to 29, 2020. All participants completed a validated questionnaire. Electronic consent was obtained from all participants. Perceived causes of infection, infection prevention, control knowledge and behaviour, psychological changes, symptoms and treatment were measured. RESULTS: Finally, 103 professional staff with COVID-19 finished the questionnaire and was included (response rate: 98.1%). Of them, 87 cases (84.5%) thought they were infected in working environment in hospital, one (1.0%) thought their infection was due to the laboratory environment, and 5 (4.9%) thought they were infected in daily life or community environment. Swab of throat collection and physical examination were the procedures perceived as most likely causing their infection by nurses and doctors respectively. Forty-three (41.8%) thought their infection was related to protective equipment, utilization of common equipment (masks and gloves). The top three first symptoms displayed before diagnosis were fever (41.8%), lethargy (33.0%) and muscle aches (30.1%). After diagnosis, 88.3% staff experienced psychological stress or emotional changes during their isolation period, only 11.7% had almost no emotional changes. Arbidol (Umifenovir; an anti-influza drug; 69.2%) was the drug most commonly used to target infection in mild and moderate symptoms. CONCLUSION: The main perceived mode of transmission was not maintaining protection when working at a close distance and having intimate contact with infected cases. Positive psychological intervention is necessary. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32393381/ doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00254-8 id: cord-269095-lwank6hk author: Jirru, Ermias title: Impact of Influenza on Pneumococcal Vaccine Effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Aged Murine Lung date: 2020-06-11 words: 5981.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269095-lwank6hk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269095-lwank6hk.txt summary: As recent work has illustrated differential efficacy of Prevnar vaccination in modulating the immune responses of adult mice to post-influenza infection with a serotype 3 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, we chose to examine the impact of influenza infection on Pneumovax responses during a secondary bacterial infection [30, 40] . When compared to PBS controls, there was no significant increase in cellular recruitment or viral titers in aged adult mice vaccinated with Pneumovax on day 7 post influenza ( Figure 3B,C) . The purpose of our current study was to investigate the role of immune imprinting by influenza on pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the aged murine lung. The purpose of our current study was to investigate the role of immune imprinting by influenza on pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the aged murine lung. abstract: Changes in innate and adaptive immune responses caused by viral imprinting can have a significant direct or indirect influence on secondary infections and vaccine responses. The purpose of our current study was to investigate the role of immune imprinting by influenza on pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the aged murine lung. Aged adult (18 months) mice were vaccinated with the pneumococcal polyvalent vaccine Pneumovax (5 mg/mouse). Fourteen days post vaccination, mice were instilled with PBS or influenza A/PR8/34 virus (3.5 × 10(2) PFU). Control and influenza-infected mice were instilled with PBS or S. pneumoniae (1 × 10(3) CFU, ATCC 6303) on day 7 of infection and antibacterial immune responses were assessed in the lung. Our results illustrate that, in response to a primary influenza infection, there was diminished bacterial clearance and heightened production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL6 and IL1β. Vaccination with Pneumovax decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by modulating NFҡB expression; however, these responses were significantly diminished after influenza infection. Taken together, the data in our current study illustrate that immune imprinting by influenza diminishes pneumococcal vaccine efficacy and, thereby, may contribute to increased susceptibility of older persons to a secondary infection with S. pneumoniae. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020298 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020298 id: cord-270294-g95skuik author: Johnstone, Jennie title: Viral Infection in Adults Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia Prevalence, Pathogens, and Presentation date: 2008-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background The potential role of respiratory viruses in the natural history of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults has not been well described since the advent of nucleic amplification tests (NATs). Methods From 2004 to 2006, adults with CAP who were admitted to five hospitals were prospectively enrolled in the study, and clinical data, cultures, serology, and nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained. NATs from swabs were tested for influenza, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus 1–4, coronaviruses (OC43, 229E, and NL63), and adenovirus. Results A total of 193 patients were included; the median age was 71 years, 51% of patients were male, and 47% of patients had severe CAP. Overall, 75 patients (39%) had a pathogen identified. Of these pathogens, 29 were viruses (15%), 38 were bacteria (20%), 8 were mixed (4%), and the rest were “unknown.” Influenza (n = 7), hMPV (n = 7), and RSV (n = 5) accounted for most viral infections; other infections included rhinovirus (n = 4), parainfluenza (n = 3), coronavirus (n = 4), and adenovirus (n = 2). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial infection (37%). Compared with bacterial infection, patients with viral infection were older (76 vs 64 years, respectively; p = 0.01), were more likely to have cardiac disease (66% vs 32%, respectively; p = 0.006), and were more frail (eg, 48% with limited ambulation vs 21% of bacterial infections; p = 0.02). There were few clinically meaningful differences in presentation and no differences in outcomes according to the presence or absence of viral infection. Conclusions Viral infections are common in adults with pneumonia. Easily transmissible viruses such as influenza, hMPV, and RSV were the most common, raising concerns about infection control. Routine testing for respiratory viruses may be warranted for adults who have been hospitalized with pneumonia. url: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-0888 doi: 10.1378/chest.08-0888 id: cord-329904-e05ywn5e author: Jose, Merin title: Fatal Superimposed Bacterial Sepsis in a Healthy Coronavirus (COVID-19) Patient date: 2020-05-29 words: 2256.0 sentences: 118.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329904-e05ywn5e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329904-e05ywn5e.txt summary: We present a case of a healthy COVID positive individual, with no underlying comorbidities, who rapidly deteriorated overnight on readmission to the hospital after initial discharge and succumbed to this disease due to a superimposed bacterial infection with COVID pneumonia. This case report highlights the importance of educating COVID-19 positive patients about the precautions, as well as signs and symptoms of a superimposed bacterial infection, when their plan of care is in a home setting. It also emphasizes the potential role of checking procalcitonin levels as a part of routine laboratory investigation at initial presentation in all suspected as well as confirmed COVID-19 cases to rule out an on-going bacterial infection that can prove fatal in the course of the disease. Our emphasis from this case report is to highlight the risk of superimposed bacterial infection in COVID-19 patients. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease caused by the newly discovered coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). The novel coronavirus first emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has led to a global pandemic. The virus mainly spreads through respiratory droplets from an infected person, but environmental contamination can also act as a source of infection, making social distancing an important key in containing the spread of infection. Those with underlying health conditions are more susceptible to complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, which can be fatal. However, healthy individuals experience a mild flu-like illness or may be asymptomatic, recuperating from the infection even without any particular intervention. We present a case of a healthy COVID positive individual, with no underlying comorbidities, who rapidly deteriorated overnight on readmission to the hospital after initial discharge and succumbed to this disease due to a superimposed bacterial infection with COVID pneumonia. This case report highlights the importance of educating COVID-19 positive patients about the precautions, as well as signs and symptoms of a superimposed bacterial infection, when their plan of care is in a home setting. It also emphasizes the potential role of checking procalcitonin levels as a part of routine laboratory investigation at initial presentation in all suspected as well as confirmed COVID-19 cases to rule out an on-going bacterial infection that can prove fatal in the course of the disease. url: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8350 doi: 10.7759/cureus.8350 id: cord-332516-eaqpiq1o author: Joseph, Carol title: Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza date: 2013-08-27 words: 6464.0 sentences: 327.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332516-eaqpiq1o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332516-eaqpiq1o.txt summary: Bacterial secondary infections or co-infections associated with cases of influenza are a leading cause of severe morbidity and mortality, especially among high-risk groups such as the elderly and young children. Thus, information on the overall range, incidence and severity of influenza co-infections and secondary infections associated with different influenza strains, aetiological agents, different age groups and their underlying risk conditions is very important contextually for clinicians and public health specialists involved in implementing policy and treatment regimes for this disease spectrum. 34 In the United States, those aged 5-19 years Influenza and co-secondary infections ª 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd experienced overall the largest relative increase in pneumococcal hospitalisations during the 2009 pandemic influenza period compared with seasonal baseline estimates for this age group and mirrored both temporal and geographical influenza activity across the country. 75 A study of prior influenza vaccination in relation to its effect on severity and mortality in patients with CAP during seasonal influenza periods showed that prevention of the predisposing viral illness reduced the risk for more severe secondary pneumonia. abstract: Influenza‐associated bacterial and viral infections are responsible for high levels of morbidity and death during pandemic and seasonal influenza episodes. A review was undertaken to assess and evaluate the incidence, epidemiology, aetiology, clinical importance and impact of bacterial and viral co‐infection and secondary infection associated with influenza. A review was carried out of published articles covering bacterial and viral infections associated with pandemic and seasonal influenza between 1918 and 2009 (and published through December 2011) to include both pulmonary and extra‐pulmonary infections. While pneumococcal infection remains the predominant cause of bacterial pneumonia, the review highlights the importance of other co‐ and secondary bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza, and the emergence of newly identified dual infections associated with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain. Severe influenza‐associated pneumonia is often bacterial and will necessitate antibiotic treatment. In addition to the well‐known bacterial causes, less common bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila may also be associated with influenza when new influenza strains emerge. This review should provide clinicians with an overview of the range of bacterial and viral co‐ or secondary infections that could present with influenza illness. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12089 doi: 10.1111/irv.12089 id: cord-347064-ljd121no author: José, Ricardo J. title: Opportunistic bacterial, viral and fungal infections of the lung date: 2016-05-05 words: 2952.0 sentences: 159.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347064-ljd121no.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347064-ljd121no.txt summary: Conventional bacterial pathogens Although the risk of opportunistic infection is high in immunocompromised patients, most pneumonias are related to the more Key points C Knowledge of the immune defect helps to narrow down the potential pathogens C Computed tomography of the chest is better than radiographs at defining the radiological pattern of disease in immunocompromised hosts C In selected patients, early bronchoscopy increases the yield of microbiological identification of a potential pathogen C Prolonged high-dose glucocorticoids (>20 mg/day for >21 days) predispose to Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) C Biological agents are associated with specific immune defects that increase the risk of opportunistic lung infections (e.g. tumour necrosis factor-a inhibitors and risk of mycobacterial disease, endemic fungi and Legionella pneumophila; anti-CD20 drugs and mycobacterial disease, cytomegalovirus pneumonitis and PJP) C Due to the increase in azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus, combination of an azole with an echinocandin antifungal agent is recommended in immunocompromised hosts with severe invasive pulmonary aspergillosis conventional bacterial pathogens. abstract: Opportunistic infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised patients, such as those receiving chemotherapy or biological therapies, patients with haematological malignancy, aplastic anaemia or HIV infection, and recipients of solid-organ or stem cell transplants. The type and degree of the immune defect dictate the profile of potential opportunistic pathogens; T-cell-mediated defects increase the risk of viral (cytomegalovirus, respiratory viruses) and Pneumocystis jirovecii infections, whereas neutrophil defects are associated with bacterial pneumonia and invasive aspergillosis. However, patients often have combinations of immune defects, and a wide range of other opportunistic infections can cause pneumonia. Importantly, conventional non-opportunistic pathogens are frequently encountered in immunocompromised hosts and should not be overlooked. The radiological pattern of disease (best assessed by computed tomography) and speed of onset help to identify the likely pathogen(s); radiological imaging can subsequently be supported by targeted investigation including the early use of bronchoscopy in selected patients. Rapid and expert clinical assessment can identify the most likely pathogens, which can then be treated aggressively, providing the best opportunity for a positive clinical outcome. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357303916300159 doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.03.015 id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 words: 19161.0 sentences: 802.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt summary: The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. abstract: The 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses, held at Cancun, Mexico, 24–27 February 2011, offered 84 participants from 18 countries, a snapshot of current research in numerous zoonoses caused by viruses, bacteria or prions. Co‐chaired by Professors Heinz Feldmann and Jürgen Richt, the conference explored 10 topics: (i) The ecology of emerging zoonotic diseases; (ii) The role of wildlife in emerging zoonoses; (iii) Cross‐species transmission of zoonotic pathogens; (iv) Emerging and neglected influenza viruses; (v) Haemorrhagic fever viruses; (vi) Emerging bacterial diseases; (vii) Outbreak responses to zoonotic diseases; (viii) Food‐borne zoonotic diseases; (ix) Prion diseases; and (x) Modelling and prediction of emergence of zoonoses. Human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental challenges are viewed as a unity, which must be considered under the umbrella of ‘One Health’. Several presentations attempted to integrate the insights gained from field data with mathematical models in the search for effective control measures of specific zoonoses. The overriding objective of the research presentations was to create, improve and use the tools essential to address the risk of contagions in a globalized society. In seeking to fulfil this objective, a three‐step approach has often been applied: (i) use cultured cells, model and natural animal hosts and human clinical models to study infection; (ii) combine traditional histopathological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology; and (iii) obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, immune evasion and pathogenesis. This meeting review summarizes 39 of the conference presentations and mentions briefly the 16 articles in this Special Supplement, most of which were presented at the conference in earlier versions. The full affiliations of all presenters and many colleagues have been included to facilitate further inquiries from readers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22958247/ doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x id: cord-260700-u12aa739 author: Kainulainen, Leena title: Recurrent and persistent respiratory tract viral infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia date: 2010-06-10 words: 3686.0 sentences: 248.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260700-u12aa739.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260700-u12aa739.txt summary: title: Recurrent and persistent respiratory tract viral infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia OBJECTIVE: We conducted a prospective 12-month follow-up study of respiratory tract infections in 12 adult patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. METHODS: Nasal swab samples and induced sputum samples were taken at the onset of acute respiratory tract infection and every 3 months thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Despite adequate immunoglobulin replacement therapy, patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia have increased susceptibility to respiratory tract viral infections. Using modern diagnostic techniques, we wanted to study the occurrence of respiratory tract infections, especially viral infections, in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia who were receiving regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy. If the spouse of the patient had acute symptoms of respiratory tract infection, she or he took nasal swabs at home according to the instructions of the research nurse and sent the vials by post. First, despite adequate immunoglobulin replacement therapy, most patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia had increased susceptibility to respiratory tract viral infections. abstract: BACKGROUND: The occurrence of respiratory tract viral infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a prospective 12-month follow-up study of respiratory tract infections in 12 adult patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. METHODS: Nasal swab samples and induced sputum samples were taken at the onset of acute respiratory tract infection and every 3 months thereafter. Samples were tested for bacteria and viruses. PCR tests were performed for 15 respiratory tract viruses. In case the results for rhinovirus were positive, follow-up nasal swab samples were taken every 2 weeks until rhinoviral PCR results became negative. Patients completed symptom diaries, which were collected every month. The spouses of the patients served as healthy control subjects. RESULTS: During the 12-month period, the 12 patients had 65 episodes of acute respiratory tract infections, and the 11 spouses had 12 acute episodes (P < .001). Respiratory tract viruses were found in sputum in 54% of the infections. Rhinovirus was the most common virus. In more than half of our patients, rhinoviral PCR results stayed positive for more than 2 months. The most long-acting persistence with the same rhinovirus was 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: Despite adequate immunoglobulin replacement therapy, patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia have increased susceptibility to respiratory tract viral infections. Rhinoviral infections are frequent and prolonged. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0091674910006652 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.016 id: cord-270940-acwkh6ed author: Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari title: Viral zoonoses in Europe date: 2005-06-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A number of new virus infections have emerged or re-emerged during the past 15 years. Some viruses are spreading to new areas along with climate and environmental changes. The majority of these infections are transmitted from animals to humans, and thus called zoonoses. Zoonotic viruses are, as compared to human-only viruses, much more difficult to eradicate. Infections by several of these viruses may lead to high mortality and also attract attention because they are potential bioweapons. This review will focus on zoonotic virus infections occurring in Europe. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024128/ doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.012 id: cord-341987-lsvifqyo author: Kalyanasundaram, Sridhar title: Novel Corona Virus Pandemic and Neonatal Care: It’s Too Early to Speculate on Impact! date: 2020-08-03 words: 3967.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341987-lsvifqyo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341987-lsvifqyo.txt summary: We discuss the basic aspects of the infection, the approach of care to novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in positive pregnant women, the likely presentation in newborns (as per current knowledge), and the approach to the management of neonates with infection or at risk of the infection. In this article, we discuss the basic aspects of the infection, the approach of care to novel corona virus disease 2019 in positive pregnant women, the likely presentation in newborns (as per current knowledge), and the approach to the management of neonates with infection or at risk of the infection. Another recent case study published in Nature Communication reported transplacental transmission of COVID-19 from a positive pregnant mother during the last trimester to her offspring which occurred due to maternal viremia, placental infection, and neonatal viremia following placental infection [34] . abstract: The entire world is reeling under the effects of the novel corona virus pandemic. As it is a new infection, our knowledge is evolving constantly. There is limited information about impact of corona virus on neonatal care in relation to newborns with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. In this article, we summarize the current approach to this infection in relation to newborn babies. We discuss the basic aspects of the infection, the approach of care to novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in positive pregnant women, the likely presentation in newborns (as per current knowledge), and the approach to the management of neonates with infection or at risk of the infection. Children are less susceptible to COVID-19 infection and generally have a mild course. There is a lower risk of severe disease among pregnant women and neonates. It was recommended to follow the current protocols for management of symptomatic newborn with isolation precautions, antibiotics, and respiratory support. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00440-8 doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00440-8 id: cord-274643-vjb2yt93 author: Kang, G. title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2008-08-26 words: 5682.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt summary: Of the ''non-group A'' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for more than 72 hours in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections do not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. abstract: Viral gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses affecting humans and has greatest impact at the extremes of age. The spectrum of disease can range from asymptomatic infections to severe disease with dehydration. Intensive investigation of enteric infections in the past three decades has made it increasingly clear that viruses cause a significant proportion of enteric illnesses worldwide. In contrast to bacterial pathogens, enteric viruses cannot multiply outside their host; hence, the original inoculum into the common source determines infectivity. Prevention of contamination of food and water will help control primary cases, whereas careful nursing and handwashing prevent secondary cases. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739605005712 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00571-2 id: cord-314390-q36ye9ff author: Kang, Gagandeep title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2016-10-24 words: 6020.0 sentences: 281.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt summary: Of the ''non-group A'' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for >72 h in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections may not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. abstract: Viral gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses affecting humans and has greatest impact at the extremes of age. The spectrum of disease can range from asymptomatic infections to severe disease with dehydration. In contrast to bacterial pathogens, enteric viruses cannot multiply outside their host; hence, the original inoculum into the common source determines infectivity. Prevention of contamination of food and water control primary cases, whereas careful nursing and handwashing prevent secondary cases. Effective vaccines are available and widely used to prevent rotaviral gastroenteritis, but vaccines for other causes of viral gastroenteritis are not yet available. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785004860 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00486-0 id: cord-329263-o5e2go23 author: Kaplan, Nasser M. title: Molecular epidemiology and disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus in relation to other potential pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in Jordan date: 2007-11-26 words: 4170.0 sentences: 238.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329263-o5e2go23.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329263-o5e2go23.txt summary: title: Molecular epidemiology and disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus in relation to other potential pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in Jordan Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the leading viral cause of acute respiratory infection in infants and young children in terms of prevalence and effect [Shay et al., 2001] . We also compared the disease severity of HRSV subgroups A and B and their associated genotypes in hospitalized Jordanian children set in the context of other potential respiratory pathogens. A total of 72/326 (22%) patients had no pathogens detected by PCR (Table I) , but 254 (78%) had at least one potential respiratory pathogen detected which consisted of 140/ 326 (43%) HRSV, 116/312 (37%) adenoviruses, 57/312 (18%) HBoV, 36/325 (11%) rhinovirus, 14/312 (4.5%) Chlamydia spp., 8/326 (2.5%) HMPV, 4/325 (1.2%) human coronavirus NL63, and 2/323 (0.6%) influenza A virus. abstract: Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children. Few data about the molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in developing countries, such as Jordan, are available. The frequency and severity of infections caused by HRSV were assessed in hospitalized Jordanian children <5 years of age compared with other potential etiological agents. Overall a potential pathogen was detected in 78% (254/326) of the children. HRSV was detected in 43% (140/326) of the nasopharyngeal aspirates. HRSV was found more frequently during the winter (January/February), being less frequent or negligible by spring (March/April). Analysis of 135 HRSV‐positive strains using restriction fragment length polymorphism showed that 94 (70%) belonged to subgroup A, and 41 (30%) to subgroup B. There were also two cases of mixed genotypic infection. Only four of the six previously described N genotypes were detected with NP4 predominating. There were no associations between subgroup or N‐genogroup and disease severity. HRSV was significantly associated with more severe acute respiratory infection and the median age of children with HRSV was lower than for those without. Next in order of frequency were adenovirus (116/312: 37%), human bocavirus (57/312: 18%), rhinovirus (36/325: 11%), Chlamydia spp. (14/312: 4.5%), human metapneumovirus (8/326: 2.5%), human coronavirus NL63 (4/325: 1.2%), and influenza A virus (2/323: 0.6%). Influenza B; parainfluenza viruses 1–4, human coronavirus HKU1 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were not detected. J. Med. Virol. 80:168–174, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18041044/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.21067 id: cord-324398-68je1l3o author: Kashiwazaki, Hiromi title: Spongiform degeneration induced by neuropathogenic murine coronavirus infection date: 2011-01-23 words: 4693.0 sentences: 230.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324398-68je1l3o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324398-68je1l3o.txt summary: Even in this area with mild gliosis, astroglial foot processes around the blood vessels were an outstanding feature (Fig. 2l) , indicating that a key component of the blood brain barrier had been well-preserved in the exSpongi during the course of the disease, which conspicuously contrasts with pathologies involving an inflammatory perivascular cuff induced by infection with other strains of JHM virus, where there is a disappearance of astrocytes around blood vessels with inflammation followed by degeneration of the astrocytes with swollen cytoplasm around the blood vessels in the initial phase of cell infiltration. The distribution of spongiotic lesions showed a predilection for the brainstem and cerebellum (Figs 1,2 ) without forming spongiosis in the SVZ (Figs 2,3) , although our previous report demonstrated that the viral antigens in the brain appear in the choroid plexus and SVZ, including ependymal cells, during the early phase of infection after the initial emergence in infiltrating cells of meninges at 12 h pi, without spreading into the brain parenchyma including the site of injection. abstract: Soluble receptor‐resistant mutant 7 (ssr7) is isolated from a highly neurovirulent mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) JHMV cl‐2 strain (cl‐2). srr7 exhibits lower virulence than its maternal strain in infected mice, which is typically manifested in a longer lifespan. In this study, during the course of infection with srr7, small spongiotic lesions became apparent at 2 days post‐inoculation (pi), they spread out to form spongiform encephalopathy by 8 to 10 days pi. We recently reported that the initial expressions of viral antigens in the brain are detected in the infiltrating monocyte lineage and in ependymal cells. Here, we demonstrate that the next viral spread was observed in glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive cells or nestin‐positive progenitor cells which take up positions in the subventricular zone (SVZ). From this restricted site of infection in the SVZ, a large area of gliosis extended deep into the brain parenchyma where no viral antigens were detected but vacuolar degeneration started at 48 h pi of the virus. The extremely short incubation period compared with other experimental models of infectious spongiform degeneration in the brain would provide a superior experimental model to investigate the mechanism of spongiotic lesions formation. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02639.x doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02639.x id: cord-294468-0v4grqa7 author: Kasilingam, Dharun title: Exploring the Growth of COVID‐19 Cases using Exponential Modelling Across 42 Countries and Predicting Signs of Early Containment using Machine Learning date: 2020-08-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: COVID‐19 pandemic disease spread by the SARS‐COV‐2 single‐strand structure RNA virus, belongs to the 7(th) generation of the coronavirus family. Following an unusual replication mechanism, it’s extreme ease of transmissivity has put many counties under lockdown. With uncertainty of developing a cure/vaccine for the infection in the near future, the onus currently lies on healthcare infrastructure, policies, government activities, and behaviour of the people to contain the virus. This research uses exponential growth modelling studies to understand the spreading patterns of the COVID‐19 virus and identifies countries that have shown early signs of containment until 26(th) March 2020. Predictive supervised machine learning models are built using infrastructure, environment, policies, and infection‐related independent variables to predict early containment. COVID‐19 infection data across 42 countries are used. Logistic regression results show a positive significant relationship between healthcare infrastructure and lockdown policies, and signs of early containment. Machine learning models based on logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and support vector machines are developed and show accuracies between 76.2% to 92.9% to predict early signs of infection containment. Other policies and the decisions taken by countries to contain the infection are also discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13764 doi: 10.1111/tbed.13764 id: cord-017461-xw02c7u5 author: Kauffman, Carol A. title: Fungal Infections date: 2009-02-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Older adults are at increased risk of developing opportunistic fungal infections because organ transplantation, intensive cancer chemotherapy regimens, and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents are now used more commonly, and because admission to an intensive care unit, which carries many risk factors for fungal infection, has become commonplace in this group. Candida species are the most common cause of opportunistic fungal infections, and bloodstream infections are usually treated with fluconazole or an echinocandin antifungal agent. Invasive mold infections are mostly caused by Aspergillus species; in older adults, they cause primarily pulmonary and sinus infections, and they are associated with a high mortality rate. The endemic fungi, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides species, and Blastomyces dermatitidis, cause infection when the mold form is dispersed and inhaled from the environment in those specific areas of the country in which these organisms flourish. Amphotericin B is used for initial treatment of severe histoplasmosis, coccidioi­domycosis, and blastomycosis; itraconazole is the therapy of choice for most mild to moderate infections due to these endemic mycoses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122029/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-534-7_22 id: cord-024795-xa7ke70d author: Kaviani, Aaron title: Management of Antimicrobial Agents in Abdominal Organ Transplant Patients in Intensive Care Unit date: 2020-01-24 words: 4876.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024795-xa7ke70d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024795-xa7ke70d.txt summary: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early diagnosis of infections and immediate initiation of appropriate antimicrobials are crucial in the management of patients before and after organ transplantation. Furthermore, liver, pancreas, and intestinal recipients are especially at risk for fatal fungal infections, primarily caused by Candida species which may occur together with bacterial infections. Recommendations regarding empirical antibiotic treatment in patient with ESLD before liver transplantation have been summarized in Table 1 [9] . For SSIs, empiric treatment should include Gram-positive organisms as well as expected flora at site of transplanted organ, with broad-spectrum agents reserved for patients with risk for multidrug-resistant organisms [63] . Urinary tract infections in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice Intra-abdominal infections in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early diagnosis of infections and immediate initiation of appropriate antimicrobials are crucial in the management of patients before and after organ transplantation. We reviewed the most recent literature and guidelines in this field and organized the current recommendations for healthcare professionals caring for critically ill organ transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS: The incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms is increasing. Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria comprise about 14% of organisms. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci bloodstream infections are also on the rise, as 20.5% of nosocomial enterococci are now vancomycin-resistant, changing empiric antibiotic selection. Fluconazole-resistant Candida species comprise up to 46% of cases of candidemia in hospitalized patients. Consequently, new guidelines recommend primary use of echinocandins in patients with candidemia who have moderate-to-severe disease. Finally, the incidence of emergence of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection in patients is 5–12%, requiring early recognition and change to alternative regimens in the case of poor response to therapy. SUMMARY: Bloodstream infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in solid organ transplantation. Mortality as high as 24% and 50% have been reported with sepsis and septic shock respectively. As such, bloodstream infections should be diagnosed rapidly and intravenous antibiotics should be started immediately. Appropriate resuscitation should be initiated and the number and/or dose of immunosuppressive drugs should be reduced. Proper source control must also be achieved with radiologic drainage or surgical intervention as appropriate. Initial antibiotic treatment of these patients should cover both Gram-positive organisms, especially in the presence of intravascular catheters, and Gram-negative bacteria. Echinocandins like caspofungin should also be considered especially in critically ill patients, particularly if a patient has been on total parenteral nutrition or broad-spectrum antibiotics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222087/ doi: 10.1007/s40472-020-00268-0 id: cord-018101-zd4v222b author: Kawashima, Kent title: Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies date: 2016-05-31 words: 13128.0 sentences: 624.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt summary: We will briefly describe some pathogens that cause human disease and their transmission mechanisms before analyzing the SARS 2002-2003 epidemic as a case study of a modern urban epidemic. In general, fecal-oral and vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted through an environmental (water, food) or a biological (animal) carrier that extends transmission range to large distances, but other routes are also possible depending on the specific pathogen. In the following three subsections, we discuss theoretical results on three important aspect of disease outbreak: (1) the effect of "superspreaders" on the probability of outbreak, (2) the impact of control strategies such as isolation and quarantine, and (3) factors that affect the evolution of pathogen virulence. When the host population has a highly heterogeneously connected network, emergence of disease may be rare, but infections that survive stochastic extinction produce "explosive" epidemics similar to the case of SARS in 2002. abstract: Disease outbreaks remain a major threat to human health and welfare especially in urban areas in both developed and developing countries. A large body of theoretical work has been devoted to modeling disease emergence, and critical factors that predict outbreak occurrence and severity have been proposed. In this chapter, we focus on biological factors that underlie both theoretical models and urban planning. We describe the SARS 2002–2003 pandemic as a case study of epidemic control of a human infectious disease. We then describe theoretical analyses of disease dynamics and control strategies. An important conclusion is that epidemic control will be strongly dependent on particular aspects of pathogen biology including host breadth, virulence, incubation time, and/or mutation rate. The probability, and potential cost, of future outbreaks, may be high and lessons from both past cases and theoretical work should inform urban design and policy. Interdisciplinary collaboration in planning, swiftness of information dissemination and response, and willingness to forgo personal liberties during a crisis may be key factors in resilience to infectious disease outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122892/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-39812-9_10 id: cord-300187-fr6tme32 author: Kearns, Shawn title: Infectious Hepatopathies in Dogs and Cats date: 2009-11-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This article serves to review the various infectious diseases that affect the liver primarily or as a part of systemic infection. Although bacterial infections are probably the most common cause of infectious hepatitis, the clinician should be aware of other potential organisms and other commonly involved systems. Therefore, this article includes a description of common bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, parasitic, and rickettsial diseases in dogs and cats. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945087/ doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.06.004 id: cord-288238-36hiiw91 author: Keshavarz, Mohsen title: Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection date: 2020-03-05 words: 8134.0 sentences: 425.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt summary: It is also reported that influenza infection significantly increases ROS production by inducing Nox4, and the proliferation of this virus in lung epithelial cells is dependent on redox-sensitive pathways activated by Nox4-derived ROS [16] . IFN can also exert its function on metabolic changes by producing several mediators including indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and nitric oxide (NO), both of which appear to have either an inducible or an inhibitory role in viral replication [33] . In addition, increased temperature of cells during infection (which could be the result of virus replication and fever) causes heat stress which in turn can considerably downregulate carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) activity and reduce the β-oxidation and ATP levels in fibroblasts of influenza-associated encephalopathy patients and healthy volunteers [110] . Through enhancing the activity of the mTORC1 complex, the influenza virus strengthens several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, pentose phosphate, and fatty acid synthesis, to provide more ATP and structural materials for viral replication. abstract: Based on available metabolomic studies, influenza infection affects a variety of cellular metabolic pathways to ensure an optimal environment for its replication and production of viral particles. Following infection, glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis increase in infected cells continually, which results in higher glucose consumption. The pentose phosphate shunt, as another glucose-consuming pathway, is enhanced by influenza infection to help produce more nucleotides, especially ATP. Regarding lipid species, following infection, levels of triglycerides, phospholipids, and several lipid derivatives undergo perturbations, some of which are associated with inflammatory responses. Also, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation decreases significantly simultaneously with an increase in biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids. Moreover, essential amino acids are demonstrated to decline in infected tissues due to the production of large amounts of viral and cellular proteins. Immune responses against influenza infection, on the other hand, could significantly affect metabolic pathways. Mainly, interferon (IFN) production following viral infection affects cell function via alteration in amino acid synthesis, membrane composition, and lipid metabolism. Understanding metabolic alterations required for influenza virus replication has revealed novel therapeutic methods based on targeted inhibition of these cellular metabolic pathways. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32161622/ doi: 10.1186/s11658-020-00211-2 id: cord-331827-amg309uz author: Keske, Şiran title: Human metapneumovirus infection: Diagnostic impact of radiologic imaging date: 2019-02-01 words: 1608.0 sentences: 105.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331827-amg309uz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331827-amg309uz.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently detected virus, which can cause mild to severe respiratory tract infections. MATERIALS/METHODS: Between January 2012 and November 2017, patients who had hMPV detected in nasopharyngeal or bronchoalveolar lavage by molecular respiratory pathogen tests were evaluated. Lower respiratory system infection (LRTI) was diagnosed in 44 patients with clinical findings, and in 31 patients out of 44 the radiological findings supported the diagnosis. Our study demonstrates the radiologic findings of hMPV infections in patients with LRSI (Figures 3 and 4) . In a recent review for radiologic imaging of viral agents that may cause pneumonia, the general radiologic findings of hMPV infections were followed as bilateral centrilobular nodules, GGO, and multilobar infiltrations; however, there was no information about nodular consolidation. In addition, they noted that the radiologic findings of hMPV infections were most commonly reported in patients with hematologic malignancy, but there were limited data on immunocompetent patients. Clinical characterization of human metapneumovirus infection among patients with cancer abstract: BACKGROUND: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently detected virus, which can cause mild to severe respiratory tract infections. Through this study, we aimed to detail the outcomes of hMPV infections. MATERIALS/METHODS: Between January 2012 and November 2017, patients who had hMPV detected in nasopharyngeal or bronchoalveolar lavage by molecular respiratory pathogen tests were evaluated. The Food and Drug Administration cleared multiplexed‐polymerase chain reaction system (Idaho Technology, Salt Lake City, UT) was used for diagnosis. Chest radiography (CR) and computed tomography (CT) were evaluated by an expert radiologist. RESULTS: In total 100 patients were included, the mean age was 22.9 (0‐87) years, and 50% were male. The hospitalization rate was 52%. Lower respiratory system infection (LRTI) was diagnosed in 44 patients with clinical findings, and in 31 patients out of 44 the radiological findings supported the diagnosis. The LRTI rate was significantly higher in adults than children (66.7%‐32.8%; P = 0.001). In CR, peribronchovascular infiltration (PI) was the most common feature seen in 14 out of 18 patients and was generally bilateral (13 out of 18 patients). In CT imaging, ground‐glass opacity was the most common finding seen in 11 out of 16 patients and nodular consolidation in five patients. Ribavirin was given to four patients, three of whom were severe and required respiratory support. None of the patients died of hMPV infection. CONCLUSIONS: The ground‐glass opacity in CT was similar to other respiratory virus infections, and PI in CR was very common and typical; however, nodular consolidation that may mimic bacterial infection was seen in one‐fourth of CT. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25402 doi: 10.1002/jmv.25402 id: cord-309138-44qpk2vf author: Khanna, Kanika title: Herbal Immune-boosters: Substantial Warriors of Pandemic Covid-19 Battle date: 2020-10-03 words: 6385.0 sentences: 354.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309138-44qpk2vf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309138-44qpk2vf.txt summary: Moreover, AYUSH has recommended certain preventive and medicinal plants for prevention and prophylactic of COVID-19 including warm extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (advised for chronic fever), Andrograhis paniculata (advised for fever and cold), Cydonia oblonga, Zizyphus jujube and Cordia myxa (enhancing antioxidant, immune-modulatory, anti-allergic, smooth muscle relaxant, anti-influenza activity) and Ever since, has been elucidated that, PAK1 tends to cause cancers, viral diseases like HIV, Hepatitis, pappiloma, influenza, ebola, SARS and corona virus along with immune system suppression of hosts, henceforth, propolis would be quintessential in blocking COVID/coronavirus curbed fibrosis in respiratory tract and boosting the immunity of an individual (Maruta, 2014) . Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) From Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study Molecular mechanism of action of repurposed drugs and traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of patients infected with COVID-19: A systematic review Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective abstract: Current scenario depicts that world has been clenched by COVID-19 pandemic. Inevitably, public health and safety measures could be undertaken in order to dwindle the infection threat and mortality. Moreover, to overcome the global menace and drawing out world from moribund stage, there is an exigency for social distancing and quarantines. Since December, 2019, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) have came into existence and up till now world is still in the state of shock.At this point of time, COVID-19 has entered perilous phase, creating havoc among individuals, and this has been directly implied due to enhanced globalisation and ability of the virus to acclimatize at all conditions. The unabated transmission is due to lack of drugs, vaccines and therapeutics against this viral outbreak. But research is still underway to formulate the vaccines or drugs by this means, as scientific communities are continuously working to unravel the pharmacologically active compounds that might offer a new insight for curbing infections and pandemics. Therefore, the topical COVID-19 situation highlights an immediate need for effective therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Towards this effort, the present review discusses the vital concepts related to COVID-19, in terms of its origin, transmission, clinical aspects and diagnosis. However, here, we have formulated the novel concept hitherto, ancient means of traditional medicines or herbal plants to beat this pandemic. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0944711320301926 doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361 id: cord-023369-xwclh6ih author: Kim, Faith title: Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review date: 2020-04-18 words: 4890.0 sentences: 219.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt summary: They both had IgM antibodies in the acute phase and PCR detection of HHV-6 DNA in the serum at high copy numbers suggestive of a primary infection despite presence of preexisting maternal antibodies, which the authors isolated from both mothers. 18 Infants with congenital infection due to ciHHV6 had evidence of high viral loads in the cord blood and detection of HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles in both the infants and at least one parent. In summary, we present a case of a premature infant with multiple anomalies who acquired acute HHV-6 viral meningitis in the setting of intermittent high fevers, elevated inflammatory markers, and diagnostic testing from her CSF that confirmed the diagnosis. Transplacental human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) congenital infection caused by maternal chromosomally integrated virus abstract: Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a common virus that can cause nearly universal infection in infancy and early childhood. It typically manifests as an acute febrile illness. We describe a case of a premature infant with congenital hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in place who developed intermittent fevers while she was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. She was ultimately diagnosed with acute HHV-6 meningitis. In addition to this report, we present a literature review regarding this virus’s potential modes of transmission and forms of clinical presentation in the neonatal period. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169356/ doi: 10.1177/1179547620912952 id: cord-345381-9cckppk2 author: Klimek, Ludger title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date: 2020-09-07 words: 6146.0 sentences: 332.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt summary: title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontaneous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontane-ous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. abstract: Background: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the treatment of patients with allergic and atopy-associated diseases has faced major challenges. Recommendations for “social distancing” and the fear of patients becoming infected during a visit to a medical facility have led to a drastic decrease in personal doctor-patient contacts. This affects both acute care and treatment of the chronically ill. The immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection is so far only insufficiently understood and could be altered in a favorable or unfavorable way by therapy with monoclonal antibodies. There is currently no evidence for an increased risk of a severe COVID-19 course in allergic patients. Many patients are under ongoing therapy with biologicals that inhibit type 2 immune responses via various mechanisms. There is uncertainty about possible immunological interactions and potential risks of these biologicals in the case of an infection with SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: A selective literature search was carried out in PubMed, Livivo, and the internet to cover the past 10 years (May 2010 – April 2020). Additionally, the current German-language publications were analyzed. Based on these data, the present position paper provides recommendations for the biological treatment of patients with allergic and atopy-associated diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: In order to maintain in-office consultation services, a safe treatment environment must be created that is adapted to the pandemic situation. To date, there is a lack of reliable study data on the care for patients with complex respiratory, atopic, and allergic diseases in times of an imminent infection risk from SARS-CoV-2. Type-2-dominant immune reactions, as they are frequently seen in allergic patients, could influence various phases of COVID-19, e.g., by slowing down the immune reactions. Theoretically, this could have an unfavorable effect in the early phase of a SARS-Cov-2 infection, but also a positive effect during a cytokine storm in the later phase of severe courses. However, since there is currently no evidence for this, all data from patients treated with a biological directed against type 2 immune reactions who develop COVID-19 should be collected in registries, and their disease courses documented in order to be able to provide experience-based instructions in the future. Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontaneous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. If available, it is recommended to prefer a formulation for self-application and to offer telemedical monitoring. Treatment should aim at the best possible control of difficult-to-control allergic and atopic diseases using adequate rescue and add-on therapy and should avoid the need for systemic glucocorticosteroids. If SARS-CoV-2 infection is proven or reasonably suspected, the therapy should be determined by weighing the benefits and risks individually for the patient in question, and the patient should be involved in the decision-making. It should be kept in mind that the potential effects of biologicals on the immune response in COVID-19 are currently not known. Telemedical offers are particularly desirable for the acute consultation needs of suitable patients. url: https://doi.org/10.5414/alx02166e doi: 10.5414/alx02166e id: cord-003099-a0acr28o author: Koch, R. M. title: The endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammatory response is enhanced during the acute phase of influenza infection date: 2018-07-05 words: 3883.0 sentences: 194.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003099-a0acr28o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003099-a0acr28o.txt summary: In vitro studies in which influenza-infected alveolar macrophages were subsequently stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial compound that induces a profound innate immune response, revealed increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , indicative of a priming effect on these cells by influenza. Likewise, murine influenza infection resulted in increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both plasma and lungs, and enhanced pulmonary neutrophil influx upon pneumococcal infection 7 days later [10] . In the present study, we demonstrate that a systemic LPS challenge in the acute phase of influenza infection (4 days post-infection) results in an enhanced pulmonary, but not systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Our results are in accordance with in vitro data reporting a cellular priming effect of influenza observed upon secondary stimulation with LPS [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , as well as with other murine in vivo studies that report increased inflammation and pulmonary neutrophil influx or sequestration upon a secondary bacterial infection or LPS challenge in the acute phase of influenza infection [9, 10] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza infections are often complicated by secondary infections, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality, suggesting that influenza profoundly influences the immune response towards a subsequent pathogenic challenge. However, data on the immunological interplay between influenza and secondary infections are equivocal, with some studies reporting influenza-induced augmentation of the immune response, whereas others demonstrate that influenza suppresses the immune response towards a subsequent challenge. These contrasting results may be due to the use of various types of live bacteria as secondary challenges, which impedes clear interpretation of causal relations, and to differences in timing of the secondary challenge relative to influenza infection. Herein, we investigated whether influenza infection results in an enhanced or suppressed innate immune response upon a secondary challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in either the acute or the recovery phase of infection. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were intranasally inoculated with 5 × 10(3) PFU influenza virus (pH1N1, strain A/Netherlands/602/2009) or mock treated. After 4 (acute phase) or 10 (recovery phase) days, 5 mg/kg LPS or saline was administered intravenously, and mice were sacrificed 90 min later. Cytokine levels in plasma and lung tissue, and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) content were determined. RESULTS: LPS administration 4 days after influenza infection resulted in a synergistic increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations in lung tissue, but not in plasma. This effect was also observed 10 days after influenza infection, albeit to a lesser extent. LPS-induced plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were enhanced 4 days after influenza infection, whereas a trend towards increased pulmonary IL-10 concentrations was found. LPS-induced increases in pulmonary MPO content tended to be enhanced as well, but only at 4 days post-infection. CONCLUSIONS: An LPS challenge in the acute phase of influenza infection results in an enhanced pulmonary pro-inflammatory innate immune response. These data increase our insight on influenza-bacterial interplay. Combing data of the present study with previous findings, it appears that this enhanced response is not beneficial in terms of protection against secondary infections, but rather damaging by increasing immunopathology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6033844/ doi: 10.1186/s40635-018-0182-5 id: cord-277539-xt2nt11e author: Kochhar, Anuraj Singh title: Dentistry during and after COVID-19 Pandemic: Pediatric Considerations date: 2020 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This article is a rumination on the outbreak of the dreaded coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which has engulfed both the developed and the developing countries, thereby causing widespread global public health concerns and threats to human lives. Although countries have made varied efforts, the pestilence is escalating due to the high infectivity. It is highly likely that dental professionals in upcoming days will come across COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 carriers, and hence must ensure a tactful handling of such patients to prevent its nosocomial spread. Despite the avalanche of information that has exploded in relation to this rapidly spreading disease, there is a lack of consolidated information to guide dentists regarding clinical management including precautions to take materials to use and postprocedure care, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Available sources of information have been analyzed, while relying on peer-reviewed reports followed by information available from the most respected authoritative sources, such as WHO, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and ADA. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary from the available literature on COVID-19, its insinuation in dentistry, recommendations that have been published, and the actual in-practice implications, so a plan can be formulated and adapted to the circumstances of each dental practice during the pandemic and the times to follow. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kochhar AS, Bhasin R, Kochhar GK, et al. Dentistry during and after COVID-19 Pandemic: Pediatric Considerations. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(4):399–406. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33149414/ doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1782 id: cord-022383-pz0htccp author: Kohn, Dennis F. title: Biology and Diseases of Rats date: 2013-11-17 words: 20181.0 sentences: 1195.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt summary: The severity and prevalence of clinical disease within an infected colony are associated with environmental conditions that induce stress (e.g., experimental manipulation, overcrowding, fluctuations in ambient temperature and humid ity, and copathogens). Salmonellosis, which was once a major cause of disease in laboratory rat and mouse colonies, is rarely reported in either species today. Mycoplasma pulmonis recently has become recognized as an important pathogen in the female genital tract of rats, and thus is being treated here as a distinct disease rather than as a sequella to MRM. Sendai virus commonly infects laboratory rats, but its clinical significance is less than in mice. Infection is usually diagnosed retrospectively in rats, where pulmonary lesions are observed following seroconversion to PVM in the absence of other respiratory pathogens. This disease, which occurs more fre quently in females, has been reported in numerous strains of rats. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155635/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-263620-2.50010-0 id: cord-315304-pge45105 author: Kotton, C.N. title: Organ Transplantation, Risks date: 2015-03-06 words: 4211.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315304-pge45105.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315304-pge45105.txt summary: Viral infection is associated with both direct (invasive disease) and indirect (immune modulation) effects affecting susceptibility to other infections and promoting allograft rejection. The risk for viral infection is a function of the intensity of exposure and virulence of the specific virus, the intensity of immune suppression used to prevent graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease, underlying immune deficits, and factors affecting host susceptibility. Multiple factors contribute to viral reactivation after transplantation, including graft rejection and therapy, immune suppression (especially reduction of T-cell mediated, cytotoxic immunity), inflammation, and tissue injury. The clinical presentation of CMV (HHV-5) can range from a ''CMV syndrome'' including fever, malaise, leukopenia, to a ''flu-like'' illness with myalgias and fatigue, to a more significant end-organ disease with pneumonitis, colitis, encephalitis, hepatitis, or chorioretinitis. The treatment of viral infections in the renal transplantation recipient includes: the reduction of immunosuppression, antiviral therapy, diagnosis and treatment of co-infections (such as CMV, EBV, HHV-6, or À7), and use of adjunctive therapies such as immunoglobulins or colony stimulating factors. abstract: Viruses are among the most common causes of opportunistic infection after solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SOT and HSCT). Viral infection is associated with both direct (invasive disease) and indirect (immune modulation) effects affecting susceptibility to other infections and promoting allograft rejection. The transplantation recipient is susceptible to a broad array of viral pathogens. Some may be transmitted with the allograft as donor-derived infections, while others result from exposure, either soon after the transplant or from more distant exposures when infection is latent and reactivates in the setting of immune suppression. Simultaneous infections with multiple viral or viral and nonviral pathogens are common. The risk for viral infection is a function of the intensity of exposure and virulence of the specific virus, the intensity of immune suppression used to prevent graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease, underlying immune deficits, and factors affecting host susceptibility. Studies of viral latency, reactivation, and of the cellular effects of viral infection will provide clues for future strategies in prevention and treatment of viral infections. This article covers specific issues relating to viral infection in SOT and HSCT; additional details regarding these viral infections are also found elsewhere in this text. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383026295 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02629-5 id: cord-268830-8li6xhbu author: Kozak, Robert title: Severity of coronavirus respiratory tract infections in adults admitted to acute care in Toronto, Ontario date: 2020-03-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization has highlighted the need for improved surveillance and understanding of the health burden imposed by non-influenza RNA respiratory viruses. Human coronaviruses (CoVs) are a major cause of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections with associated morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to characterize the epidemiology of CoVs in our tertiary care centre, and identify clinical correlates of disease severity. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was performed of 226 patients admitted with confirmed CoV respiratory tract infection between 2010 and 2016. Variables consistent with a severe disease burden were evaluated including symptoms, length of stay, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality. RESULTS: CoVs represented 11.3% of all positive respiratory virus samples and OC43 was the most commonly identified CoV. The majority of infections were community-associated while 21.6% were considered nosocomial. The average length of stay was 11.8 days with 17.3% of patients requiring ICU admission and an all-cause mortality of 7%. In a multivariate model, female gender and smoking were associated with increased likelihood of admission to ICU or death. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the significant burden of CoVs and justifies the need for surveillance in the acute care setting. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1386653220300809 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104338 id: cord-021413-1ht1xm88 author: Kraft, Lisbeth M. title: Viral Diseases of the Digestive System date: 2013-10-21 words: 14259.0 sentences: 882.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021413-1ht1xm88.txt summary: Runner and Palm (1953) , studying C3H mice, indicated that there was a higher incidence of diarrhea in December/January (Kraft, 1961; Blackwell et al., 1966) , complement fixation (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Kapikian et al, 1976; Thouless et al., 1977b) , direct immunofluorescent staining or precipitin (Wilsnack et al., 1969; Spence et al., 1975; Foster α/., 1975; Peterson α/., 1976) , immune electron microscopy (Kapikian et al., 1974; Bridger and Woode, 1975) , immunoelectroosmophoresis (Tufvesson and Johnsson, 1976; Middleton et al., 1976) , enzyme-linked im munosorbent assay (ELISA) (Scherrer and Bernard, 1977; El lens etal., 1978; Yolken etal., 1978a,b,c) , radioimmunoas say (Acres and Babiuk, 1978; Kalica et al., 1977; Middleton et al., 1977) , immunodiffusion (Woode et al., 1976) , hemagglutination inhibition (Fauvel et al., 1978) , enzymelinked fluorescence assay (ELISA) (Yolken and Stopa, 1979) , an unlabeled soluble enzyme peroxidase-antiperoxidase method , plaque reduction test (Estes and Graham, 1980) , serologic trapping on antibody-coated electron microscope grids (Nicolaieff et al., 1980) , a solid phase system (SPACE, solid phase aggregation of coupled erythrocytes) for detection of rotaviruses in feces (Bradbume et al., 1979) , and immune electron microscopy with serum in agar diffusion (Lamontagne et al., 1980) . abstract: This chapter discusses three virus infections affecting the digestive system of mice and their properties: (1) epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM), (2) reovirus 3 infection, and (3) murine hepatitis virus infection (MHV). All three infections may cause serious, debilitating, and sometimes fatal diarrheal disease in nursling and weanling mice. Mice of all ages can be infected by the EDIM virus but overt disease is restricted to animals up to about 12–13 days of age at the time of first exposure. The EDIM virus is worldwide in distribution. Its prevalence is difficult to estimate because serologic tests have not been readily available, and it is not customary to sacrifice animals for the purpose of examining the appearance of their intestinal tract or for electron microscopic visualization of fecal contents. The acute disease of reovirus 3 infection affects mainly sucklings and weanlings, whereas the chronic disease is encountered in animals over 28 days of age. The MHV virus, on the other hand, has been found to affect cotton rats, rats, and hamsters. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149642/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-262502-2.50016-x id: cord-333355-ykmp4ven author: Kuchar, E. title: Pathophysiology of Clinical Symptoms in Acute Viral Respiratory Tract Infections date: 2015-03-19 words: 6665.0 sentences: 370.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333355-ykmp4ven.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333355-ykmp4ven.txt summary: In this article we discuss the pathophysiology of common symptoms of acute viral respiratory infections (e.g., sneezing, nasal discharge, sore throat, cough, muscle pains, malaise, and mood changes). The development of sneezing before coughing in patients with a common cold may be partly explained by the involvement of the upper airways first and the infection subsequent spread to the lower respiratory tract (Eccles 2005) . We focused on the most significant symptoms of acute viral respiratory infections: sneezing, nasal discharge and obstruction, sore throat, coughing, muscle pains, malaise and mood changes, fever, and febrile seizures in children. Macrophages play a key role in triggering an acute phase response with the production of cytokines (Beutler 2003) , while the release of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators cause upper respiratory tract infection symptoms (Eccles 2000a, b) . abstract: In this article we discuss the pathophysiology of common symptoms of acute viral respiratory infections (e.g., sneezing, nasal discharge, sore throat, cough, muscle pains, malaise, and mood changes). Since clinical symptoms are not sufficient to determine the etiology of viral respiratory tract infections, we believe that the host defense mechanisms are critical for the symptomatology. Consequently, this review of literature is focused on the pathophysiology of respiratory symptoms regardless of their etiology. We assume that despite a high prevalence of symptoms of respiratory infection, their pathogenesis is not widely known. A better understanding of the symptoms’ pathogenesis could improve the quality of care for patients with respiratory tract infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2015_110 doi: 10.1007/5584_2015_110 id: cord-321756-a7eh4dkb author: Kwofie, Theophilus B title: Respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ghana date: 2012-04-10 words: 3675.0 sentences: 204.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321756-a7eh4dkb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321756-a7eh4dkb.txt summary: The study was done to identify viruses associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection among children less than 5 years. Majority of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in developed countries have been reported to be often due to viral pathogens of which most common are RSV, PIV, influenza viruses, Adv, human Coronaviruses and Bocaviruses [5] [6] [7] . This study was done to determine the burden of respiratory viruses among children hospitalized at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital for acute lower respiratory illness using the Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The overall prevalence is comparable to previous studies done in other developing countries [24] and the predominance of RSV is in accordance with the assertion that this virus is the single most frequent lower respiratory tract pathogen in infants and young children worldwide [25] [26] [27] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory tract infections are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among young children in developing countries. Information on the viral aetiology of acute respiratory infections in developing countries is very limited. The study was done to identify viruses associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection among children less than 5 years. METHOD: Nasopharyngeal samples and blood cultures were collected from children less than 5 years who have been hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection. Viruses and bacteria were identified using Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and conventional biochemical techniques. RESULTS: Out of 128 patients recruited, 33(25.88%%, 95%CI: 18.5% to 34.2%) were positive for one or more viruses. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) was detected in 18(14.1%, 95%CI: 8.5% to 21.3%) patients followed by Adenoviruses (AdV) in 13(10.2%, 95%CI: 5.5% to 16.7%), Parainfluenza (PIV type: 1, 2, 3) in 4(3.1%, 95%CI: 0.9% to 7.8%) and influenza B viruses in 1(0.8%, 95%CI: 0.0 to 4.3). Concomitant viral and bacterial co-infection occurred in two patients. There were no detectable significant differences in the clinical signs, symptoms and severity for the various pathogens isolated. A total of 61.1% (22/36) of positive viruses were detected during the rainy season and Respiratory Syncytial Virus was the most predominant. CONCLUSION: The study has demonstrated an important burden of respiratory viruses as major causes of childhood acute respiratory infection in a tertiary health institution in Ghana. The data addresses a need for more studies on viral associated respiratory tract infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-9-78 doi: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-78 id: cord-327493-v2iatbol author: Kwon, Hyo Jin title: Clinical manifestations of respiratory adenoviral infection among hospitalized children in Korea date: 2013-08-05 words: 2820.0 sentences: 190.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt summary: BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to understand the epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory adenoviral infections among children at a single institution over the course of several years. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that respiratory adenovirus infections are an important cause of hospitalization in young children, and contribute to a significant morbidity. The study was performed to more fully characterize the epidemiological pattern, clinical features and complications associated with hospitalization for adenoviral infection in Korean children. Adenovirus was associated with a wide variety of diagnoses, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) to severe pneumonia and encephalitis ( Table 1 ). 22 reported that 70% of hospitalized children with adenoviral infection had pneumonia, while our results revealed a significant proportion of patients (45.4%) with URTI. Lower respiratory tract infections due to adenovirus in hospitalized Korean children: epidemiology, clinical features, and prognosis abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to understand the epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory adenoviral infections among children at a single institution over the course of several years. METHODS: From January 2005 to April 2009, 1836 children (≤15 years old) who had been admitted to Korea University Ansan Hospital were tested for acute respiratory infection. The patients who were positive for an adenovirus infection were enrolled in this study, and their medical records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Adenoviruses were isolated from 310 patients. The male to female ratio was 1.6:1 and mean age was 32 ± 24 months. Children under 5 years of age had the highest prevalence. In 2007, adenovirus infections occurred endemically throughout the year. The clinical diagnoses were primarily upper respiratory tract infections (45.4%), lower respiratory tract infections (48.1%), and neurologic disease (5.2%). Associated symptoms, signs and laboratory findings included fever (91.9%), cough (83.9%), pharyngeal injection (62.3%), rale (32.6%) and elevated C‐reactive protein (93.9%). The most common radiologic findings were perihilar and peribronchial infiltrates (42.6%). Co‐infections were observed in 29 cases. The mean durations of hospitalization and fever were 6.2 ± 6.5 and 4.8 ± 3.1 days, respectively. The lengths of hospitalization were similar for patients admitted for upper respiratory tract infections with severe morbidity and those admitted for lower respiratory tract infections. No children in the study died. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that respiratory adenovirus infections are an important cause of hospitalization in young children, and contribute to a significant morbidity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23566140/ doi: 10.1111/ped.12108 id: cord-298227-av1ev8ta author: Kähler, Christian J. title: Fundamental protective mechanisms of face masks against droplet infections date: 2020-06-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Many governments have instructed the population to wear simple mouth-and-nose covers or surgical face masks to protect themselves from droplet infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in public. However, the basic protection mechanisms and benefits of these masks remain controversial. Therefore, the aim of this work is to show from a fluid physics point of view under which circumstances these masks can protect against droplet infection. First of all, we show that the masks protect people in the surrounding area quite well, since the flow resistance of the face masks effectively prevents the spread of exhaled air, e.g. when breathing, speaking, singing, coughing and sneezing. Secondly, we provide visual evidence that typical household materials used by the population to make masks do not provide highly efficient protection against respirable particles and droplets with a diameter of 0.3–2 μm as they pass through the materials largely unfiltered. According to our tests, only vacuum cleaner bags with fine dust filters show a comparable or even better filtering effect than commercial particle filtering FFP2/N95/KN95 half masks. Thirdly, we show that even simple mouth-and-nose covers made of good filter material cannot reliably protect against droplet infection in contaminated ambient air, since most of the air flows through gaps at the edge of the masks. Only a close-fitting, particle-filtering respirator without an outlet valve offers good self-protection and protection against droplet infection. Nevertheless, wearing simple homemade or surgical face masks in public is highly recommended if no particle filtrating respiratory mask is available. Firstly, because they protect against habitual contact of the face with the hands and thus serve as self-protection against contact infection. Secondly, because the flow resistance of the masks ensures that the air stays close to the head when breathing, speaking, singing, coughing and sneezing, thus protecting other people if they have sufficient distance from each other. However, if the distance rules cannot be observed and the risk of inhalation-based infection becomes high because many people in the vicinity are infectious and the air exchange rate is small, improved filtration efficiency masks are needed, to take full advantage of the three fundamental protective mechanisms these masks provide. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021850220301063?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105617 id: cord-001542-f089bs8r author: Lai, Kang Yiu title: Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus date: 2014-11-28 words: 11274.0 sentences: 604.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001542-f089bs8r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001542-f089bs8r.txt summary: These may include monoclonal antibody (mAbs)-based therapies (e.g. ZMapp), anti-sense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO AVI-6002), lipid nanoparticle small interfering RNA (LNP-siRNA: TKM-Ebola), and an EBOV glycoprotein-based vaccine using live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-EBOGP) or a chimpanzee adenovirus (rChAd-EBOGP)-based vector. The GP2 of the EBOV is able to counter the interferon (IFN)-inducible antiviral protein tetherin which restricts the VP40-dependent budding of the progeny viral particles from infected cells [16] [17] [18] . Currently available therapeutic agents that are effective in targeting the EBOV infection in cell or animal studies may include convalescent plasma, favipiravir, chloroquine, amiodarone, dronedarone, verapamil, clomiphene, toremifene, IFN-β, Na + /K + exchangers, Na + /K + -ATPase pump inhibitors, and antioxidants. The anti-EBOV activity of clomiphene and toremifene is dependent not on its estrogen receptor antagonistic action but upon the ability of both drugs to induce a Niemann-Pick C-like phenotype to inhibit viral entry at late endosome. abstract: The recent outbreak of the human Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) epidemic is spiraling out of control in West Africa. Human EBOV hemorrhagic fever has a case fatality rate of up to 90%. The EBOV is classified as a biosafety level 4 pathogen and is considered a category A agent of bioterrorism by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with no approved therapies and vaccines available for its treatment apart from supportive care. Although several promising therapeutic agents and vaccines against EBOV are undergoing the Phase I human trial, the current epidemic might be outpacing the speed at which drugs and vaccines can be produced. Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. We have reviewed currently available therapeutic agents that have been shown to be effective in suppressing the proliferation of the EBOV in cell cultures or animal studies. Most of the therapeutic agents in this review are directed against non-mutable targets of the host, which is independent of viral mutation. These medications are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of other diseases. They are available and stockpileable for immediate use. They may also have a complementary role to those therapeutic agents under development that are directed against the mutable targets of the EBOV. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2049-9957-3-43) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334593/ doi: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-43 id: cord-011968-abd891ej author: Lai, Yen-Chung title: Roles of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Dengue Pathogenesis: From Pathogenic Factor to Therapeutic Target date: 2020-06-12 words: 5705.0 sentences: 268.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011968-abd891ej.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011968-abd891ej.txt summary: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that mediates diverse immune responses, and the serum level of MIF positively correlates with disease severity in patients with dengue. In another study, it was demonstrated that live DENV2-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is required for autophagy activation, viral replication and pathogenesis in HuH-7 and A549 cells [57] . In our study, since UV-inactivated viral particles could not induce MIF secretion or expression, it is possible that DENV infection triggered RNA sensing or pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation, which was followed by the release of preformed MIF from the cytosol through the vesicle trafficking secretory pathway. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induced by dengue virus infection increases vascular permeability Minocycline suppresses dengue virus replication by down-regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-induced autophagy Dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 induces vascular leakage through macrophage migration inhibitory factor and autophagy abstract: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral infection and can lead to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and even life-threatening dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Although the cytokine storm has been revealed as a critical factor in dengue disease, the limited understanding of dengue immunopathogenesis hinders the development of effective treatments. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that mediates diverse immune responses, and the serum level of MIF positively correlates with disease severity in patients with dengue. MIF is involved in DENV replication and many pathological changes, such as vascular leakage, during DENV infection. In this paper, the pathogenic roles of MIF and the regulation of MIF secretion during DENV infection are reviewed. Furthermore, whether MIF is a potential therapeutic target against DENV infection is also discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7356240/ doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8060891 id: cord-017831-anadq4j9 author: Lai, Yi-Horng title: Network Analysis of Comorbidities: Case Study of HIV/AIDS in Taiwan date: 2015-07-30 words: 3196.0 sentences: 167.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017831-anadq4j9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017831-anadq4j9.txt summary: The results show that there is a high correlation in the following pairs/triad of diseases: human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and pneumocystosis pneumonia (1363), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified malignant neoplasms (0422) and kaposi''s sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and unspecified (0429) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (0463), and lastly, human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), and human immunodeficiency virus infection specified infections causing other specified infections (0421). In PDNs for females (Figure 4 ), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and cryptococcal meningitis (3210), kaposi''s sarcoma of unspecified (1769), and pneumocystosis (1363) are highly correlated. Human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420) and specified infections causing other specified infections (0421), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), pneumocystosis (1363), kaschin-beck disease (7160), kaposi''s sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), with specified malignant neoplasms (0422), and falciparum malaria (0840) are highly correlation. abstract: Comorbidities are the presence of one or more additional disorders or diseases co-occurring with a primary disease or disorder. The purpose of this study is to identify diseases that co-occur with HIV/AIDS and analyze the gender differences. Data was collected from 536 HIV/AIDS admission medical records out of 1,377,469 admission medical records from 1997 to 2010 in Taiwan. In this study, the comorbidity relationships are presented in the phenotypic disease network (PDN), and φ-correlation is used to measure the distance between two diseases on the network. The results show that there is a high correlation in the following pairs/triad of diseases: human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and pneumocystosis pneumonia (1363), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified malignant neoplasms (0422) and kaposi’s sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and unspecified (0429) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (0463), and lastly, human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), and human immunodeficiency virus infection specified infections causing other specified infections (0421). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122503/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-48319-0_14 id: cord-350618-rtilfnzi author: Lambelet, Valentine title: Sars‐CoV‐2 in the context of past coronaviruses epidemics: Consideration for prenatal care date: 2020-05-26 words: 7287.0 sentences: 452.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350618-rtilfnzi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350618-rtilfnzi.txt summary: College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), pregnant women with moderate symptoms should self-isolate, unless they attend a maternity unit where patients in the 2 nd or 3 rd trimester meeting PHE criteria ( ≥ 1 of: (1) Clinical/radiological evidence of pneumonia, (2) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), (3) Fever ≥37.8 and at least one of acute persistent cough, hoarseness, nasal discharge/congestion, shortness of breath, sore throat, wheezing or sneezing) should be tested for COVID-19 and treated as infected until results are available. Past coronavirus epidemics were associated with adverse outcomes for the fetus and/or newborns including miscarriages (57%), preterm birth, fetal distress and FGR with SARS-CoV-1 infection during the 2 nd and 3 rd trimesters. In this review, we found that of 142 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in pregnancy, 28% experienced preterm birth and 14% had adverse fetal/neonata l outcomes (FGR, fetal/neonatal demise, severe symptoms at birth). abstract: Since December 2019, the novel SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak has resulted in millions of cases and more than 200,000 deaths worldwide. The clinical course among non‐pregnant women has been described but data about potential risks for women and their fetus remain scarce. The SARS and MERS epidemics were responsible for miscarriages, adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes and maternal deaths. For COVID‐19 infection, only 9 cases of maternal death have been reported as of April 22, 2020 and pregnant women seem to develop the same clinical presentation as the general population. However, severe maternal cases, as well as prematurity, fetal distress and stillbirth among newborns have been reported. The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic greatly impacts prenatal management and surveillance and raise the need for clear unanimous guidelines. In this narrative review, we describe the current knowledge about coronaviruses (SARS, MERS and SARS‐CoV‐2) risks and consequences on pregnancies and we summarize available current candidate therapeutic options for pregnant women. Finally, we compare current guidance proposed by RCOG, ACOG and the WHO to give an overview of prenatal management which should be utilized until future data appear. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32453451/ doi: 10.1002/pd.5759 id: cord-315794-se0sq3c3 author: Lamps, L W title: Infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract date: 2006-12-14 words: 4191.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt summary: Diagnostic histological features of selected enteric infections will be emphasized, including those that mimic other inflammatory conditions of the gut (such as ischaemia or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease), along with available diagnostic methods that can aid in diagnosis. 2 Those producing a non-specific acute self-limited ⁄ infectious colitis (ASLC) pattern (e.g. Campylobacter jejuni); this is one of the most common inflammatory patterns in enteric infections. As these features can also be seen in smoldering Crohn''s disease and lymphocytic colitis, it is important to know the patient''s symptoms and, ideally, culture results as this differential diagnosis may be difficult to resolve on histological grounds alone. Selected specific food-and ⁄ or water-borne gastrointestinal infective disorders Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Shigella and enteric viruses represent the most common food-borne pathogens worldwide. In addition, many of the food-and water-borne gastrointestinal infective diseases discussed below mimic other entities that are commonly encountered in surgical pathology practice, such as ischaemic colitis or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. abstract: Gastrointestinal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Infectious organisms are often recovered by microbiological methods, but surgical pathologists may play a very valuable role in diagnosis. This review will focus on infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with an emphasis on enterocolitides caused by food‐ and water‐borne pathogens. Diagnostic histological features of selected enteric infections will be emphasized, including those that mimic other inflammatory conditions of the gut (such as ischaemia or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease), along with available diagnostic methods that can aid in diagnosis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204021/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02544.x id: cord-336045-8qcj5uiy author: Langlois, Isabelle title: Viral diseases of ferrets date: 2005-03-01 words: 7196.0 sentences: 424.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt summary: A tentative diagnosis of canine distemper is based on the presence of typical clinical signs, severe leukopenia, a history of potential exposure to the virus, and questionable vaccination. The severity of disease depends on the origin (mink or ferret) of the ADV strain that is involved as well as the immune status and genotype of the infected individual [25] . Ferrets are used extensively as an animal model for influenza virus pathogenesis and immunity studies because their biologic response to influenza infection is similar to that of humans [53, 54] . Neurologic symptoms, including ataxia, hind-limb paresis, and torticollis, were reported in ferrets that were infected experimentally with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses that were isolated from the 1997 outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry markets in Hong Kong [50, 65] . Detection of Aleutian disease virus DNA in tissues of naturally infected mink abstract: Distemper and rabies vaccination are highly recommended because of the almost invariable fatal outcome of these conditions. Vaccination should constitute an important part of a ferret's preventative medicine program. With the current and anticipated development and licensing of new vaccines, practitioners are invited to gain awareness of the latest vaccine information. Establishment of a practice vaccination protocol with regards to the site of administration of rabies and distemper vaccines is paramount to document any future abnormal tissue reactions. Influenza is the most common zoonotic disease that is seen in ferrets. Although it generally is benign in most ferrets, veterinarians must take this condition seriously. The characteristic continuous antigenic variation of this virus may lead to more virulent strains; the recent emergence of avian influenza virus outbreaks; and the increased susceptibility of elderly, young, and immunosuppressed individuals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585193/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2004.09.008 id: cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 author: Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée title: Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: trying to untangle facts from fictions date: 2020-10-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Introduction In the light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from the first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy. Methods Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions in: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 hours sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod) and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, i.e.). Results For each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence. Conclusion Several interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072240/ doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476 id: cord-283779-mudwcypl author: Lauretani, Fulvio title: Assessment and treatment of older individuals with COVID-19 multi-system disease: clinical and ethical implications date: 2020-05-11 words: 9727.0 sentences: 500.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt summary: The chronic increase in inflammatory cytokines, augmented by COVID-19 infection, may explain the higher tendency for "the cascade leading to pulmonary fibrosis and insufficiency and activation of clotting" and poorer clinical prognosis, especially in multimorbid older persons (4) . In case of persistent fever, higher than 37.5°C for a time longer than 3 days and peripheral oxygen level lower than 95% after starting therapy, we should consider and proceed to hospitalization especially in multimorbid older patients with cardiac, respiratory diseases and diabetes. First, patients at risk for poor outcomes and higher mortality following infection with SARS-CoV-2, namely older adults and multimorbid individuals, should be checked for malnutrition through screening and assessment. Older patients infected by COVID-19 often experience atypical and less severe symptoms in older persons, side-effects of the drugs and require specific nutritional and motor treatment for avoiding disability and death. abstract: Covid-19 infection is a multisystem disease more frequent in older individuals, especially in those with multiple chronic diseases. This multimorbid and frail population requires attention and a personalized comprehensive assessment in order to avoid the occurrence of adverse outcomes. As other diseases, the COVID-19 presentation in older patients is often atypical with less severe and unspecific symptoms. These subjects both at home and during hospitalization suffer isolation and the lack of support of caregivers. The geriatric care in COVID-19 wards is often missing. The application of additional instruments would be necessary to facilitate and personalize the clinical approach, not only based on diseases but also on functional status. This narrative review starts from diagnostic evaluation, continues with adapted pharmacologic treatment and ends with the recovery phase targeting the nutrition and physical exercise. We developed a check-list of respiratory, gastro-intestinal and other less-specific symptoms, summarized in a table and easily to be filled-up by patients, nurses and general practitioners. As second step, we reported the clinical phases of this disease. Far to be considered just viral infective and respiratory, this disease is also an inflammatory and thrombotic condition with frequent bacterial over-infection. We finally considered timing and selection of treatment, which depend on the disease phase, co-administration of other drugs and require the monitoring of renal, liver and cardiac function. This underlines the role of age not just as a limitation, but also an opportunity to increase the quality and the appropriateness of multidisciplinary and multidimensional intervention in this population. (www.actabiomedica.it) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420939/ doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9629 id: cord-305085-bv7udg9k author: Lawrence, Robert M. title: Chapter 13 Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding date: 2011-12-31 words: 45849.0 sentences: 2358.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305085-bv7udg9k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305085-bv7udg9k.txt summary: Postnatal exposure of susceptible infants to CMV, including premature infants without passively acquired maternal antibodies against CMV, infants born to CMV-seronegative mothers, and immunodeficient infants, can cause significant clinical illness (pneumonitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia).* In one study of premature infants followed up to 12 months, Vochem et al 430 found CMV transmission in 17 of 29 infants (59%) exposed to CMV virolactia and breastfed compared with no infants infected of 27 exposed to breast milk without CMV. 38, 104, 121 Laboratory reports demonstrate the presence of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus in breast milk as well as various immunologic factors that could block or limit infection.* A dose-response relationship has been observed, correlating the HIV viral load in human milk as well as a mother'' s plasma viral load with an increased transmission risk for the breastfed infant. 76 No case of transmission of yellow fever virus from an infected mother to her infant via breastfeeding or breast milk has been reported. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781437707885100136 doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0788-5.10013-6 id: cord-019089-oots4fe4 author: Laya, Bernard F. title: Infections date: 2013-08-31 words: 5442.0 sentences: 322.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt summary: Imaging can also help evaluate complications to pneumonia and exclude other causes of respiratory distress including underlying developmental anomalies, foreign body, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and aspiration. Viruses are the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia in infants older than 4 months and in preschool-aged children, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common. For school-aged children (6-16 years old), the incidence of bacterial infections from Streptococcus increases, although viral disease remains the most common cause (Condon 1991 ; Ostapchuk et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes 30 % of lower respiratory tract infections in school-aged children (Condon 1991 ; Donnelly 2001 ) . However, lung parenchymal, pleural, and lymph node infl ammatory abnormalities can be visualized and characterized by MRI in children with pulmonary infections. Swine-origin infl uenza A (H1N1) viral infection in children: initial chest radiographic fi ndings abstract: Lower respiratory tract infection is a very common illness in children and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Clinical signs and symptoms are nonspecific especially in infants and younger children and some even present with nonrespiratory complaints. Infectious agents causing pneumonia is not limited to viruses and bacteria, but it could also be due to Mycoplasma, Mycobacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites. Coinfection with two or more microbial agents can also occur. The etiologic agent of lower respiratory infection in a child is often difficult to obtain, but the patient’s age can help narrow the possible cause. Microbiological tests are important but could be difficult to obtain especially in younger children. Various medical imaging modalities not only play an important role as an aid in diagnosis but can also help during and after therapy. Imaging can also help evaluate complications to pneumonia and exclude other causes of respiratory distress including underlying developmental anomalies, foreign body, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and aspiration. In this chapter, the imaging modalities utilized in the detection of pulmonary infections will be discussed. The spectrum of typical imaging findings for various etiologic agents in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised children will be presented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124155/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-35573-8_13 id: cord-318852-gouz6tth author: Lee, J.S.E. title: Considerations and strategies in the organisation of obstetric anaesthesia care during the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore date: 2020-04-20 words: 2066.0 sentences: 120.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318852-gouz6tth.txt summary: It is in this context that local health authorities mandated that healthcare staff performing aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) such as tracheal intubation and extubation, bag-mask ventilation, orogastric tube insertion and bronchoscopy, don full personal protective equipment (PPE) regardless of risk status. Management in the labour ward ''High infection-risk'' parturients are placed in negative pressure ( -2.5 Pa) rooms and are asked to wear a surgical mask. When possible, we prefer to proceed with caesarean delivery in the ''high infection-risk'' patient only after she has been de-isolated or has tested ''negative'' for COVID-19 from the first nasopharyngeal swab. Highlights Identifying ''high-infection risk'' parturients is challenging in the COVID-19 outbreak A multidisciplinary approach is required to provide obstetric anaesthesia services Protocols for labour analgesia and caesarean delivery allow safe provision of care Infection control resource management allows for the allocation of finite resources Organisational changes are abstract: • Identifying ‘high-infection risk’ parturients is challenging in the COVID-19 outbreak. • A multidisciplinary approach is required to provide obstetric anaesthesia services. • Protocols for labour analgesia and caesarean delivery allow safe provision of care. • Infection control resource management allows for the allocation of finite resources. • Organisational changes are required to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0959289X20300522 doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2020.04.003 id: cord-309274-2npxrrhr author: Lee, M.K. title: Prevalence of hospital infection and antibiotic use at a University Medical Center in Hong Kong date: 2007-02-02 words: 2542.0 sentences: 169.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309274-2npxrrhr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309274-2npxrrhr.txt summary: authors: Lee, M.K.; Chiu, C.S.; Chow, V.C.; Lam, R.K.; Lai, R.W. title: Prevalence of hospital infection and antibiotic use at a University Medical Center in Hong Kong Hospital infection prevalence surveys were performed in our 1400-bed University medical centre in Hong Kong from 1985 to 1988. We investigated the rates of four major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) (pneumonia, symptomatic urinary tract infection, surgical site infection and laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection) in order to identify current distribution and any changes after 15 years. Demographic information, admission diagnosis, use of medical device and antibiotic were recorded by the ward nursing staff who had attended briefing sessions on each ward on the point prevalence survey with instructions on correct filling of a data collection form. The last survey in our hospital was performed over 15 years ago and some interesting changes in nosocomial infection rate and antibiotic use were found. abstract: Hospital infection prevalence surveys were performed in our 1400-bed University medical centre in Hong Kong from 1985 to 1988. We investigated the rates of four major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) (pneumonia, symptomatic urinary tract infection, surgical site infection and laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection) in order to identify current distribution and any changes after 15 years. A one-day point prevalence study was performed on 7 September 2005. All inpatients were surveyed for HAIs, community-acquired infections (CAIs), risk factors, pathogenic isolates and antibiotics prescribed. Infections were diagnosed according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria. In total, 1021 patients were surveyed; of these, 41 had 42 HAIs (4% prevalence) and 389 (38%) were receiving antibiotics. The commonest HAI was pneumonia (1.4%) followed by bloodstream infection (0.9%) and symptomatic urinary tract infection (0.8%). The prevalence of postoperative surgical site infection was 5.6%. The nosocomial prevalence rate was highest in the Intensive Care Unit, followed by the Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units, Children's Cancer Centre/Bone Marrow Transplant Unit and Orthopaedics with Traumatology. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the commonest pathogens. The rates are significantly lower than previously and reflect the increased resources for infection control made available following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670106005470 doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.12.013 id: cord-324333-huris8br author: Lee, Na Hyun title: Clinical usefulness of serum procalcitonin level in distinguishing between Kawasaki disease and other infections in febrile children date: 2017-04-25 words: 3324.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324333-huris8br.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324333-huris8br.txt summary: PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to compare serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels between febrile children with Kawasaki disease (KD) and those with bacterial or viral infections, and assess the clinical usefulness of PCT level in predicting KD. The proportion of patients in the KD group with PCT levels of >1.0 ng/mL was significantly higher in the nonresponders to the initial intravenous immunoglobulin treatment than in the responders (36% vs. The present study also showed similar results: (1) The mean PCT level in patients with KD and in those with bacterial infection was significantly higher than that in patients with viral infection. A combination of disease markers including ESR, CRP, and PCT may be useful for differentiating between KD and viral or bacterial infections. A combination of disease markers including ESR, CRP, and PCT may be useful for differentiating between KD and viral or bacterial infections. abstract: PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to compare serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels between febrile children with Kawasaki disease (KD) and those with bacterial or viral infections, and assess the clinical usefulness of PCT level in predicting KD. METHODS: Serum PCT levels were examined in febrile pediatric patients admitted between August 2013 and August 2014. The patients were divided into 3 groups as follows: 49 with KD, 111 with viral infections, and 24 with bacterial infections. RESULTS: The mean PCT level in the KD group was significantly lower than that in the bacterial infection group (0.82±1.73 ng/mL vs. 3.11±6.10 ng/mL, P=0.002) and insignificantly different from that in the viral infection group (0.23±0.34 ng/mL,P=0.457). The mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level in the KD group were significantly higher than those in the viral and bacterial infection groups (P<0.001 and P<0.001 for ESR, P<0.001 and P=0.005 for CRP, respectively). The proportion of patients in the KD group with PCT levels of >1.0 ng/mL was significantly higher in the nonresponders to the initial intravenous immunoglobulin treatment than in the responders (36% vs. 8%, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: PCT levels may help to differentiate KD from bacterial infections. A combination of disease markers, including ESR, CRP, and PCT, may be useful for differentiating between KD and viral/bacterial infections. url: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2017.60.4.112 doi: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.4.112 id: cord-347039-eap592i7 author: Lee, Seung-Hwan title: Maneuvering for advantage: the genetics of mouse susceptibility to virus infection date: 2003-08-31 words: 6177.0 sentences: 299.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347039-eap592i7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347039-eap592i7.txt summary: Receptors are recognized as important determinants of virus host range and tissue tropism; and some host resistance/susceptibility loci encode molecules that are expressed on the cell surface. Another example of natural host resistance is the restriction of ecotropic Murine LEUKEMIA VIRUS (MuLV) infection by the mouse Fv4 gene. The effort to understand the genetic basis of susceptibility to viral disease is driven by three considerations: (1) the increased public awareness of the toll imposed by viruses on the host; (2) the increase in susceptible human populations because of longer life expectancy, frequently accompanied by chronic illness, and the consequences of advances in medical technology, including immunosuppressive therapies for organ transplantation or treatment of malignancy; and (3) the need to develop new therapies for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Human killer-cell immunoglobulin-type receptor (KIR) is considered to be a functional homolog of mouse Ly49. Mouse genetics has also demonstrated that recognition and destruction of virus-infected cells by NK cells is mediated by specific interactions between activating NKcell receptors and viral target molecules. abstract: Abstract Genetic studies of host susceptibility to infection contribute to our understanding of an organism's response to pathogens at the immunological, cellular, and molecular levels. In this review we describe how the study of host genetics in mouse models has helped our understanding of host defense mechanisms against viral infection, and how this knowledge can be extended to human infections. We focus especially on the innate mechanisms that function as the host's first line of defense against infection. We also discuss the main issues that confront this field, as well as its future. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952503001720 doi: 10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00172-0 id: cord-343074-dsubeaso author: Lee, Wan‐Ji title: Molecular epidemiology of a post‐influenza pandemic outbreak of acute respiratory infections in Korea caused by human adenovirus type 3 date: 2014-06-01 words: 3530.0 sentences: 183.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343074-dsubeaso.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343074-dsubeaso.txt summary: title: Molecular epidemiology of a post‐influenza pandemic outbreak of acute respiratory infections in Korea caused by human adenovirus type 3 An outbreak of upper respiratory tract infections associated with human adenovirus (HAdV) occurred on a national scale in Korea from September to December 2010, following a major H1N1 influenza pandemic. To determine the principal cause of the outbreak, direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by sequence analysis targeting parts of the hexon gene of HAdV was performed. Serotypes of 1,007 PCR‐diagnosed HAdV‐positive samples from patients with an acute upper respiratory tract illness were determined and epidemiological characteristics including major aged group and clinical symptoms were analyzed. Epidemiological and molecular data presented in this study confirmed that the outbreak in 2010 was not associated with genetic alterations causing a change in the pathology of the major causative agent, HAdV-3, nor with multiple infections with other respiratory viruses. abstract: An outbreak of upper respiratory tract infections associated with human adenovirus (HAdV) occurred on a national scale in Korea from September to December 2010, following a major H1N1 influenza pandemic. Data from the Korea Influenza and Respiratory Surveillance System (KINRESS) showed an unusually high positive rate accounting for up to 20% of all diagnosed cases. To determine the principal cause of the outbreak, direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by sequence analysis targeting parts of the hexon gene of HAdV was performed. Serotypes of 1,007 PCR‐diagnosed HAdV‐positive samples from patients with an acute upper respiratory tract illness were determined and epidemiological characteristics including major aged group and clinical symptoms were analyzed. The principal symptom of HAdV infections was fever and the vulnerable aged group was 1–5 years old. Based on sequence analysis, HAdV‐3 was the predominant serotype in the outbreak, with an incidence of 74.3%. From the beginning of 2010 until May, the major serotypes were HAdV‐1, 2, and 5 (70–100%) in any given period. However, an outbreak dominated by HAdV‐3 started between July and August and peaked in September. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that there was no genetic variation in HAdV‐3. The results demonstrated that an outbreak of upper respiratory illness followed by H1N1 influenza pandemic in Korea was caused mainly by emerged HAdV‐3. J. Med. Virol. 87: 10–17, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24889391/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.23984 id: cord-333286-lr32e0w4 author: Lehtoranta, Liisa title: Role of Probiotics in Stimulating the Immune System in Viral Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Review date: 2020-10-16 words: 6768.0 sentences: 338.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333286-lr32e0w4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333286-lr32e0w4.txt summary: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge for pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections, immune response, and the course of upper and lower respiratory tract illness. Similar effects have been demonstrated in several mouse studies with the ability to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and modulation of antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. The upregulation of IFN response seems to prime cells for better resistance against virus infection as probiotics were shown effective in inhibiting the replication of various respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and RSV. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. abstract: Viral respiratory tract infection (RTI) is the most frequent cause of infectious illnesses including the common cold. Pharmacological solutions for treating or preventing viral RTIs are so far limited and thus several self-care products are available in the market. Some dietary supplements such as probiotics have been shown to modulate immune system function and their role in reducing the risk and the course of RTIs has been investigated extensively within the past decade. However, the mechanism of action and the efficacy of probiotics against viral RTIs remains unclear. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge for pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections, immune response, and the course of upper and lower respiratory tract illness. The literature summarized in this narrative review points out that specific probiotic strains seem effective in pre-clinical models, through stimulating the immune system and inhibiting viral replication. Clinical studies indicate variable efficacy on upper respiratory illnesses and lack proof of diagnosed viral infections. However, meta-analyses of clinical studies indicate that probiotics could be beneficial in upper respiratory illnesses without specific etiology. Further studies aiming at discovering the mechanisms of action of probiotics and clinical efficacy are warranted. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103163 doi: 10.3390/nu12103163 id: cord-258336-zs04l3s0 author: Leotte, Jaqueline title: Impact and seasonality of human rhinovirus infection in hospitalized patients for two consecutive years date: 2017-06-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Objectives To report epidemiological features, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of human rhinovirus (HRV) infections in comparison with other community acquired respiratory virus (CRV) infections in patients hospitalized for two consecutive years. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data of patients hospitalized with acute respiratory syndrome in a tertiary care hospital from 2012 to 2013 were reviewed. Results HRV was the most common CRV observed (36%, 162/444) and was present in the majority of viral co-detections (69%, 88/128), mainly in association with human enterovirus (45%). Most HRV-infected patients were younger than 2 years (57%). Overall, patients infected with HRV had a lower frequency of severe acute respiratory infection than those infected with other CRVs (60% and 84%, respectively, p =0.006), but had more comorbidities (40% and 27%, respectively; p =0.043). However, in the adjusted analysis this association was not significant. The mortality rate within the HRV group was 3%. Detection of HRV was more prevalent during autumn and winter, with a moderately negative correlation between viral infection frequency and temperature (r =−0.636, p <0.001) but no correlation with rainfall (r =−0.036, p =0.866). Conclusion HRV is usually detected in hospitalized children with respiratory infections and is often present in viral co-detections. Comorbidities are closely associated with HRV infections. These infections show seasonal variation, with predominance during colder seasons. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27916571/ doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.07.004 id: cord-016782-aods92rf author: Lessenger, James E. title: Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date: 2006 words: 4986.0 sentences: 304.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt summary: Workers, visitors, inspectors, veterinarians, and people who live on or adjacent to farms, ranches, feedlots, processing plants, and other agricultural endeavors are at risk for contracting diseases from animals, poultry, or fish. Methods of preventing the transmission of infectious material from animals and poultry to agricultural workers mirror in many ways the safety techniques for protection from chemicals, trauma and other hazards (see Chapter 6) . Key to the prevention of the transmission of animal disease to humans is the proper processing of food products. Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish 369 Protective physical barriers in farm, ranch, or plant design allow for the raising or processing of food products without actual contact of humans with the animals or products. Production animals include cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, deer, and other animals grown in small to large farms and ranches for human consumption. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121171/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_27 id: cord-286328-ap0wfjhq author: Lewis, Toby C. title: Nasal cytokine responses to natural colds in asthmatic children date: 2012-11-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The mechanisms by which viruses induce asthma exacerbations are not well-understood. OBJECTIVE: We characterized fluctuations in nasal aspirate cytokines during naturally-occurring respiratory viral infections in children with asthma. METHODS: Sixteen children underwent home collections of nasal aspirates when they were without cold symptoms and again during self-reported respiratory illnesses. The presence of viral infection was ascertained by multiplex PCR. Cytokines were measured by multiplex immune assay. mRNA expression for selected markers of viral infection was measured by RT-PCR. A cumulative respiratory symptom score was calculated for each day of measurement. Generalized estimated equations were used to evaluate associations between viral infection and marker elevation, and between marker elevation and symptom score. RESULTS: The 16 patients completed a total of 37 weeks of assessment (15 “well” weeks; 22 self-assessed “sick” weeks). Viral infections were detected in three of the “well” weeks and 17 of the “sick” weeks (10 rhinovirus, 3 coronavirus, 2 influenza A, 2 influenza B, 2 respiratory syncytial virus, 1 parainfluenza). Compared to virus-negative well weeks, nasal aspirate IFN-γ, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL5/RANTES, CCL11/eotaxin-1, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL7/MCP-3 and CCL20/MIP3α protein levels increased during virus-positive sick weeks. Only a subset of cytokines (IFN-γ, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5 and CCL20) correlated with self-reported respiratory tract symptoms. While many aspirates were dilute and showed no mRNA signal, viral infection significantly increased the number of samples that were positive for IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2/3, TLR3, RIG-I and IRF7 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We conclude that, in children with asthma, naturally-occurring viral infections apparently induce a robust innate immune response including expression of specific chemokines, IFNs and IFN-responsive genes. url: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94448/1/cea12005.pdf doi: 10.1111/cea.12005 id: cord-321132-xdpb3ukt author: Lhomme, Sebastien title: Influence of Polyproline Region and Macro Domain Genetic Heterogeneity on HEV Persistence in Immunocompromised Patients date: 2014-01-15 words: 2339.0 sentences: 138.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321132-xdpb3ukt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321132-xdpb3ukt.txt summary: We investigated the association between the genetic heterogeneity of HEV quasispecies in ORF1 and the outcome of infection in solid-organ transplant patients. Both sequence entropy and genetic distances during the hepatitis E acute phase were higher in patients whose infection became chronic than in those who cleared the virus. Both sequence entropy and genetic distances during the hepatitis E acute phase were higher in patients whose infection became chronic than in those who cleared the virus. We therefore analysed the characteristics of HEV quasispecies at the acute phase of hepatitis E in 2 groups of SOT patients, one whose infection became chronic and the other who cleared the virus. Both the complexity and diversity of the PPR and the macro domain were higher in viral population of the patients whose infection became chronic than in those who cleared the virus. abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can chronically infect immunocompromised patients. The polyproline region (PPR) and the macro domain of ORF1 protein may modulate virus production and/or the host immune response. We investigated the association between the genetic heterogeneity of HEV quasispecies in ORF1 and the outcome of infection in solid-organ transplant patients. Both sequence entropy and genetic distances during the hepatitis E acute phase were higher in patients whose infection became chronic than in those who cleared the virus. Hence, great quasispecies heterogeneity in the regions encoding the PPR and the macro domain may facilitate HEV persistence. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit438 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit438 id: cord-016690-3gsq724l author: Li, Hongjun title: HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date: 2013-09-30 words: 26772.0 sentences: 1583.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt summary: Its difference from the clinical manifestations of non-HIV infected patients is as the following: (1) More common pulmonary infi ltration with multiple involvements and rare cavities; (2) Higher incidence of dissemination (87-96 %) commonly along with blood fl ow and higher incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (60-70 %); (3) More common lymph node tuberculosis, such as hilar, mediastinal and extrapleural lymphadenectasis; (4) Lower positive rate of tuberculin test (PPD); (5) More patients with no expectoration, with sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli staining is negative; (6) Higher incidence of resistant strains, high recurrence rate, and higher mortality (Table 17 .1 ). Based on the course of the disease, the diagnostic imaging demonstrations of Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection can be divided into early stage, showing round liked fl aky blurry shadows surrounding unilateral hilum that has blurry boundary; middle stage (parenchymal change), showing central sphere liked high density shadow surrounding unilateral hilum, in parenchymal changes and with clear boundary; advanced stage (necrosis) showing secondary cavity of the pulmonary mass, possibly with hydropneumothorax and pleurisy. abstract: Lungs are the most commonly involved organ by HIV/AIDS related diseases, and pulmonary infections are the main reasons for the increasing death rate from AIDS. Pathogens of HIV related pulmonary infections include parasites, fungi, mycobacteria, viruses, bacteria and toxoplasma gondii. According to international reports, pathogens have different geographical distribution, which is also closely related to the socioeconomic status of the region to produce varied AIDS related diseases spectra. For instance, in the United States, pneumocystis carnii pneumonia (PCP), tuberculosis and recurrent bacterial pneumonia (at least twice within 1 year) occur frequently in HIV infected patients. An international report published 10 years ago indicated that PCP is the most common and serious pulmonary opportunistic infections in HIV infected patients. Now its incidence has dropped with the application of antiretroviral treatment and preventive measures. PCP will continue to occur initially in patients who are aware of their HIV infection. In addition, HIV related viral and parasitic infections have been reported both domestically and internationally. In this section, the clinical manifestations and imaging findings of HIV related pulmonary infections are analyzed and discussed, which provide effective diagnosis basis, so as to reduce the incidence of HIV-related pulmonary infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121050/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_17 id: cord-288494-6qybdxc4 author: Liao, Qiaohong title: A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) in a hospital emergency department setting date: 2014-08-05 words: 4550.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288494-6qybdxc4.txt summary: We analyzed two databases that contained clinical and basic laboratory data from two groups of patients presenting similarly with acute respiratory infections to hospitals in China, including 121 laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) cases and 2,603 patients who suffered from acute respiratory infections other than A(H7N9) influenza. A two-step regression model was used to develop the prediction rule, so as to simulate the decision making process in the setting of a clinic or hospital emergency room where a patient first presents [12, 13] . We had chosen the model with the best performance in terms of both the high sensitivity and area under the ROC curve, which were also maintained in the validation samples, to identify patients having a high risk for the infection at their initial clinical presentation so as to optimize resources during an epidemic. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus are associated with severe illness and high mortality. To better inform triage decisions of hospitalization and management, we developed a clinical prediction rule for diagnosing patients with A(H7N9) and determined its predictive performance. METHODS: Clinical details on presentation of adult patients hospitalized with either A(H7N9)(n = 121) in China from March to May 2013 or other causes of acute respiratory infections (n = 2,603) in Jingzhou City, China from January 2010 through September 2012 were analyzed. A clinical prediction rule was developed using a two-step coefficient-based multivariable logistic regression scoring method and evaluated with internal validation by bootstrapping. RESULTS: In step 1, predictors for A(H7N9) included male sex, poultry exposure history, and fever, haemoptysis, or shortness of breath on history and physical examination. In step 2, haziness or pneumonic consolidation on chest radiographs and leukopenia were also associated with a higher probability of A(H7N9). The observed risk of A(H7N9) was 0.3% for those assigned to the low-risk group and 2.5%, 4.3%, and 44.0% for tertiles 1 through 3, respectively, in the high-risk group. This prediction rule achieved good model performance, with an optimism-corrected sensitivity of 0.93, a specificity of 0.80, and an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.96. CONCLUSIONS: A simple decision rule based on data readily obtainable in the setting of patients’ first clinical presentations from the first wave of the A/H7N9 epidemic in China has been developed. This prediction rule has achieved good model performance in predicting their risk of A(H7N9) infection and should be useful in guiding important clinical and public health decisions in a timely and objective manner. Data to be gathered with its use in the current evolving second wave of the A/H7N9 epidemic in China will help to inform its performance in the field and contribute to its further refinement. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0127-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0127-0 doi: 10.1186/s12916-014-0127-0 id: cord-271653-4q2olzx1 author: Libby, Peter title: The Heart in COVID19: Primary Target or Secondary Bystander? date: 2020-04-10 words: 1590.0 sentences: 84.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271653-4q2olzx1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271653-4q2olzx1.txt summary: Fulminant myocarditis due to direct viral infection can certainly occur, but patients with increased oxygen demands due to tachycardia and fever, and reduced oxygen delivery due to hypotension and hypoxemia can cause myocardial injury indirectly. Fulminant myocarditis due to direct viral infection can certainly occur, but patients with increased oxygen demands due to tachycardia and fever, and reduced oxygen delivery due to hypotension and hypoxemia can cause myocardial injury indirectly. Dealing with the immense challenge of COVID-19 disease, confronted with severely ill patients in dire straits with virtually no rigorous evidence base to guide our therapy, we must call upon our clinical skills and judgment. Dealing with the immense challenge of COVID-19 disease, confronted with severely ill patients in dire straits with virtually no rigorous evidence base to guide our therapy, we must call upon our clinical skills and judgment. abstract: Summary: In the throes of the current COVID-19 pandemic, interest has burgeoned in the cardiovascular complications of this virulent viral infection. As troponin, a biomarker of cardiac injury, often rises in hospitalized patients, its interpretation and actionability require careful consideration. Fulminant myocarditis due to direct viral infection can certainly occur, but patients with increased oxygen demands due to tachycardia and fever, and reduced oxygen delivery due to hypotension and hypoxemia can cause myocardial injury indirectly. Cytokines released during the acute infection can elicit activation of cells within pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions, augmenting thrombotic risk and risk of ischemic syndromes. Moreover, microvascular activation by cytokines can cause not only myocardial injury but harm other organ systems commonly involved in COVID-19 infections including the kidneys. Dealing with the immense challenge of COVID-19 disease, confronted with severely ill patients in dire straits with virtually no rigorous evidence base to guide our therapy, we must call upon our clinical skills and judgment. These touchstones can help guide us in selecting patients who might benefit from the advanced imaging and invasive procedures that present enormous logistical challenges in the current context. Lacking a robust evidence base, pathophysiologic reasoning can help guide our choices of therapy for individual clinical scenarios. We must exercise caution and extreme humility, as often plausible interventions fail when tested rigorously. But act today we must, and understanding the multiplicity of mechanisms of myocardial injury in COVID-19 infection will help us meet our mission unsupported by the comfort of strong data. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452302X20301546?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.001 id: cord-288930-h13cxuh3 author: Lim, Faye J title: Viral Etiology and the Impact of Codetection in Young Children Presenting With Influenza-Like Illness date: 2016-07-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) frequently exhibit virus-virus codetection, yet the clinical significance of ARTI remains contentious. Using data from a prospective cohort of children with influenza-like illness, we examined the virology of ARTI and determined the clinical impact of virus-virus codetection. METHODS: Children aged 6 to 59 months who presented to a tertiary pediatric hospital between influenza seasons 2008 and 2012 with fever and acute respiratory symptoms were enrolled, and nasal samples were collected. Respiratory viruses were identified by culture and polymerase chain reaction. We compared demographics, presenting symptoms, and clinical outcomes of children with a single-virus infection and those in whom 2 or more viruses were detected (virus-virus codetection). We used logistic regression models and estimated marginal means to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and probabilities of symptom presentation, prescription of antibiotics, and hospitalization. RESULTS: Of 2356 children, a virus was detected in 1630 (69.2%) of them; rhinovirus (40.8%), influenza (29.5%), and respiratory syncytial virus (26.4%) were detected most commonly. Two or more viruses were detected in 25% of these children. After we adjusted for demographic factors, children with virus-virus codetection had greater odds of presenting with cough (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–3.1) and rhinorrhea (aOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1–2.9) than those with a single-virus infection, although both symptoms were common. Children with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus combined had the highest probability of hospitalization (55%; 95% CI, 35%–73%), which was significantly greater than for those with influenza infection alone (22%; 95% CI, 16%–29%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, virus-virus codetection has limited impact on clinical severity among children with influenza-like illness. However, infection with specific pathogen pairs might be associated with more severe outcomes. Routine diagnostics to identify specific viruses should be restricted to common pathogens. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piw042 doi: 10.1093/jpids/piw042 id: cord-260679-tm1s6wvj author: Lim, Wei Shen title: Pneumonia—Overview date: 2020-05-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pneumonia is very common and continues to exact a high burden on health. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 found lower respiratory infections (LRIs) were the leading infectious cause of death and the fifth leading cause of death overall. Pneumococcal pneumonia caused 55% of LRI deaths in all ages (1.5 million deaths). Novel pathogens, particularly viruses, continue to emerge as causes of pneumonia. The rise of drug-resistance among common respiratory pathogens is a further challenge. Pneumonia is commonly classified according to patient location at the time of infection, leading to the categories of community-acquired, hospital-acquired and ventilator-acquired pneumonia. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128012383116368 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11636-8 id: cord-268553-2o4k24og author: Lin, Chun title: Etiology and characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in an influenza epidemic period date: 2019-03-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: PURPOSE: The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospital patients is often ambiguous due to the limited pathogen detection. Lack of a microbiological diagnosis impairs precision treatment in CAP. METHODS: Specimens collected from the lower respiratory tract of 195 CAP patients, viruses were measured by the Single-plex real-time PCR assay and the conventional culture method was exploited for bacteria. RESULTS: Among the 195 patients, there were 46 (23.59%) pure bacterial infections, 20 (10.26%) yeast infections, 32 (16.41%) pure viral infections, 8 (4.10%) viral-yeast co-infections, and 17 (8.72%) viral-bacterial co-infections. The two most abundant bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii and klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas the most common virus was influenza A. CONCLUSIONS: Non-influenza respiratory microorganisms frequently co-circulated during the epidemic peaks of influenza, which easily being ignored in CAP therapy. In patients with bacterial and viral co-infections, identifying the etiologic agent is crucial for patient’s therapy. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147957119300499 doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.004 id: cord-263744-zrzwhu0j author: Lin, Sheng-Wen title: Potential Trends of Point-of-Care Diagnostics—The Next Generation of the Laboratory Diagnosis date: 2020-09-30 words: 1711.0 sentences: 85.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263744-zrzwhu0j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263744-zrzwhu0j.txt summary: Both of these issues underscore the need for the development and use of POC diagnostics using host biomarkers to distinguish between bacterial and viral infections in pediatric patients. Current biochemical analyses based on biomarkers, such as procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) methods, can provide some clues for the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections, but their low sensitivity and specificity means that they cannot be relied upon in and of themselves for treatment. Current biochemical analyses based on biomarkers, such as procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) methods, can provide some clues for the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections, but their low sensitivity and specificity means that they cannot be relied upon in and of themselves for treatment. Both of these issues underscore the need for the development and use of POC diagnostics using host biomarkers to distinguish between bacterial Diagnostics 2020, 10, 774 3 of 4 and viral infections in pediatric patients. abstract: With the current worldwide outbreak of COVID-19, developing rapid, effective, and convenient detection tools has become imperative [...]. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10100774 doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10100774 id: cord-264159-e9071tyv author: Lin, Weikang Nicholas title: The Role of Single-Cell Technology in the Study and Control of Infectious Diseases date: 2020-06-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The advent of single-cell research in the recent decade has allowed biological studies at an unprecedented resolution and scale. In particular, single-cell analysis techniques such as Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) have helped show substantial links between cellular heterogeneity and infectious disease progression. The extensive characterization of genomic and phenotypic biomarkers, in addition to host–pathogen interactions at the single-cell level, has resulted in the discovery of previously unknown infection mechanisms as well as potential treatment options. In this article, we review the various single-cell technologies and their applications in the ongoing fight against infectious diseases, as well as discuss the potential opportunities for future development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32531928/ doi: 10.3390/cells9061440 id: cord-007796-zggk0x2q author: Lindemans, Caroline A. title: The Immune Response to Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infection date: 2005 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Viruses are responsible for the majority of respiratory infections in childhood,causing considerable morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that in the United States approximately $ 652 million per year is spent on medical costs for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) related disease alone (Paramore et al., 2004). Viruses cause a variety of respiratory diseases in children from the common cold to life-threatening pneumonia and bronchiolitis. The host reacts to a viral infection with a combination of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, usually resulting in the clearance of the virus and clinical recovery. However, there is an accumulating evidence for a number of viral infections that the host immune response actually enhances disease in the course of clearing virus from the infected organs. Interestingly, the effectiveness of the immune response seems to be dependent on the age and probably genetic background of the child. This has important implications for treatment as well as vaccine development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123507/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-25342-4_4 id: cord-017959-g0nf1iwm author: Lipkin, W. Ian title: Diagnosis, Discovery and Dissection of Viral Diseases date: 2014-02-27 words: 5016.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017959-g0nf1iwm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017959-g0nf1iwm.txt summary: Nested PCR tests that can employ consensus or specifi c primers in two sequential amplifi cation reactions with either one (hemi-nested) or two (fully nested) primers located 3′ with respect to the fi rst primer set may both accommodate sequence variation and be more sensitive than fl uorescent or beacon-based singleplex assays. Whereas multiplex PCR systems support rapid highthroughput diagnosis with highest sensitivity for a limited number of agents, microarray-based systems provide detection of all known pathogens for which sequence information is available, but at the expense of some degree of sensitivity. Development of a respiratory virus panel test for detection of twenty human respiratory viruses by use of multiplex PCR and a fl uid microbead-based assay MassTag polymerasechain-reaction detection of respiratory pathogens, including a new rhinovirus genotype, that caused infl uenza-like illness in New York State during abstract: Only a few years ago, viral diagnosis was largely an exercise for academic researchers and public health practitioners with focus on epidemiologic analyses and outbreak prevention, detection, and control. Opportunities for therapeutic intervention were limited to only a few applications such as herpesvirus infections, influenza, and HIV/AIDS; hence, once a bacterial or fungal infection was excluded, clinicians were limited to providing supportive care for what was presumed to be a viral syndrome. Public health organizations tracked the incidence of viral infections and the development of resistance to the few antiviral drugs in use and provided input to governments and the pharmaceutical industry regarding selection of vaccine targets. More recently, interest in viral diagnostics has burgeoned with the advent of new tools for detection and discovery, global recognition of pandemic risk, high-throughput drug screening, rational drug design, and immunotherapeutics. An additional impetus has been the implication of viruses in chronic illnesses not previously attributed to infection. The objective of this chapter is to review the factors responsible for the rise in awareness of viral infections, methods for diagnosis and monitoring viral infections, and future prospects for improvements in discovery, detection, and response to the challenges of clinical virology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122662/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_2 id: cord-336663-fawcn6em author: Liu, Chunyan title: Adenovirus infection in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China, 2007 to 2012 date: 2015-10-01 words: 4283.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336663-fawcn6em.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336663-fawcn6em.txt summary: Here, HAdV types are characterized in children in the Beijing area with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) and the clinical features and laboratory findings of hospitalized HAdV-infected cases are described. However, because most clinical laboratories do not type the isolates, there is little published information about epidemiologic and clinical features of HAdV infections by type in children with ALRTIs. To identify HAdV types and species in children with ALRTIs in Beijing area and to characterize clinical features and laboratory findings of hospitalized HAdVinfected cases, respiratory specimens were collected from hospital-admitted pediatric patients with ALRTIs and typed HAdV positive samples using PCR and sequencing. This may also suggest that schoolage children are exposed to the most common endemic types of HAdV early in life, thereby establishing a protective immunity resulting only in mild clinical symptoms, such that upper respiratory tract infection does not require care in an emergency department or hospital in this age group. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses (HAdV) play a significant role in pediatric respiratory tract infections. To date, over 60 types of HAdV have been identified. Here, HAdV types are characterized in children in the Beijing area with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) and the clinical features and laboratory findings of hospitalized HAdV-infected cases are described. METHODS: Respiratory specimens were collected from pediatric patients with ALRTIs in the emergency department or from those admitted to Beijing Children’s Hospital between March 2007 and December 2012. Infections with common respiratory viruses were determined by PCR or RT-PCR. HAdV positive samples were further typed by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS: Among 3356 patients with ALRTIs, 194 (5.8 %) were found to have HAdV infection. HAdV infection was primarily confined to children (88.35 %) less than 5 years of age. A total of 11 different types of HAdV were detected throughout the study period, with HAdV-B7 (49.0 %) and HAdV-B3 (26.3 %) as the most prevalent types, followed by HAdV-C2 (7.7 %) and HAdVC1 (4.6 %). Newly emerging and re-emergent types or variants, HAdV-B55 (n = 5), HAdV-C57 (n = 3), and HAdV-B14p1 (n = 1), were identified. Results also included the reported first case of co-infection with HAdV-C2 and HAdV-C57. Clinical entities of patients with single HAdV infection (n = 49) were similar to those with mixed HAdV/respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections (n = 41). Patients with HAdV-B7 infection had longer duration of fever and higher serum levels of muscle enzymes than HAdV-B3-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period, HAdV-B7 and HAdV-B3 were the predominant types identified in pediatric ALRTIs. HAdV-B7 infection tends to have more severe clinical consequences. The presence of newly emerging types or variants and co-infection with different types of HAdV highlights the need for constant and close surveillance of HAdV infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26429778/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-1126-2 id: cord-023463-vr6uaw3a author: Liu, Wei title: Risk factors for SARS infection among hospital healthcare workers in Beijing: a case control study date: 2009-06-05 words: 3859.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023463-vr6uaw3a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023463-vr6uaw3a.txt summary: Objective To evaluate possible severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection associated risk factors in a SARS affected hospital in Beijing by means of a case control study. Results Multivariate analysis confirmed the strong role of performing chest compression (or intubation, which is highly correlated), contact with respiratory secretion, and emergency care experience as risk factors to acquire SARS infection. Measures to prevent nosocomial infection included establishing isolation wards for triage SARS patients; training and monitoring hospital staff in infection-control procedures; active and passive screening of HCWs; enforcement of droplet and contact precautions; and compliance with the use of PPE. In summary, this study identified exposure to high-risk procedures (such as chest compression), and contact with respiratory secretions to be significant risk factors for SARS infection among HCWs in a hospital in Beijing. abstract: Objective To evaluate possible severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection associated risk factors in a SARS affected hospital in Beijing by means of a case control study. Methods Fifty‐one infected and 426 uninfected staff members were asked about risk behaviours and protective measures when attending to SARS patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the major risk and protective factors. Results Multivariate analysis confirmed the strong role of performing chest compression (or intubation, which is highly correlated), contact with respiratory secretion, and emergency care experience as risk factors to acquire SARS infection. For the studied protective measures, wearing 16‐layer cotton surgical mask, wearing 12‐layer cotton surgical mask, wearing multiple layers of mask, taking prophylactic medicine, taking training and nose washing turned out to be protective against infection. Conclusions This study highlighted activities associated with increased and decreased risk for SARS infection during close contact with SARS patients. These findings may help to guide recommendations for the protection of high‐risk occupational groups. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169729/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02255.x id: cord-274763-i6e3g3te author: Liu, Wen-Kuan title: Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region date: 2018-07-16 words: 3451.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274763-i6e3g3te.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274763-i6e3g3te.txt summary: title: Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is an important cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI), yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients (≤14 years old), with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016. We collected meteorological data for Guangzhou, including monthly mean temperature, mean relative humidity, rainfall, mean wind speed, mean air pressure, mean vapor pressure and sunshine duration for a 7-year period, to explore the correlation between meteorological conditions and prevalence of HBoV1. Clinical and epidemiological profiles of lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children due to human bocavirus in a subtropical area of China abstract: BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is an important cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI), yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients were studied in a subtropical region of China. METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients (≤14 years old), with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016. In addition, local meteorological data were collected. RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 (49.2%) were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 (2.2%) were positive for HBoV1 infection. Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients (45.2%, 112/248). A significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 was found in patients in different age groups (p < 0.001), and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7–12 months (4.7%, 56/1203). Two HBoV1 prevalence peaks were found in summer (between June and September) and winter (between November and December). The prevalence of HBoV1 was significantly positively correlated with mean temperature and negatively correlated with mean relative humidity, and the mean temperature in the preceding month had better explanatory power than the current monthly temperature. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a better understanding of the characteristics of HBoV1 infection in children in subtropical regions. Data from this study provide useful information for the future control and prevention of HBoV1 infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30012099/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3225-3 id: cord-006523-zxn4oqly author: Lodha, Rakesh title: Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units date: 2001 words: 5227.0 sentences: 340.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006523-zxn4oqly.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006523-zxn4oqly.txt summary: The common nosocomial infections in PICU are bloodstream infections (20–30% of all infections), lower respiratory tract infections (20–35%), and urinary tract infections (15–20%); there may be some differences in their incidence in different PICUs. The risk of nosocomial infections depends on the host characteristics, the number of interventions, invasive procedures, asepsis of techniques, the duration of stay in the PICU and inappropriate use of antimicrobials. 3 In the same study, it was observed that 91% of all nosocomial bloodstream infections occurred in children with central venous lines, 95% of nosocomial pneumonias occurred in those on mechanical ventilation and 77% of UTIs in children with urinary catheters. Transtracheal aspiration in non-intubated patients, percutaneous thin needle lung aspirations, bronchoalveolar lavage (bronchoscopic or blind), and protected bronchoscopic samples of the lower airways have all been suggested as methods for diagnosis, where contamination of lower respiratory secretions with upper airway flora is prevent-ed29~~ In the absence of gold standard criteria for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia, quantitative cultures and microscopic examination of the lower respiratory tract secretions are the diagnostic tests of choice. abstract: Nosocomial infections are a significant problem in pediatric intensive care units. While Indian estimates are not available, western PICUs report incidence of 6–8%. The common nosocomial infections in PICU are bloodstream infections (20–30% of all infections), lower respiratory tract infections (20–35%), and urinary tract infections (15–20%); there may be some differences in their incidence in different PICUs. The risk of nosocomial infections depends on the host characteristics, the number of interventions, invasive procedures, asepsis of techniques, the duration of stay in the PICU and inappropriate use of antimicrobials. Most often the child had endogenous flora, which may be altered because of hospitalization, are responsible for the infections. The common pathogens involved areStaphylococcus aureus, coagulase negativestaphylococci, E. coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, enterococci, andCandida. Nosocomial pneumonias predominantly occur in mechanically ventilated children. There is no consensus on the optimal approach for their diagnosis. Bloodstream infections are usually attributable to the use of central venous lines; use of TPN and use of femoral site for insertion increase the risk. Urinary tract infections occur mostly after catheterization and can lead to secondary bacteremia. The diagnostic criteria have been discussed in the review. With proper preventive strategies, the nosocomial infection rates can be reduced by up to 50%; handwashing, judicious use of interventions, and proper asepsis during procedures remain the most important practices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101966/ doi: 10.1007/bf02722358 id: cord-025155-ow3r3469 author: Lokida, Dewi title: Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: observational study results date: 2020-05-24 words: 4430.0 sentences: 271.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025155-ow3r3469.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025155-ow3r3469.txt summary: title: Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: observational study results METHODS: Acute and convalescent blood from 975 hospitalized non-dengue patients was tested for Rickettsia IgM and IgG by ELISA. For the 103/975 (10.6%) non-dengue patients diagnosed with acute rickettsial infection, presenting symptoms included nausea (72%), headache (69%), vomiting (43%), lethargy (33%), anorexia (32%), arthralgia (30%), myalgia (28%), chills (28%), epigastric pain (28%), and rash (17%). Clinicians should include rickettsioses in their differential diagnosis of fever to guide empiric management; laboratories should support evaluation for rickettsial etiologies; and public policy should be implemented to reduce burden of disease. To characterize the epidemiology of rickettsioses in Indonesia, we performed Rickettsia diagnostic panels on blood from subjects in the Acute Fever Requiring Hospitalization (AFIRE) study [13] . Patients found to have rickettsial infection by reference laboratory testing were identified from INA-RESPOND''s [14] AFIRE observational cohort study conducted in Indonesia from 2013 to 2016. abstract: BACKGROUND: Reports of human rickettsial infection in Indonesia are limited. This study sought to characterize the epidemiology of human rickettsioses amongst patients hospitalized with fever at 8 tertiary hospitals in Indonesia. METHODS: Acute and convalescent blood from 975 hospitalized non-dengue patients was tested for Rickettsia IgM and IgG by ELISA. Specimens from cases with seroconversion or increasing IgM and/or IgG titers were tested for Rickettsia IgM and IgG by IFA and Rickettsia genomes using primers for Rickettsia (R.) sp, R. typhi, and Orientia tsutsugamushi. Testing was performed retrospectively on stored specimens; results did not inform patient management. RESULTS: R. typhi, R. rickettsii, and O. tsutsugamushi IgG antibodies were identified in 269/872 (30.8%), 36/634 (5.7%), and 19/504 (3.8%) of samples, respectively. For the 103/975 (10.6%) non-dengue patients diagnosed with acute rickettsial infection, presenting symptoms included nausea (72%), headache (69%), vomiting (43%), lethargy (33%), anorexia (32%), arthralgia (30%), myalgia (28%), chills (28%), epigastric pain (28%), and rash (17%). No acute rickettsioses cases were suspected during hospitalization. Discharge diagnoses included typhoid fever (44), dengue fever (20), respiratory infections (7), leptospirosis (6), unknown fever (6), sepsis (5), hepatobiliary infections (3), UTI (3), and others (9). Fatalities occurred in 7 (6.8%) patients, mostly with co-morbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Rickettsial infections are consistently misdiagnosed, often as leptospirosis, dengue, or Salmonella typhi infection. Clinicians should include rickettsioses in their differential diagnosis of fever to guide empiric management; laboratories should support evaluation for rickettsial etiologies; and public policy should be implemented to reduce burden of disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7245627/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05057-9 id: cord-324148-bllyruh8 author: Loubet, Paul title: Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection in adults hospitalized for community-acquired influenza-like illness in France, 2012-2018: a retrospective observational study date: 2020-04-10 words: 1551.0 sentences: 101.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324148-bllyruh8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324148-bllyruh8.txt summary: title: Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection in adults hospitalized for community-acquired influenza-like illness in France, 2012-2018: a retrospective observational study OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence, clinical features and complications of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections in a population of adults hospitalized with influenza-like illness (ILI). METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, multicenter cohort study using prospectively collected data from adult patients hospitalized during influenza virus circulation, for at least 24h, for community-acquired ILI (with symptom onset <7 days). The most frequent viruses seen in primary care are influenza 75 viruses A/B, rhinovirus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human 76 metapneumovirus (hMPV) [1, 2] . Baseline 275 characteristics and clinical symptoms related to respiratory viruses identified among patients 276 presenting with influenza-like illness in primary care Clinical 340 characteristics and outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection among adults hospitalized 341 with influenza-like illness in France abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence, clinical features and complications of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections in a population of adults hospitalized with influenza-like illness (ILI). METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, multicenter cohort study using prospectively collected data from adult patients hospitalized during influenza virus circulation, for at least 24h, for community-acquired ILI (with symptom onset <7 days). Data were collected from five French teaching hospitals over six consecutive winters (2012-2018). Respiratory viruses were identified by multiplex RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal specimens. hMPV+ patients were compared to hMPV– patients, influenza+ and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)+ patients using multivariate logistic regressions. Primary outcome was the prevalence of hMPV in patients hospitalized for ILI. RESULTS: Among the 3148 patients included (1449 (46%) women, 1988 (63%) aged 65 and over; 2508 (80%) with chronic disease), at least one respiratory virus was detected in 1604 (51%, 95%CI [49-53]), including 100 cases of hMPV (100/3148, 3% 95%CI [3, 4]), of which 10 (10%) were viral co-infection. In the hMPV+ patients, mean length of stay was 7 days, 62% (56/90) developed a complication, 21% (14/68) were admitted to intensive care unit and 4% (4/90) died during hospitalization. In comparison with influenza+ patients, hMPV+ patients were more frequently > 65 years old (aOR=3.3, 95%CI[1.9-6.3]) and presented more acute heart failure during hospitalization (aOR=1.8, 95%CI[1.0-2.9]). Compared to RSV+ patients, hMPV+ patients had less cancer (aOR=0.4, 95%CI[0.2-0.9]) and were less likely to smoke (aOR=0.5, 95%CI[0.2-0.9]) but had similar outcomes especially high rate of respiratory and cardiovascular complications. CONCLUSIONS: Adult hMPV infections mainly affect the elderly and patients with chronic conditions and are responsible for frequent cardiac and pulmonary complications similar to those of RSV infections. At-risk populations would benefit from the development of antivirals and vaccines targeting hMPV. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X20301907?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.005 id: cord-267132-nb0j6k3h author: Loveday, H.P. title: epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England date: 2013-12-10 words: 43396.0 sentences: 2281.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267132-nb0j6k3h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267132-nb0j6k3h.txt summary: Clinical effectiveness (i.e. using prevention measures that are based on reliable evidence of efÀ cacy) is a core component of an effective strategy designed to protect patients from the risk of infection, and when combined with quality improvement methods can account for signiÀ cant reductions in HCAI such as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difÀ cile. Full text conÀ rms that the article: relates to infections associated with hospital hygiene; is written in English; is primary research (randomised controlled trials, prospective cohort, interrupted time series, controlled before-after, quasi-experimental, experimental studies answering speciÀ c questions), a systematic review or a meta-analysis including the above designs; and informs one or more of the review questions. 334 In a prospective cohort study using data from two randomised trials and a systematic review to estimate rates of PICC-related bloodstream infection in hospitalised patients, the author concluded that PICCs used in high-risk hospitalised patients are associated with a rate of CR-BSI similar to conventional CVCs placed in the internal jugular or subclavian veins (two to À ve per 1000 catheter-days). abstract: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England were originally commissioned by the Department of Health and developed during 1998–2000 by a nurse-led multi-professional team of researchers and specialist clinicians. Following extensive consultation, they were first published in January 2001(1) and updated in 2007.(2) A cardinal feature of evidence-based guidelines is that they are subject to timely review in order that new research evidence and technological advances can be identified, appraised and, if shown to be effective for the prevention of HCAI, incorporated into amended guidelines. Periodically updating the evidence base and guideline recommendations is essential in order to maintain their validity and authority. The Department of Health commissioned a review of new evidence and we have updated the evidence base for making infection prevention and control recommendations. A critical assessment of the updated evidence indicated that the epic2 guidelines published in 2007 remain robust, relevant and appropriate, but some guideline recommendations required adjustments to enhance clarity and a number of new recommendations were required. These have been clearly identified in the text. In addition, the synopses of evidence underpinning the guideline recommendations have been updated. These guidelines (epic3) provide comprehensive recommendations for preventing HCAI in hospital and other acute care settings based on the best currently available evidence. National evidence-based guidelines are broad principles of best practice that need to be integrated into local practice guidelines and audited to reduce variation in practice and maintain patient safety. Clinically effective infection prevention and control practice is an essential feature of patient protection. By incorporating these guidelines into routine daily clinical practice, patient safety can be enhanced and the risk of patients acquiring an infection during episodes of health care in NHS hospitals in England can be minimised. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60012-2 doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60012-2 id: cord-007575-5ekgabx5 author: Luby, James P. title: Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Pneumonias in Adults Due to Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, and Viruses date: 2016-01-14 words: 11991.0 sentences: 735.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt summary: Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. abstract: Pneumonias in adults due to mycoplasma, chlamydiae, and viruses are a common clinical problem. These microorganisms contribute to the etiologies in 6–35% of all cases of pneumonia and are the sole pathogens in 1–17% of hospitalized cases. Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. Developments in the rapid diagnosis and therapy of respiratory syncytial virus infections with an aerosolized antiviral drug in children may pave the way for comparable advances in difficult pneumonias in adult patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119385/ doi: 10.1097/00000441-198707000-00007 id: cord-331500-l3hkn2li author: Luyt, Charles-Edouard title: Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS date: 2020-11-11 words: 7544.0 sentences: 358.0 pages: flesch: 26.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt summary: Whatever the initial lung injury, patients with ARDS are prone to develop secondary pulmonary infection, namely ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). While glucocorticoids are classically considered as immunosuppressive drugs, it has been shown that they can prevent the immune reprogramming observed after inflammatory response [16] , thus limiting the susceptibility of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to respiratory complications such as pneumonia or ARDS and improving outcomes of patients with ARDS [17] . Peripheral blood markers have the advantage of avoiding the need for bronchoscopic sampling and are therefore easier to obtain; however, they are generally less able to discriminate pneumonia from other infections Table 1 Summary of host-based biomarkers for diagnosis of pneumonia in ARDS ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, RCT randomized controlled trial, sTREM soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, HLA human leukocyte antigen abstract: Pulmonary infection is one of the main complications occurring in patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Besides traditional risk factors, dysregulation of lung immune defenses and microbiota may play an important role in ARDS patients. Prone positioning does not seem to be associated with a higher risk of pulmonary infection. Although bacteria associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in ARDS patients are similar to those in patients without ARDS, atypical pathogens (Aspergillus, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus) may also be responsible for infection in ARDS patients. Diagnosing pulmonary infection in ARDS patients is challenging, and requires a combination of clinical, biological and microbiological criteria. The role of modern tools (e.g., molecular methods, metagenomic sequencing, etc.) remains to be evaluated in this setting. One of the challenges of antimicrobial treatment is antibiotics diffusion into the lungs. Although targeted delivery of antibiotics using nebulization may be interesting, their place in ARDS patients remains to be explored. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the most severe patients is associated with a high rate of infection and raises several challenges, diagnostic issues and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics changes being at the top. Prevention of pulmonary infection is a key issue in ARDS patients, but there is no specific measure for these high-risk patients. Reinforcing preventive measures using bundles seems to be the best option. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06292-z doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06292-z id: cord-023748-3kfy36hg author: Lye, Patricia S. title: Fever date: 2017-05-12 words: 15600.0 sentences: 931.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt summary: Although rapid testing for viral pathogens is often readily available, a detailed investigation to identify a viral pathogen is not necessary unless the confirmation of a viral infection will change the acute diagnostic plan; treatment with antivirals is an option (HSV, influenza) if the fever is prolonged and evolves into FUO or if there is end-organ involvement, as in hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, or meningitis. Occult bacteremia is defined by the presence of a positive blood culture for pathogenic bacteria in a febrile patient who does not appear extremely ill and who has no focus of infection, excluding otitis media. A combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory studies can be used to define a specific population of infants aged 29-60 days who do not appear ill and are at low risk for bacterial infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173579/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00039-x id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy author: López, Alfonso title: Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date: 2017-02-17 words: 57323.0 sentences: 2749.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt summary: Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271179/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6 id: cord-022176-hprwqi4n author: Löscher, Thomas title: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2009-07-28 words: 8287.0 sentences: 384.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt summary: Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). abstract: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are characterized by a new or an increased occurrence within the last few decades. They include the following categories Emerging diagnosis of infectious diseases: old diseases that are newly classified as infectious diseases because of the discovery of a responsible infectious agent. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153742/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3 id: cord-355171-oi3ezlsl author: MACINTYRE, C. R. title: Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date: 2013-12-05 words: 3072.0 sentences: 151.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355171-oi3ezlsl.txt summary: This study determined the risk of respiratory infection associated with high-risk procedures (HRPs) performed by healthcare workers (HCWs) in high-risk settings. In droplet transmission, pathogens or droplets which are larger than 5 μm, such as influenza virus and Bordetella pertussis are transmitted from an infected patient to HCWs through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, as well as through performing high-risk procedures (HRPs) [2, 7, 8] . Although various guidelines and policies for infection control measures are implemented in healthcare settings worldwide, the risk of transmission of infectious diseases while performing HRPs has not been well quantified. abstract: This study determined the risk of respiratory infection associated with high-risk procedures (HRPs) performed by healthcare workers (HCWs) in high-risk settings. We prospectively studied 481 hospital HCWs in China, documented risk factors for infection, including performing HRPs, measured new infections, and analysed whether HRPs predicted infection. Infection outcomes were clinical respiratory infection (CRI), laboratory-confirmed viral or bacterial infection, and an influenza infection. About 12% (56/481) of the study participants performed at least one HRP, the most common being airway suctioning (7·7%, 37/481). HCWs who performed a HRP were at significantly higher risk of developing CRI and laboratory-confirmed infection [adjusted relative risk 2·9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·42–5·87 and 2·9, 95% CI 1·37–6·22, respectively]. Performing a HRP resulted in a threefold increase in the risk of respiratory infections. This is the first time the risk has been prospectively quantified in HCWs, providing data to inform occupational health and safety policies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24308554/ doi: 10.1017/s095026881300304x id: cord-350186-fogm1gkg author: MAMMAS, IOANNIS N. title: Current views and advances on Paediatric Virology: An update for paediatric trainees date: 2015-11-24 words: 6149.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350186-fogm1gkg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350186-fogm1gkg.txt summary: The Workshop on Paediatric Virology, which took place on Saturday October 10, 2015 in Athens, Greece, provided an overview of recent views and advances on viral infections occurring in neonates and children. Among the non-vaccine related topics, emphasis was given to viral infections in prematurely born infants and their long-term outcomes, new paediatric intensive care management options for bronchiolitis related to respiratory syncytial virus, the clinical implications of hepatitis B virus and cytomegalovirus genotyping, the Ebola virus threat and preparedness in Paediatric Emergency Departments, oral, oropharynx, laryngeal, nasal and ocular viral infections and Merkel cell polyomavirus as a novel emerging virus of infancy and childhood. The majority of viral conjunctivitis in children are caused by adenovirus, a DNA virus, which can cause a range of human diseases, including upper respiratory tract infection. abstract: Paediatric Virology is a bold new scientific field, which combines Paediatrics with Virology, Epidemiology, Molecular Medicine, Evidence-based Medicine, Clinical Governance, Quality Improvement, Pharmacology and Immunology. The Workshop on Paediatric Virology, which took place on Saturday October 10, 2015 in Athens, Greece, provided an overview of recent views and advances on viral infections occurring in neonates and children. It was included in the official programme of the 20th World Congress on Advances in Oncology and the 18th International Symposium on Molecular Medicine, which attracted over 500 delegates from the five continents. During the Workshop, the topics covered included the challenges of vaccine implementation against human papillomaviruses in countries under financial crisis, strategies for eradicating poliomyelitis and its 60th vaccine anniversary, as well as the debate on the association between autism and vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella. Among the non-vaccine related topics, emphasis was given to viral infections in prematurely born infants and their long-term outcomes, new paediatric intensive care management options for bronchiolitis related to respiratory syncytial virus, the clinical implications of hepatitis B virus and cytomegalovirus genotyping, the Ebola virus threat and preparedness in Paediatric Emergency Departments, oral, oropharynx, laryngeal, nasal and ocular viral infections and Merkel cell polyomavirus as a novel emerging virus of infancy and childhood. In this review, we provide selected presentations and reports discussed at the Workshop. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26889211/ doi: 10.3892/etm.2015.2890 id: cord-349298-8s69wprh author: MUNYWOKI, P. K. title: Influence of age, severity of infection, and co-infection on the duration of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) shedding date: 2014-06-05 words: 3881.0 sentences: 185.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349298-8s69wprh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349298-8s69wprh.txt summary: The shedding durations were longer than previous estimates (3·9–7·4 days) based on immunofluorescence antigen detection or viral culture, and were shown to be strongly associated with age, severity of infection, and revealed potential interaction with other respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major viral cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children worldwide [1] with the key risk group being young infants [2] . The rate of RSV recovery was lower (i.e. shedding duration increased) by 65% in episodes with co-infection compared to those without (aHR 0·35, 95% CI 0·23-0·51), with a similar result for each virus individually. A community study nested within a birth cohort in coastal Kenya targeting symptomatic RSV infections by Okiro and colleagues reported a mean duration of shedding of 4·5 days [12] . abstract: RSV is the most important viral cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children worldwide and has been associated with significant disease burden. With the renewed interest in RSV vaccines, we provide realistic estimates on duration, and influencing factors on RSV shedding which are required to better understand the impact of vaccination on the virus transmission dynamics. The data arise from a prospective study of 47 households (493 individuals) in rural Kenya, followed through a 6-month period of an RSV seasonal outbreak. Deep nasopharyngeal swabs were collected twice each week from all household members, irrespective of symptoms, and tested for RSV by multiplex PCR. The RSV G gene was sequenced. A total of 205 RSV infection episodes were detected in 179 individuals from 40 different households. The infection data were interval censored and assuming a random event time between observations, the average duration of virus shedding was 11·2 (95% confidence interval 10·1–12·3) days. The shedding durations were longer than previous estimates (3·9–7·4 days) based on immunofluorescence antigen detection or viral culture, and were shown to be strongly associated with age, severity of infection, and revealed potential interaction with other respiratory viruses. These findings are key to our understanding of the spread of this important virus and are relevant in the design of control programmes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901443/ doi: 10.1017/s0950268814001393 id: cord-289697-g24xib4l author: MacDowell, Ana L. title: Infectious triggers of asthma date: 2005-03-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: There is abundant evidence that asthma is frequently exacerbated by infectious agents. Several viruses have been implicated in the inception and exacerbation of asthma. Recent attention has been directed at the role of infections with the atypical bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae as agents capable of triggering asthma exacerbations and potentially as inciting agents for asthma. This article examines the evidence for interaction between specific infectious agents and exacerbations of asthma, including the immunopathology of infection-triggered asthma, and the current therapeutic options for management. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889856104000992 doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2004.09.011 id: cord-341827-z9r5i0ky author: Macias-Ordonez, R. title: The misleading illusion of COVID-19 confirmed case data: alternative estimates and a monitoring tool date: 2020-05-25 words: 2618.0 sentences: 166.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341827-z9r5i0ky.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341827-z9r5i0ky.txt summary: Assuming that detection remains constant after Infection 34 Date, we estimated the number of deaths and the estimated percentage of the 35 population of each country expected to be immune up to 23 days into the future. Assuming that detection remains constant after Infection 34 Date, we estimated the number of deaths and the estimated percentage of the 35 population of each country expected to be immune up to 23 days into the future. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107516 doi: medRxiv preprint Introduction 50 COVID-19 confirmed case data (CCD) are the central piece of information in most 51 news, official reports, conversations, forecasting efforts, and are also probably central to 52 most decisions made by authorities worldwide since the pandemic outbreak in 53 December 2019. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107516 doi: medRxiv preprint 20 antibodies, we suggest that estimates based on reported deaths and IFR are a more 405 reliable alternative to estimate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 than CCD in any country for 406 which age structure data is available and data of reported deaths is trustworthy. abstract: Confirmed Case Data have been widely cited during the current COVID-19 pandemic as an estimate of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, their central role in media, official reports and decision-making may be undeserved and misleading. Previously published Infection Fatality Rates were weighted by age structure in the 50 countries with more reported deaths to obtain country-specific rates. For each country, the number of infections up to the Infection Date (23 days ago = Incubation Period + Onset to Death period) and the present percentage of immune population were estimated using Infection Fatality Rate, the number of reported deaths (which is less prone to undersampling), and projecting back to Infection Date. We then estimated a Detection Index for each country as the percentage of estimated infections that confirmed cases represent. Assuming that detection remains constant after Infection Date, we estimated the number of deaths and the estimated percentage of the population of each country expected to be immune up to 23 days into the future. Estimated Infection Fatality Rates are higher in Europe. In most countries, confirmed cases currently represent less than 30% of estimated infections on Infection Date, and this value decreases with time. Countries with flat curves throughout the pandemic show the lowest immunity percentages and these values seem unlikely to change in the near future, suggesting that they remain vulnerable to new outbreaks. Estimates for some countries with low Infection Fatality Rates suggest a still steep increase in the number of casualties in the next three weeks. Countries that did not control initial outbreaks seem to have reached higher immunity percentages, although mostly still under 5%. We provide the code to monitor the trajectories of these estimates in 178 countries throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107516 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107516 id: cord-016499-5iqpl23p author: Mackay, Ian M. title: Rhinoviruses date: 2014-02-27 words: 23394.0 sentences: 1156.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt summary: A convenience population of 15 healthy children (1-9 years old) without asthma were followed during at least three seasons, and picornaviruses were detected in 5 % of 740 specimens (21 % of infections) not associated with symptoms, The impact of HRV typing and of sampling based only on symptoms. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children Comparison of results of detection of rhinovirus by PCR and viral culture in human nasal wash specimens from subjects with and without clinical symptoms of respiratory illness Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines abstract: Picornaviruses, which include the human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses (EVs), are the most frequent cause of acute human illness worldwide. HRVs are the most prevalent cause of acute respiratory tract illnesses (ARIs) which usually commence in the upper respiratory tract (URT). ARIs are the leading cause of morbidity in children under 5 years and occur in all seasons. ARIs linked to HRV infections are associated with excessive and perhaps inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and with significant direct and indirect healthcare expenditure. ARI incidence is highest in the first 2 years of life, with up to thirteen episodes per year including up to six positive for an HRV, and it is not uncommon to average one infection per child-month. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120790/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_29 id: cord-267816-84z9fp2u author: Magdi, Mohamed title: Severe Immune Thrombocytopenia Complicated by Intracerebral Haemorrhage Associated with Coronavirus Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review date: 2019-07-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder that causes isolated thrombocytopenia. Many viruses have been identified as triggering the autoimmune process, including HIV, MCV, EBV, parvovirus, rubella and measles. However, ITP in association with coronavirus infection has not previously been reported. We describe the case of a healthy man who presented with severe ITP complicated by intracranial haemorrhage following upper respiratory tract infection. An infection screen revealed coronavirus infection. LEARNING POINTS: Coronavirus can cause severe immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Intracerebral haemorrhage is an uncommon presentation of ITP. Intravenous immunoglobulin and steroids are very effective treatments for severe ITP. url: https://doi.org/10.12890/2019_001155 doi: 10.12890/2019_001155 id: cord-333950-e0hd3iuu author: Maillard, Jean-Yves title: Reducing antibiotic prescribing and addressing the global problem of antibiotic resistance by targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings: A Position Paper date: 2020-04-18 words: 5532.0 sentences: 297.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333950-e0hd3iuu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333950-e0hd3iuu.txt summary: The authors call upon national and international policy makers, health agencies and healthcare professionals to further recognize the importance of targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings for preventing and controlling infection, in a unified quest to tackle AMR. 3, 4 The main driver is overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture including unregulated over-the-counter sales, while global spread of resistant bacteria or resistance genes is attributed to poor infection prevention and control in healthcare facilities, and sub-optimal hygiene and sanitation in communities, confounded by poor infrastructure and weak governance. 94 Studies in day-care centers and schools in which hand hygiene was combined with cleaning and/or disinfection of environmental surfaces indicate a positive impact on illness rates and reduction in the use of antibiotics. The evidence set out in this paper suggests that, if combined with measures ensuring clean water and adequate sanitation, targeted hygiene practices in home and everyday life settings could make a significant contribution to tackling AMR through infection prevention and a consequential reduction in antibiotic prescribing. abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to threaten global health. Although global and national AMR action plans are in place, infection prevention and control is primarily discussed in the context of healthcare facilities with home and everyday life settings barely addressed. As seen with the recent global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, everyday hygiene measures can play an important role in containing the threat from infectious microorganisms. This position paper has been developed following a meeting of global experts in London, 2019. It presents evidence that home and community settings are important for infection transmission and also the acquisition and spread of AMR. It also demonstrates that the targeted hygiene approach offers a framework for maximizing protection against colonization and infections, thereby reducing antibiotic prescribing and minimizing selection pressure for the development of antibiotic resistance. If combined with the provision of clean water and sanitation, targeted hygiene can reduce the circulation of resistant bacteria in homes and communities, regardless of a country's Human Development Index (overall social and economic development). Achieving a reduction of AMR strains in healthcare settings requires a mirrored reduction in the community. The authors call upon national and international policy makers, health agencies and healthcare professionals to further recognize the importance of targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings for preventing and controlling infection, in a unified quest to tackle AMR. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655320302091?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.04.011 id: cord-027550-yyqsatqw author: Mammas, Ioannis N. title: Update on current views and advances on RSV infection (Review) date: 2020-06-15 words: 7970.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027550-yyqsatqw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027550-yyqsatqw.txt summary: abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection represents an excellent paradigm of precision medicine in modern paediatrics and several clinical trials are currently performed in the prevention and management of RSV infection. A new taxonomic terminology for RSV was recently adopted, while the diagnostic and omics techniques have revealed new modalities in the early identification of RSV infections and for better understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Coordinated clinical and research efforts constitute an important step in limiting RSV global predominance, improving epidemiological surveillance, and advancing neonatal and paediatric care. This review article presents the key messages of the plenary lectures, oral presentations and posters of the '5th workshop on paediatric virology' (Sparta, Greece, 12th October 2019) organized by the Paediatric Virology Study Group, focusing on recent advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, clinical management and prevention of RSV infection in childhood. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7307844/ doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4641 id: cord-297790-tpjxt0w5 author: Mandl, Judith N. title: Going to Bat(s) for Studies of Disease Tolerance date: 2018-09-20 words: 9486.0 sentences: 393.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297790-tpjxt0w5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297790-tpjxt0w5.txt summary: Among them are filoviruses (e.g., Marburg, Ebola), coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS), henipaviruses (e.g., Hendra, Nipah) which share the common features that they are all RNA viruses, and that a dysregulated immune response is an important contributor to the tissue damage and hence pathogenicity that results from infection in humans. It is likely that differences in evolutionary history of pathogen exposure between bats and humans have led to distinct adaptations in anti-viral immune responses and the ability to tolerate certain infections without disease while being susceptible to others. We summarize this work below, but comparisons of observations made across species suggest that although a number of species appear to be capable of avoiding the pathological effects of RNA virus infection, each bat species may have achieved this through distinct pathways, possibly involving changes to both increase pathogen replication control and to mitigate any immunopathology through decreased inflammatory responses and hence increased disease tolerance. abstract: A majority of viruses that have caused recent epidemics with high lethality rates in people, are zoonoses originating from wildlife. Among them are filoviruses (e.g., Marburg, Ebola), coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS), henipaviruses (e.g., Hendra, Nipah) which share the common features that they are all RNA viruses, and that a dysregulated immune response is an important contributor to the tissue damage and hence pathogenicity that results from infection in humans. Intriguingly, these viruses also all originate from bat reservoirs. Bats have been shown to have a greater mean viral richness than predicted by their phylogenetic distance from humans, their geographic range, or their presence in urban areas, suggesting other traits must explain why bats harbor a greater number of zoonotic viruses than other mammals. Bats are highly unusual among mammals in other ways as well. Not only are they the only mammals capable of powered flight, they have extraordinarily long life spans, with little detectable increases in mortality or senescence until high ages. Their physiology likely impacted their history of pathogen exposure and necessitated adaptations that may have also affected immune signaling pathways. Do our life history traits make us susceptible to generating damaging immune responses to RNA viruses or does the physiology of bats make them particularly tolerant or resistant? Understanding what immune mechanisms enable bats to coexist with RNA viruses may provide critical fundamental insights into how to achieve greater resilience in humans. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02112 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02112 id: cord-257299-z9u12yqb author: Mansi, N. title: Ear, nose and throat manifestation of viral systemic infections in pediatric patients date: 2009-12-31 words: 5779.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257299-z9u12yqb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257299-z9u12yqb.txt summary: Common childhood viral infections, such as measles and mumps are probably an unrecognized cause of acute or progressive damage to hearing [5] . Measles infection can be avoided by administering a reduced, live-virus vaccine to children between the ages of 12 and 15 months (MMR). The etiology of the acute forms in the respiratory airways is, initially, of a viral nature in most patients, with later, secondary bacterial infections on the mucous lesions caused by the viral agents [31] . Herpangina is an extremely contagious illness caused by a coxackievirus characterized by a presence of a vesicular exanthema at the velopharyngeal mucous level and acute or croup laryngotracheitis [38] [39] [40] [41] when viral infections are associated. The most common manifestation of the primary infection of this organism is infective mononucleosis (IM), a sometimes acute, but often asymptomatic clinical syndrome which more often strikes children, adolescents, and young adults [82] . Viral etiology and epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children abstract: Abstract Objective/Methods An exhaustive review of literature was performed to investigate available data and evidences regarding pediatric otolaryngologic manifestations of viral systemic infections. Results/Conclusions Modern otolaryngologists should be familiar with viral systemic infections since many have head and neck manifestations. Cooperation between otolaryngologist, paediatrician and virologist can be considered and excellent tool in diagnosis and treatment of these diseases in particular when complications occur. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20114152/ doi: 10.1016/s0165-5876(09)70006-0 id: cord-017503-g2n4d0wi author: Manson, David title: Diagnostic Imaging of Neonatal Pneumonia date: 2010-05-18 words: 6295.0 sentences: 320.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017503-g2n4d0wi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017503-g2n4d0wi.txt summary: Given the fulminant potential for some etiologic pathogens which cause neonatal pneumonia, any abnormality on the chest radiograph which may suggest a pulmonary infection warrants the initiation of broad spectrum antibiotic coverage (Dennehy 1987; Kirkpatrick and Mueller 1998; Speck et al. Furthermore, many of these neonates do not suffer from pneumonia in isolation, but may also have complicating features such as hyaline membrane disease, meconium or amniotic fl uid aspiration, persistent fl pulmonary hypertension, transient tachypnea of the newborn, secondary ARDS, patency of the ductus arteriosus, or a variety of other causes of neonatal respiratory distress. Others have suggested that air-space disease in the presence of a pleural effusion is more suggestive of bacterial pneumonia than of other causes of neonatal respiratory distress, especially when group B streptococcus is the etiologic agent (Haney et al. abstract: Respiratory infections remain a significant and formidable threat to the health and well being of the neonate despite potent antibiotics, increasingly sophisticated laboratory detection methods and technologically advanced neonatal intensive care nurseries. Although the clinical and radiological definitions of pneumonia are variable throughout medical and governmental literature, quoted incidence rates for neonatal pneumonia range between 1.5–5.0 per 1,000 live births (Keyserling 1997; Webber et el 1990). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122080/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-33749-2_7 id: cord-022520-ebj51v9o author: Marini, Robert P. title: Biology and Diseases of Ferrets date: 2007-09-02 words: 19489.0 sentences: 1211.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt summary: Campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative, spirally curved microaerophilic bacterium that is recognized as a significant cause of human enteritis and is as-sociated with diarrheic illness in several animal species, including dogs, cats, cows, goats, pigs, mink, ferrets, and sheep (Carter et al., 1995) . Reports of spontaneous cases in ferrets require diagnostic confirmation and differentiation from cases of proliferative bowel disease and other infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea. Systemic infection with the bovine strain in ferrets results in disseminated disease with weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, death, and miliary lesions involving the lungs and other viscera (Fox, 1998a) . Clinical disease may occur in kits as young as 1-4 days old or in older animals up to 6 weeks of age. Other potential etiologies that have been considered include two infectious agents that are known to cause chronic immune stimulation in affected ferrets, the Aleutian disease virus (ADV) and Helicobacter mustelae. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158191/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50016-8 id: cord-320663-xypg6evo author: Market, Marisa title: Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies date: 2020-06-23 words: 14038.0 sentences: 659.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320663-xypg6evo.txt summary: A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. Natural Killer (NK) cells are a key component of the innate immune system and are critical in the response to many viral infections in humans and animal models (1) (2) (3) . Altogether these studies show that during acute CoV infection, inflammatory monocyte-macrophages and neutrophils accumulate in the lungs and produce cytokines and chemokines that induce the activation and migration of lymphocytes, including NK cells, to the lungs, where they could be one of the main producers of IFN-γ (148). Studies have reported that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have lower levels of circulating NK cells and these express a greater level of inhibitory receptors (e.g., NKG2A) while producing less IFN-γ (127, 129, 130) . abstract: Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune responders critical for viral clearance and immunomodulation. Despite their vital role in viral infection, the contribution of NK cells in fighting SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been directly investigated. Insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities can therefore be inferred from studies assessing NK cell phenotype and function during SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. These studies suggest a reduction in circulating NK cell numbers and/or an exhausted phenotype following infection and hint toward the dampening of NK cell responses by coronaviruses. Reduced circulating NK cell levels and exhaustion may be directly responsible for the progression and severity of COVID-19. Conversely, in light of data linking inflammation with coronavirus disease severity, it is necessary to examine NK cell potential in mediating immunopathology. A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how NK cells respond in both early and late coronavirus infections, and the implication for ongoing COVID-19 clinical trials. Using this immunological lens, we outline recommendations for therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 in clearing the virus while preventing the harm of immunopathological responses. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512 id: cord-017021-n6rpuvwd author: Marriott, Deborah J. title: Common Infections Following Lung Transplantation date: 2018-08-31 words: 11695.0 sentences: 672.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017021-n6rpuvwd.txt summary: • physical factors such as denervation of the allograft resulting in a reduced cough reflex and anastomotic site stenosis with distal infection • the ''net state of immunosuppression''-the result of all factors including host immune system, anti-rejection immunosuppressive therapy and concomitant viral infections such as cytomegalovirus that contribute to a patient''s risk of infection • epidemiological exposure to organisms, including donor-derived infections, community acquired infections, travel related infections and healthcare associated infections • the use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents in the post-transplant period Longer treatment is required for severe or disseminated infection or for infection involving the central nervous system and/or bone and joint and in pulmonary disease with ongoing AFB detectable in sputum (>2 months) • streptomycin should not be used in the lung transplant setting because of the associated high-risk of nephrotoxicity. abstract: The lungs are the only transplanted organ in direct contact with the ‘outside world’. Infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in lung transplantation. Early accurate diagnosis and optimal management is essential to prevent short and long term complications. Bacteria, including Mycobacteria and Nocardia, viruses and fungi are common pathogens. Organisms may be present in the recipient prior to transplantation, transmitted with the donor lungs or acquired after transplantation. The degree of immunosuppression and the routine use of antimicrobial prophylaxis alters the pattern of post-transplant infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121478/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-90933-2_15 id: cord-015922-5wwy0m2k author: Marty, Francisco M. title: Infection in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient date: 2008 words: 10254.0 sentences: 489.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015922-5wwy0m2k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015922-5wwy0m2k.txt summary: Other prophylactic strategies commonly utilized in HSCT patients include acyclovir to prevent herpes simplex virus (HSV) and VZV reactivation, fluoroquinolones [5] to prevent gram-negative sepsis and fluconazole to prevent yeast infection. It has been suggested that EBV viral load surveillance in peripheral blood be carried out in high risk patients (those with primary EBV infection, anti-T cell antibody therapy for GVHD, HLA-mismatched or T cell-depleted HSCT recipients), with decreased immunosuppression +/− antiviral therapy (acyclovir or ganciclovir) carried out in the setting of high viral loads [1, 4, 41, 42] . Infliximab use in patients with severe graftversus-host disease and other emerging risk factors of non-Candida invasive fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cohort study abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120030/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-438-4_19 id: cord-003926-ycdaw2vh author: Maslow, Joel N. title: Zika Vaccine Development—Current Progress and Challenges for the Future date: 2019-07-14 words: 3766.0 sentences: 189.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt summary: Of note, the first demonstration of immunoprotection was as part of a 1953 study to define the ultrastructural characteristics of Zika virus, that found intramuscular vaccination of mice with infectious viral filtrates protected against cerebral infection [36] . In pre-clinical studies, vaccinated mice and non-human primates were shown to develop B and T-cell immune responses against the Zika virus envelope and protected against development of neurologic disease and death in immunosuppressed, interferon α, β receptor deficient (IFNAR) mice [43] . A subsequent study in non-human primates vaccinated twice at four-week intervals with alum generated binding and microneutralization antibody titers of 3.54 and 3.55 log10, respectively, and complete protection against viremia and viruria following challenge with either Brazilian or Puerto Rican strains of Zika virus [47] . Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study abstract: Zika virus is an emergent pathogen that gained significant importance during the epidemic in South and Central America as unusual and alarming complications of infection were recognized. Although initially considered a self-limited benign infection, a panoply of neurologic complications were recognized including a Guillain–Barré-like syndrome and in-utero fetal infection causing microcephaly, blindness, and other congenital neurologic complications. Numerous Zika virus vaccines were developed, with nine different vaccines representing five different platforms entered into clinical trials, one progressing to Phase II. Here we review the current landscape and challenges confronting Zika virus vaccine development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6789600/ doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030104 id: cord-023669-3ataw6gy author: Masur, Henry title: Critically Ill Immunosuppressed Host date: 2009-05-15 words: 11194.0 sentences: 576.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023669-3ataw6gy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023669-3ataw6gy.txt summary: As the population of patients with cancer, organ transplants, vasculitides, and human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) infection has grown, intensivists are seeing more and more patients with altered immunity. For instance, if a patient presents with severe hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infi ltrates, a health care provider who recognizes a prior splenectomy as the major predisposition to infection would focus the diagnostic evaluation and the empiric therapy on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus infl uenzae. Patients with HIV infection develop clinical disease as a result of three basic processes: the direct effect of HIV on specifi c organs (e.g., cardiomyopathy, enteropathy, dementia); immunologically mediated processes (e.g., glomerulonephritis, thrombocytopenia); or opportunistic infections and tumors that are enabled by HIV-induced immunosuppression. For instance, if a patient with HIV infection and a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of 700 cells/µL presents with diffuse pulmonary infi ltrates, the diagnostic evaluation and empiric antimicrobial regimen should focus on S. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173421/ doi: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50056-x id: cord-293871-hzes7mwt author: McGuinness, Sarah L. title: Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections date: 2018-11-26 words: 4022.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt summary: In this chapter, pretravel considerations for major non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are covered, including specific advice for dengue, chikungunya, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. 25 Male-to-female, male-to-male, and femaleto-male transmission to unprotected sexual contacts of returning Following a short incubation period, with symptoms typically beginning 4-7 days (range 3-14 days) after exposure, dengue can present with a wide spectrum of illnesses, from asymptomatic infection to severe and fatal disease. abstract: Pretravel advice should be tailored to the individual following a thorough review of his or her itinerary, planned activities, and host characteristics. In addition to vaccinations and malaria chemoprophylaxis, a pretravel consultation should include advice on regionally endemic or emerging non–vaccine-preventable infections that can cause severe illness or chronic morbidity. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. Zika virus is notable given its capacity for sexual transmission and association with congenital birth defects. Preventive advice for other potentially relevant infections associated with specific exposures or activities (e.g., schistosomiasis and leptospirosis from freshwater exposure) should be provided where relevant. Understanding the epidemiology and prevention of these infections is crucial to providing a comprehensive pretravel consultation. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323546966000070 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54696-6.00007-0 id: cord-027679-89yt6fzo author: McLoud, Theresa C. title: Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host date: 2020-06-22 words: 10838.0 sentences: 714.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027679-89yt6fzo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027679-89yt6fzo.txt summary: The radiographic appearance of bronchopneumonia pneumonia is most frequently that of multiple, ill-defined nodular opacities that are patchy but that may eventually become confluent and produce consolidation with airspace opacification (Fig. 3-4) . Klebsiella pneumonia (Box 3-5) usually occurs in middle-aged or elderly patients, in those with underlying chronic lung disease, and in alcoholic individuals. Clinical features include acute febrile illness without pneumonia; systemic disease with primarily pulmonary manifestations; a peak incidence in patients older than 60 years; a predisposition in smokers and those with alcoholic liver disease; high fever, shaking chills, and cough with small amounts of mucoid sputum; pleuritic chest pain; watery diarrhea in about one half of patients; and headache. In the normal host, the most common finding is that of single or multiple pulmonary nodules that are approximately 1 to 5 cm in diameter and that usually occur in the lower lobes (Fig. 3-38) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7310947/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02790-8.00003-2 id: cord-289139-5ljqnc39 author: Mengelle, C. title: The use of a multiplex real-time PCR assay for diagnosing acute respiratory viral infections in children attending an emergency unit date: 2014-09-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of a multiplex molecular technique to identify the etiological pathogen of respiratory viral infections might be a support as clinical signs are not characteristic. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate a multiplex molecular real-time assay for the routine diagnosis of respiratory viruses, to analyze the symptoms associated with the pathogens detected and to determine the spread of virus during the period. STUDY DESIGN: Respiratory samples were collected from children presenting with respiratory symptoms and attending the emergency unit during the 2010–2011 winter seasons. Samples were tested with the multiplex RespiFinder(®) 15 assay (PathoFinder™) which potentially detects 15 viruses. RESULTS: 857 (88.7%) of the 966 samples collected from 914 children were positive for one (683 samples) or multiple viruses (174 samples). The most prevalent were the respiratory syncytial virus (39.5%) and the rhinovirus (24.4%). Influenza viruses were detected in 139 (14.4%) samples. Adenovirus was detected in 93 (9.6%) samples, coronaviruses in 88 (9.1%), metapneumovirus in 51 (5.3%) and parainfluenzae in 47 (4.9%). Rhinovirus (40%) was the most prevalent pathogen in upper respiratory tract infections while respiratory syncytial virus (49.9%) was the most prevalent in lower respiratory tract infections. Co-infections were associated with severe respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSION: The multiplex assay detected clinically important viruses in a single genomic test and thus will be useful for detecting several viruses causing respiratory tract disorders. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.023 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.023 id: cord-011095-79ce5900 author: Meskill, Sarah D. title: Respiratory Virus Co-infection in Acute Respiratory Infections in Children date: 2020-01-24 words: 4976.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011095-79ce5900.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011095-79ce5900.txt summary: One study in children under age 5 years old found that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and parainfluenza viruses (PIV) were more likely to be causative of disease [8] . In an evaluation of children under 18 years old admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia, the most common cause of infection, whether bacterial or viral, was RSV quickly followed by rhinovirus [12] . While some studies do have RSV and rhinovirus as the leading cause of pneumonia in children, another important common viral contributor is influenza [15] . [55] did a systemic review of patients of all ages with respiratory illnesses and found that studies that recruited young children were more likely to report high rates of co-infection and that there were inconclusive results on risk of hospitalization or ICU admission. Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This investigation aims to understand the role and burden of viral co-infections for acute respiratory illnesses in children. Co-infection can be either viral-viral or viral-bacterial and with new technology there is more information on the role they play on the health of children. RECENT FINDINGS: With the proliferation of multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis of multiple viruses as well as innovations on identification of bacterial infections, research has been attempting to discover how these co-infections affect each other and the host. Studies are aiming to discern if the epidemiology of viruses seen at a population level is related to the interaction between different viruses on a host level. Studies are also attempting to discover the burden of morbidity and mortality of these viral-viral co-infections on the pediatric population. It is also becoming important to understand the interplay of certain viruses with specific bacteria and understanding the impact of viral-bacterial co-infections. SUMMARY: RSV continues to contribute to a large burden of disease for pediatric patients with acute respiratory illnesses. However, recent literature suggests that viral-viral co-infections do not add to this burden and might, in some cases, be protective of severe disease. Viral-bacterial co-infections, on the other hand, are most likely adding to the burden of morbidity in pediatric patients because of the synergistic way they can infect the nasopharyngeal space. Future research needs to focus on confirming these conclusions as it could affect hospital cohorting, role of molecular testing, and therapeutic interventions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223550/ doi: 10.1007/s11908-020-0711-8 id: cord-354492-6r6qs4pp author: Messina, Giovanni title: Functional Role of Dietary Intervention to Improve the Outcome of COVID-19: A Hypothesis of Work date: 2020-04-28 words: 6880.0 sentences: 355.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354492-6r6qs4pp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354492-6r6qs4pp.txt summary: Considering that the COVID-19 infection can generate a mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with a consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, a dietary regimen modification in order to improve the levels of adiponectin could be very useful both to prevent the infection and to take care of patients, improving their outcomes. In human infections with highly virulent respiratory viruses-such as avian influenza H5N1, H7N9, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19)-immunopathogenesis caused by the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines may play an essential role in disease progression and mortality [3] . Finally, considering that the COVID-19 infection can generate a mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with a consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, a modification of the dietary regimen in order to improve the levels of adiponectin could be very useful both to prevent the infection and to take care of the patients, improving their outcomes. abstract: Background: On the 31 December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) was informed of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown origin detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The infection spread first in China and then in the rest of the world, and on the 11th of March, the WHO declared that COVID-19 was a pandemic. Taking into consideration the mortality rate of COVID-19, about 5–7%, and the percentage of positive patients admitted to intensive care units being 9–11%, it should be mandatory to consider and take all necessary measures to contain the COVID-19 infection. Moreover, given the recent evidence in different hospitals suggesting IL-6 and TNF-α inhibitor drugs as a possible therapy for COVID-19, we aimed to highlight that a dietary intervention could be useful to prevent the infection and/or to ameliorate the outcomes during therapy. Considering that the COVID-19 infection can generate a mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with a consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, a dietary regimen modification in order to improve the levels of adiponectin could be very useful both to prevent the infection and to take care of patients, improving their outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32354030/ doi: 10.3390/ijms21093104 id: cord-354200-51wk3h75 author: Miller, A. C. title: Statistical deconvolution for inference of infection time series date: 2020-10-20 words: 8040.0 sentences: 547.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354200-51wk3h75.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354200-51wk3h75.txt summary: In this paper, we propose a statistically robust method to infer infection time series from delayed data, which we call the Robust Incidence Deconvolution Estimator (RIDE). The first class, which we term re-convolution estimators, estimate the infection curve by sampling from an assumed delay distribution and shifting observed case reports backward in timeeffectively, applying a convolution operation in reverse. The expected value of the observed data Y is a convolution of the infection time series X with the delay distribution θ; estimation of X involves the deconvolution of Y and θ. In general, we find that the model-based approaches more accurately infer the infection time series than the re-convolution and Richardson-Lucy estimators (as measured by mean squared error). As stated in the Methods section, model-based estimators start with a likelihood model for observed case data, conditioned on the underlying incidence curve. abstract: Accurate measurement of daily infection incidence is crucial to epidemic response. However, delays in symptom onset, testing, and reporting obscure the dynamics of transmission, necessitating methods to remove the effects of stochastic delays from observed data. Existing estimators can be sensitive to model misspecification and censored observations; many analysts have instead used methods that exhibit strong bias or do not account for delays. We develop an estimator with a regularization scheme to cope with these sources of noise, which we term the Robust Incidence Deconvolution Estimator (RIDE). We validate RIDE on synthetic data, comparing accuracy and stability to existing approaches. We then use RIDE to study COVID-19 records in the United States, and find evidence that infection estimates from reported cases can be more informative than estimates from mortality data. To implement these methods, we release incidental, a ready-to-use R implementation of our estimator that can aid ongoing efforts to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.16.20212753 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.16.20212753 id: cord-302403-kahi8cbc author: Miller, Robert F. title: Pulmonary Infections date: 2009-05-15 words: 18163.0 sentences: 918.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302403-kahi8cbc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302403-kahi8cbc.txt summary: Before HAART, defined as a combination of medications that usually includes at least three potent anti-HIV agents, treatment largely consisted of specific opportunistic infection management and less effective antiretroviral therapy. In many parts of the world, the main causes of death in patients with HIV infection include bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, and PCP. Recent work has shown chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer occur more frequently among HIV-infected individuals compared with the general population. In addition to pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary disease occurs in a high proportion of HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 lymphocyte counts (<150 cells/mL). Hence, some centers advocate use of empirical therapy for HIV-infected patients who are seen with symptoms and chest radiographic and blood gas abnormalities typical of mild PCP, without the need for bronchoscopy. On the basis of current evidence, patients with CD4 counts >200 cells/mL have a low risk of HIV disease progression or death during 6 months of treatment for tuberculosis. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323048255100340 doi: 10.1016/b978-032304825-5.10034-0 id: cord-022521-r72jtoso author: Miller, Tracie L. title: Gastrointestinal Complications of Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes date: 2010-12-27 words: 13694.0 sentences: 812.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022521-r72jtoso.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022521-r72jtoso.txt summary: However, in the United States and other developed countries, severe malnutrition and new cases of perinatal HIV-1 disease are rare because of relatively high standards of living and effective highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) given to pregnant HIV-infected women that prevent transmission of HIV to the infants. Examination of both acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV infection have documented reduced CD4 cell levels in GALT prior to a detectable reduction in T cells of the peripheral blood, highlighting the gastrointestinal tract''s role and susceptibility. Previous studies have shown that activated mucosal T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in the human small intestine 37 and can affect the morphology of the villi and crypts in a manner similar to that seen in patients with HIV-1 infection. Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158192/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0774-8.10042-9 id: cord-022252-9yiuuye3 author: Mims, Cedric A. title: Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage date: 2013-11-17 words: 28864.0 sentences: 1432.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt summary: A few viruses are remarkable because they cause no pathological changes at all in the cell, even during a productive infection in which infectious virus particles are produced. Primary consideration will be given to those substances which are produced under ecologically significant conditions (i.e. in the natural host or relevant animal model) and cause (also in biologically relevant systems) damage to cells or tissues thereby contributing to disease. Here we consider toxins which act on extracellular substances and are responsible for many of the main features of the diseases caused by the infecting organism. Circulating immune complexes are also deposited in the walls of small blood vessels in the skin and elsewhere, where they may induce inflammatory changes.* The prodromal rashes seen in exanthematous virus infections and in hepatitis B are probably caused in this way. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155491/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-498262-8.50015-1 id: cord-332747-u46xryoo author: Mingorance, Lidia title: Host phosphatidic acid phosphatase lipin1 is rate limiting for functional hepatitis C virus replicase complex formation date: 2018-09-18 words: 10355.0 sentences: 485.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332747-u46xryoo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332747-u46xryoo.txt summary: To determine which aspects of the HCV replication cycle are limited by lipin1 silencing, single cycle infection experiments were conducted by inoculating control and lipin1-deficient cell cultures at MOI 10 with genotype 2a D183 virus. Once cultures reached >95% of HCV-positive cells, they were transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing control, HCV RNA-targeting or LPIN1-specific shRNAs. At day 7 post-transduction, cells were split and samples of the cells and supernatants were collected 24 hours later to determine infectious virus production rate by infectivity titration HCV (C) and RNA levels by RT-qPCR (D). This reduced abundance is illustrated by a significant reduction in the fraction of cells displaying vesicular structures in lipin1-deficient cell cultures (Fig 7H) despite comparable transfection efficiency and viral protein expression levels, indicating that lipin1 may be required in a critical step leading to formation of the HCV-induced vesicular compartment. abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection constitutes a significant health burden worldwide, because it is a major etiologic agent of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV replication cycle is closely tied to lipid metabolism and infection by this virus causes profound changes in host lipid homeostasis. We focused our attention on a phosphatidate phosphate (PAP) enzyme family (the lipin family), which mediate the conversion of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol in the cytoplasm, playing a key role in triglyceride biosynthesis and in phospholipid homeostasis. Lipins may also translocate to the nucleus to act as transcriptional regulators of genes involved in lipid metabolism. The best-characterized member of this family is lipin1, which cooperates with lipin2 to maintain glycerophospholipid homeostasis in the liver. Lipin1-deficient cell lines were generated by RNAi to study the role of this protein in different steps of HCV replication cycle. Using surrogate models that recapitulate different aspects of HCV infection, we concluded that lipin1 is rate limiting for the generation of functional replicase complexes, in a step downstream primary translation that leads to early HCV RNA replication. Infection studies in lipin1-deficient cells overexpressing wild type or phosphatase-defective lipin1 proteins suggest that lipin1 phosphatase activity is required to support HCV infection. Finally, ultrastructural and biochemical analyses in replication-independent models suggest that lipin1 may facilitate the generation of the membranous compartment that contains functional HCV replicase complexes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30226904/ doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007284 id: cord-321584-4bu0lps0 author: Mitchell, Brett G. title: Nurses'' and midwives’ cleaning knowledge, attitudes and practices: An Australian study date: 2020-09-30 words: 3386.0 sentences: 182.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321584-4bu0lps0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321584-4bu0lps0.txt summary: BACKGROUND: As frontline providers of care, nurses and midwives play a critical role in controlling infections such as COVID-19, influenza, multi-drug resistant organisms and health care associated infections. As nurses and midwives have the most contact with patients and as an important first step in improving compliance, this study sought to explore nurses'' and midwives'' knowledge on the role of the environment in infection prevention and control and identify challenges in maintaining clean patient environments. As frontline providers of care, nurses and midwives play a vital role in prevention and control of infections such as COVID19, influenza, multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) and health care associated infections (HCAIs) more broadly. We asked participants to indicate who was responsible for cleaning four items, two frequently touched items (bed rails and nurse call bells) and two items of shared medical equipment (IV pole and IV pump). abstract: BACKGROUND: As frontline providers of care, nurses and midwives play a critical role in controlling infections such as COVID-19, influenza, multi-drug resistant organisms and health care associated infections. Improved cleaning can reduce the incidence of infection and is cost effective but relies on healthcare personnel to correctly apply cleaning measures. As nurses and midwives have the most contact with patients and as an important first step in improving compliance, this study sought to explore nurses' and midwives’ knowledge on the role of the environment in infection prevention and control and identify challenges in maintaining clean patient environments. METHODS: Cross-sectional online survey of 96 nurses (RN/EN) and midwives (RW) employed in clinical settings (e.g. hospital, aged care, medical centre, clinic) in Australia. RESULTS: Nurses and midwives broadly stated that they understood the importance of cleaning. However, cleaning responsibilities varied and there was confusion regarding the application of different disinfectants when cleaning after patients with a suspected or diagnosed infection post-discharge. Most would not be confident being placed in a room where a previous patient had a diagnosed infection such as multi-drug resistant organism. CONCLUSION: Greater organisational support and improving applied knowledge about infection control procedures is needed. This includes correct use of disinfectants, which disinfectant to use for various situations, and cleaning effectively following discharge of a patient with known infection. The cleanliness of shared medical equipment may also pose current risk due to lack of cleaning. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2020.09.002 doi: 10.1016/j.idh.2020.09.002 id: cord-001397-nrq4ncdf author: Mlera, Luwanika title: The role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology date: 2014-05-12 words: 15593.0 sentences: 812.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001397-nrq4ncdf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001397-nrq4ncdf.txt summary: Avenues for additional studies include determining if the multifunctional flavivirus protein NS5 has a role in viral persistence, the development of relevant animal models of viral persistence as well as investigating the host responses that allow vector borne flavivirus replication without detrimental effects on infected cells. The SL1 structure is essential for viral replication and acts as a promoter which is targeted initially by NS5 and then delivered to the 3 0 end via cyclization (Filomatori et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2008; Lodeiro et al., 2009) Although there is low nucleotide conservation between flaviviruses and different CS homology (Hahn et al., 1987) , the 5 0 UTRs of TBFVs share the same genomic organization as the MBFVs (Kofler et al., 2006) Structural proteins Capsid (C) 11 kDa, 114 aa Cytosol/nucleus The capsid protein is a dimeric alpha-helical (Jones et al., 2003) protein and assembles into an icosahedral structure, measuring 30 nm in diameter, which initiates encapsidation of the associated genomic RNA in virus-induced membrane invaginations of the ER (Welsch et al., 2009 ). abstract: In nature, vector-borne flaviviruses are persistently cycled between either the tick or mosquito vector and small mammals such as rodents, skunks, and swine. These viruses account for considerable human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing and substantial evidence of viral persistence in humans, which includes the isolation of RNA by RT-PCR and infectious virus by culture, continues to be reported. Viral persistence can also be established in vitro in various human, animal, arachnid and insect cell lines in culture. Although some research has focused on the potential roles of defective virus particles, evasion of the immune response through the manipulation of autophagy and/or apoptosis, the precise mechanism of flavivirus persistence is still not well understood. We propose additional research for further understanding of how viral persistence is established in different systems. Avenues for additional studies include determining if the multifunctional flavivirus protein NS5 has a role in viral persistence, the development of relevant animal models of viral persistence as well as investigating the host responses that allow vector borne flavivirus replication without detrimental effects on infected cells. Such studies might shed more light on the viral-host relationships, and could be used to unravel the mechanisms for establishment of persistence. url: https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article-pdf/71/2/137/17943040/71-2-137.pdf doi: 10.1111/2049-632x.12178 id: cord-018058-n3majqes author: Modrow, Susanne title: Historical Overview date: 2013-08-12 words: 5376.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt summary: Many of the steps that characterize a viral infection were first discovered in experiments with bacterial viruses: such processes include attachment and penetration, the reproduction-cycledependent regulation of gene expression that results in early and late synthesized proteins, and lysogeny, which is associated with the existence of prophages. Besides the importance for tumour virus research, these observations aroused interest in the question concerning the basis of the high susceptibility of newborn animals to viral infections, and suggested investigations on the innate resistance of an organism to infections as well as the time and the causes of its formation. Between 1918 and 1920, a pandemic emerging viral disease, Spanish flu, claimed more than 20 million lives, i.e., more than in the First World War. After cultivation of the virus responsible in embryonated chicken eggs in 1933, their haemagglutinating properties were discovered in 1941 (i.e., their ability to agglutinate red blood cells), thereby laying the basis for the development of haemagglutination tests to detect viruses. abstract: “Poisons” were originally considered as the causative agents of illnesses that we know as viral diseases today. At that time, there were no standard methods to detect pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms such as bacteria and protozoa in the supposed “poisonous materials”. Only animal experiments performed by Louis Pasteur at the end of the nineteenth century, in which no dilution of the poisonous properties was achieved even after several passages, suggested that the disease-causing agent was able to multiply in the organism. Therefore, there was talk of a reproducible “virus” (Latin for “poison” or “slime”) in living organisms, and later also in cells. In St. Petersburg in 1892, Dimitri I. Ivanovski demonstrated that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an “ultrafilterable” agent, whose size is significantly smaller than that of bacteria: tobacco mosaic virus (bacteria filters have a pore size of approximately 0.2 μm, however, most viruses are smaller than 0.1 μm). Soon afterwards, Martinus Willem Beijerinck came to the same conclusion: he developed, for the first time, the notion of a self-replicating, “liquid” agent (contagium vivum fluidum). The discovery of foot-and-mouth disease virus by Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch in Greifswald in 1898 was the first evidence of an animal pathogenic virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122844/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_1 id: cord-278364-58d8kfdf author: Mohapatra, S. title: Sterilization and Disinfection date: 2017-03-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Sterilization and disinfection are the basic components of hospital infection control activities. Every day, a number of hospitals are performing various surgical procedures. Even more number of invasive procedures are being performed in different health care facilities. The medical device or the surgical instrument that comes in contact with the sterile tissue or the mucus membrane of the patient during the various processes is associated with increased risk of introduction of pathogens into the patient's body. Moreover, there is chance of transmission of infection from patient to patient; from patient or to health care personnel, and vice versa; or from the environment to the patient through the improper sterilized or disinfected devices. Hence, medical personnel, laboratory people and the health care providers should have better knowledge regarding these techniques to prevent the spread of these pathogens. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128052990000592 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805299-0.00059-2 id: cord-307144-g8d1xkub author: Monaghan, N. P. title: Emerging infections – implications for dental care date: 2016-07-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Over the last 20 years the majority of emerging infections which have spread rapidly across the globe have been respiratory infections that are spread via droplets, a trend which is likely to continue. Aerosol spray generation in the dental surgery has the potential to spread such infections to staff or other patients. Although the diseases may differ, some common approaches can reduce the risk of transmission. Dental professionals should be aware of areas affected by emerging infections, the incubation period and the recent travel history of patients. Elective dental care for those returning from areas affected by emerging infections should be delayed until the incubation period for the infection is over. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.486 doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.486 id: cord-275795-ee7qyw5h author: Monette, Anne title: T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders date: 2018-10-24 words: 28265.0 sentences: 1205.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275795-ee7qyw5h.txt summary: We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates. Since that time, the occurrence of epidemics and outbreaks are now at lower risk, following the introduction of massive vaccination programs able to induce immune system targeting of viruses causing severe disorders affecting distinct geographical locations, and with many epidemiological reports demonstrating long-term efficacy of viral control of non-naïve populations. This approach is being developed to use virus-infected cell-killing antibodies that produce an antiviral environment; these termed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies, which are predicted to link innate and adaptive immune responses, and is becoming possible due to new technologies for rapid isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies targeting conserved regions of influenza virus, reviewed in Jegaskanda et al. abstract: Continuous epidemiological surveillance of existing and emerging viruses and their associated disorders is gaining importance in light of their abilities to cause unpredictable outbreaks as a result of increased travel and vaccination choices by steadily growing and aging populations. Close surveillance of outbreaks and herd immunity are also at the forefront, even in industrialized countries, where previously eradicated viruses are now at risk of re-emergence due to instances of strain recombination, contractions in viral vector geographies, and from their potential use as agents of bioterrorism. There is a great need for the rational design of current and future vaccines targeting viruses, with a strong focus on vaccine targeting of adaptive immune effector memory T cells as the gold standard of immunity conferring long-lived protection against a wide variety of pathogens and malignancies. Here, we review viruses that have historically caused large outbreaks and severe lethal disorders, including respiratory, gastric, skin, hepatic, neurologic, and hemorrhagic fevers. To observe trends in vaccinology against these viral disorders, we describe viral genetic, replication, transmission, and tropism, host-immune evasion strategies, and the epidemiology and health risks of their associated syndromes. We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1937644818300844 doi: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006 id: cord-328287-3qgzulgj author: Moni, Mohammad Ali title: Network-based analysis of comorbidities risk during an infection: SARS and HIV case studies date: 2014-10-24 words: 10643.0 sentences: 547.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt summary: Then based on the gene expression, PPI and signalling pathways data, we investigate the comorbidity association of these 2 infective pathologies with other 7 diseases (heart failure, kidney disorder, breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, bone diseases, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes). The differential gene expression profiling strongly suggests that the response of SARS affected patients seems to be mainly an innate inflammatory response and statistically dysregulates a large number of genes, pathways and PPIs subnetworks in different pathologies such as chronic heart failure (21 genes), breast cancer (16 genes) and bone diseases (11 genes). To observe the association of SARS and HIV infections with other 7 important diseases (chronic heart failure, kidney disorders, breast cancer, parkinson, osteoporosis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes), we have collected mRNA microarray raw data associated with each disease from the Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) accession numbers are GSE9006, GSE9128, GSE15072, GSE7158, GSE8977 and GSE7621 [59] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Infections are often associated to comorbidity that increases the risk of medical conditions which can lead to further morbidity and mortality. SARS is a threat which is similar to MERS virus, but the comorbidity is the key aspect to underline their different impacts. One UK doctor says "I’d rather have HIV than diabetes" as life expectancy among diabetes patients is lower than that of HIV. However, HIV has a comorbidity impact on the diabetes. RESULTS: We present a quantitative framework to compare and explore comorbidity between diseases. By using neighbourhood based benchmark and topological methods, we have built comorbidity relationships network based on the OMIM and our identified significant genes. Then based on the gene expression, PPI and signalling pathways data, we investigate the comorbidity association of these 2 infective pathologies with other 7 diseases (heart failure, kidney disorder, breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, bone diseases, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes). Phenotypic association is measured by calculating both the Relative Risk as the quantified measures of comorbidity tendency of two disease pairs and the ϕ-correlation to measure the robustness of the comorbidity associations. The differential gene expression profiling strongly suggests that the response of SARS affected patients seems to be mainly an innate inflammatory response and statistically dysregulates a large number of genes, pathways and PPIs subnetworks in different pathologies such as chronic heart failure (21 genes), breast cancer (16 genes) and bone diseases (11 genes). HIV-1 induces comorbidities relationship with many other diseases, particularly strong correlation with the neurological, cancer, metabolic and immunological diseases. Similar comorbidities risk is observed from the clinical information. Moreover, SARS and HIV infections dysregulate 4 genes (ANXA3, GNS, HIST1H1C, RASA3) and 3 genes (HBA1, TFRC, GHITM) respectively that affect the ageing process. It is notable that HIV and SARS similarly dysregulated 11 genes and 3 pathways. Only 4 significantly dysregulated genes are common between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, including NFKBIA that is a key regulator of immune responsiveness implicated in susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Our method presents a ripe opportunity to use data-driven approaches for advancing our current knowledge on disease mechanism and predicting disease comorbidities in a quantitative way. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2105-15-333) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-333 doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-333 id: cord-010233-772e35kx author: Monto, Arnold S. title: Respiratory illness caused by picornavirus infection: a review of clinical outcomes date: 2002-01-03 words: 4597.0 sentences: 241.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010233-772e35kx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010233-772e35kx.txt summary: The search terms used were picornavirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, viral respiratory infection, upper respiratory infection, disease burden, economic, cost, complications, asthma, COPD, immunocompromised, elderly, otitis media, and sinusitis. In fact, because rhinovirus-induced illnesses are so common, they produce more restriction of activity and physician consultations annually than respiratory illnesses caused by other viruses or bacteria.s This article reviews the clinical impact and outcomes associated with picomavirusinduced respiratory infection in specific populations at risk for complications secondary to these infections. 15 In addition, these advances in technology have confirmed the results of earlier studies, further demonstrating the significance of rhinoviruses in causing or predisposing patients to otitis media and sinusitis and exacerbating other chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). abstract: Background: Respiratory infections result from invasion of the respiratory tract, mainly by viruses, and are the leading cause of acute morbidity in individuals of all ages worldwide. During peak season, picornaviruses cause 82% of all episodes of acute nasopharyngitis (the common cold), the most frequent manifestation of acute respiratory infection, and produce more restriction of activity and physician consultations annually than any other viral or bacterial source of respiratory illness. Objective: This article reviews the clinical impact and outcomes of picornavirus-induced respiratory infections in specific populations at risk for complications. It also discusses the potential economic impact of the morbidity associated with picornavirus-induced respiratory infection. Methods: Relevant literature was identified through searches of MEDLINE, OVID, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Lexis-Nexis. The search terms used were picornavirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, viral respiratory infection, upper respiratory infection, disease burden, economic, cost, complications, asthma, COPD, immunocompromised, elderly, otitis media, and sinusitis. Additional publications were identified from the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Conclusions: Based on the clinical literature, picornavirus infections are associated with severe morbidity as well as considerable economic and societal costs. Future research should focus on identifying patterns of illness and the costs associated with management of these infections. New treatments should be assessed not only in terms of their ability to produce the desired clinical outcome, but also in terms of their ability to reduce the burden of disease, decrease health care costs, and improve productivity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172950/ doi: 10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80133-8 id: cord-017252-88b3preq author: Morgan, Carrie I. title: Pneumonia date: 2014-02-20 words: 6424.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt summary: Despite immunizations and public health initiatives, the most common bacterial causes of CAP have remained largely unchanged over the last several decades and include: Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus infl uenzae (including non-typable strains) and Moraxella catarrhalis [ 7 , 8 , 21 , 23 ] . Chest CT is helpful to further evaluate diffi cult cases, particularly immunocompromised children with ill-defi ned infi ltrates on CXR, complex empyema or effusion, or recurrent or chronic pneumonia [ 11 ] . Respiratory failure in an immunocompromised child frequently necessitates a chest CT to better visualize the pattern and extent of disease, aid in diagnosis of the etiology, determine the need for more invasive procedures, and to increase the sensitivity of assessing treatment response [ 11 ] . Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections abstract: Respiratory diagnoses continue to make up a large number of admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), most notably lower respiratory infections including pneumonia. This chapter will focus on pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), immunocompromised pneumonia, and aspiration pneumonia. The pathogenesis for developing pneumonia varies; it can occur by direct inhalation of infectious particles in the air or aspiration, direct extension from the upper airways, and hematogenous spread. There are multiple levels of defense against pathogen invasion including anatomic barriers, as well as innate and adaptive immunity, which may be compromised in PICU patients. The etiologies of pediatric pneumonia vary depending on age, host condition, and environmental factors like time of year and location. Viruses remain the most common form of lower respiratory tract infection in children, especially in neonates. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia continues to be most prevalent in younger children as well, most often affecting children less than 5 years of age who are otherwise healthy. Despite immunizations and public health initiatives, the most common bacterial causes of CAP have remained largely unchanged over the last several decades and include: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae (including non-typable strains) and Moraxella catarrhalis. Pulmonary infection in an immunocompromised host provides a much broader differential and must be aggressively treated without delay. This chapter will also address various imaging modalities and typical findings with pediatric pneumonia. Methods for pathogen identification are broad and range from non-specific markers of illness to invasive techniques for culture. The mainstay of therapy continues to be antibiotics tailored to the patient and presumed etiology; more novel therapies may include corticosteroids or macrolide antibiotics for immune modulation. In those patients with pneumonia with effusion or empyema, drainage therapies with thoracostomy tubes or a VATS procedure may be indicated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121765/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6356-5_6 id: cord-295873-kykyubdq author: Morikawa, Saeko title: Seasonal variations of respiratory viruses and etiology of human rhinovirus infection in children date: 2015-10-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method it is possible to detect uncultivable viruses and discover multiple viral infections. However, the clinical importance of these findings in relation to symptoms is not known. OBJECTIVES: The seasonal fluctuations of respiratory viruses and the clinical outcomes of single infections and dual infections were investigated. STUDY DESIGN: Nasal aspirate samples were obtained from outpatients and inpatients of a children’s hospital and these samples were subjected to real-time PCR to detect 16 respiratory viruses. Seasonal variations of the 16 viruses and the clinical outcomes such as wheezing, the need for oxygenation and prolonged hospitalization of patients with single viral infections and multiple infections were determined for the 5 most often detected viruses. RESULTS: Among 512 specimens analyzed, one or more viruses were detected in 424 (83%) specimens. Two or more viruses were detected in 160 samples (31% of all samples). The epidemic peaks of the viruses did not coincide with each other. Rhinoviruses were the most frequently detected viruses and their coinfection rates were also higher. However, the disease severity in the lower respiratory tract did not differ in most respiratory viral infections regardless of whether there was single infection or dual infection with a rhinovirus and other respiratory virus. CONCLUSIONS: Seasonal distribution was seen for each virus. There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms in the children studied. Because the infection of rhinoviruses is the common occurrence in children, it is hypothesized that the factors related to disease severity are mainly the underlying conditions of the children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26521224/ doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.10.001 id: cord-021069-v9f9874x author: Morrison, Lynda A. title: Viral pathogenesis and central nervous system infection date: 2004-11-23 words: 3816.0 sentences: 201.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021069-v9f9874x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021069-v9f9874x.txt summary: Stages in viral pathogenesis defined as (1) virus entry, (2) spread, (3) tropism, (4) virulence and injury to the host, and (5) the outcome of infection are discussed for viral infections in general and those aspects unique to infections of the central nervous system . Stages in viral pathogenesis defined as (1) virus entry, (2) spread, (3) tropism, (4) virulence and injury to the host, and (5) the outcome of infection are discussed for viral infections in general and those aspects unique to infections of the central nervous system . Genetic determinants of disease susceptibility have been found for infection of mice with strains of most neurotropic viruses, in at least one case of coronavirus reflecting lack of a gene encoding a virus receptor protein . abstract: Both host defense and viral genetic factors influence the development of viral infection and disease. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, infection of the central nervous system creates additional complexities in interactions between a virus and its host. Stages in viral pathogenesis defined as (1) virus entry, (2) spread, (3) tropism, (4) virulence and injury to the host, and (5) the outcome of infection are discussed for viral infections in general and those aspects unique to infections of the central nervous system. Information about neuronal physiology and function has also been revealed through studying virus infection. An increased understanding of viral pathogenetic mechanisms and host response to infection raises interesting possibilities for vaccine development and for basic studies in neurology and neurobiology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148964/ doi: 10.1016/1044-5765(91)90002-6 id: cord-031876-v44o5shw author: Mounier, Roman title: Assessment of Bacterial Colonization of Intracranial Pressure Transducers: A Prospective Study date: 2020-09-15 words: 4423.0 sentences: 246.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-031876-v44o5shw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031876-v44o5shw.txt summary: were each identified on 3 (8%) ICPTs. Data presented are limited to the 48 ICPTs assessed by SEM Breaking of the BBB means skull depression fracture, skull base fracture, or brain surgery Data are shown as the median (25th-75th percentile) or number (%), unless otherwise indicated BBB blood brain barrier, EVD external ventricular drain, ICP intracranial pressure, ICU intensive care unit, TBI traumatic brain injury Breaking of the BBB means skull depression fracture, skull base fracture, or brain surgery BBB blood brain barrier, EVD external ventricular drain, ICPT intraparenchymal intracranial pressure transducer, ICU intensive care unit, OTU operational taxonomic units, TBI traumatic brain injury Data are shown as the median (25th-75th percentile) or number (%), unless otherwise indicated tips, suggesting that ICPT colonization may be largely underestimated using standard techniques. abstract: OBJECTIVES: Cerebral infections related to the presence of an intraparenchymal intracranial pressure transducer (ICPT) are rare. We assessed the incidence of ICPT-related infections and colonization using culture, molecular biology, and electron microscopy. METHODS: All consecutive patients in a neurosurgical intensive care unit who had an ICPT inserted between March 2017 and February 2018 were prospectively included. Presence of colonization on the ICPTs was assessed after removal using culture, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and next-generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: Fifty-three ICPTs (53 patients), indwelling for a median of 4 (range 3–7) days, were studied. Median patient follow-up was 3 months. SEM, microbial culture, and NGS were performed for 91%, 79%, and 72% of ICPTs, respectively; 28 ICPTs (53%) were assessed using all three techniques. No patient developed ICPT-related infection. Microbial cultures were positive for two of the ICPTs (5%); colonization was identified on all ICPTs using NGS and SEM. Mature biofilm was observed on 35/48 (73%) of ICPTs. A median of 10 (8–12) operational taxonomic units were identified for each ICPT, most being of environmental origin. There was no association between biofilm maturity and antimicrobial treatment or duration of ICPT insertion. Antimicrobial treatment was associated with decreased alpha and beta-diversity (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We observed no ICPT-related cerebral infections although colonization was identified on all ICPTs using NGS and SEM. Mature biofilm was the main bacterial lifestyle on the ICPTs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12028-020-01096-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7490114/ doi: 10.1007/s12028-020-01096-x id: cord-257644-9f30s0gy author: Mu, Xingjiang title: Comparative transcriptional analysis reveals distinct expression patterns of channel catfish genes after the first infection and re-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila date: 2013-09-12 words: 6265.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257644-9f30s0gy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257644-9f30s0gy.txt summary: title: Comparative transcriptional analysis reveals distinct expression patterns of channel catfish genes after the first infection and re-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila To determine whether transcriptional levels of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) genes are differentially regulated between a first infection with Aeromonas hydrophila and a re-infection, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed in this study using anterior kidney cDNA after the re-infection as tester. Of the 96 clones isolated from the SSH library, 28 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained, of which eight were confirmed to be slightly but significantly (P < 0.05) more up-regulated by the re-infection at 6 h post infection (hpi). hydrophila compared to that by a first infection, a total of 96 channel catfish genes reported in literature were screened in this study, including the following: 1) 43 genes induced by Edwardsiella ictaluri [24] ; 2) 28 genes upregulated by Flavobacterium columnare [25] ; 3) 5 toll-like receptors (TLRs) up-regulated by E. abstract: To determine whether transcriptional levels of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) genes are differentially regulated between a first infection with Aeromonas hydrophila and a re-infection, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed in this study using anterior kidney cDNA after the re-infection as tester. Of the 96 clones isolated from the SSH library, 28 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained, of which eight were confirmed to be slightly but significantly (P < 0.05) more up-regulated by the re-infection at 6 h post infection (hpi). Expression kinetics studies at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hpi revealed that the eight ESTs were significantly (P = 0.016) more up-regulated by the first infection, with a major peak at 3 hpi. A total of 96 genes reported in literature to be up-regulated by bacterial infections were selected and subjected to expression analysis at 3 hpi. Of the 96 selected genes, 19 were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) induced by A. hydrophila after the first infection and the re-infection. The 19 genes belonged to the following five main categories: 1) toll-like receptor (TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR21); 2) antimicrobial peptide (NK-lysin type 1, NK-lysin type 2, NK-lysin type 3, cathepsin D, transferrin, hepcidin); 3) cytokine or chemokine (interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor α, chemokine CXCL-10); 4) signaling proteins (cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 1, very large inducible GTPase 1, arginine deiminase type 2, lymphokine-activated killer T-cell originated protein kinase); 5) lysozyme (lysozyme c). Overall, the total 27 genes (8 ESTs plus the 19 selected genes) were significantly (P < 0.001) more induced by the first infection. Peaked expression of lysozyme c and serum lysozyme activity after the first infection were seen at 24 hpi, whereas that after the re-infection were seen at 12 hpi, suggesting that both innate and adaptive immunity were involved in the defense against the re-infection of A. hydrophila. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1050464813007419 doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.027 id: cord-343728-udjjijyu author: Muggia, Victoria A. title: Nocardia ignorata Infection in Heart Transplant Patient date: 2020-11-17 words: 754.0 sentences: 64.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343728-udjjijyu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343728-udjjijyu.txt summary: title: Nocardia ignorata Infection in Heart Transplant Patient To the Editor: We read with interest the recent description of pulmonary Nocardia ignorata infection (1) . The course after left ventricular assist device explantation and orthotopic heart transplant was complicated by tamponade requiring a pericardial window and an ESBL Klebsiella urinary tract infection treated with meropenem. The isolate was identified by a reference laboratory (Mycobacteria and Nocardia Laboratory, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA) by partial 16S rRNA sequencing as a 99.51% match with Nocardia ignorata, with susceptibilities identical to the isolate in Rahdar et al. One year later, Trevisan characterized and termed the bacteria Nocardia farcinica, creating the genus Nocardia. Pulmonary Nocardia ignorata infection in gardener, Iran European Study Group for Nocardia in Solid Organ Transplantation. Nocardia infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a multicenter European case-control study abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2611.202756 doi: 10.3201/eid2611.202756 id: cord-259050-482nk9je author: Mätz‐Rensing, K. title: Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) date: 2009-06-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background A severe upper respiratory tract infection occurred in a breeding group of rhesus monkeys housed together in one of six indoor/outdoor corals of the German Primate Center. The clinical signs of the disease included severe purulent conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, respiratory distress and lethargy. Six of 45 animals died within a few days after developing signs of infection. Methods and results Histopathologic and microbiologic examinations of the dead animals were consistent with a severe fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia. Microbiology revealed a Lancefield group C streptococcus identified as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus as the causative agent of infection. Conclusions The infection was passed on from animal to animal but did not spread to the other five breeding groups nearby. Extensive diagnostic testing failed to reveal the consisting presence of copathogens in individual cases. A visitor with upper respiratory disease was suspected as source of infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00359.x doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00359.x id: cord-346673-kyc1wks5 author: NICKBAKHSH, S. title: Extensive multiplex PCR diagnostics reveal new insights into the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections date: 2016-03-02 words: 5415.0 sentences: 237.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346673-kyc1wks5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346673-kyc1wks5.txt summary: In particular, our study shows that (i) human coronavirus infections are more common during influenza seasons and in co-infections than previously recognized, (ii) factors associated with co-infection differ from those associated with viral infection overall, (iii) virus prevalence has increased over time especially in infants aged <1 year, and (iv) viral infection risk is greater in the post-2009 pandemic era, likely reflecting a widespread change in the viral population that warrants further investigation. We analysed diagnostic data generated by NHSGGC using multiplex PCR from 2005 to 2013 with the following objectives: (i) to describe testing and virus prevalence trends, (ii) to examine temporal and patient subgroup distributions for each individual virus, and (iii) to compare factors associated with overall viral infection and co-infection using statistical modelling, in order to provide robust and timely estimates of who is most at risk of viral-associated respiratory illness, and when, within a major urban UK population. abstract: Viral respiratory infections continue to pose a major global healthcare burden. At the community level, the co-circulation of respiratory viruses is common and yet studies generally focus on single aetiologies. We conducted the first comprehensive epidemiological analysis to encompass all major respiratory viruses in a single population. Using extensive multiplex PCR diagnostic data generated by the largest NHS board in Scotland, we analysed 44230 patient episodes of respiratory illness that were simultaneously tested for 11 virus groups between 2005 and 2013, spanning the 2009 influenza A pandemic. We measured viral infection prevalence, described co-infections, and identified factors independently associated with viral infection using multivariable logistic regression. Our study provides baseline measures and reveals new insights that will direct future research into the epidemiological consequences of virus co-circulation. In particular, our study shows that (i) human coronavirus infections are more common during influenza seasons and in co-infections than previously recognized, (ii) factors associated with co-infection differ from those associated with viral infection overall, (iii) virus prevalence has increased over time especially in infants aged <1 year, and (iv) viral infection risk is greater in the post-2009 pandemic era, likely reflecting a widespread change in the viral population that warrants further investigation. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816000339 doi: 10.1017/s0950268816000339 id: cord-331413-fejho1of author: Nakayama, Eiichi title: Rapid optimization of antimicrobial chemotherapy given to pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia using PCR techniques with serology and standard culture date: 2007-12-31 words: 3955.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331413-fejho1of.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331413-fejho1of.txt summary: title: Rapid optimization of antimicrobial chemotherapy given to pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia using PCR techniques with serology and standard culture Abstract Children (n =117; mean age 2.4 ± 2.9 years) were diagnosed as having community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) using clinical symptoms, chest X-rays, and hematological data. The causative pathogen was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (6 bacteria), multiple reverse transcription-PCR (MPCR; 11 viruses), bacterial culture, and serology. [7] [8] [9] In Japan, antimicrobial chemotherapy for patients with CAP is begun empirically based on (1) chest X-rays, (2) clinical fi ndings including respiratory status, (3) age, and (4) laboratory tests such as white blood cell count (WBC) and C-reactive protein concentration (CRP). The bacteria suspected to be the causative pathogens was determined by standard culture and real-time PCR for six pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus infl uenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Legionella pneumophila (Table 3) In the patients suspected of having an infection caused by S. abstract: Abstract Children (n =117; mean age 2.4 ± 2.9 years) were diagnosed as having community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) using clinical symptoms, chest X-rays, and hematological data. The causative pathogen was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (6 bacteria), multiple reverse transcription-PCR (MPCR; 11 viruses), bacterial culture, and serology. The initial chemotherapy was evaluated based on the pathogens identified using PCR. We found 27 viral cases (23.1%), 25 bacterial cases (21.4%), 45 mixed infections with virus and bacteria (38.5%), 10 Mycoplasma pneumoniae (8.5%), 7 mixed infections with M. pneumoniae and another pathogen (6.0%), 1 Chlamydophila pneumoniae (0.9%), and 2 unknown pathogens (1.7%). Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae accounted for 58 (49.5%) and 27 (23.0%) of the cases, respectively. The median values (50%) of the white blood cell count (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) using the box-and-whisker and plot method, respectively, were 11.7 × 103 mm−3 and 1.4mg/dl in viral infections, 15.6 × 103 mm−3 and 4.8mg/dl in mixed infections with virus and bacteria, 17.8 × 103 mm−3 and 6.3mg/dl in bacterial infections, 6.7 × 103 mm−3 and 1.4mg/dl in M. pneumoniae infections, and 21.5 × 103 mm−3 and 6.4mg/dl in mixed infections with M. pneumoniae and other bacterial infections. Sulbactam/ampicillin (n =61), carbapenems (n =12), and ceftriaxone (n =7) were selected for the patients suspected of having bacterial infections alone or mixed infections with bacterial and viruses in accordance with our criteria defined tentatively. For those with M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae infections, azithromycin or minocycline was initially used. Treatments averaged 3–5 days. The empirical chemotherapy was improper in 9.4% of cases in relation to the etiologic agents finally identified. We conclude that rapid and comprehensive identification using PCR can provide optimal antimicrobial chemotherapy for CAP patients. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1341321X07708309 doi: 10.1007/s10156-007-0535-6 id: cord-003387-82573enr author: Nam, Gyu-Hwi title: Gene expression profiles alteration after infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) date: 2018-12-24 words: 5177.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003387-82573enr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003387-82573enr.txt summary: title: Gene expression profiles alteration after infection of virus, bacteria, and parasite in the Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) In this study, we carried out transcriptome analysis using the olive flounder gill tissues after infection of three types of pathogens (Virus; Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, Bacteria; Streptococcus parauberis, and Parasite; Miamiensis avidus), respectively. Our goals are to provide plenty of genomic knowledge about olive flounder transcripts for further research and report genes, which were changed in their expression after specific pathogen infection. To profile gene expression after infection of three pathogens (VHSV, Streptococcus parauberis, and Miamiensis avidus), transcriptome analysis was conducted using gill tissues of olive flounders, respectively. In this study, we understood the relation between three types of pathogen infection and differential gene expression in the olive flounder genome through transcriptome analysis, respectively. cDNA microarray analysis of viral hemorrhagic septicemia infected olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus: immune gene expression at different water temperature abstract: Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of economically valuable fish species in the East Asia. In comparison with its economic importance, available genomic information of the olive flounder is very limited. The mass mortality caused by variety of pathogens (virus, bacteria and parasites) is main problem in aquaculture industry, including in olive flounder culture. In this study, we carried out transcriptome analysis using the olive flounder gill tissues after infection of three types of pathogens (Virus; Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, Bacteria; Streptococcus parauberis, and Parasite; Miamiensis avidus), respectively. As a result, we identified total 12,415 differentially expressed genes (DEG) from viral infection, 1,754 from bacterial infection, and 795 from parasite infection, respectively. To investigate the effects of pathogenic infection on immune response, we analyzed Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis with DEGs and sorted immune-related GO terms per three pathogen groups. Especially, we verified various GO terms, and genes in these terms showed down-regulated expression pattern. In addition, we identified 67 common genes (10 up-regulated and 57 down-regulated) present in three pathogen infection groups. Our goals are to provide plenty of genomic knowledge about olive flounder transcripts for further research and report genes, which were changed in their expression after specific pathogen infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6305387/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36342-y id: cord-018785-tcr5xlf8 author: Nambiar, Puja title: Infection in Kidney Transplantation date: 2018-06-27 words: 9364.0 sentences: 506.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018785-tcr5xlf8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018785-tcr5xlf8.txt summary: The immunosuppressive therapy required to prevent organ rejection places the kidney transplant recipient at increased risk for donor-derived, nosocomial, and community-acquired infections as well as reactivation of latent pathogens. The immunosuppressive therapy required to prevent organ rejection places the kidney transplant recipient at increased risk for donor-derived, nosocomial, and community-acquired infections as well as reactivation of latent pathogens. The risk factors for development of CMV disease include donor seropositivity/recipient seronegativity(Dþ/RÀ), use of induction immunosuppression (antilymphocyte antibodies), donor age >60 years, simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation, treatment for acute rejection, impaired transplant function, and concurrent infection from other viruses (like EBV and HHV-6 and 7) (De Keyzer et al. The risk factors for PTLD include EBV naïve recipients who receive EBV seropositive organs, active primary EBV infection, younger recipient, coinfection by CMV and other viruses, prior splenectomy, second transplant, acute or chronic graft versus host disease, immunosuppressive drug regimen (OKT3 or polyclonal antilymphocyte antibody), and the type of organ transplanted. abstract: Infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after kidney transplantation. It has been estimated that 70% of kidney transplant recipients will experience an infection episode within the first 3 years after transplantation (Dharnidharka et al. 2007). After cardiovascular disease, infection is the second leading cause of death in recipients with allograft function (Snyder et al. 2009). The immunosuppressive therapy required to prevent organ rejection places the kidney transplant recipient at increased risk for donor-derived, nosocomial, and community-acquired infections as well as reactivation of latent pathogens. Pretransplant screening, immunizations, and optimal antibacterial and antiviral prophylaxis can help to reduce the impact of infection. Awareness of the approach to infection in the transplant recipient including diagnostic and management strategies is essential to optimizing outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123753/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-19617-6_22 id: cord-322380-udjoghr6 author: Nash, Anthony A. title: Early Stages of Infection After Pathogen Entry date: 2015-02-06 words: 5781.0 sentences: 258.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322380-udjoghr6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322380-udjoghr6.txt summary: In the basal layer of the epidermis, adjacent to the antibodies and immune cells that arrive from dermal blood vessels, the virus infection is incomplete; in this layer of the epidermis, only a subset of virus genes are transcribed, no virus structural proteins are produced and no virus DNA replication occurs, therefore no virus particles are produced. This means gaining access to the lumen of a subepithelial lymphatic or blood vessel, either as a free microorganism, or alternatively after entering a mobile cell (leucocyte) that will carry it to other parts of the body. Thus, rotaviruses and rhinoviruses replicate at the epithelial surface but cannot infect leucocytes, and in any case would be unlikely to find susceptible cells elsewhere in the body if they entered blood or lymphatic vessels. Indeed, bacteria and other microorganisms that are capable of extracellular replication generally advertise their presence by releasing a variety of products into surrounding fluids, many of which cause inflammation and thus bring antibacterial agents such as immunoglobulins, complement and leucocytes to the site of the infection. abstract: In this chapter, we describe the early stages of the pathogenic cycle involving entry into the host. For example, some bacteria may enter into epithelial cells, proliferate and then spread at the epithelial surface before being transmitted to another host. Some pathogens then migrate past the epithelial layer to deeper tissues causing invasive infections. Examples of some of the major bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens affecting the epithelial surfaces in the body are provided. The body produces a strong inflammatory immune response to pathogens at the epithelial surface. An introduction to the components of the inflammatory response including the phagocytic cells and the lymphatic system is provided. In addition, the nutritional requirements for invading bacteria including the importance of iron is discussed. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123971883000032 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397188-3.00003-2 id: cord-344009-hm36pepp author: Nathanson, N. title: Virus perpetuation in populations: biological variables that determine persistence or eradication date: 2005 words: 3463.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344009-hm36pepp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344009-hm36pepp.txt summary: However, small animal populations can turnover significantly each year, permitting the perpetuation of some viruses that cause acute infections. Measles has several attributes that -in the aggregate -are not seen for other common viral diseases: (i) There are longterm records of measles incidence, collected by many health departments in the United States and other countries; (ii) 95% of all measles infections manifest as illness (in contrast to 1% for poliomyelitis for example); (iii) the symptoms of measles are sufficiently pathognomonic so that it can be distinguished from other viral infections by clinical observers; and (iv) population-wide reports can be corrected for under-reporting (about 15% of measles cases were reported in most cities in the United States prior to the introduction of measles vaccine in 1963). Vaccine-induced reduction of susceptible individuals in such a population can be guesstimated to reduce the number of new infections per trough generation period below the threshold for virus perpetuation. abstract: In this review, I use the term “perpetuation” for persistence of a virus in a population, since this is a different phenomenon from persistence of a virus in an infected host. Important variables that influence perpetuation differ in small (<1,000 individuals) and large (>10,000) populations: in small populations, two important variables are persistence in individuals, and turnover of the population, while in large populations important variables are transmissibility, generation time, and seasonality. In small populations, viruses such as poliovirus that cause acute infections cannot readily be perpetuated, in contrast to viruses such as hepatitis B virus, that cause persistent infections. However, small animal populations can turnover significantly each year, permitting the perpetuation of some viruses that cause acute infections. Large populations of humans are necessary for the perpetuation of acute viruses; for instance, measles required a population of 500,000 for perpetuation in the pre-measles vaccine era. Furthermore, if an acute virus, such as poliovirus, exhibits marked seasonality in large populations, then it may disappear during the seasonal trough, even in the presence of a large number of susceptible persons. Eradication is the converse of perpetuation and can be used as a definitive approach to the control of a viral disease, as in the instance of smallpox. Therefore, the requirements for perpetuation have significant implications for practical public health goals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16355865/ doi: 10.1007/3-211-29981-5_2 id: cord-022254-8y5sq72c author: Nathanson, Neal title: IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND VIRUS INFECTION OF RODENTS date: 2012-12-02 words: 3210.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022254-8y5sq72c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022254-8y5sq72c.txt summary: One example of specific deletion is the use of anti-mu antiserum to delete IgM bearing B cells from neonatal animals, thus blocking the B cell arm of the immune response (43-46). Complement plays an important ancillary role as a host defense, since in conjunction with specific antiviral antibody, it can lyse either virions or virus-infected cells (60). The recent development of methods for the cloning of T cells and the culture of T cell lines (88) (89) (90) (91) (92) , has made it possible to study the effect of specific T cell subsets upon virus infection (93) (94) (95) (96) . I. Comparative effectiveness of antibody and reconstitution of immune spleen cells on immunosuppressed mice Protection of mice from fatal herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by adoptive transfer of cloned virusspecific and H-2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes Dual role of the immune response in street rabies virus infection of mice abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155493/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-095785-9.50036-6 id: cord-320909-p93gxjm2 author: Natoli, S. title: Does SARS‐Cov‐2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models date: 2020-05-22 words: 4718.0 sentences: 246.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320909-p93gxjm2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320909-p93gxjm2.txt summary: Animal models of SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome, caused by structurally similar CoVs during the 2002 and 2012 epidemics, have provided valuable data on nervous system involvement by CoVs and the potential for central nervous system spread of SARS‐CoV‐2. The expression of this receptor in neurons and endothelial cells hints that SARS‐CoV‐2 may have higher neuroinvasive potential compared with previous CoVs. However, it remains to be determined how such invasiveness might contribute to respiratory failure or cause direct neurological damage. Highly pathogenic coronavirus (CoV) infections are well-established sources of previous epidemics in humans, i.e. severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2 Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice abstract: The current coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) outbreak, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has raised the possibility of potential neurotropic properties of this virus. Indeed, neurological sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection have already been reported and highlight the relevance of considering the neurological impact of coronavirus (CoV) from a translational perspective. Animal models of SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome, caused by structurally similar CoVs during the 2002 and 2012 epidemics, have provided valuable data on nervous system involvement by CoVs and the potential for central nervous system spread of SARS‐CoV‐2. One key finding that may unify these pathogens is that all require angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 as a cell entry receptor. The CoV spike glycoprotein, by which SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to cell membranes, binds angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 with a higher affinity compared with SARS‐CoV. The expression of this receptor in neurons and endothelial cells hints that SARS‐CoV‐2 may have higher neuroinvasive potential compared with previous CoVs. However, it remains to be determined how such invasiveness might contribute to respiratory failure or cause direct neurological damage. Both direct and indirect mechanisms may be of relevance. Clinical heterogeneity potentially driven by differential host immune‐mediated responses will require extensive investigation. Development of disease models to anticipate emerging neurological complications and to explore mechanisms of direct or immune‐mediated pathogenicity in the short and medium term is therefore of great importance. In this brief review, we describe the current knowledge from models of previous CoV infections and discuss their potential relevance to COVID‐19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32333487/ doi: 10.1111/ene.14277 id: cord-355906-yeaw9nr8 author: Nedjadi, Taoufik title: Tackling dengue fever: Current status and challenges date: 2015-12-09 words: 6821.0 sentences: 355.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355906-yeaw9nr8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355906-yeaw9nr8.txt summary: Recent advances in molecular biology have revealed that the genetic makeup of the three elements of dengue infection (the virus, the vector, and the host) plays a primordial role in the pathogenesis of the disease and could potentially contribute to the DHF progression [19, 24, 35] . Dengue virus serotype-1 antigen was expressed in a vector based on pediatric live-attenuated Schwarz measles vaccine (MV) by using the envelope domain III (EDIII) fused with the ectodomain of the membrane protein (ectoM). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) have also developed a live-attenuated vaccine named DENVax, which was found to be highly immunogenic in both children and adults and has currently entered phase I clinical trial in the United States [96, 97] . abstract: According to recent statistics, 96 million apparent dengue infections were estimated worldwide in 2010. This figure is by far greater than the WHO prediction which indicates the rapid spread of this disease posing a growing threat to the economy and a major challenge to clinicians and health care services across the globe particularly in the affected areas. This article aims at bringing to light the current epidemiological and clinical status of the dengue fever. The relationship between genetic mutations, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the pathophysiology of disease progression will be put into perspective. It will also highlight the recent advances in dengue vaccine development. Thus far, a significant progress has been made in unraveling the risk factors and understanding the molecular pathogenesis associated with the disease. However, further insights in molecular features of the disease and the development of animal models will enormously help improving the therapeutic interventions and potentially contribute to finding new preventive measures for population at risk. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26645066/ doi: 10.1186/s12985-015-0444-8 id: cord-293151-g3758oes author: Nemzek, Jean A. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2015-07-10 words: 30297.0 sentences: 1818.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt summary: This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. Several factors that increase pressure at the site and/or affect the integrity of the skin will predispose an individual to develop pressure sores, including poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting coaptation devices (Swaim and Angarano, 1990) . Chronic or recurrent corneal ulcers may also be associated with infection or hereditary causes in some breeds of dogs; however, these would be rare in the laboratory setting. Research Complications Treatment of early-stage or low-grade mammary tumors may be rewarding, allowing dogs to continue on study. abstract: Historically, the dog played an important role as a laboratory animal in biomedical research. Although numbers are declining, the use of dogs continues to be common in pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular studies. The normal biology of the dog as both a laboratory and a companion animal has been well studied and reference values are presented here as a clinical and experimental resource. This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. In addition, diseases and conditions that arise secondary to the housing and experimental manipulation of dogs is discussed with emphasis on treatment and prevention. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124095274000122 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00012-2 id: cord-023367-ujflw19b author: Newcomer, Benjamin W. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 words: 33175.0 sentences: 2065.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt summary: The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169350/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 id: cord-282668-bs634hti author: Niang, Mbayame Ndiaye title: Respiratory viruses in patients with influenza-like illness in Senegal: Focus on human respiratory adenoviruses date: 2017-03-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are highly contagious pathogens that are associated with a wide spectrum of human illnesses involving the respiratory tract. In the present study, we investigate the epidemiologic and viral molecular features of HAdVs circulating in Senegal after 4 consecutive years of sentinel surveillance of influenza-like Illness cases. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS: From January 2012 to December 2015 swabs were collected from consenting ILI outpatients. Adenoviral detection is performed by rRT-PCR with the Anyplex(™) II RV16 Detection kit (Seegene) and molecular characterization was performed using a partial hexon gene sequence. 6381 samples were collected. More than half of patients (51.7%; 3297/6381) were children of ≤ 5 years. 1967 (30.8%) were positive for HAdV with 1561 (79.4%) found in co-infection with at least one another respiratory virus. The most common co-detections were with influenza viruses (53.1%; 1045/1967), rhinoviruses (30%; 591/1967), enteroviruses (18.5%; 364/1967) and RSV (13.5%; 266/1967). Children under 5 were the most infected group (62.2%; 1224/1967; p <0.05). We noted that HAdV was detected throughout the year at a high level with detection peaks of different amplitudes without any clear seasonality. Phylogenetic analysis revealed species HAdV-C in majority, species HAdV-B and one HAdV- 4 genome type. The 9 HAdV-B species like strains from Senegal grouped with genome types HAdV-7, HAdV-55 and HAdV-11 as shown by a phylogenetic branch with a high bootstrap value of (88%). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest strong year-round HAdV activity in Senegal, especially in children up to 5 years of age. Molecular studies revealed that the dominant species in circulation in patients with ILI appears to be HAdV-C and HAdV-B species. The circulation of though HAdV-7 and HAdV-55 genome types is of note as these serotypes are recognized causes of more severe and even fatal acute respiratory infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174287 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174287 id: cord-016704-99v4brjf author: Nicholson, Felicity title: Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date: 2005 words: 14635.0 sentences: 861.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016704-99v4brjf.txt summary: The risk of exposure to infections, particularly blood-borne viruses (BBVs), can be minimized by adopting measures that are considered good practice in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia (1) (2) (3) . Studies of prisoners in western countries have shown a higher prevalence of antibodies to HBV and other BBVs than the general population (12) (13) (14) ; the most commonly reported risk factor is intravenous drug use. HBIG is given in conjunction with the first dose of vaccine to individuals who are deemed at high risk of acquiring disease and the incident occurred within 72 hours of presentation. In 1998, 56% of reported cases were from people born outside the United Kingdom and 3% were associated with HIV infection (70, 71) . Those in contact with disease (either through exposure at home or from an infected detainee) should receive prophylactic treatment as soon as possible (see Subheading 8.3.7.). abstract: Infections have plagued doctors for centuries, in both the diagnosis of the specific diseases and the identification and subsequent management of the causative agents. There is a constant need for information as new organisms emerge, existing ones develop resistance to current drugs or vaccines, and changes in epidemiology and prevalence occur. In the 21st century, obtaining this information has never been more important. Population migration and the relatively low cost of flying means that unfamiliar infectious diseases may be brought into industrialized countries. An example of this was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which was first recognized in 2003. Despite modern technology and a huge input of money, it took months for the agent to be identified, a diagnostic test to be produced, and a strategy for disease reporting and isolation to be established. There is no doubt that other new and fascinating diseases will continue to emerge. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121068/ doi: 10.1385/1-59259-913-3:235 id: cord-353190-7qcoxl81 author: Nicklas, Werner title: Viral Infections of Laboratory Mice date: 2012-05-17 words: 27775.0 sentences: 1482.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353190-7qcoxl81.txt summary: This chapter covers infections of mice with the following viruses: herpesviruses, mousepox virus, murine adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3, murine hepatitis virus, murine norovirus, murine pneumonia virus, murine rotavirus, Sendai virus, and Theiler''s murine encephalomyelitis virus. These results are very difficult to summarize because the outcome of experimental infection in laboratory mice depends on various factors such as mouse strain and age, virus strain and passage history [26] , virus dose and route of inoculation [24] . Experimental infection of laboratory mice with MHV-68 is a frequently used model system for the study of human gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, e.g. of Kaposi''s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [62, 63] which are members of the same subfamily. Early descriptions of naturally occurring disease may have been complicated by concurrent infections such as MHV (murine hepatitis virus) or murine rotavirus A (MuRV-A)/epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) virus that contributed to the severity of the lesions especially in liver, pancreas, CNS and intestine. abstract: Viral infections of laboratory mice have considerable impact on research results, and prevention of such infections is therefore of crucial importance. This chapter covers infections of mice with the following viruses: herpesviruses, mousepox virus, murine adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3, murine hepatitis virus, murine norovirus, murine pneumonia virus, murine rotavirus, Sendai virus, and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. For each virus, there is a description of the agent, epizootiology, clinical symptoms, pathology, methods of diagnosis and control, and its impact on research. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123820082000192 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-382008-2.00019-2 id: cord-015487-iugrhyaq author: Nicolson, Garth L. title: Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases date: 2008-05-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Often, patients with neurodegenerative or neurobehavioral diseases have chronic, neuropathic infections that could be important in disease inception, disease progression, or increasing the types or severities of signs and symptoms. Although controversial, the majority of patients with various neurodegenerative or neurobehavioral conditions, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and autistic spectrum disorders, show evidence of central nervous system or systemic bacterial and viral infections. For example, using serology or polymerase chain reaction evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Mycoplasma species, human herpesvirus-1 and -6, and other bacterial and viral infections revealed high infection rates that were not found in control subjects. Although chronic infections were not found in some studies, and the specific role of chronic infections in neurological disease pathogenesis has not been determined or is inconclusive, the data suggest that chronic bacterial or viral infections could be common features of progressive neurodegenerative and neurobehavioral diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7107574/ doi: 10.1309/96m3bwyp42l11bfu id: cord-322104-f1dukpso author: Niederman, M.S. title: PNEUMONIA | Community Acquired Pneumonia, Bacterial and Other Common Pathogens date: 2006-05-13 words: 10693.0 sentences: 387.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322104-f1dukpso.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322104-f1dukpso.txt summary: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the number one cause of death from infectious diseases in the US, and the patient population that is affected is becoming increasingly more complex due to the presence of chronic illness which is commonly managed in outpatients who are at risk for pneumonia. Other common pathogens include atypical organisms (Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae), Hemophilus influenzae, enteric Gram-negatives (especially in those with chronic illness and aspiration risk factors), and Staphylococcus aureus. Today, the number of etiologic pathogens has mushroomed to include not only bacteria, but also viruses (influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)), fungi, and a number of other recently identified organisms (such as Legionella, Chlamydophila pneumoniae). Patients with severe CAP may have a slightly different spectrum of organisms than less severely affected individuals, being commonly infected with pneumococcus, atypical pathogens, enteric Gram-negatives (including P. abstract: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the number one cause of death from infectious diseases in the US, and the patient population that is affected is becoming increasingly more complex due to the presence of chronic illness which is commonly managed in outpatients who are at risk for pneumonia. The number one pathogen causing CAP is pneumococcus, which is commonly resistant to multiple antibiotics, thus complicating management. Other common pathogens include atypical organisms (Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae), Hemophilus influenzae, enteric Gram-negatives (especially in those with chronic illness and aspiration risk factors), and Staphylococcus aureus. Successful management requires careful assessment of disease severity so that a site-of-care decision can be made (outpatient, inpatient, intensive care unit), appropriate samples for diagnostic testing collected, and antibiotic therapy initiated in a timely and accurate fashion. Initial antibiotic therapy is empiric, but even with extensive diagnostic testing, less than half of all patients have an etiologic pathogen identified. All patients with CAP require therapy for pneumococcus, atypical pathogens, and other organisms, as dictated by the presence of specific risk factors. Because pneumonia has both short-term and long-term impact on mortality, it is also important to focus on prevention of this illness, which requires smoking cessation, and giving at-risk individuals both pneumococal and influenza vaccines. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B0123708796003100 doi: 10.1016/b0-12-370879-6/00310-0 id: cord-024188-d7tnku8z author: Nissen, Michael D. title: Respiratory Infections date: 2010-03-27 words: 5267.0 sentences: 249.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024188-d7tnku8z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024188-d7tnku8z.txt summary: For example, recent findings from the New Vaccine Surveillance Network in the United States show that despite respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human coronaviruses (HCoVs) all being common in early childhood; RSV and PIVs are more common causes of hospital admission with acute febrile and respiratory illness than HCoVs [33, 41] . A review of healthy adult human volunteer studies showed that viral shedding increased sharply between 0.5 and 1 day after influenza virus challenge, peaking on day two; shedding can be detected 24 to 28 h before clinical onset, and has a mean duration of 4.8 days; two-thirds of subjects had symptomatic infection, and total symptom scores peaked on day three [11] . Infections due to common viruses that result in disease severe enough to warrant laboratory testing, notification, or hospitalisation occur in the young, the very old, or both, such as with RSV and influenza [9, 14] . abstract: Until recently, conventional culture techniques and immunofluorecence assays were considered the gold standard for the detection of respiratory viruses, even though results are mostly available too late or lacked specificity and sensitivity. These methods are now widely replaced with appropriate DNA- and RNA-based amplification techniques, in particular real time PCR amplification, for the detection of an extended number of agents responsible for acute respiratory infections. Real-time PCR offers rapid results, efficiencies in work flow and a reduced risk of false positive results due to contamination. As a result, better patient management or reduction of unnecessary antibiotic administration will be possible leading to enhanced efficiencies in health care. In applying molecular methods to diagnostic use, the laboratory can optimise its diagnostic strategy by applying a combination of real-time amplification tests for respiratory viruses and the non-viral respiratory bacterial pathogens. However this must be done within a context of resource availability, technical expertise available and clinical utility. It seems certain that molecular microbiology will continue to develop, leading to further applications in diagnostic technology, thereby improving our understanding of disease processes and enhancing our knowledge of the pathogens responsible. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193730/ doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9039-3_5 id: cord-267023-w5ig7mrl author: Nori, Priya title: Developing Interactive Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention Curricula for Diverse Learners: A Tailored Approach date: 2017-07-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND. To impart principles of antimicrobial stewardship (AS) and infection prevention and control (IPC), we developed a curriculum tailored to the diverse aptitudes of learners at our medical center. METHODS. We integrated case-based modules, group learning activities, smartphone applications (apps), decision support tools, and prescription audit and feedback into curricula of the medical school, medicine residency program, infectious diseases (ID) fellowship program, and hospital medicine program operations. Interventions were implemented in 2012–2016 using a quasi-experimental before-and-after study design, and this was assessed using pre- and postintervention surveys or audit of antibiotic prescriptions. RESULTS. Over 180 medical students participated in the AS and IPC seminars. After smartphone app introduction, 69% reported using the app as their preferred source of antibiotic information. Approximately 70% of students felt comfortable prescribing antibiotics for a known infection compared with 40% at baseline (P = .02), and approximately 83% were able to identify the appropriate personal protective equipment for specific scenarios. Approximately 99% agreed that they have a role in promoting patient safety and preventing healthcare-associated infections as medical students. At 20 months, appropriateness of trainee antibiotic prescriptions increased by 20% (P < .01). Almost all ID fellows indicated that the AS and IPC seminar was a vital training supplement. Uptake of internist antibiotic recommendations using AS decision support tools was approximately 70%. CONCLUSIONS. All 5 interventions addressed learning objectives and knowledge gaps and are applicable across a range of environments. Evaluating long-term impact of our curriculum is the focus of future study. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28748196/ doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofx117 id: cord-025495-udz9i0fw author: Nowak, Jan K. title: Lithium and coronaviral infections. A scoping review. date: 2020-04-03 words: 5329.0 sentences: 296.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025495-udz9i0fw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025495-udz9i0fw.txt summary: The available evidence comes only from studies of cell cultures and indicates that lithium effectively inhibits coronaviral infections when administered at concentrations that are toxic to humans. "The available evidence comes only from studies of cell cultures and indicates that lithium effectively inhibits coronaviral infections when administered at concentrations that are toxic to humans." The prescription of lithium in the context of the current epidemic thus appears not to be supportable by the findings. Lithium also seemed to bring improvement in a proof-of-concept randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial involving eleven healthy adults with recurrent HSV infections and in a randomized study of ten women with genital herpes conducted by the same research group from Philadelphia." Therefore it seems that in some instances lithium exhibits antiviral activity at concentrations, which are safe and maintained long-term (for years) in patients with affective disorders. The latter study gives hope that lithium may indeed be efficient at clinically relevant levels." In terms of discussion, the authors reviewed some existing literature and suggested a potential mechanism of reduced apoptosis by lithium, the glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK-3β) inhibitor. abstract: The current rapid spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) calls for a rapid response from the research community. Lithium is widely used to treat bipolar disorder, but has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity. This brief review took a systematic approach to identify six in vitro studies reporting on the influence of lithium on coronaviral infections. We propose mechanistic investigation of the influence of lithium – alone and with chloroquine – on the SARS-CoV-2 infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7255895/ doi: 10.12688/f1000research.22299.2 id: cord-118119-it3q17rp author: Odagaki, Takashi title: Self-organized wavy infection curve of COVID-19 date: 2020-10-16 words: 1782.0 sentences: 133.0 pages: flesch: 73.0 cache: ./cache/cord-118119-it3q17rp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-118119-it3q17rp.txt summary: Exploiting the SIQR model for COVID-19, I show that the wavy infection curve in Japan is the result of fluctuation of policy on isolation measure imposed by the government and obeyed by citizens, Assuming the infection coefficient be a 2-valued function of the number of infected individuals, I show that when the removal rate of infected individuals is between these two values, the wavy infection curve is self-organized. On the basis of the infection curve, I classify the outbreak of COVID-19 in each country into five types and show that these differences can be related to the relative magnitude of the transmission coefficient and the quarantine rate of infected individuals. The observed data for the outbreak of COVID-19 is the daily confirmed new cases ∆Q(t) ≡ qI, which is given by a convolution of the incubation period distribution function ψ(t) and the number of infecteds I(t). abstract: Exploiting the SIQR model for COVID-19, I show that the wavy infection curve in Japan is the result of fluctuation of policy on isolation measure imposed by the government and obeyed by citizens, Assuming the infection coefficient be a 2-valued function of the number of infected individuals, I show that when the removal rate of infected individuals is between these two values, the wavy infection curve is self-organized. On the basis of the infection curve, I classify the outbreak of COVID-19 in each country into five types and show that these differences can be related to the relative magnitude of the transmission coefficient and the quarantine rate of infected individuals. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.08099v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-276348-vr5fit8r author: Ogra, Pearay L. title: Respiratory syncytial virus: The virus, the disease and the immune response date: 2004-01-31 words: 4788.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276348-vr5fit8r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276348-vr5fit8r.txt summary: Premature babies born at 30–35 weeks of gestation, infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease, HIV-infected subjects, and patients on intensive immunosuppressive therapy especially after bone marrow transplant are considered to be at risk for increased mortality and morbidity during RSV infection. Recurrent wheezing for up to 5 to 7 years of age and established airway disease has been observed in a significant number of children with a strong family history of allergy, after primary infection or reinfection with RSV. Children at increased risk from RSV infection include young infants with prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, subjects with hematologic malignancies, patients with bone-marrow or organ transplants, and cystic fibrosis. 6 It is important to recognise that virtually all children who get infected with RSV develop virus-specific IgE homocytotropic antibody in the respiratory tract. abstract: Abstract RSV is the primary cause of hospitalisation in the first year of life for children in most parts of the world, and nearly 100% of children in the USA are infected with the virus by 2 to 3 years of age. The agent is an enveloped RNA virus with a non-segmented single-stranded negative-sense genome. The viral genome encodes 8 structural and 2 non-structural proteins. Important structural proteins include the fusion (F) protein and the attachment (G) protein which are essential for viral penetration and attachment to the host cells. Both proteins are important in development of immune responses. The virus is estimated to cause 3000 to 4000 deaths annually. Primary infections are as a rule symptomatic. The spectrum of clinical manifestations ranges from mild upper tract illness, infection in middle ear which progresses to acute otitis media, croup, to apnoea in premature infants, pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Premature babies born at 30–35 weeks of gestation, infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease, HIV-infected subjects, and patients on intensive immunosuppressive therapy especially after bone marrow transplant are considered to be at risk for increased mortality and morbidity during RSV infection. The virus does not normally replicate outside of the bronchopulmonary tree and the infection is exquisitely restricted to the respiratory mucosa. However, development of extrapulmonary disease has been observed in certain T and B cell immunodeficiency states. The association of RSV with asthma and reversible reactive airway disease in early childhood has attracted significant attention. Recurrent wheezing for up to 5 to 7 years of age and established airway disease has been observed in a significant number of children with a strong family history of allergy, after primary infection or reinfection with RSV. Immune response to primary infection is relatively small but on reinfection, a significant booster effect with sustained immunologic reactivity is observed in serum and respiratory mucosa. Both CD4- and CD8-specific as well as Th1- and Th2-cell specific immune responses have been observed during human infection. In addition, proinflammatory as well as immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines are induced in the respiratory tract after natural and induced (in vitro) infection. Significant progress has been made in understanding the role of Th1 vs. Th2, IgE, viral induced cytokines and chemokines in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of the disease, development of wheezing and in the prevention and treatment of the infection and its sequelae. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the commonest human viral infections, and virtually every child is infected by the third birthday. Because of its restricted mucosal immunopathology, and frequent association with bronchial hyperreactivity and development of wheezing, RSV has served as an important model to investigate mechanisms of mucosal immune responses and development of mucosal disease following infection. The importance of RSV in bronchopulmonary disease and development of bronchial hyperreactivity has been the focus of several recent symposia [Kimpen JL, Simoes EAF. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:S1–S6]. This brief report will only summarise, based on selected references, the historical landmarks of its discovery and current understanding of the mechanisms of immunity, and their possible role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980256/ doi: 10.1016/s1526-0542(04)90023-1 id: cord-305207-fgvbrg8d author: Ohara, Hiroshi title: Fact-finding Survey of Nosocomial Infection Control in Hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal—A Basis for Improvement date: 2013-06-29 words: 3390.0 sentences: 165.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.txt summary: In the healthcare setting, particularly in developed countries, various measures including the organization of infection control teams (ICTs), preparation of manuals, strengthening of surveillance systems, and training of staff have been taken to assure effective control. The form consisted of the following items: "general information of the hospitals, control system including manual and infection control committees (ICC), equipment and facility preparedness, training conditions, surveillance conditions, expectation for international cooperation and current problems. Among the problems observed in the study were weak ICC function, few training opportunities among the hospital staff, inadequate use of antibiotics, shortage of infection control staff, shortage of doctors and nurses and their overload in daily medical practice, shortage of fundamental equipment including PPE, inadequate practice of basic techComparison of nosocomial infection control conditions between 2003 and 2011 at five national hospitals showed an improvement trend. Appropriate nosocomial infection control is a key strategy in providing high quality medical care, and effective measures are particularly required in developing countries, where the frequency of infectious diseases is high and environmental conditions of hospitals are poor [14, 15] . abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual conditions of nosocomial infection control in Kathmandu City, Nepal as a basis for the possible contribution to its improvement. The survey was conducted at 17 hospitals and the methods included a questionnaire, site visits and interviews. Nine hospitals had manuals on nosocomial infection control, and seven had an infection control committee (ICC). The number of hospitals that met the required amount of personal protective equipment preparation was as follows: gowns (13), gloves (13), surgical masks (12). Six hospitals had carried out in-service training over the past one year, but seven hospitals responded that no staff had been trained. Eight hospitals were conducting surveillance based on the results of bacteriological testing. The major problems included inadequate management of ICC, insufficient training opportunities for hospital staff, and lack of essential equipment. Moreover, increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics was recognized as a growing issue. In comparison with the results conducted in 2003 targeting five governmental hospitals, a steady improvement was observed, but further improvements are needed in terms of the provision of high quality medical care. Particularly, dissemination of appropriate manuals, enhancement of basic techniques, and strengthening of the infection control system should be given priority. url: https://doi.org/10.2149/tmh.2013-03 doi: 10.2149/tmh.2013-03 id: cord-146391-jlu7nv6r author: Ohsawa, Yukio title: COVID-19 Should be Suppressed by Mixed Constraints -- from Simulations on Constrained Scale-Free Networks date: 2020-04-20 words: 3765.0 sentences: 167.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/cord-146391-jlu7nv6r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-146391-jlu7nv6r.txt summary: A scale-free network has been adopted for modeling on-line communities so far but is employed here for the aim to represent peoples'' social behaviors where the generated communities are restricted reflecting the spatiotemporal constraints in the real life. Second, if we adopt the constraint on m0, the number of all other people one meets separately each at a time, to the range between 2 and 8, its effect on the suppression of infections may be weak as far as we allow group meetings of size W of 8 or larger. This is an extension of SFN supposed to result in having each new node connected to "rich" people linked to a large number of "poor" people of low degrees by choosing link destination nodes by the probability estimated to be inverse of the harmonic mean (IHM). abstract: The spreading of virus infection is here simulated over artificial human networks. Here, the real-space urban life of people is modeled as a scale-free network with constraints. A scale-free network has been adopted for modeling on-line communities so far but is employed here for the aim to represent peoples' social behaviors where the generated communities are restricted reflecting the spatiotemporal constraints in the real life. As a result, three findings and a policy proposal have been obtained. First, the height of the peaks in the time sequence of the number of infection cases tends to get reduced corresponding to the upper bound of the size of groups where all members meet. Second, if we adopt the constraint on m0, the number of all other people one meets separately each at a time, to the range between 2 and 8, its effect on the suppression of infections may be weak as far as we allow group meetings of size W of 8 or larger. Third, such a moderate constraint may temporarily seem to work for the reduction of infections in the early stage but it may turn out to be just a delay of peaks. Based on these results, a policy is proposed here: for quickly suppressing the number of infections, restrict W to less than 4 if the constraint to make m0 at most 1 is too strict. If W is set to less than 4, setting m0 to 4 or less works for quick reduction of infections according to the result. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.09372v2.pdf doi: nan id: cord-002222-rgqwm3vb author: Olarte-Castillo, Ximena A. title: Divergent Sapovirus Strains and Infection Prevalence in Wild Carnivores in the Serengeti Ecosystem: A Long-Term Study date: 2016-09-23 words: 7544.0 sentences: 339.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002222-rgqwm3vb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002222-rgqwm3vb.txt summary: By screening a large number of predominantly fecal samples (n = 631) obtained from five carnivore species in the Serengeti ecosystem, East Africa, sapovirus RNA was detected in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta, family Hyaenidae), African lion (Panthera leo, family Felidae), and bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis, family Canidae), but not in golden or silver-backed jackals (Canis aureus and C. Long-term monitoring of sapovirus in a population of individually known spotted hyenas from 2001 to 2012 revealed: i) a relatively high overall infection prevalence (34.8%); ii) the circulation of several genetically diverse variants; iii) large fluctuations in infection prevalence across years, indicative of outbreaks; iv) no significant difference in the likelihood of infection between animals in different age categories. A total of 20 partial RdRp gene sequences (16 from spotted hyenas, 3 from African lions and 1 from bat-eared foxes) were obtained and used for the phylogenetic analysis, together with publically available sequence data from 25 representatives of all sapovirus genogroups, divergent unclassified sapoviruses, and other genera in the Caliciviridae family, including Norovirus and Vesivirus. abstract: The genus Sapovirus, in the family Caliciviridae, includes enteric viruses of humans and domestic animals. Information on sapovirus infection of wildlife is limited and is currently lacking for any free-ranging wildlife species in Africa. By screening a large number of predominantly fecal samples (n = 631) obtained from five carnivore species in the Serengeti ecosystem, East Africa, sapovirus RNA was detected in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta, family Hyaenidae), African lion (Panthera leo, family Felidae), and bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis, family Canidae), but not in golden or silver-backed jackals (Canis aureus and C. mesomelas, respectively, family Canidae). A phylogenetic analysis based on partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequences placed the sapovirus strains from African carnivores in a monophyletic group. Within this monophyletic group, sapovirus strains from spotted hyenas formed one independent sub-group, and those from bat-eared fox and African lion a second sub-group. The percentage nucleotide similarity between sapoviruses from African carnivores and those from other species was low (< 70.4%). Long-term monitoring of sapovirus in a population of individually known spotted hyenas from 2001 to 2012 revealed: i) a relatively high overall infection prevalence (34.8%); ii) the circulation of several genetically diverse variants; iii) large fluctuations in infection prevalence across years, indicative of outbreaks; iv) no significant difference in the likelihood of infection between animals in different age categories. The likelihood of sapovirus infection decreased with increasing hyena group size, suggesting an encounter reduction effect, but was independent of socially mediated ano-genital contact, or the extent of the area over which an individual roamed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5035092/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163548 id: cord-317028-f3bpwm5j author: Olmsted, Russell N. title: Prevention by Design: Construction and Renovation of Health Care Facilities for Patient Safety and Infection Prevention date: 2016-08-09 words: 5189.0 sentences: 287.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317028-f3bpwm5j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317028-f3bpwm5j.txt summary: The built environment encompasses a broad range of physical design elements, including spaces for care of patients, support services, electronics, and major technical equipment; building systems that provide air and water; and surfaces and finishes. Use of an ICRA has been incorporated into design standards as well as Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee guidelines that address construction and renovation. Design elements that support infection prevention and control Proactive planning for mitigating sources of infection both within and external to the construction project that will be affected Identify potential risk for transmission of airborne and waterborne pathogens during construction, renovation, and commissioning Develop ICRMRs to mitigate identified risks (see Appendix A for a stepwise approach to developing ICRMRs) There is evidence that an effective ICRA process can prevent HAIs. 25 Fig. 1 provides examples of effective containment methods. abstract: The built environment supports the safe care of patients in health care facilities. Infection preventionists and health care epidemiologists have expertise in prevention and control of health care–associated infections (HAIs) and assist with designing and constructing facilities to prevent HAIs. However, design elements are often missing from initial concepts. In addition, there is a large body of evidence that implicates construction and renovation as being associated with clusters of HAIs, many of which are life threatening for select patient populations. This article summarizes known risks and prevention strategies within a framework for patient safety. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27515144/ doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.005 id: cord-103893-p9ul6k5m author: Omame, A. title: A co-infection model for Oncogenic HPV and TB with Optimal Control and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis date: 2020-09-18 words: 5657.0 sentences: 358.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103893-p9ul6k5m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103893-p9ul6k5m.txt summary: A co-infection model for oncogenic Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Tuberculosis (TB), with optimal control and cost-effectiveness analysis is studied and analyzed to assess the impact of controls against incident infection and against infection with HPV by TB infected individuals as well as optimal TB treatment in reducing the burden of the co-infection of the two diseases in a population. Numerical simulations of the optimal control model reveal that the intervention strategy which combines and implements control against HPV infection by TB infected individuals as well as TB treatment control for dually infected individuals is the most cost-effective of all the control strategies for the control and management of the burden of oncogenic HPV and TB co-infection. In this section, we shall use the Pontryagin''s Maximum Principle to determine the necessary conditions for the optimal control of the oncogenic HPV-TB co-infection model. abstract: A co-infection model for oncogenic Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Tuberculosis (TB), with optimal control and cost-effectiveness analysis is studied and analyzed to assess the impact of controls against incident infection and against infection with HPV by TB infected individuals as well as optimal TB treatment in reducing the burden of the co-infection of the two diseases in a population. The co-infection model is shown to exhibit the dynamical property of backward bifurcation when the associated reproduction number is less than unity. Furthermore, it is shown that TB and HPV re-infection parameters ($varphisst{p} neq 0$ and $sigmasst{t} neq 0$) as well as TB exogenous re-infection term ($varepsilonsst{1} neq 0$) induced the phenomenon of backward bifurcation in the oncogenic HPV-TB co-infection model. The global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium of the co-infection model is also proven not to exist, when the associated reproduction number is below unity. The necessary conditions for the existence of optimal control and the optimality system for the co-infection model is established using the Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. Uncertainty and global sensitivity analysis are also carried out to determine the top ranked parameters that drive the dynamics of the co-infection model, when the associated reproduction numbers as well as the infected populations are used as response functions. Numerical simulations of the optimal control model reveal that the intervention strategy which combines and implements control against HPV infection by TB infected individuals as well as TB treatment control for dually infected individuals is the most cost-effective of all the control strategies for the control and management of the burden of oncogenic HPV and TB co-infection. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.15.20195297v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.15.20195297 id: cord-265699-0socw0hp author: Ortega, Miguel Ángel title: Dendrimers and Dendritic Materials: From Laboratory to Medical Practice in Infectious Diseases date: 2020-09-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infectious diseases are one of the main global public health risks, predominantly caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The control of infections is founded on three main pillars: prevention, treatment, and diagnosis. However, the appearance of microbial resistance has challenged traditional strategies and demands new approaches. Dendrimers are a type of polymeric nanoparticles whose nanometric size, multivalency, biocompatibility, and structural perfection offer boundless possibilities in multiple biomedical applications. This review provides the reader a general overview about the uses of dendrimers and dendritic materials in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of highly prevalent infectious diseases, and their advantages compared to traditional approaches. Examples of dendrimers as antimicrobial agents per se, as nanocarriers of antimicrobial drugs, as well as their uses in gene transfection, in vaccines or as contrast agents in imaging assays are presented. Despite the need to address some challenges in order to be used in the clinic, dendritic materials appear as an innovative tool with a brilliant future ahead in the clinical management of infectious diseases and many other health issues. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090874 doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090874 id: cord-286683-mettlmhz author: Ortiz-Prado, Esteban title: Clinical, molecular and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV2 virus and the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review date: 2020-05-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Coronaviruses are an extensive family of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans. The current classification of coronaviruses recognizes 39 species in 27 subgenera that belong to the family Coronaviridae. From those, at least seven coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans. Four of these viruses can cause common cold-like symptoms. Those that infect animals can evolve and become infectious to humans. Three recent examples of these viral jumps include SARS CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS CoV-2 virus. They are responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the most recently discovered coronavirus disease during 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. The rapid spread of the disease has taken the scientific and medical community by surprise. Latest figures from 20th May 2020 show more than 5 million people had been infected with the virus, causing more than 330,000 deaths in over 210 countries worldwide. The large amount of information received daily relating to COVID-19 is so abundant and dynamic that medical staff, health authorities, academics and the media are not able to keep up with this new pandemic. In order to offer a clear insight of the extensive literature available, we have conducted a comprehensive literature review of the SARS CoV-2 Virus and the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19). url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 id: cord-022119-bzd9e1q6 author: Orzell, Susannah title: Pharyngitis and Pharyngeal Space Infections: fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing date: 2018-10-15 words: 7308.0 sentences: 416.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022119-bzd9e1q6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022119-bzd9e1q6.txt summary: Deep neck space infections can also extend directly into the mediastinum or the lungs causing life-threatening mediastinitis or pneumonia, underscoring the importance of early recognition and treatment. The initial approach to a patient with suspected pharyngitis or parapharyngeal space infection, however, should always include a careful assessment for signs of airway compromise. Patients with persistent symptoms, who do not respond to empiric therapy based on the suspected diagnosis of infection, should undergo additional diagnostic testing to evaluate for the presence of the more unusual infectious and noninfectious entities. Deep neck space infections can present as discrete organized abscesses within specific neck spaces, as a soft tissue phlegmons without clearly forming collections of pus, or rarely, as a very rapidly destructive life-threatening process called necrotizing fasciitis. Complications of bacterial pharyngitis and deep neck space infections are uncommon, particularly if appropriate antibiotic therapy has been instituted and immediate surgical concerns have been addressed; however direct extension and invasion into surrounding structures or spaces are always a risk. abstract: Pharyngeal infections are very common in patients of all ages. They are typically associated with a sore and swollen throat that makes it difficult for the patient to swallow. They may also be accompanied by fevers, swollen lymph nodes, cough, voice hoarseness, and classic symptoms of an upper respiratory infection such as rhinorrhea. The majority of these infections are benign and run a self-limited course, although they often cause patients significant discomfort. A small but still significant number of cases will be due to a more serious process, such as a deep neck space infection. It is important to recognize the clinical and radiographic differences between these patients and patients with simple pharyngitis and triage them appropriately. Failure to recognize and treat patients with more serious infections can have dire consequences and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. It is also important to recognize that certain populations of patients will be more susceptible to atypical infections. Specific conditions, particularly those that lead to immunocompromise, should prompt the clinician to expand their differential and consider atypical causes of pharyngeal infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153042/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91080-2_5 id: cord-356188-rwf78stz author: Oshansky, Christine M. title: The human side of influenza date: 2012-07-01 words: 9515.0 sentences: 486.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt summary: Few studies have examined the role of monocytes during influenza infection in humans, particularly regarding the specific subsets mentioned above, but comparison of IFN-␥ production from T cells cocultured with CD64 ϩ CD16 Ϫ and CD64 Ϫ CD16 ϩ monocytes [119, 120] Cellular immunity Class I HLA presents peptides from internal and external viral proteins. As influenza primarily infects epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract, lung-resident DCs and macrophages are particularly important for efficient development of an adaptive immune response. [189] ), and in vitro studies suggest that activated human V␥9V␦2 T cells may have a role in the antiviral response by killing influenza-infected, monocyte-derived macrophages and producing high levels of IFN-␥ [190, 191] . Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection Characterization of the human CD8ϩ T cell response following infection with 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus abstract: A clear understanding of immunity in individuals infected with influenza virus is critical for the design of effective vaccination and treatment strategies. Whereas myriad studies have teased apart innate and adaptive immune responses to influenza infection in murine models, much less is known about human immunity as a result of the ethical and technical constraints of human research. Still, these murine studies have provided important insights into the critical correlates of protection and pathogenicity in human infection and helped direct the human studies that have been conducted. Here, we examine and review the current literature on immunity in humans infected with influenza virus, noting evidence offered by select murine studies and suggesting directions in which future research is most warranted. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22362872/ doi: 10.1189/jlb.1011506 id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 words: 14056.0 sentences: 775.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt summary: For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine''s PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. abstract: Over time the human–animal bond has been changed. For instance, the role of pets has changed from work animals (protecting houses, catching mice) to animals with a social function, giving companionship. Pets can be important for the physical and mental health of their owners but may also transmit zoonotic infections. The One Health initiative is a worldwide strategy for expanding collaborations in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment. However, in One Health communications the role of particularly dogs and cats is often underestimated. Objective: Evaluation of positive and negative One Health issues of the human–companion animal relationship with a focus on zoonotic aspects of cats and dogs in industrialized countries. Method: Literature review. Results: Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health, while owners are increasing aware of pet’s health and welfare. The changing attitude of humans with regard to pets and their environment can also lead to negative effects such as changes in feeding practices, extreme breeding, and behavioral problems, and anthropozoonoses. For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. Conclusions: One Health issues need frequently re-evaluated as the close human–animal relationship with pet animals can totally differ compared to decennia ago. Because of the changed human–companion animal bond, recommendations regarding responsible pet-ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conforming the biology of the animal are required. Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113789 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113789 id: cord-018555-3lta1tbp author: Overstreet, Robin M. title: Host–Symbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from Guest to Pest date: 2016-01-06 words: 15626.0 sentences: 706.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018555-3lta1tbp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018555-3lta1tbp.txt summary: We provide examples involving multiple triggers for organisms associated with termites, for an endemic virus being affected by multiple factors and having multiple effects on its commercial penaeid shrimp hosts, and for contrasting variables associated with two exotic viruses in wild and cultured commercial penaeid shrimps with an emphasis on hypothesizing how the pathogenicity developed in these two viruses. Atypical temperatures, such as warm water associated with power plants, can cause infections of a specific parasite during periods when the hosts are more likely to be consumed by predators, more susceptible to disease, or more susceptible to interactions among parasites that can occur and result in unusual pathogenic conditions. The transformation triggers phenotypic and behavioral changes specifically attracting infective specimens to predatory birds in which the trematode matures considerable detail the host-symbiont relationships affecting the outcome of pathogenic viruses in populations of commercial penaeid shrimp. abstract: The several meanings for the term “symbiosis” create confusion, which can be avoided when the author provides details of the interrelationships between the symbiotic organism and the “host” so that a reader can clearly understand what definition is implied in each case. For example, we, as opposed to many other mentioned readers, consider a symbiont as an organism living in an association with another regardless of whether it causes a pathologic response or not, but from our title, the reader may incorrectly infer that we consider a parasite to be different from a symbiont. A symbiont is an organism that uses another organism as a habitat. This chapter discusses the primary associations and associated conflicts involving the terminology. It also provides both differentiation between and conflicting views regarding the interpretation of the terms “infect” and “infest,” “infection” and “disease,” and other terms. Many seemingly harmless symbionts of a wide array of taxonomic groups are triggered to become pathogenic or virulent, and we provide several examples of the provoking (stimulating) triggers, with the understanding that in most cases, the conditions for the triggered activities are much more complex and complicated than presented. Examples of triggers follow: environmental ones like temperature, toxic chemicals (dose), chemotherapeutics, dietary changes, and geographic habits; internal ones like host site, host resistance or susceptibility, and host modifications; and combinations of these and other conditions. We provide examples involving multiple triggers for organisms associated with termites, for an endemic virus being affected by multiple factors and having multiple effects on its commercial penaeid shrimp hosts, and for contrasting variables associated with two exotic viruses in wild and cultured commercial penaeid shrimps with an emphasis on hypothesizing how the pathogenicity developed in these two viruses. The chapter ends by trying to answer the question of why would a symbiont become pathogenic in some hosts and not in others from an evolutionary perspective. It uses two hypotheses to explain the increased virulence. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123458/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28170-4_2 id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author: O’Ryan, Miguel L. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173613/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id: cord-340629-1fle5fpz author: O’Shea, Helen title: Viruses Associated With Foodborne Infections date: 2019-05-21 words: 9409.0 sentences: 500.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt summary: In infants, prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, RVAs could be detected in up to 50%-60% of all childhood hospitalisations due to acute gastroenteritis each year, were estimated to cause 138 million cases of gastroenteritis annually, and 527,000 deaths in children o5 years of age living in developing countries. Recent emerging epidemic and pandemic virus infections that cause severe disease in humans and that are associated with food production, preparation and food contamination include the coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Nipah virus, Ebola virus and some of the highly pathogenic influenza virus strains, such as the H5N1 subtype. Infections by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus, Nipah virus (NiV), H5N1 virus, Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Adenovirus, Astrovirus, Norovirus (NoV) and Rotavirus (RVA) in humans and animals are detected by nucleic acid amplification tests and serologic tests. abstract: Foodborne pathogens cause acute and chronic health outcomes of very different durations, severity and mortality, resulting in high costs and burdens to society. The issues of food safety and food poisoning are being increasingly emphasised, particularly in developed countries. Infection/contamination with many agents i.e., bacterial, parasitic and viral entities can result in foodborne illness. This article will focus mainly on viral agents of infection. A range of different viruses can cause food poisoning/foodborne infection, and infection can result in a myriad of symptoms, ranging from mild, acute disease to chronic, debilitating disease and even death. Due to the inherent differences between bacteria and viruses, namely the fact that viruses do not replicate in food, while bacteria do, viruses are frequently difficult to detect. This is compounded by the fact that many of the viruses associated with enteric disease do not replicate in cell culture. These factors can lead to a lag between reporting, detection and analysis of foodborne viruses versus bacterial agents. Despite these constraints, it is now evident that there are both well-established and emerging viruses implicated in foodborne infections, and the role of molecular detection and characterisation is becoming increasingly important. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096338902735 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90273-5 id: cord-021465-2pj26fmv author: PERDUE, MICHAEL L. title: Impact of Avian Viruses date: 2007-05-09 words: 14076.0 sentences: 696.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt summary: Although there is variation in the economic or ecological impact of various viral groups from year to year and among geographic sites, the "Top Ten" list of virus groups exhibiting routine significant impact on commercial poultry worldwide (not necessarily in order of impact) are paramyxoviruses (Newcastle disease); coronaviruses (infectious bronchitis); herpesviruses (infectious laryngotracheitis; Marek''s disease; duck enteritis); reoviruses (viral arthritis); picornaviruses (avian encephalomyelitis); adenoviruses (egg drop syndrome); retroviruses (lymphoid leukosis); orthomyxoviruses (avian influenza); poxviruses (fowlpox); and birnaviruses (infectious bursal disease). With the recent documented transmission of a lethal avian influenza virus from commercial poultry to humans, these ecological relationships take on new significance. Lymphomas caused by MDV and retroviruses are still the most common viral neoplastic diseases of poultry, and a recent increase in mortality and evolution of more virulent MDV strains indicates that the impact of these viruses will continue to be felt (Witter, 1996) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149826/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012362675-2/50016-1 id: cord-333041-69n2wwn3 author: Pal, Anandita title: Obesity-Driven Deficiencies of Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators May Drive Adverse Outcomes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection date: 2020-08-11 words: 4394.0 sentences: 227.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333041-69n2wwn3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333041-69n2wwn3.txt summary: Obesity is a major independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality upon infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the current coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). We further discuss how the effects of obesity upon SARS-CoV-2 infection are likely exacerbated with environmental exposures that promote chronic pulmonary inflammation and augment SPM deficits. Obesity is an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality upon infection with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. The SPM precursor 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA) increased antibody levels and improved survival upon pH1N1 influenza vaccination and infection in lean mice by promoting B cell differentiation toward the formation of CD138 + long-lived antibody secreting cells (18) . Taken together, these data suggest that the susceptibility of obese individuals to environmental lung diseases may drive an altered pulmonary immune response and a state of SPM deficiency that increases the morbidity and mortality to respiratory infections, including COVID-19. abstract: Obesity is a major independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality upon infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the current coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). Therefore, there is a critical need to identify underlying metabolic factors associated with obesity that could be contributing toward increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in this vulnerable population. Here, we focus on the critical role of potent endogenous lipid metabolites known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids. SPMs are generated during the transition of inflammation to resolution and have a vital role in directing damaged tissues to homeostasis; furthermore, SPMs display anti-viral activity in the context of influenza infection without being immunosuppressive. We cover evidence from rodent and human studies to show that obesity, and its co-morbidities, induce a signature of SPM deficiency across immunometabolic tissues. We further discuss how the effects of obesity upon SARS-CoV-2 infection are likely exacerbated with environmental exposures that promote chronic pulmonary inflammation and augment SPM deficits. Finally, we highlight potential approaches to overcome the loss of SPMs using dietary and pharmacological interventions. Collectively, this mini-review underscores the need for mechanistic studies on how SPM deficiencies driven by obesity and environmental exposures may exacerbate the response to SARS-CoV-2. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01997 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01997 id: cord-350749-ihkxouz8 author: Panda, Aditya K title: Plasmodium falciparum Infection May Protect a Population from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection date: 2020-07-29 words: 747.0 sentences: 51.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350749-ihkxouz8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350749-ihkxouz8.txt summary: title: Plasmodium falciparum Infection May Protect a Population from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection The authors have suggested that prior exposure of children to coronavirus OC43 offers protection against severe COVID-19 phenotype by possible crossimmunity. These observations encouraged us to investigate the possible role of Plasmodium infection on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection or severity. Based on these observations on Plasmodium infection and positive-strand RNA viruses, we hypothesized that there could be a possible association between malaria and SARS-CoV-2 infection. To validate our observation, we investigated the prevalence of COVID-19 in the Plasmodium falciparum-endemic area of Odisha, India, Odisha is highly endemic for P. falciparum for the last 10 years (2010-2019) from the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program and COVID-19 infection status in Odisha from the government of Odisha website (see https://health. Naturally-occurring anti-alphagalactosyl antibodies in human Plasmodium falciparum infections-a possible role for autoantibodies in malaria abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32726446/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa455 id: cord-022380-49oti4zg author: Panlilio, Adelisa L title: Occupational Infectious Diseases date: 2009-05-15 words: 15592.0 sentences: 809.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022380-49oti4zg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022380-49oti4zg.txt summary: Because infectious diseases may represent the most common cause of time lost from work, it is important for the clinician concerned with occupational medicine to understand the relationship of specific infections to specific work environments and practices, and to give at least as much attention to prevention as to diagnosis and treatment. Susceptible household contacts of infected adults and children pose a transmission risk in the workplace during the period of virus shedding, beginning about 10 days before the development of rash (about 1 week after exposure) until 7 days after rash appears. Varicella vaccination is also recommended for susceptible adolescents and adults who will have close contact with persons at high risk for serious complications of acquired varicella, including healthcare personnel and susceptible family contacts of immunocompromised individuals. The ACIP recommends that all healthcare personnel be immune to varicella, either from a reliable history of prior varicella infection or vaccination, to reduce the risk of infection and its complications, and to decrease the possibility of transmission of varicella zoster virus to patients (Table 22. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155632/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7216-8974-6.50026-9 id: cord-016962-8vjaot6i author: Pantanowitz, Liron title: Microbiology date: 2011-07-04 words: 4533.0 sentences: 393.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016962-8vjaot6i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016962-8vjaot6i.txt summary: Bacteriology covers important bacterial causes of infection including those due to mycobacteria and filamentous bacteria. Bacteria, along with some fungi (mainly • • Candida spp.) and archaea (single-celled microorganisms), make up the normal human flora of the skin, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, conjunctiva, and vagina (lactobacilli). Infection causes lung disease but may also disseminate to involve the hematopoietic system, gastrointestinal tract, as well as skin and soft tissue. These morphological features are helpful in differentiating the zygomycetes from other fungal agents of infection that may be seen in cytologic specimens (Table 4 .5). Infection may involve virtually any organ including the lungs, skin, bones, and brain ( Fig. 4.15 ). Budding is characterized by a central yeast with multiple surrounding daughter buds, that morphologically resembles a "ship''s wheel." Infection (paracoccidioidomycosis) is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, typically found in Brazil and elsewhere in South America. Other species that cause human disease include C. abstract: In order to render an accurate diagnosis, and correctly identify clinically important microorganisms, a good understanding and knowledge of microbiology is essential. This chapter provides a broad overview of microbiology that is relevant to the practicing cytologist. Virology addresses the cytopathic effects caused by viruses and discusses many key infections. Bacteriology covers important bacterial causes of infection including those due to mycobacteria and filamentous bacteria. Mycology deals with common fungi as well as deep mycoses, particularly those caused by invasive and dimorphic fungal organisms. Parasitology highlights the protozoa, apicomplexans, and helminths likely to be seen in cytology samples. Algae are also briefly mentioned. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121403/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0242-8_4 id: cord-260472-xvvfguht author: Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G. title: Antimicrobial strategies: An option to treat allergy? date: 2007-01-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Respiratory infections by bacteria and viruses often trigger symptoms of asthma in both adults and children. This observation and subsequent mechanistic studies have demonstrated important interactions among allergens, microbes and the atopic host. The mechanisms responsible for microbe-induced asthma exacerbations are only incompletely understood. A focal point of current research is the inflammatory response of the host following an encounter with a pathogenic microbe, including variations in chemokine and cytokine production and resulting in changes in bronchial hyper-responsiveness and lung function. Direct bronchial infection, exposure of nerves with resulting neurogenic inflammation and a deviated host immune response are among the mechanisms underlying these functional disorders. Lately, suboptimal innate immune responses, expressed as defective interferon production, have gained attention as they might be amenable to intervention. This review describes the suggested mechanisms involved in the complex interactions between ‘asthmagenic’ microbes, the immune system and atopy, based on in-vitro and in-vivo experimental models and epidemiological evidence. In addition, it provides a synopsis of potential therapeutic strategies either directly against the microorganisms or in respect to the associated inflammation. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332206003350 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.10.004 id: cord-104317-t30dg6oj author: Parker, Michael T. title: An Ecological Framework of the Human Virome Provides Classification of Current Knowledge and Identifies Areas of Forthcoming Discovery date: 2016-09-30 words: 7986.0 sentences: 408.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt summary: However, the obvious importance of viruses in the composition of all biomes has not (yet) been met with an appropriate fervor for the characterization of the viral REVIEW Recent advances in sequencing technologies have opened the door for the classification of the human virome. The discovery of intimate interactions of viruses with humans, like the role of endogenous retrovirus (ERV †) syncytins in placentation [27] , are categorically dissimilar to the classical view of viruses only as parasites and brings to issue how scientists are approaching the study of the virome. The application of this scaffold will not only deepen the understanding of known virus-host interactions in the ecological context of the virome, but will also identify logical next steps and gaps in current knowledge that are tantalizing areas for future exploration. Additionally, further characterization of the human virome is likely to uncover more viruses that persistently infect humans [31] , and such discoveries could pave the way for the treatment of diseases of currently unknown etiology. abstract: Recent advances in sequencing technologies have opened the door for the classification of the human virome. While taxonomic classification can be applied to the viruses identified in such studies, this gives no information as to the type of interaction the virus has with the host. As follow-up studies are performed to address these questions, the description of these virus-host interactions would be greatly enriched by applying a standard set of definitions that typify them. This paper describes a framework with which all members of the human virome can be classified based on principles of ecology. The scaffold not only enables categorization of the human virome, but can also inform research aimed at identifying novel virus-host interactions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045143/ doi: nan id: cord-271076-436nxsua author: Paul-Pierre, Pastoret title: Emerging diseases, zoonoses and vaccines to control them date: 2009-10-30 words: 3723.0 sentences: 173.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271076-436nxsua.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271076-436nxsua.txt summary: In Northern America, the spectacular spread of West Nile virus infection, another vector transmitted disease, in humans and horses, was rapidly followed by the development of several vaccines, including a DNA-based vaccine for horses. To prevent Nipah virus (Henipavirus) infection in pigs a vaccine has recently been developed but, unfortunately, in countries like Bangladesh, humans are directly infected by the reservoir, a fruit bat species. The changes following globalisation, climatic change [6, 7] , and the opening of previously closed ecosystems, have considerably modified the pattern of endemic (or enzootic) infections/diseases, and contributed to the emergence of new agents that are pathogenic for humans and domestic animals. It is even more true when facing a really emerging disease that moreover is zoonotic such as Nipah virus infection [27] for which no vaccine was available yet, because the causative agent was previously unknown; the only solution is once again to kill and destroy the infected and in-contact animals. abstract: Abstract Vaccination, when available, is undoubtedly the most cost-effective means of preventing and controlling, and even eradicating, infectious diseases. In recent years vaccination has also been used for other purposes in animal health, production and welfare, e.g. immunocastration. Vaccination of animals serves many different purposes, such as controlling animal infections and infestations, thus improving animal health and welfare; controlling anthropozoonoses and food poisoning in humans, thereby protecting public health; solving problems associated with antibiotic and anthelmintic resistance; helping to leave food-producing animals free of chemical residues; protecting the environment and biodiversity and ensuring animal farming sustainability. The problem is nevertheless more complex when facing emerging or re-emerging infections particularly zoonotic ones. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X0900872X doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.021 id: cord-303490-rixuuytu author: Pazos, Michael A. title: Estrogen Mediates Innate and Adaptive Immune Alterations to Influenza Infection in Pregnant Mice date: 2012-07-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pregnancy is a leading risk factor for severe complications during an influenza virus infection. Women infected during their second and third trimesters are at increased risk for severe cardiopulmonary complications, premature delivery, and death. Here, we establish a murine model of aerosolized influenza infection during pregnancy. We find significantly altered innate antiviral responses in pregnant mice, including decreased levels of IFN-β, IL-1α, and IFN-γ at early time points of infection. We also find reduced cytotoxic T cell activity and delayed viral clearance. We further demonstrate that pregnancy levels of the estrogen 17-β-estradiol are able to induce key anti-inflammatory phenotypes in immune responses to the virus independently of other hormones or pregnancy-related stressors. We conclude that elevated estrogen levels result in an attenuated anti-viral immune response, and that pregnancy-associated morbidities occur in the context of this anti-inflammatory phenotype. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040502 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040502 id: cord-263927-hnsyas9q author: Peci, Adriana title: Community‐acquired respiratory viruses and co‐infection among patients of Ontario sentinel practices, April 2009 to February 2010 date: 2012-08-09 words: 3210.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263927-hnsyas9q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263927-hnsyas9q.txt summary: Objectives To describe respiratory viruses, including co‐infection and associated attributes such as age, sex or comorbidity, in patients presenting with influenza‐like illness to a community sentinel network, during the pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 in Ontario, Canada. In multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, and timeliness of sample collection, single infection was less often detected in the elderly and co‐infection more often in patients <30 years of age. Co‐infection, but not single infection, was more likely detected in patients who had a sample collected within 2 days of symptom onset as compared to 3–7 days. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Higher proportions of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses, and rhinovirus, compared with other circulating viruses have been detected in patients with co-infections. 9, 15, 16, 20, 21 This study enrolled community patients presenting with (ILI) to a community sentinel network, during the influenza pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 in Ontario, Canada and documented the profile of respiratory viruses causing ILI symptoms. abstract: Please cite this paper as: Peci et al. (2012) Community‐acquired respiratory viruses and co‐infection among patients of Ontario Sentinel practices, April 2009 to February 2010. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(4), 559–566. Background Respiratory viruses are known to cocirculate but this has not been described in detail during an influenza pandemic. Objectives To describe respiratory viruses, including co‐infection and associated attributes such as age, sex or comorbidity, in patients presenting with influenza‐like illness to a community sentinel network, during the pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 in Ontario, Canada. Methods Respiratory samples and epidemiologic details were collected from 1018 patients with influenza‐like illness as part of respiratory virus surveillance and a multiprovincial case–control study of influenza vaccine effectiveness. Results At least one virus was detected in 668 (65·6%) of 1018 samples; 512 (50·3%) had single infections and 156 (15·3%) co‐infections. Of single infections, the most common viruses were influenza A in 304 (59·4%) samples of which 275 (90·5%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, and enterovirus/rhinovirus in 149 (29·1%) samples. The most common co‐infections were influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus B, and influenza A and enterovirus/rhinovirus. In multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, and timeliness of sample collection, single infection was less often detected in the elderly and co‐infection more often in patients <30 years of age. Co‐infection, but not single infection, was more likely detected in patients who had a sample collected within 2 days of symptom onset as compared to 3–7 days. Conclusions Respiratory viral co‐infections are commonly detected when using molecular techniques. Early sample collection increases likelihood of detection of co‐infection. Further studies are needed to better understand the clinical significance of viral co‐infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00418.x doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00418.x id: cord-315730-fzgxuak7 author: Penman, Sophie L. title: Safety perspectives on presently considered drugs for the treatment of COVID‐19 date: 2020-07-17 words: 12067.0 sentences: 627.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315730-fzgxuak7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315730-fzgxuak7.txt summary: Owing to their efficacy against viruses (mostly demonstrated in vitro) including influenza, HIV, coronavirus OC43, and SARS-CoV, a large number of clinical trials (>230) have been registered worldwide using chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine alone, or in combination with other drugs (e.g. azithromycin) for the treatment of COVID-19. At the time of writing, the RECOVERY trial (clinical trial identifier NCT04381936) which is the largest randomised control trial so far conducted for the treatment of COVID, has stopped recruiting to the hydroxychloroquine arm (1542 patients compared with 3132 on standard care) because of no beneficial effect either in terms of mortality or hospital stay (P. Assessment of QT Intervals in a Case Series of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Alone or in Combination With Azithromycin in an Intensive Care Unit Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial abstract: Intense effort is underway to evaluate potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID‐19. In order to respond quickly to the crisis, the repurposing of existing drugs is the primary pharmacological strategy. Despite the urgent clinical need for these therapies, it is imperative to consider potential safety issues. This is important due to the harm‐benefit ratios that may be encountered when treating COVID‐19, which can depend on the stage of the disease, when therapy is administered and underlying clinical factors in individual patients. Treatments are currently being trialled for a range of scenarios from prophylaxis (where benefit must greatly exceed risk) to severe life‐threatening disease (where a degree of potential risk may be tolerated if it is exceeded by the potential benefit). In this perspective, we have reviewed some of the most widely‐researched repurposed agents in order to identify potential safety considerations using existing information in the context of COVID‐19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32681537/ doi: 10.1111/bph.15204 id: cord-332379-340wczmq author: Pennington, Matthew R. title: Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface date: 2019-09-13 words: 11584.0 sentences: 604.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt summary: These findings suggest that adenoviruses may stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors in an entry/trafficking-dependent manner, leading to distinct immune responses dependent on the virus/cell type combination. Additional work is needed to understand the specific connections between adenoviral entry and the stimulation of innate immune responses by the various cell types present on the ocular surface. Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . abstract: Human adenovirus infection of the ocular surface is associated with severe keratoconjunctivitis and the formation of subepithelial corneal infiltrates, which may persist and impair vision for months to years following infection. Long term pathology persists well beyond the resolution of viral replication, indicating that the prolonged immune response is not virus-mediated. However, it is not clear how these responses are sustained or even initiated following infection. This review discusses recent work from our laboratory and others which demonstrates different entry pathways specific to both adenovirus and cell type. These findings suggest that adenoviruses may stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors in an entry/trafficking-dependent manner, leading to distinct immune responses dependent on the virus/cell type combination. Additional work is needed to understand the specific connections between adenoviral entry and the stimulation of innate immune responses by the various cell types present on the ocular surface. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090351 doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7090351 id: cord-269181-1h3wbhq4 author: Perelmutter, L. title: Immunoglobulin E response during viral infections date: 1979-08-31 words: 1655.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269181-1h3wbhq4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269181-1h3wbhq4.txt summary: Abstract One hundred and three patients (90 nonatopics and 13 atopics) with respiratory infections to various viral agents were studied retrospectively with respect to IgE immunoglobulin levels during acute (1 to 7 days) and convalescent (8 to 30 days) phases of infection. One hundred and three patients (90 nonatopics and 13 atopics) with respiratory i!fections to curious viral ugents were studied retrospectively with respect to IgE immunoglobulin levels during acute (I to 7 days) and convalescent (8 to 30 days) phases of infection. Clinical studies dating back almost 40 yr have suggested that upper respiratory tract infections are associated with bronchial asthma and can precipitate or potentiate attacks of bronchial asthma'', '' and wheezing in asthmatic patients. In the present study, it was found that naturally occurring viral respiratory infections modulated serum IgE levels in both nonatopic as well as atopic individuals. abstract: Abstract One hundred and three patients (90 nonatopics and 13 atopics) with respiratory infections to various viral agents were studied retrospectively with respect to IgE immunoglobulin levels during acute (1 to 7 days) and convalescent (8 to 30 days) phases of infection. It was found that 59% of patients had a decrease of 20% or more in IgE level, 27% remained the same, and only 14% showed a rise of 20% or more from the acute to the convalescent phases of infection. IgE levels decreased up to 3 to 4 wk after symptoms and the degree of decrease was more apparent for the nonatopics who had higher IgE levels in their acute phase of infection. Less dramatic decrease in IgE was observed for the 13 atopics studied. The changes in IgE levels during the viral infectious period are discussed in terms of possible cellular mechanisms that may control IgE immunoglobulin. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/458056/ doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(79)90046-0 id: cord-344093-3bniy5b5 author: Peteranderl, Christin title: The Impact of the Interferon/TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling Axis on Disease Progression in Respiratory Viral Infection and Beyond date: 2017-03-22 words: 12546.0 sentences: 578.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344093-3bniy5b5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344093-3bniy5b5.txt summary: A prominent regulator of disease outcome, especially in-but not limited to-respiratory viral infection, is the IFN-dependent mediator TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) produced by several cell types including immune cells such as macrophages or T cells. (73) Cell death induction, e.g., Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-8, Fas-associated protein with death domain, Fas ligand, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) dsRNA, polyI:C (4, 110) IAV (4, 5, 10, 115) Sendai virus (110) TRAIL Virus control by apoptosis induction in infected cells IAV (6, 170, 171) Tissue injury by apoptosis of both infected and non-infected alveolar epithelial cells, lung macrophages IAV (5, 7, 10) RSV (137) Necrosis of fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells IAV (146, 147, 168) Increased cellular infiltration CoV (175) Decreased expression of Na,K-ATPase, impaired epithelial fluid reabsorption IAV (11) iNTRODUCTiON In 1957, Isaacs and Lindenmann (1) first recognized the potential of a soluble and probably cell-derived factor to combat influenza virus infection and named this factor interferon [(IFN) from latin interferre, to interfere]. abstract: Interferons (IFNs) are well described to be rapidly induced upon pathogen-associated pattern recognition. After binding to their respective IFN receptors and activation of the cellular JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling cascade, they stimulate the transcription of a plethora of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected as well as bystander cells such as the non-infected epithelium and cells of the immune system. ISGs may directly act on the invading pathogen or can either positively or negatively regulate the innate and adaptive immune response. However, IFNs and ISGs do not only play a key role in the limitation of pathogen spread but have also been recently found to provoke an unbalanced, overshooting inflammatory response causing tissue injury and hampering repair processes. A prominent regulator of disease outcome, especially in—but not limited to—respiratory viral infection, is the IFN-dependent mediator TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) produced by several cell types including immune cells such as macrophages or T cells. First described as an apoptosis-inducing agent in transformed cells, it is now also well established to rapidly evoke cellular stress pathways in epithelial cells, finally leading to caspase-dependent or -independent cell death. Hereby, pathogen spread is limited; however in some cases, also the surrounding tissue is severely harmed, thus augmenting disease severity. Interestingly, the lack of a strictly controlled and well balanced IFN/TRAIL signaling response has not only been implicated in viral infection but might furthermore be an important determinant of disease progression in bacterial superinfections and in chronic respiratory illness. Conclusively, the IFN/TRAIL signaling axis is subjected to a complex modulation and might be exploited for the evaluation of new therapeutic concepts aiming at attenuation of tissue injury. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00313 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00313 id: cord-303320-3tjhisfg author: Petersen, Eskild title: Reflections on travel-associated infections in Europe date: 2015-01-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(14)71055-2 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)71055-2 id: cord-255623-qdpdsye9 author: Pham, Hien T. title: Clinical and Pathogenic Characteristics of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Treated at the Vietnam National Children's Hospital date: 2020-03-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Lower respiratory tract infections are commonly caused by viruses and cause significant morbidity and mortality among children. Early identification of the pathological agent causing these infections is essential to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use and improve patient management. Multiplex PCR techniques were recently developed to detect multiple viral pathogens using a single PCR reaction. In this study, we identify viral pathogens in children with respiratory infections. We collected 194 nasopharyngeal aspirates from infants (2–24 months old) with lower respiratory tract infections treated at the Vietnam National Children's Hospital between November 2014 and June 2015 and assessed the presence of 16 virus types and subtypes by multiplex PCR using the xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) assay. Overall, 73.7% of the samples were positive for at least one virus, and 24.2% corresponded to infections with multiple viruses. The most common viruses were respiratory syncytial virus and enterovirus/rhinovirus. These viruses were more frequent among younger patients (2–5 months old) and caused symptoms similar to those of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The most common clinical manifestation caused by respiratory tract infection was bronchiolitis. Elevated neutrophils levels were associated with adenovirus infection. Our results showed that the xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) can effectively detect multiple viruses causing respiratory infections in children and that the nasopharyngeal aspirates are a good sample choice to detect respiratory viruses in children. Applying this approach in the clinical setting would improve patient management and allow early diagnosis, thus avoiding the unnecessary use of antibiotics. url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7931950 doi: 10.1155/2020/7931950 id: cord-021977-yu0hrg6h author: Pham, Phuong-Thu T. title: Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient: Infections and Malignant Neoplasms date: 2010-12-27 words: 6923.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021977-yu0hrg6h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021977-yu0hrg6h.txt summary: Despite prophylactic therapy against common bacterial, viral, and opportunistic pathogens in the perioperative and postoperative period, infections are the second most common cause of death after cardiovascular disease (CVD) in renal transplant recipients. In the setting of immunosuppression, such viral infections may lead to the development of progressive liver disease or cirrhosis (HBV, HCV), BK nephropathy, post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (EBV), or squamous cell carcinoma (papillomavirus). 1 Sources of infections specific to recipients of renal transplant: perinephric fluid collections (e.g., lymphoceles, wound hematomas, urine leaks), indwelling urinary stents, or anatomic or functional genitourinary tract abnormalities (e.g., ureteral stricture, vesicoureteric reflux, neurogenic bladder blood, such as CMV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or pp65 antigenemia during surveillance studies. A suggested CMV prophylaxis protocol is shown in Figure 101 Clinical CMV disease is treated with intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg twice daily for 3 weeks, dose adjusted for renal dysfunction) with reduction of immunosuppression, such as withholding of MMF. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152293/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-05876-6.00101-5 id: cord-003915-kje8lvgl author: Pigeyre, Laetitia title: Interaction of a Densovirus with Glycans of the Peritrophic Matrix Mediates Oral Infection of the Lepidopteran Pest Spodoptera frugiperda date: 2019-09-17 words: 9040.0 sentences: 462.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003915-kje8lvgl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003915-kje8lvgl.txt summary: As orally transmitted viruses, densoviruses, are also challenged by the complexity of the insect gut barriers, more specifically by the chitinous peritrophic matrix, that lines and protects the midgut epithelium; how capsids stick to and cross these barriers to reach their final cell destination where replication goes has been poorly studied in insects. In addition, we showed that JcDV early infection results in (i) an arrest of N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) secretion by epithelial cells associated with a disorganization of the PM structure mimicking the effect of chitin-binding plant lectin; (ii) substantial changes in the expression of gut genes, which may also contribute to an early gut dysfunction and participate to viral pathogenesis. Results presented here show that JcDV capsids display carbohydrate-binding properties that insure recognition of the peritrophic matrix and determines caterpillars oral infection. abstract: The success of oral infection by viruses depends on their capacity to overcome the gut epithelial barrier of their host to crossing over apical, mucous extracellular matrices. As orally transmitted viruses, densoviruses, are also challenged by the complexity of the insect gut barriers, more specifically by the chitinous peritrophic matrix, that lines and protects the midgut epithelium; how capsids stick to and cross these barriers to reach their final cell destination where replication goes has been poorly studied in insects. Here, we analyzed the early interaction of the Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDV) with the midgut barriers of caterpillars from the pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Using combination of imaging, biochemical, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, we examined in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo the early interaction of the capsids with the peritrophic matrix and the consequence of early oral infection on the overall gut function. We show that the JcDV particle rapidly adheres to the peritrophic matrix through interaction with different glycans including chitin and glycoproteins, and that these interactions are necessary for oral infection. Proteomic analyses of JcDV binding proteins of the peritrophic matrix revealed mucins and non-mucins proteins including enzymes already known to act as receptors for several insect pathogens. In addition, we show that JcDV early infection results in an arrest of N-Acetylglucosamine secretion and a disruption in the integrity of the peritrophic matrix, which may help viral particles to pass through. Finally, JcDV early infection induces changes in midgut genes expression favoring an increased metabolism including an increased translational activity. These dysregulations probably participate to the overall dysfunction of the gut barrier in the early steps of viral pathogenesis. A better understanding of early steps of densovirus infection process is crucial to build biocontrol strategies against major insect pests. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6783882/ doi: 10.3390/v11090870 id: cord-268133-obwo7741 author: Ponce, José Burgos title: Overlapping findings or oral manifestations in new SARS‐CoV‐2 infection? date: 2020-06-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: We have read the short communication “Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection” (Martin Carreras‐Presas, Amaro Sanchez, Lopez‐Sanchez, Jane‐Salas, & Somacarrera Perez, 2020) by Dr. Martín Carreras‐Presas et al. with great interest. We congratulate the team for contributing to the knowledge about this devastating infection in such challenging times. However, we raise some concerns that must be addressed. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13478 doi: 10.1111/odi.13478 id: cord-309642-wwaa6ls0 author: Potgieter, Leon N.D. title: Pathogenesis of Viral Infections date: 1986-11-30 words: 10859.0 sentences: 770.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309642-wwaa6ls0.txt summary: 7 · 18 · 84 · 133 Such restrictions function at the cellular level either as the presence or absence of appropriate cell surface receptors (in some instances, they have been shown to be inherited as dominant alleles in a Mendelian manner) 9 · 18 · 26 · 46 · 68 · 97 ·u 9 · 120 or the intracellular hospitality of the cell (several genetic host restrictions on virus replication have been identified).18·32·59·80·82·108·109·120·126 Restricted growth of several DNA viruses in some cells results in transformation without production of progeny viruses. 112 The phenomenon appears to be mediated by virus-induced receptors on the surface membrane of cells and may be one mechanism of the often-encountered secondary bacterial infections associated with viral diseases. 51 · 52 · 104 Viral respiratory tract disease is a consequence of mechanical and biochemical injury to epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, which can, in the most severe instances, result in secondary bacterial infection, pneumonia, and death. abstract: The article considers factors that influence pathogenesis, initiation of infection, dissemination of virus within a host, lytic viral infections, viral immunosuppression, viral immunopathology, and viral oncogenesis. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0195561686501297 doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50129-7 id: cord-022582-2e9i3m4b author: Potsic, William P. title: Otolaryngologic Disorders date: 2012-03-21 words: 16047.0 sentences: 956.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt summary: When fluid persists in the middle ear for 3 to 4 months, causing a hearing loss or is associated with ASOM, myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement is helpful to resolve the hearing loss and reduce the frequency and severity of infection. In addition to antibiotics, treatment should include a wide field myringotomy from the anterior inferior quadrant to the posterior inferior quadrant, a tympanostomy tube placement for middle ear drainage, and a postauricular mastoidectomy to drain the subperiosteal abscess and the mastoid. These infections may be caused by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens; and in addition to sore throat, symptoms include fever, mucopurulent nasal drainage, nasal obstruction, and facial pain. Symptoms typically appear at birth or soon thereafter and include inspiratory stridor, feeding difficulties, and, rarely, apnea or signs of severe airway obstruction. Children afflicted with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis present initially with hoarseness but may also have symptoms and signs of airway obstruction, including stridor. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158348/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02842-4.50055-3 id: cord-271172-y48dovux author: Potter, Christopher William title: Chapter 25 Respiratory tract viruses date: 1998-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Summary Respiratory tract infections are among the commonest of illnesses, and most individuals will experience two to five infections during each year of their lives. The illnesses vary from relatively mild common colds caused by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses, to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia caused by adenoviruses and influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants: the former is associated with little morbidity and no mortality, while influenza is responsible annually for between 1 and 25 thousand deaths per 50 million population. Over 140 viruses cause respiratory tract infections, with the added complications of influenza viruses where new antigenic variants are recognized almost annually; and immunity to infection by one virus strain offers little or no protection to infection by others. Knowledge of the mechanisms of spread of respiratory viruses is largely understood and has helped in infection control; however, the clinical signs and symptoms of infection tend not to be diagnostic of the causative agent; and although vaccines have been developed for the more serious infections such as influenza and some adenovirus infection, none are available for other important infections. Treatment is largely symptomatic, but the compounds ribovirin for RSV infection and amantadine for influenza virus infection have been shown to be effective. Much remains to be discovered before more effective measures can be implemented to limit the enormous costs incurred by these infections. The number of viruses involved is large, and the spectrum of illness complex: in the present chapter, the viruses are described, together with the features of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical disease, and treatment. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569258297800098 doi: 10.1016/s1569-2582(97)80009-8 id: cord-023942-vrs3je1x author: Powers, Karen S. title: Acute Pulmonary Infections date: 2011-12-16 words: 11273.0 sentences: 673.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt summary: Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis remains the leading cause for hospital admission in infancy and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory failure in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units in North America. In a study of hospitalized infants with congenital heart disease infected with RSV, 33% required intensive care, 19% received mechanical ventilation, and 3.4% died. In the 1990s, fi ve randomized trials involving 225 infants, evaluating the effect of nebulized adrenaline (epinephrine) on bronchiolitis showed clinical improvement, with reductions in oxygen requirement, respiratory rate, wheezing, and decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis abstract: Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis and bacterial pneumonia account for the majority of lower respiratory tract infections that lead to respiratory insufficiency and pediatric intensive care admission. Twenty-seven percent of children who require mechanical ventilation for at least 24 h in pediatric intensive care units are diagnosed with bronchiolitis and 16% have the diagnosis of pneumonia. The median length of time intubated for an acute pulmonary infection leading to respiratory failure is approximately 7 days. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178869/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_25 id: cord-103342-stqj3ue5 author: Prakash, Meher K title: A minimal and adaptive prediction strategy for critical resource planning in a pandemic date: 2020-04-10 words: 3242.0 sentences: 168.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103342-stqj3ue5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103342-stqj3ue5.txt summary: We propose a strategy for estimating the number of infections and the number of deaths, that does away with time-series modeling, and instead makes use of a ''phase portrait approach''. Using our model, we predict the number of infections and deaths in Italy and New York State, based on an adaptive algorithm which uses early available data, and show that our predictions closely match the actual outcomes. Our approach can be summarized as follows: The COVID-19 data from most countries suggests that, especially in the growing phase of the pandemic, the number of active cases and the number of hospitalizations are both proportional to the total number of infections: approximately around 70-90 % and 20-30%, respectively. Thus, using the data from South Korea as a reference standard, the deaths versus infections curve has been readjusted as seen in Figure:3A CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. abstract: Current epidemiological models can in principle model the temporal evolution of a pandemic. However, any such model will rely on parameters that are unknown, which in practice are estimated using stochastic and poorly measured quantities. As a result, an early prediction of the long-term evolution of a pandemic will quickly lose relevance, while a late model will be too late to be useful for disaster management. Unless a model is designed to be adaptive, it is bound either to lose relevance over time, or lose trust and thus not have a second-chance for retraining. We propose a strategy for estimating the number of infections and the number of deaths, that does away with time-series modeling, and instead makes use of a 'phase portrait approach'. We demonstrate that, with this approach, there is a universality to the evolution of the disease across countries, that can then be usedto make reliable predictions. These same models can also be used to plan the requirements for critical resources during the pandemic. The approach is designed for simplicity of interpretation, and adaptivity over time. Using our model, we predict the number of infections and deaths in Italy and New York State, based on an adaptive algorithm which uses early available data, and show that our predictions closely match the actual outcomes. We also carry out a similar exercise for India, where in addition to projecting the number of infections and deaths, we also project the expected range of critical resource requirements for hospitalizations in a location. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20057414 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.08.20057414 id: cord-252691-757mh2mh author: Pratt, R. J. title: epic2: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England date: 2007-02-28 words: 25528.0 sentences: 1404.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252691-757mh2mh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252691-757mh2mh.txt summary: Following extensive consultation, they were published in January 2001.1 These guidelines describe the precautions healthcare workers should take in three areas: standard principles for preventing HCAI, which include hospital environmental hygiene, hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, and the safe use and disposal of sharps; preventing infections associated with the use of short-term indwelling urethral catheters; and preventing infections associated with central venous catheters. epic2: Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals S15 Current evidence-based guidelines conclude that in both outbreak and non-outbreak situations contaminated hands are responsible for crosstransmission of microorganisms and that effective and effective hand decontamination can significantly reduce both cross-transmission and crossinfection rates for the majority of HCAI in all healthcare settings. 1, 85 The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of epic2: Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals S19 the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation. abstract: Executive Summary National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England were commissioned by the Department of Health (DH) and developed during 1998-2000 by a nurse-led multi-professional team of researchers and specialist clinicians. Following extensive consultation, they were published in January 2001.1 These guidelines describe the precautions healthcare workers should take in three areas: standard principles for preventing HCAI, which include hospital environmental hygiene, hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, and the safe use and disposal of sharps; preventing infections associated with the use of short-term indwelling urethral catheters; and preventing infections associated with central venous catheters. The evidence for these guidelines was identified by multiple systematic reviews of experimental and non-experimental research and expert opinion as reflected in systematically identified professional, national and international guidelines, which were formally assessed by a validated appraisal process. In 2003, we developed complementary national guidelines for preventing HCAI in primary and community care on behalf of the National Collaborating Centre for Nursing and Supportive Care (National Institute for Healthand Clinical Excellence).2 A cardinal feature of evidence-based guidelines is that they are subject to timely review in order that new research evidence and technological advances can be identified, appraised and, if shown to be effective in preventing HCAI, incorporated into amended guidelines. Periodically updating the evidence base and guideline recommendations is essential in order to maintain their validity and authority. Consequently, the DH commissioned a review of new evidence published following the last systematic reviews. We have now updated the evidence base for making infection prevention and control recommendations. A critical assessment of the updated evidence indicated that the original epic guidelines published in 2001 remain robust, relevant and appropriate but that adjustments need to be made to some guideline recommendations following a synopsis of the evidence underpinning the guidelines. These updated national guidelines (epic2) provide comprehensive recommendations for preventing HCAI in hospitals and other acute care settings based on the best currently available evidence. Because this is not always the best possible evidence, we have included a suggested agenda for further research in each section of the guidelines. National evidence-based guidelines are broad principles of best practice which need to be integrated into local practice guidelines. To monitor implementation, we have suggested key audit criteria for each section of recommendations. Clinically effective infection prevention and control practice is an essential feature of protecting patients. By incorporating these guidelines into routine daily clinical practice, patient safety can be enhanced and the risk of patients acquiring an infection during episodes of healthcare in NHS hospitals in England can be minimised. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670107600024 doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(07)60002-4 id: cord-342133-khrljehj author: Principi, Nicola title: Bocavirus Infection in Otherwise Healthy Children with Respiratory Disease date: 2015-08-12 words: 5116.0 sentences: 243.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt summary: To evaluate the role of human bocavirus (hBoV) as a causative agent of respiratory disease, the importance of the viral load in respiratory disease type and severity and the pathogenicity of the different hBoV species, we studied all hBoV-positive nasopharyngeal samples collected from children who attended an emergency room for a respiratory tract infection during three winters (2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014). To evaluate the circulation of the different hBoV types and the possible relationships between viral load, virus genetic characteristics, and the severity of infection, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children attending the emergency room of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca'' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection arising between November 1 and March 31 during 3 winters (2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014) . Single detection of human bocavirus 1 with a high viral load in severe respiratory tract infections in previously healthy children abstract: To evaluate the role of human bocavirus (hBoV) as a causative agent of respiratory disease, the importance of the viral load in respiratory disease type and severity and the pathogenicity of the different hBoV species, we studied all hBoV-positive nasopharyngeal samples collected from children who attended an emergency room for a respiratory tract infection during three winters (2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014). Human bocavirus was detected using the respiratory virus panel fast assay and real-time PCR. Of the 1,823 nasopharyngeal samples, 104 (5.7%) were positive for hBoV; a similar prevalence was observed in all three periods studied. Among hBoV-infected children, 53.8% were between 1–2 years old, and hBoV was detected alone in 57/104 (54.8%) cases. All of the detected hBoV strains belonged to genotype 1. The median hBoV load was significantly higher in samples containing strains with both the N546H and T590S mutations compared to other samples (p<0.05). Children with a single hBoV-1 infection more frequently had upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) than those who were co-infected (37.0% vs 17.8%, respectively, p = 0.04). The duration of hospitalization was longer among children with high viral loads than that observed among children with low viral loads (8.0 ±2.2 days vs 5.0 ±1.5 days, respectively, p = 0.03), and the use of aerosol therapy was more frequent among children with high viral loads than among those with low viral loads (77.1% vs 55.7%, respectively, p = 0.04). This study shows that hBoV is a relatively uncommon but stable infectious agent in children and that hBoV1 seems to be the only strain detected in Italy in respiratory samples. From a clinical point of view, hBoV1 seems to have in the majority of healthy children relatively low clinical relevance. Moreover, the viral load influences only the duration of hospitalization and the use of aerosol therapy without any association with the site of the respiratory disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135640 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135640 id: cord-317548-ft7lkpzq author: Proud, David title: Upper airway viral infections date: 2007-07-05 words: 4004.0 sentences: 196.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt summary: Despite the major health care consequences associated with these complications, our understanding of how URI trigger upper airway symptoms and cause exacerbations of lower airway diseases remains limited. Given that HRV is the major viral pathogen associated with colds and exacerbations of asthma and COPD, we will focus on the current status of our knowledge of the response to HRV infection as representative of viral pathogenesis, indicating differences with other viral types when appropriate. Several factors are likely to play a role in determining the severity of the clinical outcome to upper airway viral responses, including the susceptibility of patients with asthma or COPD to experience lower airway exacerbations. Influenza vaccine is clearly effective in reducing upper airway symptoms, and in preventing lower disease exacerbations, induced by this virus during the winter months. Nitric oxide inhibits rhinovirus-induced cytokine production and viral replication in a human respiratory epithelial cell line abstract: Upper airway viral infections (URI) are a major cause of absence from school and work. Although morbidity is low in most of the subjects, the complications of URI, including otitis media, sinusitis and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an enormous health impact. Despite the major health care consequences associated with these complications, our understanding of how URI trigger upper airway symptoms and cause exacerbations of lower airway diseases remains limited. This article reviews our current understanding of the pathogenesis of URI, and of viral exacerbations of asthma and COPD, and considers host defense parameters that may regulate susceptibility to disease exacerbations. We will also consider current and potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of URI and their lower airway complications. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094553907000521 doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.06.004 id: cord-312795-0e4esl2o author: Puig-Domingo, M. title: COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology date: 2020-04-11 words: 2636.0 sentences: 115.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312795-0e4esl2o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312795-0e4esl2o.txt summary: People with diabetes in particular are among those in high-risk categories who can have serious illness if they get the virus, according to the data published so far from the Chinese researchers, but other endocrine diseases such as obesity, malnutrition, and adrenal insufficiency may also be impacted by COVID-19. Contacting the healthcare provider team by telephone, email, or videoconference is also mandatory in case of possible symptoms of COVID-19 infection in order to seek advice concerning the measures to avoid risk of deterioration of diabetes control or the possibility to be referred to another specialist (pneumologist or infectious disease doctor) or in the Emergency Services of the referral hospital to avoid the most serious systemic complication of the viral infection itself. For all these reasons, patients with adrenal insufficiency may be at higher risk of medical complications and eventually at increased mortality risk in the case of COVID-19 infection. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5 doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5 id: cord-271752-h05sten7 author: Pérez-Arellano, José Luis title: Executive summary of imported infectious diseases after returning from foreign travel: Consensus document of the Spanish Society for Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) date: 2018-03-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract In a global world, knowledge of imported infectious diseases is essential in daily practice, both for the microbiologist–parasitologist and the clinician who diagnoses and treats infectious diseases in returned travelers. Tropical and subtropical countries where there is a greater risk of contracting an infectious disease are among the most frequently visited tourist destinations. The SEIMC considers it appropriate to produce a consensus document that will be useful to primary care physicians as well as specialists in internal medicine, infectious diseases and tropical medicine who help treat travelers returning from tropical and sub-tropical areas with infections. Preventive aspects of infectious diseases and infections imported by immigrants are explicitly excluded here, since they have been dealt with in other SEIMC documents. Various types of professionals (clinicians, microbiologists, and parasitologists) have helped produce this consensus document by evaluating the available evidence-based data in order to propose a series of key facts about individual aspects of the topic. The first section of the document is a summary of some of the general aspects concerning the general assessment of travelers who return home with potential infections. The main second section contains the key facts (causative agents, diagnostic procedures and therapeutic measures) associated with the major infectious syndromes affecting returned travelers [gastrointestinal syndrome (acute or persistent diarrhea); febrile syndrome with no obvious source of infection; localized cutaneous lesions; and respiratory infections]. Finally, the characteristics of special traveler subtypes, such as pregnant women and immunocompromised travelers, are described. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0213005X17301052 doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.02.009 id: cord-026595-imn2jxcu author: Qamar, Mariam Khan title: What Do the Dental Students Know about Infection Control? A Cross-Sectional Study in a Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan date: 2020-06-01 words: 2416.0 sentences: 132.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-026595-imn2jxcu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026595-imn2jxcu.txt summary: Several studies have been conducted to assess the practices and knowledge of dental students and have demonstrated poor compliance of the students to infection control measures. A study conducted in India to assess the infection control practices among dental students showed that only one-tenth of the respondents adhere to the infection control measures [1] . Similar studies have been conducted worldwide to investigate the knowledge and practices of dental students on infection control [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] , and a general consensus is that students need awareness and must be protected in the unsafe environment. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding infection control measures among dental students in Central India Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of infection control among dental students at Sana''a University Knowledge, attitude and practices about hepatitis B and infection control measures among dental students in Patiala abstract: BACKGROUND: Dental students are exposed to various infections and infective sources during their training, and on this aspect, their level of knowledge is suboptimal and practices are risky. Therefore, improving their knowledge and practices would contribute significantly to infection control. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the level of understanding of senior dental students regarding the infection control in the dental practice. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental students (3rd year and 4th year) of the Foundation University Dental College, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 100 third year dental students and 88 fourth year students. A self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection which consisted of fourteen close-ended items. Frequencies of knowledge, attitudes, and practice were calculated separately by using SPSS 21.0 software. RESULTS: Almost half of the students would not use any antiseptic for sterilizing their hands, and only two-third would ask their patient to use an oral mouth rinse before starting the treatment. Many students did not the optimal temperature of the autoclave for sterilization of the instruments. Only one-third would wear the personal protective equipment during a procedure. Around one-third of the study participants reported that ineffective sterilization during clinical practice can transmit infection from one patient to another. CONCLUSION: Knowledge on infection control among the dental students is though weak, practices are not as per standards but attitudes are positive and encouraging for taking steps and complying with measures on infection control. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7285392/ doi: 10.1155/2020/3413087 id: cord-018208-sc8j1ate author: Qu, Bo title: The Accuracy of Mean-Field Approximation for Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible Epidemic Spreading with Heterogeneous Infection Rates date: 2016-11-09 words: 4157.0 sentences: 233.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018208-sc8j1ate.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018208-sc8j1ate.txt summary: Moreover, given the same actual prevalence, NIMFA performs better in the cases: 1) when the variance of the i.i.d. infection rates is smaller (while the average is unchanged); 2) when the correlation between the infection rate and the nodal degree is positive. Our work suggests the conditions when the mean-field approach, in particular NIMFA, is more accurate in the approximation of the SIS epidemic with heterogeneous infection rates. In particular, we compare the average fraction y ∞ of infected nodes as a function of the effective infection rate τ computed by NIMFA to that obtained by the continuous-time simulations of the exact SIS model when the infection rates are heterogeneous but the recovery rate is the same for all nodes. In this paper, we aim to understand how the correlation influences the accuracy of NIMFA by comparing the average fraction y ∞ of infected nodes obtained by NIMFA and the simulations of the exact SIS model. abstract: The epidemic spreading over a network has been studied for years by applying the mean-field approach in both homogeneous case, where each node may get infected by an infected neighbor with the same rate, and heterogeneous case, where the infection rates between different pairs of nodes are also different. Researchers have discussed whether the mean-field approaches could accurately describe the epidemic spreading for the homogeneous cases but not for the heterogeneous cases. In this paper, we explore if and under what conditions the mean-field approach could perform well when the infection rates are heterogeneous. In particular, we employ the Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) model and compare the average fraction of infected nodes in the metastable state, where the fraction of infected nodes remains stable for a long time, obtained by the continuous-time simulation and the mean-field approximation. We concentrate on an individual-based mean-field approximation called the N-intertwined Mean Field Approximation (NIMFA), which is an advanced approach considered the underlying network topology. Moreover, for the heterogeneity of the infection rates, we consider not only the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) infection rate but also the infection rate correlated with the degree of the two end nodes. We conclude that NIMFA is generally more accurate when the prevalence of the epidemic is higher. Given the same effective infection rate, NIMFA is less accurate when the variance of the i.i.d. infection rate or the correlation between the infection rate and the nodal degree leads to a lower prevalence. Moreover, given the same actual prevalence, NIMFA performs better in the cases: 1) when the variance of the i.i.d. infection rates is smaller (while the average is unchanged); 2) when the correlation between the infection rate and the nodal degree is positive. Our work suggests the conditions when the mean-field approach, in particular NIMFA, is more accurate in the approximation of the SIS epidemic with heterogeneous infection rates. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123029/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50901-3_40 id: cord-280184-91d8i6ix author: Querido, Micaela Machado title: Self-disinfecting surfaces and infection control date: 2019-06-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: According to World Health Organization, every year in the European Union, 4 million patients acquire a healthcare associated infection. Even though some microorganisms represent no threat to healthy people, hospitals harbor different levels of immunocompetent individuals, namely patients receiving immunosuppressors, with previous infections, or those with extremes of age (young children and elderly), requiring the implementation of effective control measures. Public spaces have also been found an important source of infectious disease outbreaks due to poor or none infection control measures applied. In both places, surfaces play a major role on microorganisms’ propagation, yet they are very often neglected, with very few guidelines about efficient cleaning measures and microbiological assessment available. To overcome surface contamination problems, new strategies are being designed to limit the microorganisms’ ability to survive over surfaces and materials. Surface modification and/or functionalization to prevent contamination is a hot-topic of research and several different approaches have been developed lately. Surfaces with anti-adhesive properties, with incorporated antimicrobial substances or modified with biological active metals are some of the strategies recently proposed. This review intends to summarize the problems associated with contaminated surfaces and their importance on infection spreading, and to present some of the strategies developed to prevent this public health problem, namely some already being commercialized. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.009 doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.009 id: cord-291711-usvvad21 author: Radermecker, M. title: Atopie et infections date: 2000-01-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Summary There are obviously important and reciprocal relationships between atopy and infections. Atopy predisposes to infections of the target organ, i.e. the site of the allergic reaction. As allergic inflammation prepares the terrain for these infections, it is particularly important to fight against allergic inflammation by eliminating allergens and irritants from the atopic subject's environment. In some cases, topical anti-inflammatory drugs, such as cromoglycate or corticosteroids spray or ointment, must be used. Reciprocally, infections of the target organ accentuate atopic diseases by superimposing their specific inflammatory phenomena onto those of the allergic reaction, by amplifying this reaction and by creating hyperreactivity of the target organ. The possible role of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in the pathogenesis of certain severe forms of chronic asthma could attribute a place to macrolides in the treatment or even the prophylaxis of asthma. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0335-7457(00)80034-9 doi: 10.1016/s0335-7457(00)80034-9 id: cord-302833-6kntd89t author: Radonovich, Lewis J. title: The Respiratory Protection Effectiveness Clinical Trial (ResPECT): a cluster-randomized comparison of respirator and medical mask effectiveness against respiratory infections in healthcare personnel date: 2016-06-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Although N95 filtering facepiece respirators and medical masks are commonly used for protection against respiratory infections in healthcare settings, more clinical evidence is needed to understand the optimal settings and exposure circumstances for healthcare personnel to use these devices. A lack of clinically germane research has led to equivocal, and occasionally conflicting, healthcare respiratory protection recommendations from public health organizations, professional societies, and experts. METHODS: The Respiratory Protection Effectiveness Clinical Trial (ResPECT) is a prospective comparison of respiratory protective equipment to be conducted at multiple U.S. study sites. Healthcare personnel who work in outpatient settings will be cluster-randomized to wear N95 respirators or medical masks for protection against infections during respiratory virus season. Outcome measures will include laboratory-confirmed viral respiratory infections, acute respiratory illness, and influenza-like illness. Participant exposures to patients, coworkers, and others with symptoms and signs of respiratory infection, both within and beyond the workplace, will be recorded in daily diaries. Adherence to study protocols will be monitored by the study team. DISCUSSION: ResPECT is designed to better understand the extent to which N95s and MMs reduce clinical illness among healthcare personnel. A fully successful study would produce clinically relevant results that help clinician-leaders make reasoned decisions about protection of healthcare personnel against occupationally acquired respiratory infections and prevention of spread within healthcare systems. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT01249625 (11/29/2010). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27255755/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1494-2 id: cord-285467-uxfk6k3c author: Ragni, Enrico title: Management of osteoarthritis during COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-05-21 words: 7077.0 sentences: 353.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285467-uxfk6k3c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285467-uxfk6k3c.txt summary: Since an effective immune response against viral infections depends on cytotoxic T cells activation (25) , experimental evidence supports the observation that overexpression of inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 during the viral immune response might be associated with a decreased viral clearance by impairing the polarization and functionality of Th1 and CD8 cells (26), contributing to the worsening of the COVID-19 symptoms, and their management may appear an intriguing therapeutical approach. Overall, the administration of drugs for the control of inflammation, inhibiting the response of the immune system, may be detrimental in the initial phases of the viral infection, reducing the ability of the body to react to the presence of SARS-CoV-2, as observed in patients chronically treated for rheumatoid arthritis (27) . All rights reserved This shall prompt orthopaedics and clinicians in general to evaluate with extreme care the clinical conditions of OA patients not only under the perspective of OA symptoms management but also for undercurrent comorbidities, naturally occurring or OA-treatment-related, that, in the era of COVID-19 pandemic, may strongly affect patients outcomes more than the net combination of SARS-CoV-2 infection and OA. abstract: The pandemic spread of the new COVID‐19 coronavirus infection in China first, and all over the world at present, has become a global health emergency due to the rapidly increasing number of affected patients. Currently, a clear relationship between COVID‐19 infection incidence and/or complications due to chronic or occasional treatments for other pathologies is still not clear, albeit COVID‐19 pandemic may condition the treatment strategy of complex disorders, as osteoarthritis (OA). Importantly, OA is the most common age‐related joint disease affecting more than 80% of people older than the age of 55, an age burden also shared with the highest severity in COVID‐19 patients. OA patients often show a large array of concomitant pathologies such as diabetes, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases that are again shared with COVID‐19 patients and may therefore increase complications. Moreover, different OA treatments such as NSAIDs, paracetamol, corticosteroids, opioids or other molecules have a wide array of iatrogenic effects, potentially increasing COVID‐19 secondary infection incidence or complications. In this review we critically analyse the evidences on either negative or positive effect of drugs commonly used to manage OA in this particular scenario. This would provide orthopaedic surgeons at first, and physicians, pharmacologists and clinicians at general, a comprehensive description about the safety of the current pharmacological approaches and a decision making tool to treat their OA patients as the coronavirus pandemic continues. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32438454/ doi: 10.1002/cpt.1910 id: cord-352222-zq9o66i4 author: Rajatonirina, Soatiana title: Outcome Risk Factors during Respiratory Infections in a Paediatric Ward in Antananarivo, Madagascar 2010–2012 date: 2013-09-12 words: 4137.0 sentences: 245.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease-related morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality among children worldwide, and particularly in developing countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in a paediatric ward in Antananarivo from November 2010 to July 2012 including patients under 5 years old suffering from respiratory infections. CONCLUSION: Co-mordidity, low-income and age under 6 months increase the risk of severe outcome for children infected by numerous respiratory pathogens. Our study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with the evolution and outcome of respiratory illnesses in patients aged under 5 years old hospitalised in one of the four main public hospitals in Antananarivo. In our study, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen as in other studies of hospitalised patients with acute respiratory illness, and Haemophilus influenzae type B was the next most frequent [16] [17] [18] [19] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease-related morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality among children worldwide, and particularly in developing countries. In these low-income countries, most patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI), whether it is mild or severe, are still treated empirically. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the evolution and outcome of respiratory illnesses in patients aged under 5 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in a paediatric ward in Antananarivo from November 2010 to July 2012 including patients under 5 years old suffering from respiratory infections. We collected demographic, socio-economic, clinical and epidemiological data, and samples for laboratory analysis. Deaths, rapid progression to respiratory distress during hospitalisation, and hospitalisation for more than 10 days were considered as severe outcomes. We used multivariate analysis to study the effects of co-infections. RESULTS: From November 2010 to July 2012, a total of 290 patients were enrolled. Co-infection was found in 192 patients (70%). Co-infections were more frequent in children under 36 months, with a significant difference for the 19–24 month-old group (OR: 8.0). Sixty-nine percent (230/290) of the patients recovered fully and without any severe outcome during hospitalisation; the outcome was scored as severe for 60 children and nine patients (3%) died. Risk factors significantly associated with worsening evolution during hospitalisation (severe outcome) were admission at age under 6 months (OR = 5.3), comorbidity (OR = 4.6) and low household income (OR = 4.1). CONCLUSION: Co-mordidity, low-income and age under 6 months increase the risk of severe outcome for children infected by numerous respiratory pathogens. These results highlight the need for implementation of targeted public health policy to reduce the contribution of respiratory diseases to childhood morbidity and mortality in low income countries. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24069161/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072839 id: cord-001455-n7quwr4s author: Rapin, Noreen title: Activation of Innate Immune-Response Genes in Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) Infected with the Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans date: 2014-11-12 words: 3719.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001455-n7quwr4s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001455-n7quwr4s.txt summary: title: Activation of Innate Immune-Response Genes in Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) Infected with the Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans Using tissue samples collected at the termination of an experiment to explore the pathogenesis of White Nose Syndrome in Little Brown Bats, we determined if hibernating bats infected with the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans could respond to infection by activating genes responsible for innate immune and stress responses. We found that bats responded to infection with a significant increase in lungs of transcripts for Cathelicidin (an anti-microbial peptide) as well as the immune modulators tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukins 10 and 23. We used samples collected during the experiment to address the question: Can hibernating bats respond to infection by activating genes responsible for innate immune and stress responses? We determined levels of transcripts for several immune and stress response genes (Table 1) in lungs from infected and control bats. abstract: Recently bats have been associated with the emergence of diseases, both as reservoirs for several new viral diseases in humans and other animals and, in the northern Americas, as hosts for a devastating fungal disease that threatens to drive several bat species to regional extinction. However, despite these catastrophic events little Information is available on bat defences or how they interact with their pathogens. Even less is known about the response of bats to infection during torpor or long-term hibernation. Using tissue samples collected at the termination of an experiment to explore the pathogenesis of White Nose Syndrome in Little Brown Bats, we determined if hibernating bats infected with the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans could respond to infection by activating genes responsible for innate immune and stress responses. Lesions due to fungal infection and, in some cases, secondary bacterial infections, were restricted to the skin. However, we were unable to obtain sufficient amounts of RNA from these sites. We therefore examined lungs for response at an epithelial surface not linked to the primary site of infection. We found that bats responded to infection with a significant increase in lungs of transcripts for Cathelicidin (an anti-microbial peptide) as well as the immune modulators tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukins 10 and 23. In conclusion, hibernating bats can respond to experimental P. destructans infection by activating expression of innate immune response genes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4229191/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112285 id: cord-278873-x6i5tiju author: Reddy, Vidhatha title: Management guidelines for pregnant healthcare workers exposed to infectious dermatoses date: 2020-04-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Exanthematous diseases are frequently of infectious origin, posing risks, especially for pregnant healthcare workers (HCWs) who treat them. The shift from cell-mediated (Th1 cytokine profile) to humoral (Th2 cytokine profile) immunity during pregnancy can influence the mother’s susceptibility to infection and lead to complications for both mother and fetus. The potential for vertical transmission must be considered when evaluating the risks for pregnant HCWs treating infected patients, as fetal infection can often have devastating consequences. Given the high proportion of women of childbearing age among HCWs, the pregnancy-related risks of infectious exposure are an important topic in both patient care and occupational health. Contagious patients with cutaneous manifestations often present to dermatology or pediatric clinics, where female providers are particularly prevalent, as a growing number of these physicians are female. Unfortunately, the risks of infection for pregnant HCWs are not well defined. To our knowledge, there is limited guidance on safe practices for pregnant HCWs who encounter infectious dermatologic diseases. In this article, we review several infectious exanthems, their transmissibility to pregnant women, the likelihood of vertical transmission, and the potential consequences of infection for the mother and the fetus. Additionally, we discuss recommendations with respect to avoidance, contact and respiratory precautions, and the need for treatment following exposure. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313827/ doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.04.004 id: cord-331673-xv1tcugl author: Reina, Giacomo title: Hard Nanomaterials in Time of Viral Pandemics date: 2020-07-15 words: 15712.0 sentences: 976.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331673-xv1tcugl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331673-xv1tcugl.txt summary: For instance, in the case of Herpesviridae and Paramyxoviridae viruses (both enveloped viruses with embedded viral-encoded glycoproteins), AgNPs can effectively reduce their infectivity, by blocking the interaction between the viral particles and the host cells with an antiviral activity strictly dependent on the size and ζ potential of the AgNPs. As a general observation, it was reported that smaller nanoparticles have better antiviral effect. cAgNPs could reduce cytopathic effects induced by RSV and showed efficient antiviral activity against infection by directly inactivating the virus prior to entry into the host cells. have reported that porous AuNPs are able to inhibit influenza A infection more efficiently than nonporous AuNPs. 39 This effect has been associated with the higher surface area of the porous material that favors their interaction with capsids and thus increases their antiviral activity ( Figure 4 ). abstract: [Image: see text] The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has spread worldwide during 2020, setting up an uncertain start of this decade. The measures to contain infection taken by many governments have been extremely severe by imposing home lockdown and industrial production shutdown, making this the biggest crisis since the second world war. Additionally, the continuous colonization of wild natural lands may touch unknown virus reservoirs, causing the spread of epidemics. Apart from SARS-Cov-2, the recent history has seen the spread of several viral pandemics such as H2N2 and H3N3 flu, HIV, and SARS, while MERS and Ebola viruses are considered still in a prepandemic phase. Hard nanomaterials (HNMs) have been recently used as antimicrobial agents, potentially being next-generation drugs to fight viral infections. HNMs can block infection at early (disinfection, entrance inhibition) and middle (inside the host cells) stages and are also able to mitigate the immune response. This review is focused on the application of HNMs as antiviral agents. In particular, mechanisms of actions, biological outputs, and limitations for each HNM will be systematically presented and analyzed from a material chemistry point-of-view. The antiviral activity will be discussed in the context of the different pandemic viruses. We acknowledge that HNM antiviral research is still at its early stage, however, we believe that this field will rapidly blossom in the next period. url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c04117 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04117 id: cord-280060-gzby85u9 author: Rello, Jordi title: Management of infections in critically ill returning travellers in the intensive care unit—II: clinical syndromes and special considerations in immunocompromised patients() date: 2016-04-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This position paper is the second ESCMID Consensus Document on this subject and aims to provide intensivists, infectious disease specialists, and emergency physicians with a standardized approach to the management of serious travel-related infections in the intensive care unit (ICU) or the emergency department. This document is a cooperative effort between members of two European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) study groups and was coordinated by Hakan Leblebicioglu and Jordi Rello for ESGITM (ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Travellers and Migrants) and ESGCIP (ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Critically Ill Patients), respectively. A relevant expert on the subject of each section prepared the first draft which was then edited and approved by additional members from both ESCMID study groups. This article summarizes considerations regarding clinical syndromes requiring ICU admission in travellers, covering immunocompromised patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.020 id: cord-260267-nau9kayk author: Ren, Lili title: Human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in Chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: A comparison study date: 2011-06-01 words: 2014.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260267-nau9kayk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260267-nau9kayk.txt summary: title: Human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in Chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: A comparison study Background: Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Background: Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Objectives: To characterize the role of HPIV-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in Beijing, China. Objectives: To characterize the role of HPIV-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in Beijing, China. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] However, the prevalence and clinical characteristics of HPIV-4 in Chinese paediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) have not been addressed fully. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Although HPIV-4 has been associated with mild ARTIs for years, recent investigations have also associated HPIV-4 infection with severe respiratory syndromes and with outbreaks of ARTIs in children. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the role of HPIV-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in Beijing, China. STUDY DESIGN: Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 2009 hospitalized children with ALRTIs between March 2007 and April 2010. RT-PCR and PCR analyses were used to identify HPIV types and other known respiratory viruses. RESULTS: HPIVs were detected in 246 (12.2%) patients, of whom 25 (10.2%) were positive for HPIV-4, 11 (4.5%) for HPIV-2, 51 (20.7%) for HPIV-1, 151 (61.4%) for HPIV-3, and 8 (3.3%) were co-detected with different types of HPIVs. Like HPIV-3, HPIV-4 was detected in spring, summer, and late fall over the study period. Seasonal incidence varied for HPIV-1 and -2. The median patient age was 20 months for HPIV-4 infections and 7–11 months for HPIV-1, -2, and -3 infections, but the clinical manifestations did not differ significantly between HPIV-1, -2, -3, and -4 infections. Moreover, co-detection of HPIV-4 (44%) with other respiratory viruses was lower than that of HPIV-1 (62.7%), HPIV-2 (63.6%), and HPIV-3 (72.7%). CONCLUSIONS: HPIV-4 plays an important role in Chinese paediatric ALRTIs. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics reported here improve our understanding of the pathogenesis associated with HPIV-4. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1386653211001739 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.05.001 id: cord-018302-lmly43rd author: Renaud, Christian title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Transplant Recipients date: 2016-02-15 words: 10500.0 sentences: 459.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018302-lmly43rd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018302-lmly43rd.txt summary: Respiratory viral infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause infections in immunocompromised transplant patients ranging from mild upper respiratory infections to severe lower respiratory tract disease with respiratory failure. Surveillance studies of respiratory viruses from transplant centers have established the high frequency and the signifi cant clinical impact of respiratory viral infections in HSCT recipients overall [ 8 -15 , 46 , 47 ] as well as the relative importance of RSV in terms of morbidity and mortality (Table 31 -2 ). A retrospective MDACC study of confi rmed RSV infections in 280 allogeneic HSCT recipients from 1996 to 2009 utilized multivariable logistic regression to demonstrate that lack of ribavirin aerosol therapy at the upper respiratory tract disease stage was an important risk factor associated with RSV LRTI and all-cause mortality [ 99 ] . abstract: Respiratory viral infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause infections in immunocompromised transplant patients ranging from mild upper respiratory infections to severe lower respiratory tract disease with respiratory failure. These viruses are more readily diagnosed due to improvements in sensitive molecular diagnostic methods. The epidemiology of RSV and hMPV is similarly becoming more readily appreciated in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients of all ages as well as solid organ transplant (SOT) patients, with lung transplant recipients having evidence of more frequent and severe complications related to these viruses. RSV and hMPV infection typically but not always present with upper respiratory signs and symptoms that progress to lower respiratory tract disease. Treatment options for RSV are limited, with aerosolized, intravenous, and oral ribavirin all studied in HSCT and lung transplant patients. No antiviral therapy for the treatment of hMPV is available, although ribavirin has shown some effectiveness in vitro. New antiviral agents including RSV fusion inhibitors and nucleoside analogs are being developed, with some under clinical evaluation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123147/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_31 id: cord-000457-e50a0suk author: Rhim, Jung-Woo title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of childhood pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection: an observational cohort study date: 2011-08-24 words: 3745.0 sentences: 182.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000457-e50a0suk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000457-e50a0suk.txt summary: METHODS: We evaluated the epidemiologic characteristics of all the subjects infected with the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (2,971 patients, ≤ 15 years of age), and the clinical and laboratory findings of the inpatients (217 patients, 80 had pneumonia) between 1 September 2009 and 31 January 2010 in a single hospital throughout the epidemic. In addition, during the study period we observed a dramatic effect of early treatment with corticosteroids and oseltamivir for patients with severe pneumonia including rapidly progressive pneumonia [9, 10] . We retrospectively evaluated all patients with 2009 H1N1 virus infection during the pandemic (2,971 patients) for epidemiologic characteristics, and for clinical characteristics, we reviewed the medical records and chest radiographic findings of 217 children admitted to The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary''s Hospital between 1 September 2009 and 31 January 2010. In pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infections, children of all ages were evenly affected, and males were predominant in pneumonia patients. abstract: BACKGROUND: There was a pandemic influenza around the world in 2009 including South Korea since last pandemic occurred four decades ago. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this infection in childhood. METHODS: We evaluated the epidemiologic characteristics of all the subjects infected with the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (2,971 patients, ≤ 15 years of age), and the clinical and laboratory findings of the inpatients (217 patients, 80 had pneumonia) between 1 September 2009 and 31 January 2010 in a single hospital throughout the epidemic. RESULTS: The age distribution of all the subjects was relatively even. Over 90% of cases occurred during a two-month period. Two hundred and five patients (94.5%) received oseltamivir within 48 h of fever onset, and 97% of inpatients defervesced within 48 h of medication. The group with pneumonia included more males than females, and had higher leukocytes counts with lower lymphocyte differentials than the group without pneumonia. The white blood cell count and lymphocyte differential were associated with the severity of pneumonia. Corticosteroid treatment for severe pneumonia patients was highly effective in preventing disease progression. CONCLUSION: Children of all ages affected with even rates of infection, but males were predominant in pneumonia patients. Pneumonia patients showed lymphopenia and its severity was associated with the severity of illness. Our results suggest that the mechanism of lung injury in 2009 H1N1 virus infection may be associated with the host immune response. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176209/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-225 id: cord-016882-c9ts2g7w author: Ribeiro, Edna title: Viruses Present Indoors and Analyses Approaches date: 2017-06-12 words: 10251.0 sentences: 466.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016882-c9ts2g7w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016882-c9ts2g7w.txt summary: It''s well known that approximately 60% of total human respiratory and gastrointestinal infections are acquired indoor, since viruses have a rapid spread in the community and can be transmitted easily, especially in crowded and poorly ventilated environments, causing high morbidity and decline in quality of life and productivity. Viruses'' inductors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza and norovirus are transmitted from patients primarily by contact and/or droplet routes, while airborne transmission occurs over a limited distance (Srikanth et al., 2008) . It is well-known that viruses are shed in large numbers, with transmission routes extraordinary diverse, including direct contact with infected persons, faecal-oral transmission (through contaminated food and water), droplet and airborne transmission, and can survive for long periods on surfaces or fomites, emphasizing the possible role of surfaces in the transmission of viruses (Barker et al., 2001; La Rosa et al., 2013) . abstract: Through human history viruses have shown enormous epidemiological and pandemic potential as the occurrence and spread of viruses in pandemic dimensions poses a threat to the health and lives of seven billion people worldwide. Scientific evidence has associated harmful health effects to indoor air hazards recognizing the existence of a vital concern in public health sector. Thus the assessment of human exposure to biological aerosols and droplets indoor became an imperative requirement of investigation. Environmental bioburden assessment of viruses relies in both culture-dependent approaches that comprise classical methodologies, still prominent and vital in the field of modern biotechnology, and culture-independent approaches based on nucleic acid amplification techniques, which are considered the gold standard in clinical virology. The main factor influencing indoor microbiology is the human being and their activities. Indoor environments to be considered are those regularly occupied by humans: residences, offices, schools, industrial buildings, health care facilities, farming activities and other settings occupied all the time, or in which occupant density is high. It’s well known that approximately 60% of total human respiratory and gastrointestinal infections are acquired indoor, since viruses have a rapid spread in the community and can be transmitted easily, especially in crowded and poorly ventilated environments, causing high morbidity and decline in quality of life and productivity. Studies have shown that respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, influenza and parainfluenza virus, and human enterovirus infections may be associated with virus-induced asthma, leading to diseases such as pneumonia. Gastroenteritis infectious (about 30±40% of cases) is attributable to viruses. Rotavirus, Astrovirus, Norwalk-like viruses and other caliciviruses are responsible for 48% of all reported outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease. Safe working conditions are essential for healthy living, that’s why the programmes conceived as a result of strategic and preventive policy maintenance, in refrigeration and ventilation systems, are the determining factor for the control of biological pollutants. Moreover, the development of highly sensitive and specific detection and identification methodologies with capacity to be used in diverse applications, such as diagnosis, public health risk assessment, research and for the implementation of preventive measures and protocols are imperative. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121309/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-61688-9_7 id: cord-254580-nhpjvgt4 author: Ricardo, Jose W. title: Considerations for Safety in the Use of Systemic Medications for Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis during the COVID‐19 pandemic date: 2020-05-27 words: 2749.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254580-nhpjvgt4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254580-nhpjvgt4.txt summary: In this review, we discuss overall infection risks of non‐biologic and biologic systemic medications for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and provide therapeutic recommendations. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding overall infection risks with systemic immunomodulating agents for psoriasis and AD, and provide evidence-based treatment recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. 11 While methotrexate and cyclosporine are associated with decreased infection rates and favored over treatment with systemic corticosteroids, 12 their impact on susceptibility to/severity of COVID-19 is unknown and, if essential, precautions should be taken to avoid infection. In a phase III, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on 837 psoriasis patients randomized to treatment with guselkumab, adalimumab or placebo, overall, candida, and serious infections, occurred at comparable rates across treatment groups. Efficacy and safety of guselkumab, an anti-interleukin-23 monoclonal antibody, compared with adalimumab for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis with randomized withdrawal and retreatment: Results from the phase III, double-blind, placebo-and active comparator-controlled VOYAGE 2 trial abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), is responsible for at least 2,546,527 cases and 175,812 deaths as of April 21, 2020. Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are common, chronic, inflammatory skin conditions, with immune dysregulation as a shared mechanism; therefore, mainstays of treatment include systemic immunomodulating therapies. It is unknown whether these therapies are associated with increased to COVID‐19 susceptibility or worse outcomes in infected patients. In this review, we discuss overall infection risks of non‐biologic and biologic systemic medications for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and provide therapeutic recommendations. In summary, in patients with active infection, systemic conventional medications, the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib, and biologics for psoriasis should be temporarily held until there is more data; in uninfected patients switching to safer alternatives should be considered. Interleukin (IL)‐17, IL‐12/23 and IL‐23 inhibitors are associated with low infection risk, with IL‐17 and IL‐23 favored over IL‐12/23 inhibitors. Pivotal trials and postmarketing data also suggest that IL‐17 and IL‐23 blockers are safer than TNF‐blockers. Apremilast, acitretin and dupilumab, have favorable safety data, and may be safely initiated and continued in uninfected patients. Without definitive COVID‐19 data, these recommendations may be useful in guiding treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32458536/ doi: 10.1111/dth.13687 id: cord-302247-moor7dfc author: Richards, James title: Feline Vaccination Guidelines date: 2001-05-31 words: 4808.0 sentences: 259.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302247-moor7dfc.txt summary: Kittens younger than 16 weeks of age are generally more susceptible to infection than are adult cats and typically develop more severe disease. 47 Immunity conferred by feline panleukopenia vaccines is considered to be excellent, and most vaccinated animals are completely protected from infection and clinical disease. If a susceptible cat is born into or is entering an environment in which viral upper respiratory tract disease is endemic (e.g., some catteries, boarding facilities, shelters), the use of a topical product may be advantageous. Manufacturers are required by the US Department of Agriculture to establish, by means of experimental challenge exposure studies, the minimum duration of immunity for the rabies virus vaccines that they sell, and products approved for use every year or every 3 years are available. Vaccination may be considered for cats in multiple-cat environments, where infections associated with clinical disease have been confirmed. abstract: The 1998 Report of the American Association of Feline Practitioners and Academy of Feline Medicine Advisory Panel on Feline Vaccines was developed to help veterinary practitioners formulate vaccination protocols for cats. The current panel report updates information, addresses questions, and speaks to concerns raised by the 1998 report. In addition it reviews vaccine licensing, labeling, and liability issues and suggests ways to successfully incorporate vaccination protocol changes into a private practice setting. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561601506026 doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(01)50602-6 id: cord-346539-kxnrf5g5 author: Riggioni, Carmen title: A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 date: 2020-06-14 words: 15760.0 sentences: 1112.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346539-kxnrf5g5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346539-kxnrf5g5.txt summary: This paper answers pressing questions, formulated by young clinicians and scientists, on SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19 and allergy, focusing on the following topics: virology, immunology, diagnosis, management of patients with allergic disease and asthma, treatment, clinical trials, drug discovery, vaccine development and epidemiology. The first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were reported in China in December 2019 1 and rapidly led to pandemic. 40, 41 A seroconversion study in COVID-19 patients has found and association between disease severity and SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA levels. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy may potentiate the low IFN-I and -III levels and moderate IFN-stimulated gene response reported in SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets and COVID-19 patients. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial abstract: In December 2019, China reported the first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has developed into a pandemic. To date it has resulted in ~6.5 million confirmed cases and caused almost 400,000 related deaths worldwide. Unequivocally, the COVID‐19 pandemic is the gravest health and socio‐economic crisis of our time. In this context, numerous questions have emerged in demand of basic scientific information and evidence‐based medical advice on SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19. Although the majority of the patients show a very mild, self‐limiting viral respiratory disease, many clinical manifestations in severe patients are unique to COVID‐19, such as severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia, extensive pneumonia, a “cytokine storm” leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, endothelitis, thrombo‐embolic complications and multiorgan failure. The epidemiologic features of COVID‐19 are distinctive and have changed throughout the pandemic. Vaccine and drug development studies and clinical trials are rapidly growing at an unprecedented speed. However, basic and clinical research on COVID‐19‐related topics should be based on more coordinated high‐quality studies. This paper answers pressing questions, formulated by young clinicians and scientists, on SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19 and allergy, focusing on the following topics: virology, immunology, diagnosis, management of patients with allergic disease and asthma, treatment, clinical trials, drug discovery, vaccine development and epidemiology. Over 140 questions were answered by experts in the field providing a comprehensive and practical overview of COVID‐19 and allergic disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32535955/ doi: 10.1111/all.14449 id: cord-017040-4zajnrsf author: Rihana, Nancy title: Skin Infections date: 2019-08-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Cutaneous infections are common in immunocompromised patients. Neutropenia predisposes patients to fungal, bacterial and viral infections. Antibacterial antifungal and antiviral prophylaxis have caused a significant reduction in some of these infections. There are two main types of cutaneous infections : primary cutaneous infections and cutaneous manifestations of a disseminated infection. In the latter, skin lesions may be the window to disseminated bloodstream infection and the first and only evidence of a disseminated life threatening infection. The diagnosis may be at your fingertips; therefore a thorough skin exam is the clue. However, it’s also important to know the characteristic lesions associated with different infections. It will help expedite diagnosis so appropriate treatment is initiated promptly in neutropenic patients, which can be lifesaving. In a retrospective study of 43 neutropenic febrile patients with cutaneous lesions, fungal infections were the most frequent, and nodular lesions on the lower extremities were the most prevalent (Naorungroj and Aiempanakit, J Am Acad Dermatol 74:AB166, 2016). Skin biopsy for pathological study and culture remains the gold standard and should be obtained early to confirm the suspected diagnosis. In these immunocompromised patients the inflammatory response is altered by either the primary disease or its treatment. Therefore, routine pathogens may present in an atypical fashion, with diminished or absent induration, erythema, or pustulation in response to bacterial resulting cutaneous infection without typical cellulitis (Urabe, Clin Infect Dis 39:S53–S55, 2004). Skin lesions are evaluated not only by morphology, but also in the context of the clinical setting and biopsy result. The skin biopsy is inexpensive, relatively noninvasive and without contraindication, and may avoid the need for more invasive procedures such an open lung biopsy (Grossman, et al., Cutaneous manifestations of infection in the immunocompromised host. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York, 2012). In addition to antimicrobial therapy, surgery should not be postponed in the face of progressive skin and soft tissue infection in this population (Brzozowski and Ross, J Hand Surg Br 22:679–680, 1997). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121505/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-21859-1_5 id: cord-008499-tl3i7uzd author: Robb, James A. title: Intrauterine latent herpes simplex virus infection(): I. Spontaneous abortion date: 2007-11-06 words: 6147.0 sentences: 328.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-008499-tl3i7uzd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-008499-tl3i7uzd.txt summary: Herpes simplex virus (HSV, probably type 2) antigen was detected in nonpregnant and pregnant endometria, placentae, umbilical cords, and neonatal tissues (companion paper) by avidinbiotin complex immunohistochemical studies. Spontaneous and therapeutic abortion material, endometrial curettage tissue, full-term placentae and umbilical cords, and stillborn and liveborn neonatal tissues were studied by HSV-specific immunohistochemical methods to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of these HSV antigens in cases in which HSV infection was not suspected or detectable as HSV cytologic abnormalities by light microscopy, virus particles by transmission electron microscopy, or infectious HSV by direct cultnre. T h e following findings strongly support our hypothesis that the staining detected in the target and patient tissues with the Dako rabbit anti-HSV 2 IgG (lot 1188, our screening antibody) is specific for HSV and, probably, for type 2 infection in t h e products of conception, placentae, umbilical cords, and endometrial curettage specimens: abstract: Herpes simplex virus (HSV, probably type 2) antigen was detected in nonpregnant and pregnant endometria, placentae, umbilical cords, and neonatal tissues (companion paper) by avidinbiotin complex immunohistochemical studies. HSV cytologic abnormalities were not detected in any of the 380 cases examined: included were specimens from therapeutic and spontaneous abortions (200 cases) and endometrial curettage (180 cases). The presence of inflammation was not correlated with HSV positivity. Endometrial HSV positivity was significantly correlated with normal late secretory phase (40 per cent of specimens positive), abnormal secretory phase (67 per cent positive), and therapeutic (33 per cent positive) versus spontaneous (26 per cent positive) abortions. Placental HSV positivity was significantly correlated with spontaneous (39 per cent positive) versus therapeutic (14 per cent positive) abortions and with blighted ova (67 per cent positive). No significant correlation was found between HSV positivity and a clinical history of oral or genital HSV infection in either the patient or the male partner. The data support the concept of a subclinical latent intrauterine endometrial HSV infection that is hormonally regulated and can produce transplacental infection of the embryo or fetus, with variable consequences. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7131424/ doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(86)80561-5 id: cord-304720-0lgup7yj author: Robbins, R.C. title: Swine Diseases and Disorders date: 2014-08-21 words: 12872.0 sentences: 837.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt summary: The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Important history to understand from caretakers includes: age of pigs affected, duration of clinical signs, morbidity rate, mortality rate, treatments administered, response to treatments, and any other important information regarding previous diagnoses or disease in the affected group of animals. Records include but are not limited to: where the animals originated from; number in the herd; age; daily mortality; number treated; name of treatment, route of delivery and dose; feed and water usage; high-low temperatures; and vaccinations received or administered. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. abstract: Swine diseases and disorders that are significant in modern, commercial swine production systems are organized by body system; the reader will need to know basic anatomy and physiology. The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Diseases of a particular system are summarized in a differential diagnosis table. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780444525123001340 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00134-0 id: cord-288505-v4dbswyk author: Roberts, M.T.M. title: An analysis of imported infections over a 5-year period at a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom date: 2003-11-30 words: 1881.0 sentences: 107.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288505-v4dbswyk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288505-v4dbswyk.txt summary: A 5-year analysis of cases seen in a large teaching and district general hospital in the Eastern Region of the UK was performed using ward records correlated with Hospital coding data and Hospital Episode Statistics from the Department of Health. The analysis includes all imported infections seen on the infectious diseases ward as recorded in the ward data book, at Addenbrooke''s hospital in Cambridge, UK over a 5-year period 1998 -2002. The number of imported infections necessitating hospital admission is surprisingly high, yet it is likely that this is ''the tip of an iceberg'' with many cases treated by general practitioners or non-specialist hospital physicians in this and other local hospitals and some not seeking medical attention. In conclusion, this local analysis illustrates the surprising number and diversity of imported infections seen at a hospital away from major ports of entry despite which it largely mirrors the national situation. abstract: Abstract Background. Imported infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom. Methods. A 5-year analysis of cases seen in a large teaching and district general hospital in the Eastern Region of the UK was performed using ward records correlated with Hospital coding data and Hospital Episode Statistics from the Department of Health. Results. A surprising number (301) and diversity of imported infections was diagnosed. Prophylactic measures were, where assessable, generally inadequate. Conclusions. These data warrant renewed efforts to educate travellers of the risks of infection acquired abroad. The continued rise in global travel along with emergence of new infectious diseases emphasises further the need for expanded infectious diseases services incorporating accessible travel advice services in the UK which are currently underprovided. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291922/ doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2003.10.002 id: cord-017622-aqhyt7jg author: Robertson, Lucy J. title: Cryptosporidiosis in Farmed Animals date: 2013-08-17 words: 22789.0 sentences: 1311.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt summary: Cryptosporidiosis was first identified as a disease of veterinary, rather than human medical, importance, and infection of farmed animals with different species of Cryptosporidium continues to be of veterinary clinical concern. This chapter provides insights into Cryptosporidium infection in a range of farmed animals – cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cervids, camelids, rabbits, water buffalo and poultry – presenting not only an updated overview of the infection in these animals, but also information on clinical disease, infection dynamics and zoonotic potential. Although extensive data have been accrued on, for example, Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves, and calf cryptosporidiosis continues to be a major veterinary concern especially in temperate regions, there remains a paucity of data for other farmed animals, despite Cryptosporidium infection causing significant clinical disease and also, for some species, with the potential for transmission of infection to people, either directly or indirectly. abstract: Cryptosporidiosis was first identified as a disease of veterinary, rather than human medical, importance, and infection of farmed animals with different species of Cryptosporidium continues to be of veterinary clinical concern. This chapter provides insights into Cryptosporidium infection in a range of farmed animals – cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cervids, camelids, rabbits, water buffalo and poultry – presenting not only an updated overview of the infection in these animals, but also information on clinical disease, infection dynamics and zoonotic potential. Although extensive data have been accrued on, for example, Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves, and calf cryptosporidiosis continues to be a major veterinary concern especially in temperate regions, there remains a paucity of data for other farmed animals, despite Cryptosporidium infection causing significant clinical disease and also, for some species, with the potential for transmission of infection to people, either directly or indirectly. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122230/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6_4 id: cord-270892-ycc3csyh author: Rollinger, Judith M. title: The human rhinovirus: human‐pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery date: 2010-12-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: As the major etiological agent of the common cold, human rhinoviruses (HRV) cause millions of lost working and school days annually. Moreover, clinical studies proved an association between harmless upper respiratory tract infections and more severe diseases e.g. sinusitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both the medicinal and socio‐economic impact of HRV infections and the lack of antiviral drugs substantiate the need for intensive antiviral research. A common structural feature of the approximately 100 HRV serotypes is the icosahedrally shaped capsid formed by 60 identical copies of viral capsid proteins VP1‐4. The capsid protects the single‐stranded, positive sense RNA genome of about 7,400 bases in length. Both structural as well as nonstructural proteins produced during the viral life cycle have been identified as potential targets for blocking viral replication at the step of attachment, entry, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis by synthetic or natural compounds. Moreover, interferon and phytoceuticals were shown to protect host cells. Most of the known inhibitors of HRV replication were discovered as a result of empirical or semi‐empirical screening in cell culture. Structure–activity relationship studies are used for hit optimization and lead structure discovery. The increasing structural insight and molecular understanding of viral proteins on the one hand and the advent of innovative computer‐assisted technologies on the other hand have facilitated a rationalized access for the discovery of small chemical entities with antirhinoviral (anti‐HRV) activity. This review will (i) summarize existing structural knowledge about HRV, (ii) focus on mechanisms of anti‐HRV agents from synthetic and natural origin, and (iii) demonstrate strategies for efficient lead structure discovery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 1, 42–92, 2010 url: https://doi.org/10.1002/med.20176 doi: 10.1002/med.20176 id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 words: 34464.0 sentences: 1865.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt summary: Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . abstract: As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naïve population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. Recent outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus illustrate the emerging threats that are encountered. By utilizing animal models in this endeavor, the host response to viruses can be studied in a more complex and integrated context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products rapidly. This is especially true in the advent and implementation of the FDA animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to consider prior to an animal study are route of viral exposure, species of animal, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128094686000334 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 words: 28834.0 sentences: 1797.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt summary: An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. abstract: Abstract As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naive population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. By using animal models in this endeavor, the response to viruses can be studied in a more natural context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products. This is especially true in the advent of the Food and Drug Administration's animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all the aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to be considered before an animal study are the route of challenge, species of animals, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124158948000385 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 id: cord-351490-2fx0w30u author: Russell, Clark D. title: Treatable traits and therapeutic targets: Goals for systems biology in infectious disease date: 2017-04-27 words: 4149.0 sentences: 185.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351490-2fx0w30u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351490-2fx0w30u.txt summary: A systems medicine approach to infection has the potential to provide new solutions to old problems: to identify host traits that are potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention, and the host immune factors that could be targeted by host-directed therapies. We suggest there are two major goals for systems biology in infection medicine: (1) to identify subgroups of patients that share treatable features; and, (2) to integrate high-throughput data from clinical and in vitro sources in order to predict tractable therapeutic targets with the potential to alter disease trajectories for individual patients. A systems medicine approach to infection has the potential to combine and integrate relevant signals from clinical, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and pathogen biology data to draw inferences about disease pathogenesis. A more specific host-directed therapy, recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC), was licensed for treatment of severe sepsis based on the results of a single clinical trial [20] . abstract: Among the many medical applications of systems biology, we contend that infectious disease is one of the most important and tractable targets. We take the view that the complexity of the immune system is an inevitable consequence of its evolution, and this complexity has frustrated reductionist efforts to develop host-directed therapies for infection. However, since hosts vary widely in susceptibility and tolerance to infection, host-directed therapies are likely to be effective, by altering the biology of a susceptible host to induce a response more similar to a host who survives. Such therapies should exert minimal selection pressure on organisms, thus greatly decreasing the probability of pathogen resistance developing. A systems medicine approach to infection has the potential to provide new solutions to old problems: to identify host traits that are potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention, and the host immune factors that could be targeted by host-directed therapies. Furthermore, undiscovered sub-groups with different responses to treatment are almost certain to exist among patients presenting with life-threatening infection, since this population is markedly clinically heterogeneous. A major driving force behind high-throughput clinical phenotyping studies is the aspiration that these subgroups, hitherto opaque to observation, may be observed in the data generated by new technologies. Subgroups of patients are unlikely to be static – serial clinical and biological phenotyping may reveal different trajectories through the pathophysiology of disease, in which different therapeutic approaches are required. We suggest there are two major goals for systems biology in infection medicine: (1) to identify subgroups of patients that share treatable features; and, (2) to integrate high-throughput data from clinical and in vitro sources in order to predict tractable therapeutic targets with the potential to alter disease trajectories for individual patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coisb.2017.04.003 doi: 10.1016/j.coisb.2017.04.003 id: cord-324950-ux7shvji author: Saade, Georges title: Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract date: 2020-06-16 words: 11744.0 sentences: 522.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324950-ux7shvji.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324950-ux7shvji.txt summary: In pigs, the term "Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex" (PRDC) is often used to describe coinfections involving viruses such as swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and Porcine CircoVirus type 2 (PCV2) as well as bacteria like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The outcome of any coinfection or superinfection can be affected by the interactions taking place between the infectious agents, the nature of the cell/host, adverse environmental and management conditions, intestinal and respiratory microbiomes, and the triggered immune response-innate and adaptive-developed afterwards [2, 3] . It is well-known that viral infections can induce an ideal environment for a bacterial superinfection through different mechanisms such as the destruction of the epithelial barrier, the over-expression of the receptors involved in the bacterial adhesion to the cells, and the alteration of the host immune response [1, 2, 94, 95] . abstract: Understudied, coinfections are more frequent in pig farms than single infections. In pigs, the term “Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex” (PRDC) is often used to describe coinfections involving viruses such as swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and Porcine CircoVirus type 2 (PCV2) as well as bacteria like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The clinical outcome of the various coinfection or superinfection situations is usually assessed in the studies while in most of cases there is no clear elucidation of the fine mechanisms shaping the complex interactions occurring between microorganisms. In this comprehensive review, we aimed at identifying the studies dealing with coinfections or superinfections in the pig respiratory tract and at presenting the interactions between pathogens and, when possible, the mechanisms controlling them. Coinfections and superinfections involving viruses and bacteria were considered while research articles including protozoan and fungi were excluded. We discuss the main limitations complicating the interpretation of coinfection/superinfection studies, and the high potential perspectives in this fascinating research field, which is expecting to gain more and more interest in the next years for the obvious benefit of animal health. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-020-00807-8 doi: 10.1186/s13567-020-00807-8 id: cord-010162-hfo35gsq author: Saikku, Pekka title: Atypical respiratory pathogens date: 2014-12-29 words: 3069.0 sentences: 179.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010162-hfo35gsq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010162-hfo35gsq.txt summary: The main atypical pathogens in respiratory tract infections are classified on the basis of their ability to cause atypical pneumonia. The majority of these pathogens cause upper respiratory tract infections more often than overt pneumonias. In the following sections the main bacterial agents causing atypical respiratory tract infections are discussed, with a special emphasis on the latest bacterial addition, Chlamydia pneumoniae. Respiratory tract infections caused by Chlamydia psittaci are directly dependent on exposure to birds carrying the pathogen. The role that Chlamydia pneumoniae plays in other acute respiratory tract infections is still under study. It should also be attempted in Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in order to obtain information on disease associations and strain variability of this newly recognized pathogen. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pnenmoniae strain TWAR Chlamydia pnenmoniae, strain TWAR, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and viral infections in acute respiratory disease in a university student health clinic population abstract: The main atypical pathogens in respiratory tract infections are classified on the basis of their ability to cause atypical pneumonia. This is not a well-defined clinical entity, and it is evident that atypical pathogens can sometimes cause ‘typical’ pneumonias and vice versa. This emphasizes the need for microbiological diagnosis, since it affects the selection of proper treatment, in which β-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides are not effective. Moreover, mixed infections caused by atypical and typical pathogens together are common. At this moment rapid and sensitive diagnostic methods are lacking. Besides numerous viruses, the main bacterial pathogens causing atypical pneumonias are Mycoplasma pneumoniae, two chlamydial species, Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. psittaci, one rickettsia, Coxiella burnetti, and several Legionella species. The majority of these pathogens cause upper respiratory tract infections more often than overt pneumonias. An atypical agent, Chlamydia pneumoniae, has also been associated with chronic inflammatory conditions in the cardiovascular system. The most recently discovered pathogen in atypical pneumonias is a hantavirus causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172217/ doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00464.x id: cord-273326-gmw8gl2r author: Saiz, Juan-Carlos title: Host-Directed Antivirals: A Realistic Alternative to Fight Zika Virus date: 2018-08-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, was an almost neglected pathogen until its introduction in the Americas in 2015, where it has been responsible for a threat to global health, causing a great social and sanitary alarm due to its increased virulence, rapid spread, and an association with severe neurological and ophthalmological complications. Currently, no specific antiviral therapy against ZIKV is available, and treatments are palliative and mainly directed toward the relief of symptoms, such as fever and rash, by administering antipyretics, anti-histamines, and fluids for dehydration. Nevertheless, lately, search for antivirals has been a major aim in ZIKV investigations. To do so, screening of libraries from different sources, testing of natural compounds, and repurposing of drugs with known antiviral activity have allowed the identification of several antiviral candidates directed to both viral (structural proteins and enzymes) and cellular elements. Here, we present an updated review of current knowledge about anti-ZIKV strategies, focusing on host-directed antivirals as a realistic alternative to combat ZIKV infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30149598/ doi: 10.3390/v10090453 id: cord-017331-ru7mvfc0 author: Samanta, Indranil title: Infectious Diseases date: 2017-02-25 words: 37735.0 sentences: 2273.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017331-ru7mvfc0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017331-ru7mvfc0.txt summary: The chapter includes history, etiology, susceptible hosts, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, lesion, diagnosis, zoonosis, Treatment and control strategy of Tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Chlamydiosis, Campylobacteriosis, Lyme disease, other bacterial infection, Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza infection, West Nile Virus infection, Usutu virus infection, Avian Borna Virus infection, Beak and feather disease, other viral infection, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, other parasitic infection, Cryptococcosis, Aspergillosis, Other fungal infections. Clinical samples include faeces or cloacal swabs, blood/serum of live birds and affected tissues, such as liver, spleen, heart, intestine/caeca, lung, esophagus/crop, brain and kidney in 10% buffered formalin. Non-specific clinical symptoms such as neurological signs (head between legs), depression, ruffled feathers, and standing at the bottom of the cage are observed in pet birds with AIV infection (Fig. 2.13) . The virus is detected in brain, heart, liver, kidney, lungs, and intestinal tissues of laboratory mice and naturally infected birds. abstract: The chapter describes bacerial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections commonly detected in pet birds. The chapter includes history, etiology, susceptible hosts, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, lesion, diagnosis, zoonosis, Treatment and control strategy of Tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Chlamydiosis, Campylobacteriosis, Lyme disease, other bacterial infection, Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza infection, West Nile Virus infection, Usutu virus infection, Avian Borna Virus infection, Beak and feather disease, other viral infection, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, other parasitic infection, Cryptococcosis, Aspergillosis, Other fungal infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121861/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-3674-3_2 id: cord-269652-t7ghng17 author: Santos, Roberto Parulan title: A Practical Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Neonatal Infections date: 2015-04-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Neonatal infections continue to cause morbidity and mortality in infants. Among approximately 400,000 infants followed nationally, the incidence rates of early-onset sepsis infection within 3 days of life are 0.98 cases per 1000 live births. Newborn infants are at increased risk for infections because they have relative immunodeficiency. This article provides evidence-based practical approaches to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of neonatal infections. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0031395514002557 doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2014.11.010 id: cord-317499-mxt7stat author: Saraya, Takeshi title: Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus date: 2014-05-26 words: 5655.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317499-mxt7stat.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317499-mxt7stat.txt summary: Table 1 shows the frequency of HRV infection in various adult respiratory diseases such as exacerbation of asthma (Nicholson et al., 1993; Atmar et al., 1998; Tan et al., 2003) , common cold (Makela et al., 1998; van Gageldonk-Lafeber et al., 2005) , exacerbation of COPD (Seemungal et al., 2001; Rohde et al., 2003; Tan et al., 2003; Beckham et al., 2005; Papi et al., 2006; Hutchinson et al., 2007; Ko et al., 2007; McManus et al., 2008; Kherad et al., 2010; Dimopoulos et al., 2012; Perotin et al., 2013) , community acquired pneumonia (Jennings et al., 2008; Johnstone et al., 2008; Johansson et al., 2010; Lieberman et al., 2010; Fry et al., 2011; Wootton et al., 2011; Luchsinger et al., 2013; Takahashi et al., 2013; Huijskens et al., 2014) , exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Wootton et al., 2011) , and asymptomatic infection (Fry et al., 2011) . abstract: Viral respiratory infections may be associated with the virus-induced asthma in adults as well as children. Particularly, human rhinovirus is strongly suggested a major candidate for the associations of the virus-induced asthma. Thus, in this review, we reviewed and focused on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of virus-induced asthma with special reference on human rhinovirus. Furthermore, we added our preliminary data regarding the clinical and virological findings in the present review. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904541/ doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00226 id: cord-324923-29kudfjp author: Sarma, U. title: Quantitative modeling and analysis show country-specific quarantine measures can circumvent COVID19 infection spread post lockdown date: 2020-05-26 words: 5898.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324923-29kudfjp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324923-29kudfjp.txt summary: Our data driven modeling and analysis of the trajectories from multiple countries thus pave a way to understand the infection dynamics during and post lockdown phases in various countries and it can help strategize the testing and quarantine processes and influence the spread of the disease in future. By quantitatively calibrating the time series data(Data from WHO [1]) for confirmed, recovered and dead population for 23 different countries with various stages of infection, we made an estimate of different important parameters like incubation time, transmission rate, rate of quarantine, recovery and death rate, that controls the infection dynamics in a given country. Immediate early lock-down and rigorous testing coupled to systematic quarantining could be the most effective way to rapidly contain the second wave of infection and hence reduce the time of lockdown as well as size of infected population in a country. abstract: The outbreak of COVID19 has been declared a global pandemic by WHO which started in Wuhan last November and now has spread to more than 200 countries with 4.5 million cases and a death toll of more than 300 thousand. In response, many countries have implemented lock down to ensure social distancing and started rigorously quarantining the infected subjects. Here we utilized the infection dynamics available from WHO and quantitatively calibrated the confirmed, recovered, and dead populations from 23 different countries. The chosen countries chosen are in three stages of infection 1. Where the first wave of infection is significantly diminished 2. Infection peak is reached but daily infection still persists significantly 3. The infection peak is not yet reached. The model successfully captured the daily trajectories of countries with both early and late phase of infection and determined incubation time, transmission rate, quarantine and recovery rates. Our analysis shows, the reduction in the estimated reproduction number with time is significantly correlated to the testing rate and medical facility of a country. Further, our model identifies that an increase in quarantine rate through more testing could be the most potent strategy to substantially reduce the undetected infection, accelerate the time to infection peak and facilitate faster recovery of a nation from the first infection wave, which could perhaps have direct social and economic implications. Our model also shows, that post lockdown infection spread towards a much larger second wave can be controlled via rigorous increase in the quarantine rates which could be tailored in a country specific manner; for instance, our simulations suggest that USA or Spain would require a 10 fold more increase in quarantine rates compared to India to control the second wave post lockdown. Our data driven modeling and analysis of the trajectories from multiple countries thus pave a way to understand the infection dynamics during and post lockdown phases in various countries and it can help strategize the testing and quarantine processes and influence the spread of the disease in future. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107169 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107169 id: cord-308184-w8ewm8ve author: Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo title: How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion date: 2020-05-05 words: 3430.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308184-w8ewm8ve.txt summary: Disease activity, co-morbidities, immunosuppressive drugs including glucocorticoids (GCs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), conventional synthetic (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), and the biological agents currently available for treating patients with IBD are all considered risk factors for infective complications. This has raised concerns about the potential risk of COVID-19 infection in IBD patients (particularly those who are taking immunosuppressants or biological drugs) because of the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in the old and frail with co-morbidities. As a result of the early warning and strict preventive measures, none of the patients developed any significant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection, not even those being treated with corticosteroids (12.6%), immunosuppressants (11%) and biological agents (6%), or those with co-morbidities. The first challenge for rheumatologists is to decide whether to interrupt or continue a treatment: although it is true that the treatment is designed to control disease activity, it is also undeniable that the same treatment may expose patients, such other infection, to an increased risk for COVID-19. abstract: • A correct patient risk stratification is of paramount importance for the proper management of economic and human resources. • It's fundamental to prioritize clinical trials evaluating dosing, prophylaxis, and treatment with immunosuppressant in COVID-19 in order to avoid either an overuse and a treatment shortage. • Future controlled studies may highlight in our patients a potential preventive role of immunosuppressant therapies in the development of severe forms of Covid-19. • Despite the overall risk of infection in rheumatic and gastroenterological diseases a conclusive association between these diseases and COVID −19 remains questionable. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1568997220301361 doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102574 id: cord-352178-irjhmxsg author: Saxton-Shaw, Kali D. title: O''nyong nyong Virus Molecular Determinants of Unique Vector Specificity Reside in Non-Structural Protein 3 date: 2013-01-24 words: 5953.0 sentences: 299.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352178-irjhmxsg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352178-irjhmxsg.txt summary: Fifteen distinct chimeric viruses were constructed to evaluate both structural and non-structural regions of the genome and infection patterns were determined through artificial infectious feeds in An. gambiae with each of these chimeras. When ONNV non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) replaced nsP3 from CHIKV virus in one of the chimeric viruses, infection rates in An. gambiae went from 0% to 63.5%. Our study analyzed both structural and non-structural regions of the ONNV genome using chimeric viruses and artificially infected Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. When ONNV non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) replaced nsP3 from chikungunya virus in one of the chimeric viruses, infection rates in An. gambiae went from 0% to 63.5%. Six additional non-structural chimeric viruses were also constructed using a novel type II restriction enzyme cloning strategy to examine the broader genome with respect to ONNV''s unique vector specificity for An. gambiae mosquitoes (Figure 2) . abstract: O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are two closely related alphaviruses with very different infection patterns in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. ONNV is the only alphavirus transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, but specific molecular determinants of infection of this unique vector specificity remain unidentified. Fifteen distinct chimeric viruses were constructed to evaluate both structural and non-structural regions of the genome and infection patterns were determined through artificial infectious feeds in An. gambiae with each of these chimeras. Only one region, non-structural protein 3 (nsP3), was sufficient to up-regulate infection to rates similar to those seen with parental ONNV. When ONNV non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) replaced nsP3 from CHIKV virus in one of the chimeric viruses, infection rates in An. gambiae went from 0% to 63.5%. No other single gene or viral region addition was able to restore infection rates. Thus, we have shown that a non-structural genome element involved in viral replication is a major element involved in ONNV's unique vector specificity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359824/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001931 id: cord-267139-r8rg0iqq author: Scaggs Huang, Felicia A. title: Fever in the Returning Traveler date: 2018-03-31 words: 3494.0 sentences: 211.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt summary: As many as 34% of patients with recent travel history are diagnosed with routine infections, but serious infections such as malaria, enteric fever, and dengue fever should be on the differential diagnosis due the high morbidity and mortality in children. As awareness of tropical illnesses rise in parents, such as the increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide or the emergence of epidemics with Zika virus in South America, families may be more anxious about serious infections as an etiologic factor of fevers. Because the causes and clinical outcomes associated with fevers in pediatric travelers vary from self-limited to deadly, a systems-based approach can lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment that evaluates for the most likely and serious diseases early in the illness course. A European study of travelers returning from Brazil in 2013 to 2016 reported that of the 29% of patients with travel-related complaints, 6% had dengue fever, 3% had chikungunya, and 3% had Zika virus infection. abstract: Millions of children travel annually, whether they are refugees, international adoptees, visitors, or vacationers. Although most young travelers do well, many develop a febrile illness during or shortly after their trips. Approaching a fever in the returning traveler requires an appropriate index of suspicion to diagnose and treat in a timely manner. As many as 34% of patients with recent travel history are diagnosed with routine infections, but serious infections such as malaria, enteric fever, and dengue fever should be on the differential diagnosis due the high morbidity and mortality in children. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552017301046 doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.10.009 id: cord-008716-38sqkh9m author: Schmidt, Alexander C title: Current research on respiratory viral infections: Third International Symposium date: 2001-06-01 words: 24743.0 sentences: 1086.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-008716-38sqkh9m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-008716-38sqkh9m.txt summary: Renewed efforts in vaccine development against respiratory viruses began in the 1960s with the observation that infants and young children, after having recovered from respiratory tract infection with adenoviruses, shed virus from their gastrointestinal tract for an extended period of time without experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms. Earlier studies of viral pathogens in immunocompromised adults indicated that CMV, herpes simplex, influenza, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, and RSV cause lower respiratory infection (Connolly et al., 1994) . Children with RSV, adenovirus or influenza virus infections have a 30% risk of developing AOM within 2 weeks of the onset of the respiratory tract infection (Henderson et al., 1982) , and coinfection with bacteria and viruses also adversely influences the outcome of AOM. Populations at high risk for complications resulting from respiratory viral infections are now better defined and a more targeted prophylaxis is possible, be it passive prophylaxis against RSV disease with monoclonal antibody preparations or active prophylaxis with influenza-or adenovirus vaccines. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133842/ doi: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00136-x id: cord-226245-p0cyzjwf author: Schneble, Marc title: Nowcasting fatal COVID-19 infections on a regional level in Germany date: 2020-05-15 words: 5163.0 sentences: 286.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/cord-226245-p0cyzjwf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-226245-p0cyzjwf.txt summary: Given that death counts generally provide more reliable information on the spread of the disease compared to infection counts, which inevitably depend on testing strategy and capacity, the proposed model and the presented results allow to obtain reliable insight into the current state of the pandemic in Germany. The data are provided by the Robert-Koch-Institute (www.rki.de) and give the cumulative number of deaths in different gender and age groups for each of the 412 administrative districts in Germany together with the date of registration of the infection. In Figure 2 we combine these different components and map the fitted nowcasted death counts related to Covid-19 for the different districts of Germany, cumulating over the last seven days before the day of analysis (here May 14, 2020). Let Y t,r,g denote the number of daily deaths due to COVID-19 in district/region r and age and gender group g with time point (date of registration) t = 0, . abstract: We analyse the temporal and regional structure in mortality rates related to COVID-19 infections. We relate the fatality date of each deceased patient to the corresponding day of registration of the infection, leading to a nowcasting model which allows us to estimate the number of present-day infections that will, at a later date, prove to be fatal. The numbers are broken down to the district level in Germany. Given that death counts generally provide more reliable information on the spread of the disease compared to infection counts, which inevitably depend on testing strategy and capacity, the proposed model and the presented results allow to obtain reliable insight into the current state of the pandemic in Germany. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.07452v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-297834-me1ajoyb author: Schountz, Tony title: Hantavirus Immunology of Rodent Reservoirs: Current Status and Future Directions date: 2014-03-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Hantaviruses are hosted by rodents, insectivores and bats. Several rodent-borne hantaviruses cause two diseases that share many features in humans, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Eurasia or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the Americas. It is thought that the immune response plays a significant contributory role in these diseases. However, in reservoir hosts that have been closely examined, little or no pathology occurs and infection is persistent despite evidence of adaptive immune responses. Because most hantavirus reservoirs are not model organisms, it is difficult to conduct meaningful experiments that might shed light on how the viruses evade sterilizing immune responses and why immunopathology does not occur. Despite these limitations, recent advances in instrumentation and bioinformatics will have a dramatic impact on understanding reservoir host responses to hantaviruses by employing a systems biology approach to identify important pathways that mediate virus/reservoir relationships. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24638205/ doi: 10.3390/v6031317 id: cord-301904-mjfbvl5n author: Schultz-Cherry, S. title: Astroviruses date: 2014-11-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Astroviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. Their genomes contain three open reading frames, but the exact number of encoded proteins remains unknown. Astroviruses were originally identified in association with childhood diarrhea; subsequently, they have been identified as a common enteric virus infecting children under the age of 2. Infection is not restricted to humans, however, and astroviruses have been found in widespread mammalian and avian species. Generally, infection causes a mild, self-limiting gastroenteritis, although infection can result in nephritis, hepatitis, and encephalitis in certain host species. Astrovirus pathogenicity and immune response is only poorly characterized and may differ between mammalian and avian species. In this article, the current knowledge of astroviruses is reviewed, including their molecular virology, viral evolution, pathogenesis, and immune response. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128012383025393 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02539-3 id: cord-169428-g6k0vqrm author: Schurwanz, Max title: Infectious Disease Transmission via Aerosol Propagation from a Molecular Communication Perspective: Shannon Meets Coronavirus date: 2020-10-31 words: 4591.0 sentences: 255.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-169428-g6k0vqrm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-169428-g6k0vqrm.txt summary: Recent research in combining these areas has dealt with possible use cases for aerosol communications [6] , and with channel modeling considering infectious aerosols in a point-topoint scenario [7] , [8] . The remainder of this tutorial paper is structured as follows: Section II describes the duality between communication and information theory on the one hand and the field of airborne aerosol infection on the other. In the scenario under investigation, the signal powers are modeled in terms of the parameters of the emitted aerosols and the contained viral load coming from the infected user(s). The spatially-distributed time-varying aerosol clouds that are emitted into the environment from the various users, are subject to a dynamic channel with turbulences and changing parameters. Towards this goal, dualities and similarities between macroscopic air-based MC and infected particle transmission are worked out. abstract: Molecular communication is not just able to mimic biological and chemical communication mechanisms, but also provides a theoretical framework regarding viral infection processes. In this tutorial, aerosol and droplet transmission is modeled as a multiuser scenario with mobile nodes, related to broadcasting and relaying. In contrast to data communication systems, in the application of pathogen-laden aerosol transmission, mutual information between nodes should be minimized. Towards this goal, several countermeasures are reasoned. The findings are supported by experimental results and by an advanced particle simulation tool. This work is inspired by the recent outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, but also applicable to other air-borne infectious diseases like influenza. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.00290v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-304251-dohglrm1 author: Scully, C title: Emerging and changing viral diseases in the new millennium date: 2015-08-06 words: 6254.0 sentences: 322.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304251-dohglrm1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304251-dohglrm1.txt summary: Thus recent decades have seen a most dramatic change with the emergence globally also of new viral infections – notably human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) – and the appearance of some other dangerous and sometimes lethal infections formerly seen mainly in, and reported from, resource‐poor areas especially in parts of Asia, Latin America and Africa. Gradually, however, the unexpected consequences of some oral viral infections have emerged and been recognised, not without some surprise (Scully, 1983) especially the oncogenicity of some herpesviruses (Eglin et al, 1983) and human papillomaviruses (HPVs) which we (Eglin et al, 1983; Maitland et al, 1987; Cox et al, 1993 ) and many others (e.g. Lind et al, 1986) have explored, culminating in the appreciation of unanticipated transmission routes for some cancers, such as sexual (Scully, 2002) . The recent several decades have also seen a most dramatic change with the emergence globally of new viral infectionsnotably human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)and the appearance also in resource-rich countries, of some other dangerous and sometimes lethal infections hitherto latent, unrecognised or unappreciated in resource-poor areas. abstract: Most viral infections encountered in resource‐rich countries are relatively trivial and transient with perhaps fever, malaise, myalgia, rash (exanthema) and sometimes mucosal manifestations (enanthema), including oral in some. However, the apparent benignity may be illusory as some viral infections have unexpected consequences – such as the oncogenicity of some herpesviruses and human papillomaviruses. Infections are transmitted from various human or animal vectors, especially by close proximity, and the increasing movements of peoples across the globe, mean that infections hitherto confined largely to the tropics now appear worldwide. Global warming also increases the range of movement of vectors such as mosquitoes. Thus recent decades have seen a most dramatic change with the emergence globally also of new viral infections – notably human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) – and the appearance of some other dangerous and sometimes lethal infections formerly seen mainly in, and reported from, resource‐poor areas especially in parts of Asia, Latin America and Africa. This study offers a brief update of the most salient new aspects of the important viral infections, especially those with known orofacial manifestations or other implications for oral health care. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12356 doi: 10.1111/odi.12356 id: cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author: Scully, Crispian title: Respiratory medicine date: 2014-06-25 words: 13246.0 sentences: 698.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt summary: Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids. abstract: ●. Upper respiratory infections are commonplace, especially in young people, and are often contagious; ●. Lower respiratory infections are often contagious and some are potentially fatal; ●. Asthma is common and may be life-threatening; ●. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is common and disabling; ●. Tuberculosis worldwide is an important infection, affecting people with HIV/AIDS or malnutrition particularly; ●. Lung cancer is common and usually has a poor prognosis. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780702054013000151 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00015-1 id: cord-345472-qrddwebe author: Sebina, Ismail title: The Contribution of Neutrophils to the Pathogenesis of RSV Bronchiolitis date: 2020-07-27 words: 8184.0 sentences: 411.0 pages: flesch: 28.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345472-qrddwebe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345472-qrddwebe.txt summary: A vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the leading cause of viral bronchiolitis in infancy, remains elusive, and hence new therapeutic modalities are needed to limit disease severity. (1), degranulation (2), respiratory oxygen species (ROS) production (3), and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis) (4) are associated with increased lung inflammation, systemic fever, mucus hypersecretion, airway obstruction, and epithelial cell death. Excessive neutrophil-derived inflammatory cytokine production (1), degranulation (2), respiratory oxygen species (ROS) production (3), and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis) (4) are associated with increased lung inflammation, systemic fever, mucus hypersecretion, airway obstruction, and epithelial cell death. Unlike wild-type (WT) control mice, plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC)-depleted, Toll-like receptor (TLR)7-deficient, or interferon regulatory factor (IRF)7-deficient neonatal mice develop severe pathology, characterised by increased neutrophilia and lung inflammation in response to acute PVM infection [80] [81] [82] . abstract: Acute viral bronchiolitis causes significant mortality in the developing world, is the number one cause of infant hospitalisation in the developed world, and is associated with the later development of chronic lung diseases such as asthma. A vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the leading cause of viral bronchiolitis in infancy, remains elusive, and hence new therapeutic modalities are needed to limit disease severity. However, much remains unknown about the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Neutrophilic inflammation is the predominant phenotype observed in infants with both mild and severe disease, however, a clear understanding of the beneficial and deleterious effects of neutrophils is lacking. In this review, we describe the multifaceted roles of neutrophils in host defence and antiviral immunity, consider their contribution to bronchiolitis pathogenesis, and discuss whether new approaches that target neutrophil effector functions will be suitable for treating severe RSV bronchiolitis. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12080808 doi: 10.3390/v12080808 id: cord-301276-eer1l8vg author: Sehrawat, Sharvan title: Opinion: Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility? date: 2020-07-09 words: 1736.0 sentences: 81.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301276-eer1l8vg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301276-eer1l8vg.txt summary: In this commentary we argue that the hygiene hypothesis may apply to COVID-19 susceptibility and also that residence in low hygienic conditions acts to train innate immune defenses to minimize the severity of infection. In this commentary we argue that the hygiene hypothesis may apply to susceptibility and also that residence in low hygienic conditions acts to train innate immune defenses to minimize the severity of infection. We advocate that approaches, which elevate innate immune functions, should be used to minimize the consequences of COVID-19 infection at least until effective vaccines and antiviral therapies are developed. We advocate that approaches, which elevate innate immune functions, should be used to minimize the consequences of COVID-19 infection at least until effective vaccines and antiviral therapies are developed. The hygiene hypothesis has satisfactorily explained the increased frequency of some disease syndromes, but could it also explain why some individuals are more susceptible to the severe consequences of COVID-19 infection than are others? abstract: In this commentary we argue that the hygiene hypothesis may apply to COVID-19 susceptibility and also that residence in low hygienic conditions acts to train innate immune defenses to minimize the severity of infection. We advocate that approaches, which elevate innate immune functions, should be used to minimize the consequences of COVID-19 infection at least until effective vaccines and antiviral therapies are developed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32653475/ doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.07.002 id: cord-316513-dbzj101e author: Sen-Crowe, Brendon title: Utilizing technology as a method of contact tracing and surveillance to minimize the risk of contracting COVID-19 infection date: 2020-07-04 words: 450.0 sentences: 35.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-316513-dbzj101e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316513-dbzj101e.txt summary: title: Utilizing technology as a method of contact tracing and surveillance to minimize the risk of contracting COVID-19 infection A call for new methods of testing and surveillance on a large scale will be important if we hope to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections. On example is the Oura ring (Ooura Health Ltd.''s, Oulu, Finland) which can detect physiologic changes and alert the possibility of infection. For example, one study at West Virginia Univeristy, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute predicted symptoms 24 hours prior to onset based on physiologic changes detected by the Oura ring, and aim to achieve a 3-day forecast in the future. In addition, early detection and contact tracing has the potential to conserve hospital resources that have become scarce throughout the pandemic. CDC Diagnostic Test for COVID-19 WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute and Oura Health unveil study to predict the outbreak of COVID-19 in healthcare professionals abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0735675720305969 doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.003 id: cord-265751-q1ecpfyg author: Shahani, Lokesh title: Antiviral therapy for respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised patients date: 2017-01-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Introduction: Respiratory viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus) represent the most common causes of respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised patients. Also, these infections may be more severe in immunocompromised patients than in the general population. Early diagnosis and treatment of viral infections continue to be of paramount importance in immunocompromised patients; because once viral replication and invasive infections are evident, prognosis can be grave. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the main antiviral agents used for the treatment of respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised patients and review of the new agents in the pipeline. Expert commentary: Over the past decade, important diagnostic advances, specifically, the use of rapid molecular testing has helped close the gap between clinical scenarios and pathogen identification and enhanced early diagnosis of viral infections and understanding of the role of prolonged shedding and viral loads. Advancements in novel antiviral therapeutics with high resistance thresholds and effective immunization for preventable infections in immunocompromised patients are needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067078/ doi: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1279970 id: cord-159554-50077dgk author: Shan, Fei title: Lung Infection Quantification of COVID-19 in CT Images with Deep Learning date: 2020-03-10 words: 3544.0 sentences: 186.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-159554-50077dgk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-159554-50077dgk.txt summary: For fast manual delineation of training samples and possible manual intervention of automatic results, a human-in-the-loop (HITL) strategy has been adopted to assist radiologists for infection region segmentation, which dramatically reduced the total segmentation time to 4 minutes after 3 iterations of model updating. By reducing and combining feature map channels, not only the model size and inference time are greatly reduced, but also cross-channel features are effectively fused via convolusion, which makes VB-Net more applicable to deal with large 3D volumetric data than traditional V-Net. Training samples with detailed delineation of each infection region are required for the proposed VB-Net. However, it is a labor-intensive work for radiologists to annotate hundreds of COVID-19 CT scans. To quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of segmentation and measurement, infection regions on 300 CT scans of 300 COVID-19 patients were manually contoured by two radiologists (W.S. and F.S., with 12 and 19 years of experience in chest radiology, respectively) to serve as the reference standard. abstract: CT imaging is crucial for diagnosis, assessment and staging COVID-19 infection. Follow-up scans every 3-5 days are often recommended for disease progression. It has been reported that bilateral and peripheral ground glass opacification (GGO) with or without consolidation are predominant CT findings in COVID-19 patients. However, due to lack of computerized quantification tools, only qualitative impression and rough description of infected areas are currently used in radiological reports. In this paper, a deep learning (DL)-based segmentation system is developed to automatically quantify infection regions of interest (ROIs) and their volumetric ratios w.r.t. the lung. The performance of the system was evaluated by comparing the automatically segmented infection regions with the manually-delineated ones on 300 chest CT scans of 300 COVID-19 patients. For fast manual delineation of training samples and possible manual intervention of automatic results, a human-in-the-loop (HITL) strategy has been adopted to assist radiologists for infection region segmentation, which dramatically reduced the total segmentation time to 4 minutes after 3 iterations of model updating. The average Dice simiarility coefficient showed 91.6% agreement between automatic and manual infaction segmentations, and the mean estimation error of percentage of infection (POI) was 0.3% for the whole lung. Finally, possible applications, including but not limited to analysis of follow-up CT scans and infection distributions in the lobes and segments correlated with clinical findings, were discussed. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.04655v3.pdf doi: nan id: cord-021424-kocwsyi7 author: Shannon, M. Frances title: Genomic Approaches to the Host Response to Pathogens date: 2009-01-30 words: 7277.0 sentences: 343.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021424-kocwsyi7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021424-kocwsyi7.txt summary: This activation process includes widespread changes in the gene expression profi le of the cells with hundreds of genes being either switched on or off in response to signals generated from the pathogen-detecting TLRs. The response of individual genes has been studied in minute detail for a handful of genes and while this has produced an understanding of some aspects of host response to infection it by no means gives us the total picture. Studies in both animal models and human populations have shown that infectious disease and the response of the host to a specifi c infection also has a complex genetic component ( Clementi and Di Gianantonio, 2006 ; Lipoldova and Demant, 2006 ; Marquet et al., 1996 ; Mira et al., 2004 ) . Expression profi ling studies have been used to investigate the differences in the host response to pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of specifi c infectious agents. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149680/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369420-1.00107-4 id: cord-021966-5m21bsrw author: Shaw, Alan R. title: Vaccines date: 2009-05-15 words: 21170.0 sentences: 897.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021966-5m21bsrw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021966-5m21bsrw.txt summary: Because a number of proteins produced in isolation by recombinant methods have been observed to elicit lower immune responses than do natural infections or live attenuated vaccines, the development and use of adjuvants to optimize recombinant vaccine immunogenicity represent an important parallel area for future exploration. Modern molecular biology and biochemistry have provided numerous options for vaccine immunogen presentation, including recombinant proteins (and recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs)), synthetic proteins, protein-polysaccharide conjugates, and gene delivery systems (recombinant viral vectors, or DNA vaccines) >> Is the antigen of interest sufficiently immunogenic on its own, or is augmentation of the desired immune response by conjugation to a specific carrier or addition of an adjuvant necessary to elicit a sufficient and sufficiently durable immune response in individuals in the target population for vaccination? abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152278/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10092-2 id: cord-303966-z6u3d2ec author: Shears, P. title: Poverty and infection in the developing world: Healthcare-related infections and infection control in the tropics date: 2007-10-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In many hospitals serving the poorest communities of Africa and other parts of the developing world, infection control activities are limited by poor infrastructure, overcrowding, inadequate hygiene and water supply, poorly functioning laboratory services and a shortage of trained staff. Hospital transmission of communicable diseases, a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, lack of resources for isolation and disinfection, and widespread antimicrobial resistance create major risks for healthcare-related infections. Few data exist on the prevalence or impact of these infections in such environments. There is a need for interventions to reduce the burden of healthcare-related infections in the tropics and to set up effective surveillance programmes to determine their impact. Both the Global (G8) International Development Summit of 2005 and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have committed major resources to alleviating poverty and poor health in the developing world over the next decade. Targeting resources specifically to infection control in low-resource settings must be a part of this effort, if the wider aims of the MDGs to improve healthcare are to be achieved. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17945396/ doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.08.016 id: cord-262892-n38r8n70 author: Sheikh, Jamila title: Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date: 2015-05-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In well-resourced settings, early infant diagnosis and administration of life-saving antiretrovirals (ARVs) have significantly improved clinical outcomes in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The dramatic increase in survival rates is associated with enhancements in overall quality of life, which reflect a multidisciplinary, holistic approach to care. Current optimism starkly contrasts with the outlook and prognosis two decades ago, when failure to thrive and wasting syndrome from uncontrolled pediatric HIV infection resulted from poor oral intake, malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and a persistently catabolic state. The tenets of care developed from that era still hold true in that all infants, children, and adolescents with HIV require comprehensive nutritional services in addition to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This chapter will review the principles of nutrition in the pre- and post-cART eras and discuss the etiologic factors associated with malnutrition, with an emphasis on interventions that have favorably impacted the growth and body composition of infants, children and adolescents with HIV. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128007693000093 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3 id: cord-022103-4zk8i6qb author: Siegel, Jane D. title: Pediatric Healthcare Epidemiology date: 2017-07-18 words: 12633.0 sentences: 562.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022103-4zk8i6qb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022103-4zk8i6qb.txt summary: A series of IPC guidelines have been developed and updated at varying intervals by the HICPAC/CDC, IDSA, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), American Academy of Pediatrics, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, and others to provide evidence-based and rated recommendations for practices that are associated with reduced rates of HAIs, especially those infections associated with the use of medical devices and surgical procedures. (2) clinical microbiology laboratory services needed to support infection control outbreak investigations, including ability to perform molecular diagnostic testing; (3) data-mining programs and information technology specialists; (4) multidisciplinary programs to ensure judicious use of antimicrobial agents and control of resistance; (5) development of effective educational information for delivery to HCP, patients, families, and visitors; and (6) local and state health department resources for preparedness. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152479/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00002-5 id: cord-276758-k2imddzr author: Siegel, Jane D. title: 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date: 2007-12-07 words: 46228.0 sentences: 2479.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt summary: Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068815/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 id: cord-282204-j1slaefb author: Silva, José V.J. title: A scoping review of Chikungunya virus infection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viral co-circulation complications, and control date: 2018-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne viral illness characterized by a sudden onset of fever associated with joint pains. It was first described in the 1950s during a Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak in southern Tanzania and has since (re-) emerged and spread to several other geographical areas, reaching large populations and causing massive epidemics. In recent years, CHIKV has gained considerable attention due to its quick spread to the Caribbean and then in the Americas, with many cases reported between 2014 and 2017. CHIKV has further garnered attention due to the clinical diagnostic difficulties when Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) viruses are simultaneously present. In this review, topical CHIKV-related issues, such as epidemiology and transmission, are examined. The different manifestations of infection (acute, chronic and atypical) are described and a particular focus is placed upon the diagnostic handling in the case of ZIKV and DENV co-circulating. Natural and synthetic compounds under evaluation for treatment of chikungunya disease, including drugs already licensed for other purposes, are also discussed. Finally, previous and current vaccine strategies, as well as the control of the CHIKV transmission through an integrated vector management, are reviewed in some detail. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.003 doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.003 id: cord-285148-bch7814v author: Singanayagam, Aran title: Viruses exacerbating chronic pulmonary disease: the role of immune modulation date: 2012-03-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Chronic pulmonary diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality and their impact is expected to increase in the future. Respiratory viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory infections and it is increasingly recognized that respiratory viruses are a major cause of acute exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. There is now increasing evidence that the host response to virus infection is dysregulated in these diseases and a better understanding of the mechanisms of abnormal immune responses has the potential to lead to the development of new therapies for virus-induced exacerbations. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding the role of viruses and immune modulation in chronic pulmonary diseases and discuss avenues for future research and therapeutic implications. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-27 doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-27 id: cord-009507-l74c9x0n author: Singh, Amandeep title: Clinicopathological Conference: Fever, Productive Cough, and Tachycardia in a 22‐year‐old Asian Male date: 2008-01-08 words: 4395.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009507-l74c9x0n.txt summary: To generate the appropriate differential diagnosis in this case, there are several key features of the patient''s history and physical examination that aid in the understanding of his pathologic process: 1) symptom development occurred soon after emigration from Indonesia, 2) the patient''s primary symptoms were pulmonary in origin, and 3) secondary cardiac involvement resulted in a large, initially asymptomatic pericardial effusion. 10 Acute infection begins with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-1058F), severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. In our patient, the most likely cause of the pericardial effusion was infection with tuberculosis. To summarize, this patient''s recent immigration, symptoms of intermittent fever and of chronic cough that failed to respond to outpatient antibiotics, and development of large pericardial effusion all are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159384/ doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb01429.x id: cord-023817-39r3a4fd author: Singh, Namita title: Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses date: 2012 words: 4637.0 sentences: 287.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt summary: Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children of developed and developing countries worldwide. Worldwide, approximately 40% of hospitalizations for diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age are attributable to rotavirus infection. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a confirmed case of rotavirus gastroenteritis as diarrhea (3 or more loose stools within 24 h) or vomiting (1 or more episodes in a 24 h period) in a child with a positive stool detection of rotavirus by a standard assay, such as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The non-bloody, watery diarrhea of rotavirus gastroenteritis is clinically indistinguishable from that caused by other enteric viruses, including norovirus and other caliciviruses, enteric adenovirus, and astrovirus. Norwalk virus carries historical import as the first confirmed viral etiology for human gastroenteritis when it was identified by electron microscopy in stools from a severe outbreak of diarrhea in Norwalk, Ohio in 1972. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176162/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_120 id: cord-284216-4sl8xfur author: Sinha, Anirban title: Can Measurements of Inflammatory Biomarkers Be Used to Spot Respiratory Viral Infections? date: 2020-10-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Accurate detection of human respiratory viral infections is highly topical. We investigated how strongly inflammatory biomarkers (FeNO, eosinophils, neutrophils, and cytokines in nasal lavage fluid) and lung function parameters change upon rhinovirus 16 infection, in order to explore their potential use for infection detection. To this end, within a longitudinal cohort study, healthy and mildly asthmatic volunteers were experimentally inoculated with rhinovirus 16, and time series of these parameters/biomarkers were systematically recorded and compared between the pre- and post-infection phases of the study, which lasted two months and one month, respectively. We found that the parameters’/biomarkers’ ability to discriminate between the infected and the uninfected state varied over the observation time period. Consistently over time, the concentration of cytokines, in nasal lavage fluid, showed moderate to very good discrimination performance, thereby qualifying for disease progression monitoring, whereas lung function and FeNO, while quickly and non-invasively measurable using cheap portable devices (e.g., at airports), performed poorly. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101175 doi: 10.3390/v12101175 id: cord-258333-jmk8hdk2 author: Sivier, V title: Place des viroses respiratoires dans les hyperthermies de sujets âgés hospitalisés au cours d’une saison hivernale date: 2001-12-10 words: 2657.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258333-jmk8hdk2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258333-jmk8hdk2.txt summary: Sur les 129 malades ayant présenté une hyperthermie, 12 décès ont été observés, soit un taux de mortalité de 9,3 % : un décès dans le groupe « virose respiratoire » par surinfection bactérienne pulmonaire, sept décès dans le groupe « infection respiratoire non virale » (un choc septique, cinq décompensations respiratoires aiguës, une décompensation cardiaque aiguë) et quatre décès dans le groupe « autre » (deux cancers en phase terminale, un accident vasculaire cérébral et une cause indéterminée). L''épidémie nosocomiale de virus respiratoire syncytial est survenue dans un service de long séjour avec des locaux communs et exigus, chez des patients porteurs de multiples maladies et souvent déments. En conclusion, les infections respiratoires, qu''elles soient virales, bactériennes ou non documentées, apparaissent comme la principale cause d''hyperthermie chez le sujet âgé institutionnalisé pendant la saison hivernale et sont à l''origine de nombreuses complications, voire de décès. abstract: Purpose. – In the geriatric units of the University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 129 cases of fever (38° C or more) were recorded prospectively during the 1995–1996 winter period in a population of 503 hospitalised patients (25.6%), and were investigated for the detection of a viral aetiology. Methods. – In febrile patients, a standard form was used to record clinical and biological parameters, including the results of investigations for respiratory viruses from a nasal swab and dual serum specimens. Results. – A clinical or radiological respiratory infection was found in 69 cases (53.5% of all cases of fever), including 14 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. In comparison to nonviral respiratory infections, the RSV infections were characterised by the prevalence of anorexia (57% vs 20%, P < 0,05) and rhinorrhea (64% vs 5%, P < 0,01). No influenza infection was recorded despite the concomitant circulation of influenza virus in the community. A nosocomial outbreak of RSV infection (nine cases, attack rate of 18.7%) was identified in a long-stay care unit. Conclusion. – This study illustrates the high prevalence (10.9%) of RSV infections in elderly patients with fever during this season and the importance of hygienic measures to control the spread of nosocomial outbreaks. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0248866301004891 doi: 10.1016/s0248-8663(01)00489-1 id: cord-024093-5dplc9xr author: Sizun, J title: Neonatal nosocomial respiratory infection with coronavirus: a prospective study in a neonatal intensive care unit date: 2008-01-21 words: 1789.0 sentences: 111.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024093-5dplc9xr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024093-5dplc9xr.txt summary: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence of viral respiratory infection in hospitalized premature newborn infants and to assess the role of coronaviruses. The aim of this prospective study undertaken from November 1, 1991 to March 1, 1993, was to evaluate, in the pediatric intensive care unit, the incidence of upper respiratory tract viral infection in hospitalized premature newborn infants, to assess the role of CV and to analyze the associated symptomatology. In a serological study carried out in infants aged less than 18 months and hospitalized for respiratory tract infection, this cause was identified in 8.2% of cases (10). On the Similarly, in a prospective study by Ray et al., based on serological analysis and cell culture from acute lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 3 years of age, human CV viruses, as initial infecting agents, were not found to be responsible (12) . abstract: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence of viral respiratory infection in hospitalized premature newborn infants and to assess the role of coronaviruses. All hospitalized premature infants with a gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks were included. Tracheal or nasopharyngal specimens were studied by immunofluorescence for coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Forty premature infants were included; 13 samples were positive in 10 newborns (coronaviruses n = 10; influenza 1 n= 2; adenovirus n= 1). None was positive at admission. All premature infants infected with coronaviruses had symptoms of bradycardia, apnea, hypoxemia, fever or abdominal distension. Chest X‐ray revealed diffuse infiltrates in two cases. However, no significant difference was observed between infected and non‐infected premature infants for gestational age, birth weight, duration of ventilation, age at discharge, incidence of apnea or bradycardia. Nosocomial respiratory tract infection with coronaviruses appears to be frequent. The clinical consequences should be evaluated in a larger population. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7188327/ doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13710.x id: cord-021770-zn7na974 author: Slifka, Mark K. title: Passive Immunization date: 2017-07-17 words: 12134.0 sentences: 610.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt summary: [26] [27] [28] [29] Recent studies verify these earlier results, demonstrating a 90% to 91% vaccine efficacy against whooping cough among infants younger than 2 months of nonlymphoid tissues and to penetrate mucosal sites of infection is likely to explain why it is often considered the best immunoglobulin isotype for routine passive immunization and has shown clinical benefit ranging from reduced clinical symptoms to nearly complete protection from lethal infection in a number of infectious disease models (Table 8 .3). 118 With the recent development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that show protective efficacy against tularemia in animal models, [119] [120] [121] it may be possible to incorporate both passive immunotherapy and antibiotic treatment into clinical practice not only for tularemia, but for other bacterial diseases, especially in cases in which antibiotic resistance is becoming more widespread. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151993/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00008-0 id: cord-333853-p2kbjwpy author: Smee, Donald F. title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201) date: 2011-10-13 words: 4585.0 sentences: 222.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333853-p2kbjwpy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333853-p2kbjwpy.txt summary: title: Therapy and Long-Term Prophylaxis of Vaccinia Virus Respiratory Infections in Mice with an Adenovirus-Vectored Interferon Alpha (mDEF201) An adenovirus 5 vector encoding for mouse interferon alpha, subtype 5 (mDEF201) was evaluated for efficacy against lethal vaccinia virus (WR strain) respiratory infections in mice. Lung virus titers were significantly (>100-fold) lower than in the placebo group, and the other infection parameters in mDEF201 treated mice were nearly at baseline. Ad5-vectored mouse interferon (mDEF201) resulted in sustained IFN levels [16] , that completely protected mice from a lethal Western equine encephalitis virus infection when given intramuscularly at 10 7 plaque forming units (PFU)/ mouse up to 7 days prior to virus challenge [16] . The extent of inhibition of lung Intranasal treatments with mDEF201 (10 7 PFU/mouse) were given one time only on the indicated day prior to virus exposure. abstract: An adenovirus 5 vector encoding for mouse interferon alpha, subtype 5 (mDEF201) was evaluated for efficacy against lethal vaccinia virus (WR strain) respiratory infections in mice. mDEF201 was administered as a single intranasal treatment either prophylactically or therapeutically at doses of 10(6) to 10(8) plaque forming units/mouse. When the prophylactic treatment was given at 56 days prior to infection, it protected 90% of animals from death (100% protection for treatments given between 1–49 days pre-infection), with minimal weight loss occurring during infection. Surviving animals re-challenged with virus 22 days after the primary infection were protected from death, indicating that mDEF201 did not compromise the immune response against the initial infection. Post-exposure therapy was given between 6–24 h after vaccinia virus exposure and protection was afforded by a 10(8) dose of mDEF201 given at 24 h, whereas a 10(7) dose was effective up to 12 h. Comparisons were made of the ability of mDEF201, given either 28 or 1 day prior to infection, to inhibit tissue virus titers and lung infection parameters. Lung, liver, and spleen virus titers were inhibited to nearly the same extent by either treatment, as were lung weights and lung hemorrhage scores (indicators of pneumonitis). Lung virus titers were significantly (>100-fold) lower than in the placebo group, and the other infection parameters in mDEF201 treated mice were nearly at baseline. In contrast, viral titers and lung infection parameters were high in the placebo group on day 5 of the infection. These results demonstrate the long-acting prophylactic and treatment capacity of mDEF201 to combat vaccinia virus infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22022603/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026330 id: cord-257467-b8o5ghvi author: Smith, Barbara A. title: Anesthesia as a Risk for Health Care Acquired Infections date: 2010-12-31 words: 4506.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257467-b8o5ghvi.txt summary: This article further discusses the risks for HAIs apparent in intravascular cannulation, endotracheal intubation, and the development of surgical site infections, and examines occupational measures to prevent infections in the health care worker. Although endotracheal intubation during surgery is generally a controlled safe procedure, this artificial airway predisposes the body to exposure to respiratory pathogens whether from the health care provider, the environment, or equipment. 12 A recent practice advisory prepared by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) concurs with the implementation of aseptic technique when handling neuraxial needles and catheters, and states it should include "hand washing, wearing of sterile gloves, wearing of caps, wearing of masks covering both the mouth and nose, use of individual packets of skin preparation, and sterile draping of the patient." The same advisory does not make a specific recommendation regarding the type of skin antisepsis to use. abstract: Anesthesia is delivered in a variety of modalities including general, regional, or local. Patients are most vulnerable when receiving anesthesia, as they must depend on the anesthesia team to provide this care without untoward effects. It is expected that patients will be protected from health care acquired infections (HAIs) by appropriate use of infection prevention measures. In addition, the anesthesia team may be at risk of HAIs because of their intimate contact with the patient's blood and respiratory system. Adequate adherence to infection prevention methods should reduce the risk of occupation exposure and infection to the anesthesia team members. Health care associated infections involving anesthesia have been transmitted from health care worker to patient, patient to patient, and patient to the anesthesia provider. This article further discusses the risks for HAIs apparent in intravascular cannulation, endotracheal intubation, and the development of surgical site infections, and examines occupational measures to prevent infections in the health care worker. Regardless of the health care setting or the level of provider, the standard of care for infection prevention and managerial oversight of this care should remain the same. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1556793110000653 doi: 10.1016/j.cpen.2010.07.005 id: cord-344297-qqohijqi author: Smith, Jacqueline title: The early immune response to infection of chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in susceptible and resistant birds date: 2015-10-09 words: 5076.0 sentences: 284.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344297-qqohijqi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344297-qqohijqi.txt summary: title: The early immune response to infection of chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in susceptible and resistant birds RESULTS: Genes and biological pathways involved in the early host response to IBV infection were determined andgene expression differences between susceptible and resistant birds were identified. [18] we used Affymetrix wholegenome chicken microarrays to examine the tracheal gene expression profiles of a line of birds known to be susceptible to IBV infection (line 15I) and a line known to show resistance (line N). Gene expression differences found in the susceptible 15I line between infected and control birds over days 2, 3 and 4 post infection were analysed, with a view to examining the innate host response to infection by IBV. Gene expression seen during the host response to IBV infection in the trachea of susceptible birds. Genes found to be differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines in response to IBV infection in the trachea. abstract: BACKGROUND: Infectious Bronchitis is a highly contagious respiratory disease which causes tracheal lesions and also affects the reproductive tract and is responsible for large economic losses to the poultry industry every year. This is due to both mortality (either directly provoked by IBV itself or due to subsequent bacterial infection) and lost egg production. The virus is difficult to control by vaccination, so new methods to curb the impact of the disease need to be sought. Here, we seek to identify genes conferring resistance to this coronavirus, which could help in selective breeding programs to rear chickens which do not succumb to the effects of this disease. METHODS: Whole genome gene expression microarrays were used to analyse the gene expression differences, which occur upon infection of birds with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV). Tracheal tissue was examined from control and infected birds at 2, 3 and 4 days post-infection in birds known to be either susceptible or resistant to the virus. The host innate immune response was evaluated over these 3 days and differences between the susceptible and resistant lines examined. RESULTS: Genes and biological pathways involved in the early host response to IBV infection were determined andgene expression differences between susceptible and resistant birds were identified. Potential candidate genes for resistance to IBV are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS: The early host response to IBV is analysed and potential candidate genes for disease resistance are identified. These putative resistance genes can be used as targets for future genetic and functional studies to prove a causative link with resistance to IBV. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0575-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0575-6 doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0575-6 id: cord-017862-9fkjjmvf author: Smith, Roger P. title: Respiratory Disorders date: 2007 words: 6045.0 sentences: 342.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017862-9fkjjmvf.txt summary: Only 12-25% of all "sore throats" seen by physicians have a true pharyngitis-most are simple viral upper respiratory infections such as the common cold. infl uenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, and Allergens such as pollens, molds, animal dander, dust mites, and cockroaches Irritants such as strong odors and sprays, chemicals, air pollutants, tobacco smoke, and cold air Viral or sinus infections including colds, pneumonia, and sinusitis Exercise, especially in cold, dry air Gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acid fl ows back up the esophagus Medication and foods Emotional anxiety others) is the most common source of infection for most patients. Infl uenza, rubeola and rubella, Mycoplasma pneumonia, group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections, and allergic rhinitis may all be confused with the common cold and should be considered when appropriate. When a common cold has lasted for 7-10 days and is no better or worse, acute bacterial sinusitis may have developed and additional medical care may be required. abstract: Like it or not, patients with respiratory complaints are a part of our practice. The common cold is often referred to as the most frequent illness occurring in humans: over 40% of Americans suffer from a “cold” each year, accounting for more lost productivity than any other illness. Pharyngitis affects almost 30 million patients annually, with over 10% of all school-aged children seeking medical care each year. Seventeen million patients a year are diagnosed with asthma, with more females than males among adult-onset patients. Whether it is the reason for our patient’s visit or an incidental complaint, we are involved with the diagnosis and management of these problems. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122541/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-32328-2_19 id: cord-301677-b6mnn27h author: Soleimanian, Saeede title: Harnessing Memory NK Cell to Protect Against COVID-19 date: 2020-08-20 words: 9746.0 sentences: 462.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301677-b6mnn27h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301677-b6mnn27h.txt summary: In this regard, Natural Killer (NK) cells as essential front-line responders to many viral infections in humans have been proposed for a suitable therapeutic approach in severe COVID-19 patients, and several clinical trials have begun (Market et al., 2020) . In this line, Type I IFNs have a critical role in concert with pattern PRR signaling to prime innate and adaptive antiviral responses such as stimulating natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and production of proinflammatory cytokines (Samuel, 2001; Murira and Lamarre, 2016) . The detection of both SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and specific antibodies to viral proteins have thus far become significant for primary diagnosis infection and immunity in COVID-19 patients, respectively. in a pneumonia model of SARS in mice, mimicking features of the human disease, illustrated that mice depleted of both CD4 and CD8T cells, had the ability to control SARS-CoV replication in the lungs, suggesting an immune mechanism independent of T cells, and a role for innate antiviral response and NK cells, in viral clearance. abstract: The worldwide struggle against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health crisis continues to sweep across the globe. Up to now, effective antiviral treatment against COVID-19 is not available. Therefore, throughout virus infections, a thorough clarification of the virus-host immune system interactions will be most probably helpful to encounter these challenges. Emerging evidence suggests that just like SARS and MERS, COVID-19 primarily suppresses the innate immune system, enabling its stable propagation during the early stage of infection. Consequently, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been increasing during infection progression associated with severe lung pathology. It is imperative to consider hyper inflammation in vaccine designing, as vaccine-induced immune responses must have a protective role against infection without leading to immunopathology. Among the front-line responders to viral infections, Natural Killer (NK) cells have immense therapeutic potential, forming a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. A subset of NK cells exhibits putatively increased effector functions against viruses following pathogen-specific and immunization. Memory NK cells have higher cytotoxicity and effector activity, compared with the conventional NK cells. As a pioneering strategy, prompt accumulation and long‐term maintenance of these memory NK cells could be an efficacious viral treatment. According to the high prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the world, it remains to be determined whether HCMV adaptive NK cells could play a protective role against this new emerging virus. In addition, the new adaptive-like KIR+NKG2C+ NK cell subset (the adaptive-like lung tissue residue [tr]NK cell) in the context of the respiratory infection at this site could specifically exhibit the expansion upon COVID-19. Another aspect of NK cells we should note, utilizing modified NK cells such as allogeneic off-the-shelf CAR-NK cells as a state-of-the-art strategy for the treatment of COVID-19. In this line, we speculate introducing NKG2C into chimeric antigen receptors in NK cells might be a potential approach in future viral immunotherapy for emerging viruses. In this contribution, we will briefly discuss the current status and future perspective of NK cells, which provide to successfully exploit NK cell-mediated antiviral activity that may offer important new tools in COVID-19 treatment. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01309 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01309 id: cord-354931-0bwf8f1i author: Song, Jae-Hyoung title: Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pochonin D, a Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, against Rhinovirus Infection date: 2018-05-02 words: 4907.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354931-0bwf8f1i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354931-0bwf8f1i.txt summary: In the current study, we examined the effect of the Hsp90 inhibitor pochonin D, in vitro and in vivo, using a murine model of human rhinovirus type 1B (HRV1B) infection. We therefore decided to monitor the lung cytokine levels and virus titers at 8 h after HRV1B infection for evaluating the antiviral activity of pochonin D in mice. Real-time PCR analysis of viral mRNA in lung tissues revealed that the virus titer was significantly reduced in pochonin D-treated mice compared to that of vehicle-treated mice after HRV1B infection ( Fig. 2A) . A few changes in the total cell numbers in the lung and BALF were observed after treatment of HRV1B-infected mice with pochonin D (Supplementary Fig. 3) . We found that treatment with pochonin D lowered the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung and BALF of mice, which were increased by rhinovirus infection. abstract: Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are one of the major causes of common cold in humans and are also associated with acute asthma and bronchial illness. Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a molecular chaperone, is an important host factor for the replication of single-strand RNA viruses. In the current study, we examined the effect of the Hsp90 inhibitor pochonin D, in vitro and in vivo, using a murine model of human rhinovirus type 1B (HRV1B) infection. Our data suggested that Hsp90 inhibition significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokine production and lung damage caused by HRV1B infection. The viral titer was significantly lowered in HRV1B-infected lungs and in Hela cells upon treatment with pochonin D. Infiltration of innate immune cells including granulocytes and monocytes was also reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) by pochonin D treatment after HRV1B infection. Histological analysis of the lung and respiratory tract showed that pochonin D protected the mice from HRV1B infection. Collectively, our results suggest that the Hsp90 inhibitor, pochonin D, could be an attractive antiviral therapeutic for treating HRV infection. url: https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2017.233 doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.233 id: cord-032181-gmcugd8h author: Song, Jian-Xin title: Main Complications of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure) date: 2019-05-21 words: 51165.0 sentences: 2516.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt summary: 3. Hepatorenal syndrome, which is characterized by renal failure, hemodynamic changes in arterial circulation and abnormalities in the endogenous vascular system, is a common clinical complication of end-stage liver disease, and one of the important indicators for the prognosis of patients with severe hepatitis. The latest report indicated that basic laboratory examinations for coagulation function testing in common use at present, such as PT, APTT, international normalized ratio (INR) etc., have little correlation with occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients, thereby revealing the importance to search and pay close attention to those complicating disease upregulating bleeding risk, such as bacterial infection, renal failure, hemodynamic change after portal hypertension, dysfunction of endotheliocyte as well as macrophagocyte and so on [107] . abstract: This chapter describes the clinical features, and diagnosis of complications in AECHB including secondary bacterial infections, coagulation disorder, water electrolyte disorder, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatopulmonary syndrome and endotoxemia: 1. Patients with severe hepatitis have impaired immunity and are therefore vulnerable to all kinds of infections. After infection, these patients may experience shock, DIC and multiple organ failure, all of which seriously affect their prognosis and are major causes of death. Concurrent infections consist primarily of infections of the lungs, intestines, biliary tract, and urinary tract, as well as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and sepsis. 2. Severe hepatitis may reduce the synthesis of coagulation factors and enhance their dysfunction and increase anticoagulants and platelet abnormalities, leading to coagulopathy. Infection, hepatorenal syndrome and complications can further aggravate coagulopathy, resulting in DIC and seriously affecting patient prognosis. 3. Hepatorenal syndrome, which is characterized by renal failure, hemodynamic changes in arterial circulation and abnormalities in the endogenous vascular system, is a common clinical complication of end-stage liver disease, and one of the important indicators for the prognosis of patients with severe hepatitis. 4. Water electrolyte disorder (water retention, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalaemia) and acid-base imbalance are common in patients with severe hepatitis. These internal environment disorders can lead to exacerbation and complication of the illness. 5. Hepatic encephalopathy is a neurological and psychiatric anomaly syndrome based on metabolic disorder, and an important prognostic indicator for patients with severe hepatitis. 6. The hepatopulmonary syndrome is an important vascular complication in lungs due to systemic hypoxemia in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The majority of patients with HPS are asymptomatic. Long-term oxygen therapy remains the most frequently recommended therapy for symptoms in patients with severe hypoxemia. 7. Endotoxemia, an important complication of severe hepatitis, is not only a second hit to the liver, but also leads to other complications including SIRS and MODS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498917/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_2 id: cord-267402-kca05rvz author: South, Kieron title: Preceding infection and risk of stroke: An old concept revived by the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-24 words: 6248.0 sentences: 335.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267402-kca05rvz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267402-kca05rvz.txt summary: What follows herein is a detailed summary of the current literature surrounding COVID-19, encompassing the immune and inflammatory responses to infection, thrombotic manifestations and vascular consequences of infection with a focus on possible mechanisms by which these elements may contribute to acute stroke events. 89 This is not the case in COVID-19 (and the previous SARS outbreak) and a recent retrospective cohort study has suggested an incidence of stroke 7-8 times higher in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection compared with those hospitalized by influenza, 90 supporting the possibility of a SARS-CoV-2-driven hyper-coagulant state. [91] [92] [93] Obesity, in particular, is emerging as a prominent risk factor in the development of severe COVID-19 disease and is generally associated with increased incidence and increased severity of respiratory viral infection. Notably, the cytokine IL-33 is persistently elevated in obese individuals and is capable of stimulating endothelial cells to release pro-coagulant tissue factor 97 which may expose them to more severe COVID-19 disease and/or stroke. abstract: Anecdotal reports and clinical observations have recently emerged suggesting a relationship between COVID-19 disease and stroke, highlighting the possibility that infected individuals may be more susceptible to cerebrovascular events. In this review we draw on emerging studies of the current pandemic and data from earlier, viral epidemics, to describe possible mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may influence the prevalence of stroke, with a focus on the thromboinflammatory pathways, which may be perturbed. Some of these potential mechanisms are not novel but are, in fact, long-standing hypotheses linking stroke with preceding infection that are yet to be confirmed. The current pandemic may present a renewed opportunity to better understand the relationship between infection and stroke and possible underlying mechanisms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32618498/ doi: 10.1177/1747493020943815 id: cord-288945-c9ow1q5c author: Spengler, Ulrich title: Liver Disease Associated with Non-Hepatitis Viruses date: 2019-11-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Hepatitis is commonly associated with certain viruses labeled as “Hepatitis” viruses. However, many other viral infections can also affect the liver ranging from mild asymptomatic elevations of aminotransferases to fulminant hepatic failure. This article will provide a brief overview on a variety of different viral infections that may be associated with significant liver pathology at least under certain conditions, for example, immunosuppression. This overview discusses key virological features, clinical presentation of associated liver disease and provides some information on diagnosis and an outline of treatment options. Thus, the overview can provide first orientation when infectious hepatitis is encountered in a patient that cannot be explained by the usual hepatitis viruses. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383657823 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65782-3 id: cord-320454-dhfl92et author: Srivastava, S. title: Healthcare-associated infections in neonatal units: lessons from contrasting worlds date: 2007-03-12 words: 7387.0 sentences: 483.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320454-dhfl92et.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320454-dhfl92et.txt summary: Neonatal intensive care units are vulnerable to outbreaks and sporadic incidents of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Summary Neonatal intensive care units are vulnerable to outbreaks and sporadic incidents of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). We reviewed 125 articles regarding HAIs from both advanced and resource-limited neonatal units in order to study risk factors, aetiological agents, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and reported successes in infection control interventions. We reviewed 125 articles regarding HAIs from both advanced and resource-limited neonatal units in order to study risk factors, aetiological agents, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and reported successes in infection control interventions. This review on healthcare-associated neonatal infections studies the definitions, associated risk factors and the aetiological agents involved with their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in two contrasting worlds. Risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in the neonatal intensive care unit Outbreak of Candida bloodstream infections associated with retrograde medication administration in a neonatal intensive care unit abstract: Neonatal intensive care units are vulnerable to outbreaks and sporadic incidents of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The incidence and outcome of these infections are determined by the degree of immaturity of the neonatal immune system, invasive procedures involved, the aetiological agent and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and, above all, infection control policies practised by the unit. It is important to raise awareness of infection control practices in resource-limited settings, since overdependence upon antimicrobial agents and co-existing lack of awareness of infection control is encouraging the emergence of multi-drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens. We reviewed 125 articles regarding HAIs from both advanced and resource-limited neonatal units in order to study risk factors, aetiological agents, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and reported successes in infection control interventions. The articles include surveillance studies, outbreaks and sporadic incidents. Gram-positive cocci, viruses and fungi predominate in reports from the advanced units, while Gram-negative enteric rods, non-fermenters and fungi are commonly reported from resource-limited settings. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from surveillance studies determined the empirical therapy used in each neonatal unit. Most outbreaks, irrespective of the technical facilities available, were traced to specific lack of infection control practices. We discuss infection control interventions, with special emphasis on their applicability in resource-limited settings. Cost-effective measures for implementing these interventions, with particular reference to the recognition of the role of the microbiologist, the infection control team and antibiotic policies are presented. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670107000400 doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.01.014 id: cord-303741-1ou0cy5k author: Stafstrom, Carl E. title: COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date: 2020-09-10 words: 7035.0 sentences: 369.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt summary: An especially apropos case demonstrated maternal viremia, placental infection shown by immunohistochemistry, and high placental viral load with subsequent neonatal viremia, implying transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant mother to fetus [24] ; this newborn presented with neurological symptoms as discussed in Section 3. The lack of unequivocal reports of SARS-CoV-2 being recovered from the CSF of individuals affected with presumed neurological involvement nor in brain tissue from the limited number of autopsied cases strengthens the possibility that the virus does not often directly cause the symptoms but rather, that the neurological sequelae are secondary to hypoxia, cytokine involvement, or some other non-direct mechanism (see Section 6). Finally, 4 of 27 children with COVID-19 associated MIS-C developed new neurologic symptoms including encephalopathy, headache, weakness, ataxia, and dysarthria [81] ; two patients had lumbar punctures and CSF was negative for SARS-CoV-2 in both. abstract: The ongoing worldwide pandemic of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease, COVID-19, has presented enormous and unprecedented challenges for all medical specialists. However, to date, children, especially neonates, have been relatively spared from the devastating consequences of this infection. Neurologic involvement is being increasingly recognized among adults with COVID-19, who can develop sensory deficits in smell and taste, delirium, encephalopathy, headaches, strokes, and peripheral nervous system disorders. Among neonates and children, COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations have been relatively rare, yet reports involving neurologic dysfunction in this age range are increasing. As discussed in this review, pediatric neurologists and other pediatric specialists should be alert to potential neurological involvement by this virus, which might have neuroinvasive capability and carry long-term neuropsychiatric and medical consequences. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32927628/ doi: 10.3390/children7090133 id: cord-314505-7qh8dsew author: Stegelmeier, Ashley A. title: Myeloid Cells during Viral Infections and Inflammation date: 2019-02-19 words: 12519.0 sentences: 640.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314505-7qh8dsew.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314505-7qh8dsew.txt summary: The induction of the IFN response following viral infections fundamentally changes the bone marrow microenvironment ( Figure 1B) , leading to the enhanced differentiation of myeloid cells [24] and emigration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of infection, which is facilitated by chemokine gradients interacting with their cognate receptors ( Figure 1A ) [25] . TLR stimulation after phagocytosis activates the NF-κB signaling cascade, resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 from monocytes [4] to control virus infections by direct antiviral mechanisms and the recruitment of other leukocytes. Taken together, these findings suggest that type I IFN signaling drives a balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory effects on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in response to viral infections; providing protective immunity while simultaneously limiting immunopathology. Importantly, viruses and virus-mediated tissue damage stimulate both neutrophils and monocytes, triggering a cascade of cytokine/chemokine-mediated innate immune responses. abstract: Myeloid cells represent a diverse range of innate leukocytes that are crucial for mounting successful immune responses against viruses. These cells are responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns, thereby initiating a signaling cascade that results in the production of cytokines such as interferons to mitigate infections. The aim of this review is to outline recent advances in our knowledge of the roles that neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes play in initiating and coordinating host responses against viral infections. A focus is placed on myeloid cell development, trafficking and antiviral mechanisms. Although known for promoting inflammation, there is a growing body of literature which demonstrates that myeloid cells can also play critical regulatory or immunosuppressive roles, especially following the elimination of viruses. Additionally, the ability of myeloid cells to control other innate and adaptive leukocytes during viral infections situates these cells as key, yet under-appreciated mediators of pathogenic inflammation that can sometimes trigger cytokine storms. The information presented here should assist researchers in integrating myeloid cell biology into the design of novel and more effective virus-targeted therapies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30791481/ doi: 10.3390/v11020168 id: cord-345339-kyboibtq author: Steiner, Israel title: Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis date: 2001 words: 4285.0 sentences: 218.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345339-kyboibtq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345339-kyboibtq.txt summary: Our goal here is to review the data supporting the possibility that infection has a critical role in the disease, examine the list of potential candidates that have been suggested, and outline an approach regarding the potential role of infectious agents in the etiology and pathogenesis of MS. Our goal here is to review the data supporting the possibility that infection has a critical role in the disease, examine the list of potential candidates that have been suggested, and outline an approach regarding the potential role of infectious agents in the etiology and pathogenesis of MS. Clinical relapses and disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections in multiple sclerosis A combined serologic/molecular analysis of possible human herpes virus-6 infection in multiple sclerosis patients The association between multiple sclerosis and infection with Epstein-Barr virus and retrovirus Multiple sclerosis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the CNS abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) currently defies clinical and scientific definitions, and carries a prognosis that remains practically unchanged despite many years of intensive research. Although the prevailing dogma is that MS is an immune-mediated condition, it fulfills none of the criteria of an autoimmune disease. On the other hand, there is enough significant data to suggest that infectious agents(s) could be involved in either direct damage to the white matter or induce inflammatory responses that secondarily affect the brain. Our goal here is to review the data supporting the possibility that infection has a critical role in the disease, examine the list of potential candidates that have been suggested, and outline an approach regarding the potential role of infectious agents in the etiology and pathogenesis of MS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11898529/ doi: 10.1007/s11910-001-0030-x id: cord-017420-tjwxec77 author: Stephens, R. Scott title: Neutropenic Fever in the Intensive Care Unit date: 2019-07-09 words: 5865.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017420-tjwxec77.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017420-tjwxec77.txt summary: Neutropenic patients with septic shock tend to have more frequently positive blood cultures, more fungal infections, more multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, and higher mortality rates than immunocompetent patients. Accordingly, current guidelines for the management of neutropenic fever and sepsis recommend monotherapy with an antipseudomonal beta-lactam unless otherwise dictated by circumstances such as patient allergies, the presence of resistant organisms, or refractory hemodynamic instability [28, 57, 61] . The use of surveillance rectal cultures, performed pre-transplant and then weekly after HSCT, to identify patients with MDR infections and allow immediate initiation of antibiotic therapy targeted against MDR organisms may result in better outcomes [26] . Patients with neutropenia and sepsis are at high risk of developing multi-organ failure, particularly the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [4, 5] . Neutropenic sepsis continues to confer a poor prognosis, with recent data suggesting an approximate 46% mortality rate in patients with hematologic malignancies who develop septic shock [7, 39, 47] . abstract: Neutropenic fever is a common and potentially life-threatening condition in patients treated for cancer. Rapid initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy is necessary to decrease the risk of mortality. Most infections are due to gram-positive organisms, but the mortality rate is higher for gram-negative infections. Multidrug-resistant organisms are an emerging threat to neutropenic patients. Increasing data suggest that the pathophysiology of neutropenic fever and neutropenic sepsis is substantially different from non-neutropenic fever and sepsis. Additional research is needed to both further elucidate the pathogenesis of neutropenic fever and to develop additional effective antimicrobials. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121977/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_118 id: cord-316894-zhmuzv7z author: Stetzenbach, L.D. title: Airborne Infectious Microorganisms date: 2009-02-17 words: 4393.0 sentences: 259.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt summary: Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. The illnesses resulting from avian influenza infection in humans range from typical mild influenza-like symptoms (e.g., fever, sore throat, cough, and muscle aches) and conjunctivitis to more serious cases of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and other severe and life-threatening complications. Disease is spread by aerosol dissemination of the virus during coughing and sneezing by an infected person or it may become airborne directly from the skin lesions. abstract: Inhalation exposes the upper and lower respiratory tracts of humans to a variety of airborne particles and vapors. Airborne transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans from the environment, animals, or other humans can result in disease. Inhalation is an important route of exposure as the lung is more susceptible to infection than the gastrointestinal tract. Ingested microorganisms must past through the acidic environment of the stomach before they can colonize tissue while inhaled microorganisms are deposited directly on the moist surfaces of the respiratory tract. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Following inhalation, infectious viruses, bacteria, and fungi can establish in host cells of the respiratory tract. Some are translocated and infect the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. This chapter discusses human viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases transmitted via aerosols. Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Bacterial diseases are Legionnaires’ disease, tuberculosis, and nontubercule mycobacterial disease. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Fungal diseases included are histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis. The threat of bioterrorism with airborne infectious agents is also briefly presented. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001772 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00177-2 id: cord-006578-wv3wc0ct author: Stevens, D. L. title: Invasive streptococcal infections date: 2001 words: 8839.0 sentences: 531.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006578-wv3wc0ct.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006578-wv3wc0ct.txt summary: The risk for secondary cases is likely related to close or intimate contact and crowding, as well as host factors such as: (1) active viral infections such as varicella or influenza; (2) recent surgical wounds and childbirth (author''s unpublished observations); (3) absence of type specific opsonic antibody against the group A streptococcus causing the index case; and (4) absence of neutralizing antibody against pyrogenic exotoxin A or B. 17 Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and B induce human mononuclear cells to synthesize not only TNFα 75 but also IL-1 76 and IL-6, [76] [77] [78] suggesting that TNF could mediate the fever, shock, and organ failure observed in patients with StrepTSS. Multi-locus enzyme electrophoresis demonstrates two patterns, which correspond to M-1 and M-3 type organisms that produce pyrogenic exotoxin A, a finding that fits epidemiologic studies implicating these strains in invasive group A streptococcal infections 54 in the United States. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102056/ doi: 10.1007/s101560100012 id: cord-283826-lgyc3sro author: Stiehm, E. Richard title: Therapeutic Use of Immunoglobulins date: 2010-11-05 words: 9752.0 sentences: 562.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283826-lgyc3sro.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283826-lgyc3sro.txt summary: medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and death.'' '' Since then antibodies in multiple forms (animal and human serums, immune globulins and monoclonal antibodies) have been developed, primarily for prevention of infectious diseases, and less commonly for their treatment. Thus regular use of IVIG in antibody-deficient patients in doses of 400 to 600 mg/kg every 3 to 4 weeks or an equivalent amount given subcutaneously decreases the frequency and severity of otitis and other respiratory tract infections [27, 28] . High-dose IVIG (sufficient to increase the serum IgG levels to 1000 mg/mL) has been used successfully in immunodeficient patients with enteroviral encephalomyelitis [80] [81] [82] [83] . Because IgG represents the major defense of humoral immunity against infection, these patients also require immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Individualizing the dose of intravenous immune serum globulin for therapy of patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006531011000006X doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2010.08.005 id: cord-302619-3hbbpmnt author: Strausbaugh, L. J. title: Emerging health care-associated infections in the geriatric population. date: 2001 words: 2633.0 sentences: 141.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302619-3hbbpmnt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302619-3hbbpmnt.txt summary: TB is the most The increasing number of persons >65 years of age form a special population at risk for nosocomial and other health care-associated infections. TB is the most The increasing number of persons >65 years of age form a special population at risk for nosocomial and other health care-associated infections. As a health care-associated infection in this age group, TB comes to the fore in hospital and nursing home outbreaks (11) . Adult daycare centers and home care services, which have proliferated under medical auspices in recent years, provide additional avenues for geriatric populations to acquire health careassociated infections. For example, in a 2-year serologic study of selected pathogens causing respiratory tract infections and febrile episodes in two Canadian long-term care facilities, Orr and colleagues identified a positive serologic response to Chlamydia pneumoniae in 9.4% of 224 Health care-associated infections caused by antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria have caused both endemic infections and outbreaks in nursing homes in the United States. abstract: The increasing number of persons >65 years of age form a special population at risk for nosocomial and other health care-associated infections. The vulnerability of this age group is related to impaired host defenses such as diminished cell-mediated immunity. Lifestyle considerations, e.g., travel and living arrangements, and residence in nursing homes, can further complicate the clinical picture. The magnitude and diversity of health care-associated infections in the aging population are generating new arenas for prevention and control efforts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11294721/ doi: nan id: cord-009101-376snefs author: Strodtbeck, Frances title: Viral Infections of the Newborn date: 2015-12-16 words: 3383.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009101-376snefs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009101-376snefs.txt summary: The fetus and newborn are particularly vulnerable to viral infection for numerous reasons, including a developing immune system that is inadequate for preventing infection and containing the spread of viruses, lack of immunologic experience with viruses, and the presence of rapidly growing cells and tissues (Strodtbeck, 1986) . Because of the affinity of viruses for rapidly growing cells, newborn infection results in multiple outcomes that are determined by the specific virus and the gestational age at the onset of infection. Clinical viral infection in newborns usually results in a more rapid progression to full-blown disease and earlier onset of symptomatic organ involvement than would be seen in adults with the same infection (Overall, 1992; Smith, 1993; Strodtbeck, 1986) . Until such time, the major thrusts of management of neonatal viral disease are prevention of the infection and supportive care for the acutely ill newborn. abstract: Viral infections of the newborn result in significant morbidity and mortality each year. The fetus and newborn are particularly wlnerable to viral infection. The range of expression may vary from no clinical disease to devastating illness and infection occurring before, during, or after birth. Nursing management is determined by the specific viral infection, the severity of the illness, and the unique conditions of the newborn and his/her family. Promising new therapies are on the horizon that may lessen the severity of viral disease. Until such time, the major thrusts of management of neonatal viral disease are prevention of infection and supportive care for the acutely ill newborn. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135601/ doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1995.tb02548.x id: cord-285628-36gyix12 author: Stull, Jason W. title: Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date: 2015-03-31 words: 6763.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt summary: The routine use of simple infection prevention practices can likely dramatically reduce HAIs. Infection control is the term best suited to the goal in small animal veterinary medicine of preventing (or, more practically speaking, limiting) the introduction and/or spread of pathogens with a group of patients and caregivers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently assessed domestic antibiotic resistance threats for people based on Box 1 Pathogens of concern in a small animal clinic Hospital-Associated Infections clinical and economic impact, incidence, transmissibility, availability of effective antimicrobials, and barriers to prevention. Staphylococcus S pseudintermedius and to a lesser extent S aureus are common causes of veterinary HAIs. 30 Both are frequently carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs and people (respectively), creating the potential for both endogenous infection (infection caused by bacteria the animal was harboring at the time of hospital admission) and acquisition of the pathogen during hospitalization directly or indirectly from other patients, the environment, or human caregivers. abstract: Hospital-associated infections (HAIs) occur in veterinary hospitals of all types and sizes, and their frequency is likely to increase. Urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, and infectious diarrhea are the HAIs most frequently identified in veterinary medicine. A hospital infection control program, consisting of an infectious disease control officer, written protocols, and staff training, is critical to reducing HAIs and promoting patient, staff, and client health. Infection control protocols (plans) should include discussion of hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disinfection, patient management, with-in hospital surveillance, and antimicrobial stewardship. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25559054/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.009 id: cord-002757-upwe0cpj author: Sullivan, Kathleen E. title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2017-08-07 words: 24212.0 sentences: 1364.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt summary: The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. In developing countries where polio is still endemic and oral polio vaccine is essential for eradicating the disease, it is of utmost importance that all PIDD patients and family members should not receive live oral polio (OPV) because of the reported prolonged excretion of the virus for months and even years [24] . As for host factors, although severe and fatal cases have been described in healthy immunocompetent hosts [129, 130] , there is evidence to suggest that children under the age of 10 [130] and immunocompromised hosts either secondary to hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressant treatment for organ transplantation, or HIV infection are at a greater risk to develop more severe disease with higher case fatality rates [131, 132] . abstract: In today’s global economy and affordable vacation travel, it is increasingly important that visitors to another country and their physician be familiar with emerging infections, infections unique to a specific geographic region, and risks related to the process of travel. This is never more important than for patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD). A recent review addressing common causes of fever in travelers provides important information for the general population Thwaites and Day (N Engl J Med 376:548-560, 2017). This review covers critical infectious and management concerns specifically related to travel for patients with PIDD. This review will discuss the context of the changing landscape of infections, highlight specific infections of concern, and profile distinct infection phenotypes in patients who are immune compromised. The organization of this review will address the environment driving emerging infections and several concerns unique to patients with PIDD. The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. Reference tables provide easily accessible information on a broader range of infections than is described in the text. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5693703/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-017-0426-2 id: cord-009169-hzxgi1t0 author: Sun, Bingwei title: Nosocomial infection in China: Management status and solutions date: 2016-07-01 words: 1627.0 sentences: 102.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009169-hzxgi1t0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009169-hzxgi1t0.txt summary: Investigations revealed a severe nosocomial infection resulting in deaths attributed to negligence by staff with poor infection prevention and control standards. Second, the under-reporting of nosocomial infection and the number of full-time staff experienced in infection control have been highlighted by health administrators during the performance appraisal of health care institutions. Failure to comply with standard regulations of hand hygiene or even handwashing after examining patients with infections, lack of standardized or complete disinfection of surgical instruments, failure to implement surgical standards, failure to consider oxygen humidifiers as an important source of lower respiratory infection, and inappropriate measures of disinfection and isolation are some of the factors that artificially increase nosocomial infection. • To improve environmental hygiene, a national system of sanitation should be created to provide population access to adequate sanitation measures given the current unsanitary conditions in hospitals sustainable care and development and nosocomial infection management. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135812/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.039 id: cord-273536-h7mzqef2 author: Surpure, J. S. title: Pediatric emergencies: newsletter 9 date: 1989 words: 1611.0 sentences: 97.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273536-h7mzqef2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273536-h7mzqef2.txt summary: However, the new cephalosporins have been used recently for initial empiric treatment of mening gitis because of their increased activity against the common meningeal pathogens or because some of these compounds can be adminiIn several recent controlled, prospective studies, some newer cephalosporins did not sterilize CSF cultures more rapidly nor did they improve case4atality rates compared with conventional antibiotic regimens in neonates and older children (providing that the pathogens were susceptible to the antibiotic used). Yates and Sullivan (J Pediatr Orthop, 1987; 7 : 54) 3 studied 36"children under 8 years of age with elbow injuries to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and clinical efficacy of elbow arthrograms. Weisse et al (Pediatric Infect Dis J 1987; 6 : 1091) 1 studied the effect of acetaminophen on fever in bacterial vs viral infections in 100 children (ages 9 days to 17 years) with rectal or oral temperature of 1020 F (38.90 C) or greater. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2680940/ doi: 10.1007/bf02726635 id: cord-014540-27hnlu5v author: Sutthiruk, Nantanit title: Abstracts from the 8th International Congress of the Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC): Bangkok, Thailand. 12-15 February 2017 date: 2017-02-22 words: 24509.0 sentences: 1304.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014540-27hnlu5v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014540-27hnlu5v.txt summary: A secondary questionnaire was sent to determine whether any cases showed a positive blood or cerebral spinal fluid culture for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing GNB, AmpC β-lactamases producing GNB, or carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriacae (CRE) between April 2012 and March 2015.The following data were collected; demographic data pertaining to both the care facilities and patients, clinical diagnosis, and outcomes. Utilization of diagnosis-procedure combination data for advancing the antimicrobial stewardship program Haruo Nakayama, Toshiko Ota, Naoko Shirane, Chikako Matuoka, Kentaro Kodama, Masanobu Ohtsuka Toho University Ohashi medical center, Tokyo, Japan Background Infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria results in increased morbidity, mortality and economic burden. The purpose of this study was to test the effectively of the Infection Control Risk Assessment (ICRA) monitoring tool developed by the Infection Prevention and Control Unit (IPCU) of Asian Hospital and Medical Center with the aim to increase the compliance of construction workers to recommended infection prevention and control measures during construction, renovation and demolition in the hospital. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333188/ doi: 10.1186/s13756-017-0176-1 id: cord-328196-fpk9elm8 author: Sykes, Jane E. title: Immunodeficiencies Caused by Infectious Diseases date: 2010-05-13 words: 5205.0 sentences: 293.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328196-fpk9elm8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328196-fpk9elm8.txt summary: Other important causes include canine distemper virus; canine parvovirus 2; feline infectious peritonitis virus; rickettsial organisms that infect leukocytes; Leishmania; and fungal pathogens, such as Cryptococcus. Impairment of normal host barrier function or the function of granulocytes is generally associated with a broad spectrum of bacterial infections and sometimes infection with opportunistic fungi, such as Aspergillus spp Impairment of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) results in infections with opportunistic pathogens, such as Nocardia spp, Mycobacterium spp, Toxoplasma gondii, and a variety of fungal pathogens. Dogs mounting a partial immune response may undergo recovery from acute illness but fail to eliminate the virus completely, leading to a spectrum of more chronic disease manifestations that often involve the uvea, lymphoid organs, footpads, and especially the CNS. 8 CDV infection of ferrets leads to dramatic reduction in cell-mediated immune function with markedly depressed lymphocyte proliferative activity, and to some extent delayed type hypersensitivity responses. abstract: Immunodeficiencies caused by infectious agents may result from disruption of normal host barriers or dysregulation of cellular immunity, the latter serving to promote survival of the infectious agent through immune evasion. Such infections may be followed by opportunistic infections with a variety of other microorganisms. Classic infectious causes of immunodeficiency in companion animals are the immunodeficiency retroviruses, including feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus. Other important causes include canine distemper virus; canine parvovirus 2; feline infectious peritonitis virus; rickettsial organisms that infect leukocytes; Leishmania; and fungal pathogens, such as Cryptococcus. Considerable research effort has been invested in understanding the mechanisms of pathogen-induced immunosuppression, with the hope that effective therapies may be developed that reverse the immunodeficiencies developed and in turn assist the host to clear persistent or life-threatening infectious diseases. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561610000197 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.01.006 id: cord-009773-pbm2vs5h author: TRIGG, C. J. title: Bronchial inflammation and the common cold: a comparison of atopic and non‐atopic individuals date: 2006-04-27 words: 5955.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009773-pbm2vs5h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009773-pbm2vs5h.txt summary: The aim of this study was to examine bronchial epithelial tissue in naturally acquired cold virus infections, in order to determine whether there are differences between the lower airway infiammatory response and ICAM-1 expression in atopic and nonatopic subjects. Wilcoxon''s signed rank test was used to compare baseline and acute phase results and the Mann-Whitney {/-test to compare changes in T-cell infiltration during colds between atopic and non-atopic subjects, between viral diagnostic groups and between symptom groups. There was a greater increase in bronchial responsiveness in non-atopic subjects and those without diagnosed viral infection but the difference between groups was not significant. (Paired /-test: geometric mean 1.53-fold increase, confidence interval 1.04 2.25-fold, P = 0.02.) The effect of atopy and viral diagnosis on changes in infiammatory cell infiltration of the bronchial mucosa is shown in Table 4 . The table shows the change from baseline in numbers of inflammatory cells in atopic and non-atopic subjects and in those with and without positive viral diagnoses. abstract: Background Cold virus infections are associated with asthma attacks and with increased bronchial responsiveness even in normal subjects. Possible mechanisms include epithelial damage, interaction with adhesion molecules or with T‐helper cell subsets. Objective To determine whether colds increase lower airway inflammation, comparing atopic with non‐atopic normal subjects. Methods Thirty healthy volunteers (15 atopic) took part. Basehne tests included viral serology. microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction for rhinovirus infection (HRV‐PCR), histamine bronchial provocation and bronchoscopy. Twenty subjects (eight atopic) underwent repeat tests when they developed a cold. Results Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) was significantly lower during colds (‐0.19L [95% confidence mterval ‐0.10, ‐0.29], P= 0,0004) and there was a significant increase in bronchial responsiveness (+0.62 doublings of the dose‐response slope [+0.24, +1.00], P=0.003). Eight subjects (two atopic) had a diagnosed viral infection: two HRV. three coronavirus (HCV), one HRV + HCV, one parainfluenza III(PI) and one respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (also Haemophilus influenzae). In biopsies, during colds, total eosinophils (EG1(+)) increased significantly (geometric mean 6.73‐fold [1.12,40.46], P=O.04). Activated eosinophils (EG2(+)) only increased significantly in the subgroup without diagnosed viral infection and particularly in atopic rhinitics. T‐suppressor (CD8(+)) cells also increased significantly (median +178.3 cells mm(2), P= 0.004). Epithelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) expression increased in four atopic rhinitics during colds. Bronchial washings showed a significant increase in neutrophils (GM 1.53‐fold [1.04,2.25], P= 0.02). Conclusion Lower airway inflammation was present in atopic and non‐atopic normal subjects with colds. Atopic subjects differed in that they were less likely to have positive virological tests and were more likely to show activated eosinophilia in the lower airway, despite a similar spectrum of symptoms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164830/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00593.x id: cord-015967-kqfyasmu author: Tagore, Somnath title: Epidemic Models: Their Spread, Analysis and Invasions in Scale-Free Networks date: 2015-03-20 words: 7927.0 sentences: 412.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015967-kqfyasmu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015967-kqfyasmu.txt summary: For instance, hub individuals of such high-risk individuals help in maintaining sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in different populations where majority belong to long-term monogamous relationships, whereas in case of SARS epidemic, a significant proportion of all infections are due to high risk connected individuals. Likewise, models for epidemic spread in static heavy-tailed networks have illustrated that with a degree distribution having moments resulted in lesser prevalence and/or termination for smaller rates of infection [14] . Generally, epidemic models consider contact networks to be static in nature, where all links are existent throughout the infection course. But, in cases like HIV, which spreads through a population over longer time scales, the course of infection spread is heavily dependent on the properties of the contact individuals. Likewise, for a wide range of scale-free networks, epidemic threshold is not existent, and infections with low spreading rate prevail over the entire population [10] . abstract: The mission of this chapter is to introduce the concept of epidemic outbursts in network structures, especially in case of scale-free networks. The invasion phenomena of epidemics have been of tremendous interest among the scientific community over many years, due to its large scale implementation in real world networks. This chapter seeks to make readers understand the critical issues involved in epidemics such as propagation, spread and their combat which can be further used to design synthetic and robust network architectures. The primary concern in this chapter focuses on the concept of Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) and Susceptible-Infectious-Susceptible (SIS) models with their implementation in scale-free networks, followed by developing strategies for identifying the damage caused in the network. The relevance of this chapter can be understood when methods discussed in this chapter could be related to contemporary networks for improving their performance in terms of robustness. The patterns by which epidemics spread through groups are determined by the properties of the pathogen carrying it, length of its infectious period, its severity as well as by network structures within the population. Thus, accurately modeling the underlying network is crucial to understand the spread as well as prevention of an epidemic. Moreover, implementing immunization strategies helps control and terminate theses epidemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120102/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-15916-4_1 id: cord-018808-h2zb87oa author: Tantawichien, Terapong title: Dengue date: 2018-03-20 words: 7329.0 sentences: 333.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018808-h2zb87oa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018808-h2zb87oa.txt summary: After an incubation period of 4-8 days, infection by any dengue virus can produce a wide spectrum of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic or subclinical infection to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever (DF), and severe forms of the disease associated with plasma leakage (dengue hemorrhage fever: DHF), dengue shock syndrome (DSS), severe bleeding, encephalopathy, and multi-organ failure [35] . The clinical spectrum of dengue infection ranges from mild illness (undifferentiated fever, non-severe DF) to the life-threatening severe forms of the disease with plasma leakage (DHF/DSS), severe bleeding, or multi-organ failure, which may be fatal. The unusual manifestations of dengue infection have been recognized including severe internal hemorrhage, fulminant hepatic failure, encephalopathy, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmia, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis, appendicitis, coinfection with other viruses or tropical infectious diseases, and neurological complications (e.g., altered consciousness, seizures, paresis, and coma resulting from encephalitis and encephalopathy) [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] . The clinical spectrum of dengue ranges from mild illness (undifferentiated fever and DF) to the life-threatening infection (DHF/DSS, severe bleeding, and multi-organ failure), which may be fatal. abstract: Dengue is one of the most important mosquito-borne viral infections caused by single-stranded RNA virus that are transmitted by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquito species. Dengue is endemic in over 140 countries in Asia, the USA, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are more than 2.5 billion people—mainly occurs in children living in tropical and subtropical countries—at risk of dengue infection with one or more dengue viruses. There are estimated nearly 100 million symptomatic dengue infections occurring worldwide annually, nearly 75% in Asia and the Western Pacific region [1]. During the past decades, the outbreaks of dengue infection have been reported throughout the world with increased severity. Ecologic and demographic changes are considered to be the contributing factors to the emergence of dengue infection in the past decades. Dengue has expanded into new countries and into urban settings associated with increased distribution of A. aegypti, population growth, urbanization, development of slums, migration of population, movement of dengue virus by infected travelers, trade development, and improved diagnostic capabilities in medical practice [2, 3]. Increased transmission of dengue virus in tropical urban areas has been created by substandard housing and crowding as well as deterioration in water, sewer, and waste management systems, all of which are intimately associated with unplanned urbanization [4–7]. So it is likely that dengue will expand its geographic reach and become an increasing burden on health resources in affected areas during the next decade. An effective vector-control management is the only means to reduce dengue infection in endemic areas. Because vector control has achieved only limited success so far in reducing the transmission of dengue, the usage of effective dengue vaccine in target population along with the preventive measures already used such as raising public awareness may be the means to effectively control of this disease in endemic area [8]. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123783/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68493-2_10 id: cord-007367-e31zhty6 author: Tassier, Troy title: Network position and health care worker infections date: 2015-09-07 words: 11003.0 sentences: 567.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007367-e31zhty6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007367-e31zhty6.txt summary: We estimate, using an agent-based model, the effect of network position of different hospital worker groups on the spread of infectious diseases in a hospital. Following the theoretical discussion, we use our newly collected data on healthcare worker and patient contacts to model the spread of an infectious disease in a hospital setting. The model allows us to identify the healthcare worker groups that would be expected to play the largest role in the spread of infectious diseases, in terms of network position, in this hospital setting. Because of these difficulties we use a simulation approach to help us measure the average and marginal effects of individuals belonging to different worker groups in our hospital contact data. We discuss the data and use agent-based models to identify the healthcare workers whose position in the hospital contact network has the potential to create large numbers of infections in the hospital. abstract: We use a newly collected data set coupled with an agent-based model to study the spread of infectious disease in hospitals. We estimate the average and marginal infections created by various worker groups in a hospital as a function of their network position in order to identify groups most crucial in a hospital-based epidemic. Surprisingly, we find that many groups with primary patient care responsibilities play a small role in spreading an infectious disease within our hospital data set. We also demonstrate that the effect of different network positions can be as important as the effect of different transmission rates for some categories of workers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111609/ doi: 10.1007/s11403-015-0166-4 id: cord-254766-585iu5ey author: Tauro, Sharyn title: Molecular and cellular mechanisms in the viral exacerbation of asthma date: 2008-08-13 words: 5251.0 sentences: 246.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt summary: This review summarizes the evidence associated with factors that may contribute to the development or exacerbation of asthma including age, host factors, genetic polymorphisms, altered immune responses, and aspects of viral antigen expression. These observations suggest that respiratory viral infections lead to a prolonged period of increased antigen presentation in the airways resulting in de novo and memory T-cell responses not only to the virus but also to unrelated antigens including allergens. In addition to studies of primary infections, models studying the interactions between respiratory viral infections and allergen sensitization are essential in understanding the mechanisms of virus induced asthma exacerbations. These studies show that the immune responses to allergen sensitization and respiratory viral infections interact to cause persistent inflammation and AHR, symptomatic of the asthmatic response (Fig. 2) [53] . Recurrent respiratory syncytial virus infections in allergen sensitized mice lead to persistent airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness abstract: The aetiology of asthma associated with viral infection is complex. The dynamics that contribute to disease pathogenesis are multifactorial and involve overlapping molecular and cellular mechanisms, particularly the immune response to respiratory virus infection or allergen sensitization. This review summarizes the evidence associated with factors that may contribute to the development or exacerbation of asthma including age, host factors, genetic polymorphisms, altered immune responses, and aspects of viral antigen expression. This review also provides an important perspective of key events linked to the development of asthmatic disease and related pulmonary inflammation from human and animal studies, and discusses their relationship as targets for disease intervention strategies. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S128645790800186X doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.037 id: cord-269734-u43gt8fh author: Teijaro, J.R. title: Pleiotropic Roles of Type 1 Interferons in Antiviral Immune Responses date: 2016-09-20 words: 7445.0 sentences: 368.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269734-u43gt8fh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269734-u43gt8fh.txt summary: (A) Viral infection in the lung with Influenza or SARS-CoV promotes the induction of delayed IFN-I production which enhances cytokine/chemokine production, recruitment of NK cells, and neutrophils and inflammatory macrophage/monocytes all which contribute to lung immune-mediated pathology. Collectively, the studies above suggest that IFN-I signaling is essential to cytokine and chemokine amplification and innate immune cell recruitment and can promote excessive immunopathology during acute respiratory viral infections (Fig. 1) . Importantly, that IFN-I production and signaling can be blunted without enhancing virus propagation following acute respiratory viral infection suggests that this pathway can be modulated without compromising host antiviral responses. Inhibition of IFN-I signaling by antibody blockade of IFNAR1 results in elevated virus replication early following LCMV Cl13 infection and treatment of mice with IFN-I during the early stages of persistent LCMV infection promotes rapid virus control (Wang et al., 2012) . abstract: Since Isaac's and Lindenmann's seminal experiments over 50 years ago demonstrating a soluble factor generated from heat killed virus-stimulated chicken embryos could inhibit live influenza virus replication, the term interferon has been synonymous with inhibition of virus replication. While the antiviral properties of type 1 interferon (IFN-I) are undeniable, recent studies have reported expanding and somewhat unexpected roles of IFN-I signaling during both acute and persistent viral infections. IFN-I signaling can promote morbidity and mortality through induction of aberrant inflammatory responses and recruitment of inflammatory innate immune cell populations during acute respiratory viral infections. During persistent viral infection, IFN-I signaling promotes containment of early viral replication/dissemination, however, also initiates and maintains immune suppression, lymphoid tissue disorganization, and CD4 T cell dysfunction through modulation of multiple immune cell populations. Finally, new data are emerging illuminating how specific IFN-I species regulate immune pathology and suppression during acute and persistent viral infections, respectively. Systematic characterization of the cellular populations that produce IFN-I, how the timing of IFN-I induction and intricacies of subtype specific IFN-I signaling promote pathology or immune suppression during acute and persistent viral infections should inform the development of treatments and modalities to control viral associated pathologies. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0065277616300372 doi: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.08.001 id: cord-020560-jnemlabp author: Tewari, Hemant title: Severe Tropical Infections date: 2012-03-09 words: 927.0 sentences: 77.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-020560-jnemlabp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-020560-jnemlabp.txt summary: Close monitoring and supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment in most of these infections, but some of them have specific therapies. Close monitoring and supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment in most of these infections, but some of them have speci fi c therapies. Close monitoring and general organ • support in the initial days or weeks of viremia or parasitemia will salvage many patients. Step 6: Initiate empirical therapy based on initial presentation Speci fi c therapy is available only for a few tropical infections. Step 7: Start speci fi c treatment once the diagnosis is con fi rmed Dengue • A protocol for intravenous fl uid therapy has been developed by the World -Health Organization (WHO). Close clinical observation is essential, even after normal blood volume is restored, because patients can develop shock for 1-2 days after initial fl uid resuscitation, which represents the period of increased vascular permeability in dengue hemorrhagic fever. abstract: Severe infection with multiorgan involvement is one of the most common cause of ICU admission in tropical countries. Close monitoring and supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment in most of these infections, but some of them have specific therapies. Rapid identification of treatable infection is imperative for a better outcome. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7139435/ doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-0535-7_51 id: cord-023168-cd7adns8 author: Thachil, Jecko title: Haematological Diseases in the Tropics date: 2013-10-21 words: 30224.0 sentences: 1724.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt summary: The most useful laboratory measure of iron status Low value is diagnostic in the presence of anaemia Very high values (>100 µg/L) usually exclude iron deficiency'' Being an acute-phase protein, it increases in inflammatory conditions, and certain malignancies, making it unreliable Also increased in tissue damage especially of the liver Levels are falsely decreased in vitamin C deficiency and hypothyroidism Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin An intermediate in haem biosynthesis and elevated concentrations indicate interrupted haem synthesis due to iron deficiency when zinc is incorporated in place of iron Can be measured on a drop of blood with a portable haematofluorometer Small sample size makes it very useful as a screening test in field surveys, particularly in children, and pregnant women where inflammatory states may not co-exist Red cells should be washed before measurement (serum bilirubin and fluorescent compounds like some drugs can give falsely high values) although not often done Lead poisoning can give falsely high values Rarely acute myeloid leukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia give slightly high values Useful in that it is not increased in thalassaemias WHO recommends normal level >70 µmol/mol haem Iron studies Serum iron concentration represents the iron entering and leaving the circulation. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167525/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00066-2 id: cord-339852-9rq7zzqs author: Theamboonlers, Apiradee title: Human Coronavirus Infection among Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Thailand date: 2006-11-30 words: 2949.0 sentences: 169.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339852-9rq7zzqs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339852-9rq7zzqs.txt summary: In addition, we performed this study in order to delineate the prevalence, the potential clinical impacts and evaluation of the genetic characterization of this pathogen in young children who presented with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). In this study we applied molecular biology techniques to identify hCoV in nasopharyngeal secretions (NPs) for the study on the prevalence of molecular characterization and clinical correlation of coronavirus infections in hospitalized infants and young children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). In this study, we have identifi ed human coronavirus hCoV-OC43 and hCoV-229E infection in infants and young children presenting with ALRI. hCoV-229E and hCoV-OC43 have previously been proven responsible for infecting people of all age groups and causing severe lower respiratory tract infection primarily in frail patients such as young children and elderly individuals [17] [18] [19] . The clinical features associated with coronavirus infection appear to be similar to those observed with other respiratory viruses, such as RSV, parainfl uenza virus and human metapneumovirus. abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to further identify the previously uncharacterized human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E) and human coronavirus OC43 (hCoV-OC43) in Thailand by using the RT-PCR technique. In addition, we performed this study in order to delineate the prevalence, the potential clinical impacts and evaluation of the genetic characterization of this pathogen in young children who presented with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). METHODS: We obtained nasopharyngeal secretions (NPs) from 226 children <5 years of age who were either attending the outpatient department or hospitalized with ALRI from March 2002 to July 2003. All clinical, laboratory, RT-PCR, direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 226 NPs samples from infants and young children presented with ALRI, 8 (3.54%) were positive for hCoV-229E, 2 (0.88%) were positive for hCoV-OC43, and 1 (0.44%) had co-infection. The following clinical presentations were noted: fever (100%), rhinitis (44%), acute bronchiolitis (44%), viral pneumonia (33%), viral pneumonia triggering asthma exacerbation (11%) as well as viral pneumonia causing BPD exacerbation (11%). All positive samples were subjected to direct sequencing. The amino acid sequences had 82-99% similarity to previous sequences stored in the GenBank database. CONCLUSION: The molecular technique we applied to detect human coronavirus appears justified as a valuable diagnostic approach to elucidate the prevalence, cause and clinical implications of ALRI among infants and young children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17139182/ doi: 10.1159/000097392 id: cord-269627-mx1mjdqc author: Thiry, Etienne title: Feline herpesvirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management date: 2009-07-31 words: 3935.0 sentences: 255.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269627-mx1mjdqc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269627-mx1mjdqc.txt summary: Passive immunity acquired via colostrum Maternally derived antibodies protect kittens against disease during the first weeks of life, but in general levels are low in FHV infections. Feline herpesvirus infection typically causes acute upper respiratory and ocular disease (Table 1) , which can be particularly severe in young kittens. 18 Viral DNA has also been detected in the aqueous humour of a larger proportion of cats suffering from uveitis, as compared with 19 Chronic rhinosinusitis, a frequent cause of sneezing and nasal discharge, has been associated with FHV infection. However, when quantitative real-time PCR is used, the virus concentration measured may provide additional information: high viral loads in nasal secretion or tears suggest active replication and FHV involvement in the clinical signs [EBM grade II]. Evaluation of serologic and viral detection methods for diagnosing feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats with acute respiratory tract or chronic ocular disease Quantification of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in ocular fluid samples of clinically diseased cats by real-time TaqMan PCR abstract: Abstract Overview Feline viral rhinotracheitis, caused by feline herpesvirus (FHV), is an upper respiratory tract disease that is often associated with feline calicivirus and bacteria. In most cats, FHV remains latent after recovery, and they become lifelong virus carriers. Stress or corticosteroid treatment may lead to virus reactivation and shedding in oronasal and conjunctival secretions. Infection Sick cats shed FHV in oral, nasal and conjunctival secretions; shedding may last for 3 weeks. Infection requires direct contact with a shedding cat. Disease signs Feline herpesvirus infections cause acute rhinitis and conjunctivitis, usually accompanied by fever, depression and anorexia. Affected cats may also develop typical ulcerative, dendritic keratitis. Diagnosis Samples consist of conjunctival, corneal or oropharyngeal swabs, corneal scrapings or biopsies. It is not recommended that cats recently vaccinated with a modified-live virus vaccine are sampled. Positive PCR results should be interpreted with caution, as they may be produced by low-level shedding or viral latency. Disease management ‘Tender loving care’ from the owner, supportive therapy and good nursing are essential. Anorexic cats should be fed blended, highly palatable food – warmed up if required. Mucolytic drugs (eg, bromhexine) or nebulisation with saline may offer relief. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be given to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Topical antiviral drugs may be used for the treatment of acute FHV ocular disease. The virus is labile and susceptible to most disinfectants, antiseptics and detergents. Vaccination recommendations Two injections, at 9 and 12 weeks of age, are recommended, with a first booster 1 year later. Boosters should be given annually to at-risk cats. For cats in low-risk situations (eg, indoor-only cats), 3-yearly intervals suffice. Cats that have recovered from FHV-associated disease are usually not protected for life against further disease episodes; vaccination of recovered cats is therefore recommended. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.003 doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.003 id: cord-253197-9hjvk7p5 author: Thomas, Evan title: Urinary Tract Infection with Atypical Mycobacteria date: 1980-11-30 words: 1409.0 sentences: 120.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253197-9hjvk7p5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253197-9hjvk7p5.txt summary: Abstract We present a case of disseminated atypical mycobacterial (Mycobacterium intracellularis) infection of the urinary tract. A review of the literature revealed only 13 previous cases of atypical mycobacterial infection of the urinary tract. intracellularis developed, as evidenced by positive cultures of the urine, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, cerebrospinal fluid, stool and blood. In 1970 Klotz noted 306 cases of urinary colonization with atypical mycobacteria, none of which was reportedly associated with observable urinary tract disease.8 Thus, we believe that adequate documentation of atypical mycobacterial infection must include either positive culture of genitourinary tissue specimens and/ or positive urine cultures in conjunction with some combination of radiologic, pathologic or laboratory evidence compatible with granulomatous genitourinary disease. Lattimer and Boyes referred to 2 children in whom urine culture yielded group I atypical mycobacteria but no supporting evidence of genitourinary disease was found. 7 In no other reported case was a patient <27 years old. abstract: Abstract We present a case of disseminated atypical mycobacterial (Mycobacterium intracellularis) infection of the urinary tract. The patient had anhydrous ectodermal dysplasia and an unrelated defect in cell-mediated immunity. The infection resulted in a lengthy ureteral stricture with resultant hydronephrosis and diminished kidney function. A review of the literature revealed only 13 previous cases of atypical mycobacterial infection of the urinary tract. It is important to distinguish between simple colonization by these organisms and actual infection. Differentiation between atypical mycobacterial infection and urinary tuberculosis is important in determining the therapeutic regimen. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7452814/ doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55642-6 id: cord-174036-b3frnfr7 author: Thomas, Loring J. title: Spatial Heterogeneity Can Lead to Substantial Local Variations in COVID-19 Timing and Severity date: 2020-05-20 words: 6666.0 sentences: 268.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-174036-b3frnfr7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-174036-b3frnfr7.txt summary: Based on simulations of unrestricted COVID-19 diffusion in 19 U.S cities, we conclude that heterogeneity in population distribution can have large impacts on local pandemic timing and severity, even when aggregate behavior at larger scales mirrors a classic SIR-like pattern. These results demonstrate the potential for spatial network structure to generate highly non-uniform diffusion behavior even at the scale of cities, and suggest the importance of incorporating such structure when designing models to inform healthcare planning, predict community outcomes, or identify potential disparities. In this paper, we examine the potential impact of local spatial heterogeneity on COVID-19, modeling the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 in populations whose contacts are based on spatially plausible network structures. The disease diffuses through the contact network, with currently infectious individuals infecting susceptible neighbors as a continous time Poisson process with a rate estimated from mortality data (see supplement); recovered or deceased individuals are not considered infectious for modeling purposes. abstract: Standard epidemiological models for COVID-19 employ variants of compartment (SIR) models at local scales, implicitly assuming spatially uniform local mixing. Here, we examine the effect of employing more geographically detailed diffusion models based on known spatial features of interpersonal networks, most particularly the presence of a long-tailed but monotone decline in the probability of interaction with distance, on disease diffusion. Based on simulations of unrestricted COVID-19 diffusion in 19 U.S cities, we conclude that heterogeneity in population distribution can have large impacts on local pandemic timing and severity, even when aggregate behavior at larger scales mirrors a classic SIR-like pattern. Impacts observed include severe local outbreaks with long lag time relative to the aggregate infection curve, and the presence of numerous areas whose disease trajectories correlate poorly with those of neighboring areas. A simple catchment model for hospital demand illustrates potential implications for health care utilization, with substantial disparities in the timing and extremity of impacts even without distancing interventions. Likewise, analysis of social exposure to others who are morbid or deceased shows considerable variation in how the epidemic can appear to individuals on the ground, potentially affecting risk assessment and compliance with mitigation measures. These results demonstrate the potential for spatial network structure to generate highly non-uniform diffusion behavior even at the scale of cities, and suggest the importance of incorporating such structure when designing models to inform healthcare planning, predict community outcomes, or identify potential disparities. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.09850v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-265005-e6rpryrh author: Tomasello, Elena title: Harnessing Mechanistic Knowledge on Beneficial Versus Deleterious IFN-I Effects to Design Innovative Immunotherapies Targeting Cytokine Activity to Specific Cell Types date: 2014-10-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Type I interferons (IFN-I) were identified over 50 years ago as cytokines critical for host defense against viral infections. IFN-I promote anti-viral defense through two main mechanisms. First, IFN-I directly reinforce or induce de novo in potentially all cells the expression of effector molecules of intrinsic anti-viral immunity. Second, IFN-I orchestrate innate and adaptive anti-viral immunity. However, IFN-I responses can be deleterious for the host in a number of circumstances, including secondary bacterial or fungal infections, several autoimmune diseases, and, paradoxically, certain chronic viral infections. We will review the proposed nature of protective versus deleterious IFN-I responses in selected diseases. Emphasis will be put on the potentially deleterious functions of IFN-I in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and on the respective roles of IFN-I and IFN-III in promoting resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We will then discuss how the balance between beneficial versus deleterious IFN-I responses is modulated by several key parameters including (i) the subtypes and dose of IFN-I produced, (ii) the cell types affected by IFN-I, and (iii) the source and timing of IFN-I production. Finally, we will speculate how integration of this knowledge combined with advanced biochemical manipulation of the activity of the cytokines should allow designing innovative immunotherapeutic treatments in patients. Specifically, we will discuss how induction or blockade of specific IFN-I responses in targeted cell types could promote the beneficial functions of IFN-I and/or dampen their deleterious effects, in a manner adapted to each disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25400632/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00526 id: cord-015640-zdwmxaz3 author: Tong, C. Y. W. title: Clinical Virology in NICU, PICU and AICU date: 2011-08-10 words: 6051.0 sentences: 356.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015640-zdwmxaz3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015640-zdwmxaz3.txt summary: Viruses are significant causes of nosocomial infections, particularly in intensive care unit (ICU) where seriously ill and vulnerable patients are being cared for. Adherence to effective infection control measures (hand hygiene, enteric precautions; Table 20 .3), as well as adequate staffing and patient cohorting/ isolation can therefore help prevent or manage an outbreak [41] . Neonates and immunocompromised patients can shed the virus for a prolonged time over months, which emphasises the need for rigorous adherence to effective infection control measures (Table 20. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) should therefore be offered to all health care workers who have significant exposure to blood or body fluid from a patient known to be at high risk of or to have HIV infection. Preliminary estimation of risk factors for admission to intensive care units and for death in patients infected with A(H1N1)2009 influenza virus abstract: Viruses are significant causes of nosocomial infections, particularly in intensive care unit (ICU) where seriously ill and vulnerable patients are being cared for. Four major routes of nosocomial virus transmission in the ICU are identified, viz. respiratory, faecal–oral, exposure to blood and body fluid and direct contact with infected patients or through fomites. Different infection control measures are available according to the natural history, biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and mode of transmission of each virus. In this chapter, we discuss some of the important viruses that could be associated with nosocomial infections in the ICU. Intensivists should work closely with microbiologists, virologists and the laboratory to diagnose such infection early, work proactively to prevent outbreaks and manage viral infections using appropriate strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114968/ doi: 10.1007/978-88-470-1601-9_20 id: cord-333730-qsx0m68e author: Tsai, Y. C. title: Oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants with antiviral potential, including SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review date: 2020-09-03 words: 4920.0 sentences: 297.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333730-qsx0m68e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333730-qsx0m68e.txt summary: However, some immunosuppressants or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) show antiviral activity and may be safely used or even beneficial in patients with selected concomitant viral infections. In vitro anti-CMV properties of leflunomide were not through blocking the replication of viral DNA, so it is effective even in patients with direct antiviral drug-resistance history. The combination of MMF and highly active antiretroviral therapy improved the control of viral replication and delayed viral-load rebound in a randomized pilot study (n = 17 The effectiveness of thalidomide for KS might be related to anti-angiogenesis, and experts hypothesized the modulation of the immune system to trigger an antiviral action. Although in most instances, the antiviral activity of DMARDs is based on in vitro or small-scale controlled studies, this property would be useful in the choice of DMARDs for patients with concomitant viral infections. Effects of hydroxychloroquine on immune activation and disease progression among HIV-infected patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial abstract: There have been several episodes of viral infection evolving into epidemics in recent decades, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the latest example. Its high infectivity and moderate mortality have resulted in an urgent need to find an effective treatment modality. Although the category of immunosuppressive drugs usually poses a risk of infection due to interference of the immune system, some of them have been found to exert antiviral properties and are already used in daily practice. Recently, hydroxychloroquine and baricitinib have been proposed as potential drugs for SARS-CoV-2. In fact, there are other immunosuppressants known with antiviral activities, including cyclosporine A, hydroxyurea, minocycline, mycophenolic acid, mycophenolate mofetil, leflunomide, tofacitinib, and thalidomide. The inherent antiviral activity could be a treatment choice for patients with coexisting rheumatological disorders and infections. Clinical evidence, their possible mode of actions and spectrum of antiviral activities are included in this review article. LAY SUMMARY: Immunosuppressants often raise the concern of infection risks, especially for patients with underlying immune disorders. However, some disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with inherent antiviral activity would be a reasonable choice in the situation of concomitant viral infections and flare up of autoimmune diseases. This review covers DMARDs of treatment potential for SARS-CoV-2 in part I, and antiviral mechanisms plus trial evidence for viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 in part II. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32952617/ doi: 10.1177/1759720x20947296 id: cord-349396-a6zyioc1 author: Tsurumi, Amy title: Multi-biomarker Prediction Models for Multiple Infection Episodes Following Blunt Trauma date: 2020-10-07 words: 4596.0 sentences: 218.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349396-a6zyioc1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349396-a6zyioc1.txt summary: Applying machine learning algorithms to genome-wide transcriptome data from 128 adult blunt trauma patients'' (42 MIIE cases and 85 non-cases) leukocytes collected ≤48 hours of injury and ≥3 days before any infection, we constructed a 15-transcript and a 26-transcript multi-biomarker panel model with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Elastic Net, respectively, which accurately predicted MIIE (AUROC [95% CI]: 0.90 [0.84-0.96] and 0.92 [0.86-0.96]), and significantly outperformed clinical models. In a previous study among burn trauma patients, we developed a blood transcriptomic multi-biomarker panel for predicting multiple independent infection episodes (MIIE) outcome during the course of recovery (Yan et al., 2015) . Our study shows that employing novel prognostic models based on early blood transcriptome profiling following severe trauma is an effective method for identifying patients who are particularly at high risk for MIIE and thus, hypersusceptible to infections. abstract: Severe trauma predisposes patients to multiple independent infection episodes (MIIE), leading to augmented morbidity and mortality. We developed a method to identify increased MIIE risk before clinical signs appear, which is fundamentally different from existing approaches entailing infections’ detection after their establishment. Applying machine learning algorithms to genome-wide transcriptome data from 128 adult blunt trauma patients’ (42 MIIE cases and 85 non-cases) leukocytes collected ≤48 hours of injury and ≥3 days before any infection, we constructed a 15-transcript and a 26-transcript multi-biomarker panel model with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Elastic Net, respectively, which accurately predicted MIIE (AUROC [95% CI]: 0.90 [0.84-0.96] and 0.92 [0.86-0.96]), and significantly outperformed clinical models. Gene Ontology and network analyses found various pathways to be relevant. External validation found our model to be generalizable. Our unique precision medicine approach can be applied to a wide range of patient populations and outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101659 doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101659 id: cord-007445-2folsh35 author: Tuffaha, Amjad title: THE ROLE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC ASTHMA date: 2000-06-01 words: 4973.0 sentences: 217.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007445-2folsh35.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007445-2folsh35.txt summary: To more comprehensively evaluate the relationships among virus infection, atopy (cytokine dysregulation of Thl / Th2 imbalance), and immune system or lung developmental components, a rat model of virus-induced airway dysfunction has been studied extensively.''l'' In this model, infection with PIV type 1 during a critical developmental time period (when the animals are weaning [ 3 4 weeks of age] as opposed to when they are neonates [4-5 days] or adults) produces chronic (8-12 weeks fol-lowing infection), episodic, reversible airway inflammation and remodeling with associated alterations in airway physiology (increased resistance and rnethacholine responsiveness) that resemble human asthma in high (brown Norway strain) but not low (F344 strain) IgEantibody producing rats.62 The temporal progression of this asthma-like syndrome is associated with a Thl / Th2 imbalance within the lung, and its development can be significantly attenuated by the exogenous administration of IFN-8 just prior to and during the viral infection in the brown Norway responder strain.lo2 This model further supports the concept of both genetic (atopy; cytokine dysregulation or imbalance) and environmental factors (virus infection) being important in the inception of the asthmatic phenotype, as well as a developmental component contributing. abstract: Respiratory tract infections caused by viruses, 24, 70 chlamydia, 18, 19, 43, 55, 116 and mycoplasma(61) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Viruses have been demonstrated to be associated with asthma epidemiologically in at least two ways (Fig. 1). First, during infancy, certain viruses have been implicated as potentially being responsible for the inception of the asthmatic phenotype. Second, in patients, particularly children, with established asthma, viral upper respiratory tract infections play a significant role in producing acute exacerbations of airway obstruction that may result in frequent outpatient visits or hospitalizations. 24, 55, 56, 57 This article reviews these two areas by focusing first on mechanisms by which virus infections may lead to the development of asthma in infants and children and, second, on mechanisms by which virus infections may produce acute asthmatic symptoms in patients who already have established disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115729/ doi: 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70267-7 id: cord-265964-cnp5bwet author: Tumala, Regie B. title: Assessment of nursing students perceptions of their training hospital's infection prevention climate: A multi-university study in Saudi Arabia date: 2019-10-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Background The risk of acquiring and spreading infection must be minimized in nursing students because they are exposed to healthcare-associated infections during clinical training. To achieve this goal, students should be knowledgeable and competent in infection control practice before proceeding to their training hospitals. Objectives This study assessed the nursing students' perception of the infection prevention climate in training hospitals in Saudi Arabia. It also examined the predictors of the students' perceptions. Design A quantitative, cross-sectional design was used. Methods This investigation was part of a large study conducted in six Saudi universities. A total of 829 Saudi nursing students were included in this study. Data were collected using the Leading Culture of Quality in Infection Prevention scale and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Ethical approval was obtained from the King Saud University, and permission was given by the administration of each participating university. Results The overall perception of nursing students indicated a modest infection prevention climate. Prioritization of quality and improvement orientation was rated as the highest dimensions, whereas psychological safety and supportive environment were the lowest. The nursing students in University F had the poorest perceptions among the six universities. The predictors of nursing student perception of their training hospitals' infection prevention climates were the university where they studied, their age, and participation in infection prevention seminars. Conclusions This article describes nursing students' perception of the infection prevention climate of their training hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Results may provide a unique theoretical underpinning on the perception and factors that effect an infection prevention climate. Thereby, previous knowledge and literature may be expanded. Results can be used as a guide in establishing clinical policies in efforts toward improving the infection prevention climate. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0260691719302679 doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.07.003 id: cord-274824-kaefedl1 author: Turski, Waldemar A. title: AhR and IDO1 in pathogenesis of Covid-19 and the “Systemic AhR Activation Syndrome:” a translational review and therapeutic perspectives date: 2020-09-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Covid-19 is the acute illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 with initial clinical symptoms such as cough, fever, malaise, headache, and anosmia. After entry into cells, corona viruses (CoV) activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) by an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1)-independent mechanism, bypassing the IDO1-kynurenine-AhR pathway. The IDO1-kynurenine-AhR signaling pathway is used by multiple viral, microbial and parasitic pathogens to activate AhRs and to establish infections. AhRs enhance their own activity through an IDO1-AhR-IDO1 positive feedback loop prolonging activation induced by pathogens. Direct activation of AhRs by CoV induces immediate and simultaneous up-regulation of diverse AhR-dependent downstream effectors, and this, in turn, results in a “Systemic AhR Activation Syndrome” (SAAS) consisting of inflammation, thromboembolism, and fibrosis, culminating in multiple organ injuries, and death. Activation of AhRs by CoV may lead to diverse sets of phenotypic disease pictures depending on time after infection, overall state of health, hormonal balance, age, gender, comorbidities, but also diet and environmental factors modulating AhRs. We hypothesize that elimination of factors known to up-regulate AhRs, or implementation of measures known to down-regulate AhRs, should decrease severity of infection. Although therapies selectively down-regulating both AhR and IDO1 are currently lacking, medications in clinical use such as dexamethasone may down-regulate both AhR and IDO1 genes, as calcitriol/vitamin D(3) may down-regulate the AhR gene, and tocopherol/vitamin E may down-regulate the IDO1 gene. Supplementation of calcitriol should therefore be subjected to epidemiological studies and tested in prospective trials for prevention of CoV infections, as should tocopherol, whereas dexamethasone could be tried in interventional trials. Because lack of physical exercise activates AhRs via the IDO1-kynurenine-AhR signaling pathway increasing risk of infection, physical exercise should be encouraged during quarantines and stay-at-home orders during pandemic outbreaks. Understanding which factors affect gene expression of both AhR and IDO1 may help in designing therapies to prevent and treat humans suffering from Covid-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32597823/ doi: 10.3233/rnn-201042 id: cord-317661-v93mde6l author: Vaid, Shashank title: Using Machine Learning to Estimate Unobserved COVID-19 Infections in North America date: 2020-05-07 words: 2483.0 sentences: 143.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317661-v93mde6l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317661-v93mde6l.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: We have identified 2 key findings: (1) as of April 22, 2020, the United States may have had 1.5 to 2.029 times the number of reported infections and Canada may have had 1.44 to 2.06 times the number of reported infections and (2) even if we assume that the fatality and growth rates in the unobservable population (undetected infections) are similar to those in the observable population (confirmed infections), the number of undetected infections may be within ranges similar to those described above. We have identified 2 key findings: (1) as of April 22, 2020, the United States may have had 1.5 to 2.029 times the number of reported infections and Canada may have had 1.44 to 2.06 times the number of reported infections and (2) even if we assume that the fatality and growth rates in the unobservable population (undetected infections) are similar to those in the observable population (confirmed infections), the number of undetected infections may be within ranges similar to those described above. abstract: The detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases remains a huge challenge. As of April 22, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to take its toll, with >2.6 million confirmed infections and >183,000 deaths. Dire projections are surfacing almost every day, and policymakers worldwide are using projections for critical decisions. Given this background, we modeled unobserved infections to examine the extent to which we might be grossly underestimating COVID-19 infections in North America. METHODS: We developed a machine-learning model to uncover hidden patterns based on reported cases and to predict potential infections. First, our model relied on dimensionality reduction to identify parameters that were key to uncovering hidden patterns. Next, our predictive analysis used an unbiased hierarchical Bayesian estimator approach to infer past infections from current fatalities. RESULTS: Our analysis indicates that, when we assumed a 13-day lag time from infection to death, the United States, as of April 22, 2020, likely had at least 1.3 million undetected infections. With a longer lag time—for example, 23 days—there could have been at least 1.7 million undetected infections. Given these assumptions, the number of undetected infections in Canada could have ranged from 60,000 to 80,000. Duarte’s elegant unbiased estimator approach suggested that, as of April 22, 2020, the United States had up to >1.6 million undetected infections and Canada had at least 60,000 to 86,000 undetected infections. However, the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering data feed on April 22, 2020, reported only 840,476 and 41,650 confirmed cases for the United States and Canada, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified 2 key findings: (1) as of April 22, 2020, the United States may have had 1.5 to 2.029 times the number of reported infections and Canada may have had 1.44 to 2.06 times the number of reported infections and (2) even if we assume that the fatality and growth rates in the unobservable population (undetected infections) are similar to those in the observable population (confirmed infections), the number of undetected infections may be within ranges similar to those described above. In summary, 2 different approaches indicated similar ranges of undetected infections in North America. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32618918/ doi: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00715 id: cord-029032-s9geepsc author: Vargas-García, Cesar title: Parasite-Guest Infection Modeling: Social Science Applications date: 2020-06-22 words: 1839.0 sentences: 111.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029032-s9geepsc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029032-s9geepsc.txt summary: This theory states that natural selection maximizes the number of secondary infections resulting from infection of a susceptible host through free channels that do not involve direct contact between infected and susceptible hosts [7] . The proposed section reviews the classical and recent models that try to explain this phenomenon It has been suggested that infection channels between infected and susceptible hosts may provide an advantage, either by allowing parasites to evade the host''s immune response [10] , reducing antiviral drug activity [11] , or simply having a more efficient mode of infection. In the second section, a novel model of parasite-host interactions is proposed that accounts for transmission, both through free channels (not involving contact between infected and susceptible hosts), and through infections produced by contact between hosts. This shielding effect can be incorporated into the previous model, assuming the number of parasites released by the death of an infected host as a function of the infection rate [14] . abstract: In this study we argue that parasite-host infections are a major research topic because of their implications for human health, agriculture and wildlife. The evolution of infection mechanisms is a research topic in areas such as virology and ecology. Mathematical modelling has been an essential tool to obtain a better systematic and quantitative understanding of the processes of parasitic infection that are difficult to discern through strictly experimental approaches. In this article we review recent attempts using mathematical models to discriminate and quantify these infection mechanisms. We also emphasize the challenges that these models could bring to new fields of study such as social sciences and economics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7354776/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-53956-6_55 id: cord-303054-s1clwunc author: Velly, Lionel title: Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-06-05 words: 9239.0 sentences: 471.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303054-s1clwunc.txt summary: Operating theatre 12 R1.3.1 -Experts suggest that healthcare professionals involved in airway management (intubation, extubation, supraglottic airway insertion and/or removal…), or those who could be brought to do so in some given situations, wear a fit tested respirator mask (Respirator N95 or FFP2 standard, or equivalent) in addition to a disposable face shield or at least, in the absence of the latter, safety goggles, regardless of the patient''s COVID-19 status (Table 1) The presence of major (i.e., very frequent or relatively characteristic) and/or minor (i.e. more inconsistent and/or less specific) symptoms allows to orient the preoperative COVID-19 status assessment, and then to estimate the benefit/risk balance of maintaining or postponing the surgery, taking into account the risk of contamination of health personnel and others patients within the care structure. abstract: ABSTRACT Objectives: The world is currently facing an unprecedented healthcare crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of these guidelines is to produce a framework to facilitate the partial and gradual resumption of intervention activity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The group has endeavoured to produce a minimum number of recommendations to highlight the strengths to be retained in the 7 predefined areas: (1) Protection of staff and patients; (2) Benefit/Risk and Patient Information; (3) Pre-operative assessment and decision on intervention; (4) Modalities of the pre-anaesthesia consultation; (5) Specificity of anaesthesia and analgesia; (6) Dedicated circuits and (7) Containment Exit Type of Interventions. Results: The SFAR Guideline panel provides 51 statements on anaesthesia management in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. After one round of discussion and various amendments, a strong agreement was reached for 100% of the recommendations and algorithms. Conclusion: We present suggestions for how the risk of transmission by and to anaesthetists can be minimised and how personal protective equipment policies relate to COVID-19 pandemic context url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2020.05.012 doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.05.012 id: cord-016966-b23o5roz author: Verhoef, Jan title: Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites date: 2005 words: 4302.0 sentences: 220.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016966-b23o5roz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016966-b23o5roz.txt summary: Effective treatment, however, was not possible at that time; prevention and spread of infectious diseases depended solely on proper hygienic means.At the beginning of the 20th century, passive and active vaccination procedures were developed against a number of these pathogenic micro-organisms in order to prevent the diseases in question (rabies, diphtheria, tetanus, etc.) and due to the discovery of antimicrobial chemicals (Ehrlich) and antibiotics (Fleming), the threat of infectious diseases seemed to be minimized. CYTOKINES, such as IL-2 (INTERLEUKIN-2), GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and TNF-α (TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR α), stimulate non-specifically the proliferation, maturation, and Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites Jan Verhoef and Harm Snippe A7 function of the cells involved in defence (see Chapter A.4). abstract: Despite the introduction of effective health measurements, vaccination and antimicrobial therapy infectious diseases continue to threaten human life. The reasons are numerous and diverse: antibiotic resistance, hospital-invading pathogens, new emerging infectious diseases, bioterrorism, biological warfare. This chapter is an introduction to several aspects of infectious diseases viewed from the host as well as from the pathogen (bacterium, virus and parasite). Furthermore the basic principles of INNATE and ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES, especially in debilitated patients, are described. Detailed information is given on the pathogenesis of septic shock, AIDS and vaccination strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121408/ doi: 10.1007/3-7643-7408-x_7 id: cord-023925-qrr7jcwe author: Verhoef, Jan title: A8 Immune response in human pathology: Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites date: 2011-07-12 words: 5499.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023925-qrr7jcwe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023925-qrr7jcwe.txt summary: 128 Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites Micro-organisms that succeed in penetrating the first line of defence are ingested, killed, and degraded by phagocytic cells [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) or neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages], which are attracted to a microbial infection through chemotaxis. Intracellular signalling involves several kinases depending on 132 Immune response in human pathology: infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites Genotypical characteristics: chromosomal DNA fragment analysis, nucleic acid sequence analysis, probes Phenotypical characteristics: morphology, biotyping, serotyping, antibiotic resistance Analytical characteristics: cell-wall analysis, lipid and protein analysis, enzyme typing (catalase) Gram staining positive or negative Aerobic, anaerobic: Fermentation of different sugars Naming and classification of viruses according to: Structure: size, morphology (naked, enveloped), nucleic acid (RNA, DNA) Molecular aspects: mode of replication, assembly and budding Disease: encephalitis, hepatitis Means of transmission: droplets, water, blood, insects Host range: animal, plant, bacteria Classification of fungi according to: Structure: macroscopic morphology of hyphae (mycelium); microscopic morphology of hyphae, conidophores and conidia (spores); and shape and size Cell features: nucleus, cytosol, plasmalemma (cell membrane which contains cholesterol), physiology, staining properties Sexual characteristics: sexual and /or asexual reproduction, extended dikaryotic phase, basidium formation Genotypical characteristics: chromosomal DNA fragment analysis, nucleic acid sequence analysis, probes abstract: In the middle of the 19th century, it became clear that micro-organisms could cause disease. Effective treatment, however, was not possible at that time; prevention and spread of infectious diseases depended solely on proper hygienic means. At the beginning of the 20th century, passive and active vaccination procedures were developed against a number of these PATHOGENIC MICRO-ORGANISMS to prevent the diseases in question (rabies, diphtheria, tetanus, etc.). Thanks to the discovery of antimicrobial chemicals (by Paul Ehrlich) and antibiotics (by Sir Alexander Fleming), the threat of infectious diseases seemed to be minimised. Large scale vaccination programmes against childhood diseases (diphtheria, whooping cough and polio), started in the early 1950s, raised hopes of finally being able to eradicate these diseases from the planet. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178827/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0136-8_8 id: cord-283405-aozxvxxs author: Vermillion, Meghan S. title: Pregnancy and infection: using disease pathogenesis to inform vaccine strategy date: 2018-02-01 words: 8428.0 sentences: 431.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283405-aozxvxxs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283405-aozxvxxs.txt summary: Pregnant women, unborn fetuses, and neonates represent three populations of high-risk individuals that can all be simultaneously protected from vaccine-preventable infectious disease with strategic maternal immunization protocols. Third are neonatal and infant infections, which are not considered to pose significant risk to pregnant women or unborn fetuses, but can cause severe, and sometimes fatal disease in neonates and infants that lack protective maternal immunity following birth. Studies in pregnant nonhuman primates have been instrumental for the identification of CD4 + T cell responses as critical for early control of CMV infection and transmission during pregnancy, 100 and studies in guinea pigs have demonstrated that a single-cycle infectious CMV vaccine induces immune responses similar to natural infection and protects against congenital infection. 125 Vaccine candidates have been developed using diverse platforms, including DNA, mRNA, and purified inactivated and live-attenuated virus, many of which have been tested in non-pregnant mouse and nonhuman primate models for their ability to generate immune responses that mimic responses to natural infection and protected against ZIKV challenge. abstract: Vaccination is the mainstay of preventative medicine for many infectious diseases. Pregnant women, unborn fetuses, and neonates represent three at-risk populations that can be simultaneously protected by strategic vaccination protocols. Because the pathogenesis of different infectious microbes varies based on tissue tropism, timing of infection, and host susceptibility, the goals of immunization are not uniform across all vaccines. Mechanistic understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis and immune responses is therefore essential to inform vaccine design and the implementation of appropriate immunization protocols that optimize protection of pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-017-0042-4 doi: 10.1038/s41541-017-0042-4 id: cord-260605-smkr7b15 author: Vestby, Lene K. title: Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease date: 2020-02-03 words: 12145.0 sentences: 672.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260605-smkr7b15.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260605-smkr7b15.txt summary: However, the biofilm lifestyle of microorganisms were of no interest to medical microbiologists until the early 1970s when Nils Høiby observed a link between the etiology of a persistent infection and aggregates of bacteria in cystic fibrosis patients [1] . This is consistent with the experiments showing that many bacteria causing acute gallbladder infections do not form biofilms on gallstones in the presence of bile [73, 80] . This is consistent with the experiments showing that many bacteria causing acute gallbladder infections do not form biofilms on gallstones in the presence of bile [73, 80] . Several studies have detected higher incidence of Escherichia coli in patients with IBD compared to healthy individuals [90] and although biofilms were not demonstrated in vivo, the isolates were isolated from biopsies after removal of the mucosal layer, indicating adherence to the colonic epithelium and the isolates displayed biofilm forming capacity in vitro [90] . abstract: Recognition of the fact that bacterial biofilm may play a role in the pathogenesis of disease has led to an increased focus on identifying diseases that may be biofilm-related. Biofilm infections are typically chronic in nature, as biofilm-residing bacteria can be resilient to both the immune system, antibiotics, and other treatments. This is a comprehensive review describing biofilm diseases in the auditory, the cardiovascular, the digestive, the integumentary, the reproductive, the respiratory, and the urinary system. In most cases reviewed, the biofilms were identified through various imaging technics, in addition to other study approaches. The current knowledge on how biofilm may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease indicates a number of different mechanisms. This spans from biofilm being a mere reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, to playing a more active role, e.g., by contributing to inflammation. Observations also indicate that biofilm does not exclusively occur extracellularly, but may also be formed inside living cells. Furthermore, the presence of biofilm may contribute to development of cancer. In conclusion, this review shows that biofilm is part of many, probably most chronic infections. This is important knowledge for development of effective treatment strategies for such infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32028684/ doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9020059 id: cord-255479-yd5cbwnx author: Vu, David M. title: Chikungunya Virus date: 2017-06-30 words: 4097.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255479-yd5cbwnx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255479-yd5cbwnx.txt summary: Anti-CHIKV antibodies directed against the envelope protein that neutralize the virus in vitro also protect neonatal mice from lethal CHIKV infection in vivo, suggesting that these proteins may be important antigenic lethal targets for development of naturally acquired, or vaccine-elicited protection. Stedman, who reported this "anomalous disease" called "dandy fever" by local residents, noted that the illness "attacked almost every individual in the town," had "extremely low mortality," and was associated with "pains in the joints for weeks after recovery from the acute stage," which were key differences between the 1827 and 1828 West Indies epidemic and previous descriptions of a "break-bone fever" (referring to modern-day dengue fever). For diagnostic confirmation of current and recent infection, a molecular test (typically polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) for the virus and an assay for the presence of specific IgM antibody are required. abstract: For chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the long-term sequelae from infection are yet ill-defined. The prolonged debilitating arthralgia associated with CHIKV infection has tremendous potential for impacting the global economy and should be considered when evaluating the human burden of disease and the allocation of resources. There is much still unknown about CHIKV and the illnesses that it causes. Developing a better understanding of the pathogenesis of CHIKV infection is a priority and forms the basis for developing effective strategies at infection prevention and disease control. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28457355/ doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2017.01.008 id: cord-323112-e78zpa9c author: WATERER, Grant title: Respiratory infections: A current and future threat date: 2009-07-16 words: 2670.0 sentences: 156.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323112-e78zpa9c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323112-e78zpa9c.txt summary: This review will focus on the human, pathogen and environmental factors that contribute to the continued global burden or respiratory diseases with a particular focus on areas where we might hope to see some progress in the coming decades. 14 While it is clear that strict infection control can reduce nosocomial infection rates, 15 the practical necessity of pooling vulnerable hosts together combined with the inevitable ageing of health-care facilities will ensure that nosocomial outbreaks continue to be a problem. In recent years the marked increase in tumour necrosis factor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies targeting specific lymphoid populations in patients with inflammatory arthritis (and especially rheumatoid disease) has significantly over taken patients on immunosuppressant therapy after solid organ transplantation as the major cause of iatrogenic immunosuppression. New therapeutic and diagnostic approaches coupled with clinical vigilance, strict infection control and solid public health measures are the hopes for reducing the burden of pulmonary infectious disease over the coming decades. abstract: Despite all the medical progress in the last 50 years pulmonary infections continue to exact and extremely high human and economic cost. This review will focus on the human, pathogen and environmental factors that contribute to the continued global burden or respiratory diseases with a particular focus on areas where we might hope to see some progress in the coming decades. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19659646/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01554.x id: cord-272596-yxvg8357 author: WU, Jian Jun title: Detection of Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Lanzhou and Nanjing, China date: 2014-11-30 words: 2953.0 sentences: 167.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272596-yxvg8357.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272596-yxvg8357.txt summary: title: Detection of Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Lanzhou and Nanjing, China In our study, 72.34% of HBoV1-positive patients had co-infection with 10 different respiratory viruses, which is similar to previous reports [12] [13] [14] [46] [47] [48] . Detection of human bocavirus in children with upper respiratory tract infection by polymerase chain reaction Detection of bocavirus in children suffering from acute respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China Clinical relevance of human bocavirus with acute respiratory tract infection and diarrhea in children: a prospective case-control study Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German children with respiratory tract infections Human bocavirus infection in children with acute respiratory tract infection in India Human bocavirus in children with acute respiratory infections in Vietnam Human bocavirus infection in young children with acute respiratory tract infection in Lanzhou abstract: Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to explore the prevalent characteristics of HBoV1 and its co-infection. Methods PCR was used to detect HBoV1-DNA (HBoV1) and other viruses. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore possibility of co-detected for related viruses. Results The positivity rates in Nanjing and Lanzhou were 9.38% (74/789) and 11.62% (161/1386), respectively (P<0.05). The HBoV1 positive group was younger than negative group (P<0.05). Seasonal differences were noted, with a higher frequency of infection in December and July. HBoV1-positive children [72.34% (169/235)] were co-infected with other respiratory viruses. Multifactorial analysis showed no correlations between HBoV1 and the clinical classification, region, gender, age, or treatment as an outpatient or in a hospital. Correlations were identified between HBoV1 infections with ADV (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.03-2.28), RSV (OR=0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.98), and IFVA (OR=1.77, 95% CI 1.00-3.13). Conclusions Presence of HBoV1 in nasopharyngeal aspirates did not correlate with region or gender, although the prevalence of HBoV1 was higher in younger children. There were no correlations between HBoV1 and other variables, except for the season and ADV, RSV, or IFVA infections. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0895398814601100 doi: 10.3967/bes2014.110 id: cord-281417-z6k30y1m author: Waggoner, Stephen N title: Roles of natural killer cells in antiviral immunity date: 2016-02-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Natural killer (NK) cells are important in immune defense against virus infections. This is predominantly considered a function of rapid, innate NK-cell killing of virus-infected cells. However, NK cells also prime other immune cells through the release of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and other cytokines. Additionally, NK cells share features with long-lived adaptive immune cells and can impact disease pathogenesis through the inhibition of adaptive immune responses by virus-specific T and B cells. The relative contributions of these diverse and conflicting functions of NK cells in humans are poorly defined and likely context-dependent, thereby complicating the development of therapeutic interventions. Here we focus on the contributions of NK cells to disease in diverse virus infections germane to human health. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2015.10.008 doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.10.008 id: cord-018421-wy3mtafh author: Waghmare, Alpana title: Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, and Bocavirus After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation or Solid Organ Transplantation date: 2016-02-15 words: 5430.0 sentences: 264.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018421-wy3mtafh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018421-wy3mtafh.txt summary: Human rhinoviruses are the most common respiratory viruses detected in the upper respiratory tract of hematopoietic cell transplant and lung transplant recipients, and evidence on the impact on clinical outcomes is mounting. Due to the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for viral detection, HRVs are now known to be the most common viruses detected from respiratory specimens in HCT recipients and can account for 25-40% of cases of viral respiratory infections in these patients [ 2 -4 ] (Figure 32-1 ). In that study, approximately one third of the adult HCT recipients who developed symptomatic HRV infections prior to engraftment had progression of upper respiratory tract symptoms to LRTI, and all cases with pneumonias were fatal. Rhinovirus as a cause of fatal lower respiratory tract infection in adult stem cell transplantation patients: a report of two cases Human Rhinovirus RNA Detection in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Hematopoietic Cell Transplant recipients: Association with Mortality. abstract: Respiratory viral infections represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. Newer molecular detection assays have allowed for the characterization of several respiratory viruses not previously recognized as having significant clinical impact in the immunocompromised population. Human rhinoviruses are the most common respiratory viruses detected in the upper respiratory tract of hematopoietic cell transplant and lung transplant recipients, and evidence on the impact on clinical outcomes is mounting. Other respiratory viruses including enteroviruses (EVs), coronaviruses (CoVs), and bocavirus may also contribute to pulmonary disease; however, data is limited in the immunocompromised population. Further studies are needed to define the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of these infections; this data will help inform decisions regarding development of antiviral therapy and infection prevention strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123292/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_32 id: cord-012484-c9ajmbw2 author: Wahlund, Martina title: The Feasibility of Host Transcriptome Profiling as a Diagnostic Tool for Microbial Etiology in Childhood Cancer Patients with Febrile Neutropenia date: 2020-07-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infection is a common and serious complication of cancer treatment in children that often presents as febrile neutropenia (FN). Gene-expression profiling techniques can reveal transcriptional signatures that discriminate between viral, bacterial and asymptomatic infections in otherwise healthy children. Here, we examined whether gene-expression profiling was feasible in children with FN who were undergoing cancer treatment. The blood transcriptome of the children (n = 63) was investigated at time of FN diagnosed as viral, bacterial, co-infection or unknown etiology, respectively, and compared to control samples derived from 12 of the patients following the FN episode. RNA sequencing was successful in 43 (68%) of the FN episodes. Only two genes were significantly differentially expressed in the bacterial versus the control group. Significantly up-regulated genes in patients with the other three etiologies versus the control group were enriched with cellular processes related to proliferation and cellular stress response, with no clear enrichment with innate responses to pathogens. Among the significantly down-regulated genes, a few clustered into pathways connected to responses to infection. In the present study of children during cancer treatment, the blood transcriptome was not suitable for determining the etiology of FN because of too few circulating immune cells for reliable gene expression analysis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7432212/ doi: 10.3390/ijms21155305 id: cord-167157-z0lvcb3z author: Wang, Xiubin Bruce title: Controlling the Hidden Growth of COVID-19 date: 2020-05-19 words: 4853.0 sentences: 283.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-167157-z0lvcb3z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-167157-z0lvcb3z.txt summary: A major result indicates an existing infections estimate at about 10-50 times the daily confirmed new cases, with the stringent social distancing policy tipping to the upper end of this range. However, our method to estimate the undetected number of currently latent and active infections is based on the publicized numbers of the daily confirmed cases without having to resort to the epidemic process simulation. Day by day over a period of time, newly confirmed cases are reported by the number N 1 , N 2 , ..., and N n .The study is to use the daily confirmed numbers of infections to estimate the hidden infections and their trend of growth or declination. The above example scenarios, all assuming the epidemic is under control by having the total newly confirmed cases flat over a period of days, indicate a large number of currently active and latent infections in the population ranging from 6 to 50/60 times of the daily confirmations. abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has plagued the world for months. The U.S. has taken measures to counter it. On a daily basis, newly confirmed cases have been reported. In the early days, these numbers showed an increasing trend. Recently, the numbers have been generally flattened out. This report tries to estimate the hidden number of currently alive infections in the population by using the confirmed cases. A major result indicates an existing infections estimate at about 10-50 times the daily confirmed new cases, with the stringent social distancing policy tipping to the upper end of this range. It clarifies the relationship between the infection rate and the test rate to put the epidemic under control, which says that the test rate shall keep up at the same pace as infection rate to prevent an outbreak. This relationship is meaningful in the wake of business re-opening in the U.S. and the world. The report also reveals the connections of all the measures taken to the epidemic spread. A stratified sampling method is proposed to add to the current tool kits of epidemic control. Again, this report is a summary of some straight observations and thoughts, not through a thorough study backed with field data. The results appear obvious and suitable for general education to interested policymakers and the public. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.09769v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-001972-1zisomq5 author: Wang, Xue title: Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection Increases Apoptosis and HIV-1 Replication in HIV-1 Infected Jurkat Cells date: 2016-02-02 words: 3921.0 sentences: 197.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001972-1zisomq5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001972-1zisomq5.txt summary: These data indicate that HIV-1 replication can be activated by pH1N1 virus in HIV-1-infected cells resulting in induction of cell death through apoptotic pathways. Cells treated with pH1N1 had higher level of NF-kB phosphorylation and increased protein expression of NFAT and AP-1 ( Figure 3B ) relative to HIV-1 infection alone, suggesting pH1N1 infection can activate host transcription factors required for HIV-1 replication in Jurkat cells. These data indicate that pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection can increase accumulation of CD4 protein and induce T cell signaling and activate host transcription factors required for HIV-1 replication. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can induce cell death through apoptotic signaling pathways and promote HIV-1 replication through the MAPK and TCR-related signaling pathways in HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells. Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is also able to reactivate HIV-1 replication from its state of latent infection through activating apoptosis and TCR-signaling pathways. abstract: Influenza virus infection has a significant impact on public health, since it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It is not well-known whether influenza virus infection affects cell death and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication in HIV-1-infected patients. Using a lymphoma cell line, Jurkat, we examined the in vitro effects of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1) infection on cell death and HIV-1 RNA production in infected cells. We found that pH1N1 infection increased apoptotic cell death through Fas and Bax-mediated pathways in HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells. Infection with pH1N1 virus could promote HIV-1 RNA production by activating host transcription factors including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways and T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-related pathways. The replication of HIV-1 latent infection could be reactivated by pH1N1 infection through TCR and apoptotic pathways. These data indicate that HIV-1 replication can be activated by pH1N1 virus in HIV-1-infected cells resulting in induction of cell death through apoptotic pathways. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776188/ doi: 10.3390/v8020033 id: cord-002043-z1b7pj3s author: Wang, Xue-Yang title: Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera) Larval Midgut Response to BmNPV in Susceptible and Near-Isogenic Resistant Strains date: 2016-05-11 words: 5879.0 sentences: 359.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002043-z1b7pj3s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002043-z1b7pj3s.txt summary: obtained numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in metabolism, immunity, and inflammatory responses in Microtus fortis following infection with Schistosoma japonicum based on comparative transcriptome analysis [20] . reported that several genes related to physical barriers, immune response, proteolytic/metabolic enzymes, heat-shock proteins, and hormonal signaling were possibly involved in silkworm resistance against Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) infection; although these genes might be induced by the virus in order to increase infectivity [21] . After BmNPV infection, the expression levels of 4 genes were down-regulation in BC9 and A35 (resistant strain) (Fig 6) , which was consistent with the transcriptome data. Based on their role in apoptosis activation, hosts need to increase the expression level of these genes to promote apoptosis when exposed to a virus; this supposition explains the up-regulation of genes involved in apoptosis in the transcriptome following BmNPV infection. abstract: Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is one of the primary pathogens causing severe economic losses in sericulture. However, the molecular mechanism of silkworm resistance to BmNPV remains largely unknown. Here, the recurrent parent P50 (susceptible strain) and the near-isogenic line BC9 (resistance strain) were used in a comparative transcriptome study examining the response to infection with BmNPV. A total of 14,300 unigenes were obtained from two different resistant strains; of these, 869 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after comparing the four transcriptomes. Many DEGs associated with protein metabolism, cytoskeleton, and apoptosis may be involved in the host response to BmNPV infection. Moreover, some immunity related genes were also altered following BmNPV infection. Specifically, after removing genetic background and individual immune stress response genes, 22 genes were found to be potentially involved in repressing BmNPV infection. These genes were related to transport, virus replication, intracellular innate immune, and apoptosis. Our study provided an overview of the molecular mechanism of silkworm resistance to BmNPV infection and laid a foundation for controlling BmNPV in the future. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4864234/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155341 id: cord-003357-4qrg6lqu author: Wang, Yingchen title: Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017 date: 2018-11-27 words: 5191.0 sentences: 260.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003357-4qrg6lqu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003357-4qrg6lqu.txt summary: Conclusion: This study demonstrated that common respiratory viruses were partially responsible for hospitalized lower respiratory tract infections in adult patients from Harbin, China, with parainfluenza virus as the dominant viral pathogen. Viral infections played an important role in pediatric lower respiratory tract infections, and the corresponding common viral pathogens were influenza A and B virus (IAV and IBV), parainfluenza virus (PIV, type 1 to 3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human adenovirus (ADV) (Pavia, 2011) . In this report, the prevalence of common viruses in the lower respiratory tract infection of hospitalized adult patients from Harbin, China was explored in hopes of revealing the clinical and pathogenic features of respiratory viruses. The overall detection rate of viral infection among hospitalized adult patients in this report is 14.5%, which was consistent with the result of 16.8% in the age group above 14 years old by a national survey from 2009 to 2013 in China (Feng et al., 2014) . abstract: Background: Respiratory infections pose a great challenge in global health, and the prevalence of viral infection in adult patients has been poorly understood in northeast China. Harbin is one of the major cities in northeast China, and more than half of any given year in Harbin is occupied by winter. To reveal the viral etiology and seasonality in adult patients from Harbin, a 4-year consecutive survey was conducted in Harbin, China. Methods: From January 2014 to December 2017, specimens were obtained from adult patients admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University with lower respiratory tract infections. Sputum samples were examined by direct immunofluorescence assays to detect seven common respiratory viruses, including influenza virus (type A and B), parainfluenza virus (type 1 to 3), respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. Adenovirus positive samples were seeded onto A549 cells to isolate viral strains. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on the highly variable region of adenoviral hexon gene. Results: A total of 1,300 hospitalized adult patients with lower respiratory tract infections were enrolled, in which 189 patients (14.5%) were detected as having at least one viral infection. The co-infection rate in this study was 25.9% (49/189). The dominant viral pathogen from 2014 to 2017 was parainfluenza virus, with a detection rate of 7.2%, followed by influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. Based on the climate seasons determined by daily average temperature, the highest overall viral detection rate was detected in spring (22.0%, 52/236), followed by winter (13.4%, 109/813), autumn (11.4%, 13/114) and summer (10.9%, 15/137). Adenovirus type 3 strains with slight variations were isolated from positive cases, which were closely related to the GB strain from the United States, as well as the Harbin04B strain isolated locally. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that common respiratory viruses were partially responsible for hospitalized lower respiratory tract infections in adult patients from Harbin, China, with parainfluenza virus as the dominant viral pathogen. Climate seasons could be rational indicators for the seasonality analysis of airborne viral infections. Future surveillance on viral mutations would be necessary to reveal the evolutionary history of respiratory viruses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6277751/ doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02919 id: cord-282142-76jr4p7n author: Wang, Yun title: Potential Effect of COVID-19 on Maternal and Infant Outcome: Lesson From SARS date: 2020-08-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is highly infectious and its ongoing outbreak has been declared a global pandemic by the WHO. Pregnant women are susceptible to respiratory pathogens and the development of severe pneumonia, suggesting the urgent need to assess the potential maternal and infant outcome of pregnancy with COVID-19. The intrauterine vertical transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 also remains controversial. Herein, we discuss the potential effect of COVID-19 on maternal and infant outcomes based on current studies, including those published in Chinese, in a total of 80 mothers with COVID-19 and 80 infants. We also comprehensively explored the mother-to-child transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, in particular the route of intrauterine vertical transmission. Given SARS-CoV-2 is a sister to SARS-CoV, of the SARS-related coronavirus species, we made a comprehensive comparison between them to learn from experiences with SARS. Although there is no evidence supporting the intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2, our comprehensive analysis suggests that the adverse maternal and infant outcomes caused by COVID-19 cannot be underestimated. Further, we speculated that the inconsistency between nucleic acids and serological characteristics IgM to SARS-CoV-2 of infants' specimens may be caused by the disruption of the amniotic barrier by the inflammatory factors induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our review is beneficial to understand the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on maternal and infant outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00511 doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00511 id: cord-321481-vrfwczve author: Watashi, Koichi title: NTCP and Beyond: Opening the Door to Unveil Hepatitis B Virus Entry date: 2014-02-19 words: 4936.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321481-vrfwczve.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321481-vrfwczve.txt summary: Recently, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) was identified as an HBV entry receptor and enabled the establishment of a susceptible cell line that can efficiently support HBV infection. HBV infection into host hepatocytes follows a multiple step process: (1) initially, HBV reversibly attaches to host cell surface proteoglycans with a low affinity; (2) this is followed by the process involving more specific receptor(s) with high affinity to mediate the early entry step; and (3) after endocytosis-mediated internalization, the virus fuses with the cellular membrane compartment, probably in an endosomal compartment, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. A myristoylated peptide encompassing amino acids 2-48 of the preS1 region turned out to be the most efficient in infection inhibition of HBV and also the envelope protein-related hepatitis D virus (HDV) [30, 31] . Cyclosporin A and its analogs inhibit hepatitis B virus entry into cultured hepatocytes through targeting a membrane transporter NTCP abstract: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, affecting approximately 240 million people worldwide, is a major public health problem that elevates the risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given that current anti-HBV drugs are limited to interferon-based regimens and nucleos(t)ide analogs, the development of new anti-HBV agents is urgently needed. The viral entry process is generally an attractive target implicated in antiviral strategies. Using primary cells from humans and Tupaia belangeri, as well as HepaRG cells, important determinants of viral entry have been achieved. Recently, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) was identified as an HBV entry receptor and enabled the establishment of a susceptible cell line that can efficiently support HBV infection. This finding will allow a deeper understanding of the requirements for efficient HBV infection, including the elucidation of the molecular entry mechanism. In addition, pharmacological studies suggest that NTCP is able to serve as a therapeutic target. This article summarizes our current knowledge on the mechanisms of HBV entry and the role of NTCP in this process. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15022892 doi: 10.3390/ijms15022892 id: cord-271122-3fsl5589 author: Wathes, D. Claire title: Importance of Viral Disease in Dairy Cow Fertility date: 2019-07-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Many viral diseases are endemic in cattle populations worldwide. The ability of many viruses to cross the placenta and cause abortions and fetal malformations is well understood. There is also significant evidence that viral infections have additional actions in dairy cows, which are reflected in reduced conception rates. These effects are, however, highly dependent on the time at which an individual animal first contracts the disease and are less easy to quantify. This paper reviews the evidence relating to five viruses that can affect fertility, together with their potential mechanisms of action. Acute infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in mid-gestation increases abortion rates or causes the birth of persistently infected calves. BVDV infections closer to the time of breeding can have direct effects on the ovaries and uterine endometrium, which cause estrous cycle irregularities and early embryo mortality. Fertility may also be reduced by BVDV-induced immunosuppression, which increases the susceptibility to bacterial infections. Bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1 is most common in pre-pubertal heifers, and can slow their growth, delay breeding, and increase the age at first calving. Previously infected animals subsequently show reduced fertility. Although this may be associated with lung damage, ovarian lesions have also been reported. Both BHV-1 and BHV-4 remain latent in the host following initial infection and may be reactivated later by stress, for example associated with calving and early lactation. While BHV-4 infection alone may not reduce fertility, it appears to act as a co-factor with established bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes to promote the development of endometritis and delay uterine repair mechanisms after calving. Both Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) are transmitted by insect vectors and lead to increased abortion rates and congenital malformations. BTV-8 also impairs the development of hatched blastocysts; furthermore, infection around the time of breeding with either virus appears to reduce conception rates. Although the reductions in conception rates are often difficult to quantify, they are nevertheless sufficient to cause economic losses, which help to justify the benefits of vaccination and eradication schemes. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.020 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.020 id: cord-336456-wg8vfh6w author: Webb, Glynn W. title: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E: Clinical and Epidemiological Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention date: 2020-11-01 words: 6187.0 sentences: 297.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336456-wg8vfh6w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336456-wg8vfh6w.txt summary: However, HAV and HEV, which are isolated from the serum of individuals suffering an acute infection, are wrapped in a hijacked layer of host cell membrane, similar to those found on classical enveloped viruses but distinguished by the lack of any virusencoded proteins at the surface [8] . A recent large prospective study in Hong Kong identified both acute and chronic HEV-C1 infection in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients [24] . There is significant heterogeneity in the clinical picture of acute infection in these areas; only a small minority of patients present with typical viral hepatitis as described above. One of the most important public health challenges related to acute hepatitis E infection, which most commonly occurs in developing countries, is the excess morbidity and mortality seen among pregnant women (Table 1 ). Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients with cirrhosis is associated with rapid decompensation and death abstract: Hepatitis A and E are both ancient diseases but have only been properly recognized as being caused by distinct pathogens in modern times. Despite significantly different genomic structures, both viruses employ remarkably similar strategies to avoid host detection and increase environmental transmission. There are millions of cases of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) each year, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. The presentations can be clinically indistinguishable, but each virus also has a range of less common but more specific phenotypes. The epidemiology of HAV is complex, and is shifting in countries that are making improvements to public health and sanitation. HEV presents a significant public health challenge in resource-limited settings but has historically been incorrectly regarded as having little clinical relevance in industrialized countries. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2020.10.001 doi: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2020.10.001 id: cord-019051-gtruu1op author: Weber, Olaf title: The role of viruses in the etiology and pathogenesis of common cold date: 2009-11-10 words: 12321.0 sentences: 734.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019051-gtruu1op.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019051-gtruu1op.txt summary: Viruses with an established role in common cold are rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses and the respiratory syncytial virus, and these are reviewed in greater detail here. Therefore, the viral etiology and the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of common cold is complex and it is safe to say, not fully understood for each and every virus that is linked to respiratory tract infection. RSV infection is assumed to be frequently misdiagnosed, particularly in adults [56] , because the symptoms are similar to those caused by other respiratory viruses like influenza. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are important causes of respiratory diseases in infants and children. HMPV is thought to be the second or third cause of severe acute respiratory tract infection in children, just ranking behind RSV and influenza virus [146, 148] . Retinoic acid-inducible gene I mediates early Antiviral Response and Toll-like receptor 3 expression in respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells abstract: Numerous viruses are able to cause respiratory tract infections. With the availability of new molecular techniques, the number of pathogens detected in specimens from the human respiratory tract has increased. Some of these viral infections have the potential to lead to severe systemic disease. Other viruses are limited to playing a role in the pathogenesis of the common cold syndrome. This chapter focuses on the viral pathogens that are linked to common cold. It is not the intention to comprehensively review all the viruses that are able to cause respiratory tract infections—this would go beyond the scope of this book. The list of viruses that are briefly reviewed here includes rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and coronavirus. Bocavirus is discussed as one example of a newly identified pathogen with a less established role in the etiology and pathogenesis of common cold. Influenza virus does not cause what is defined as common cold. However, influenza viruses are associated with respiratory disease and the clinical picture of mild influenza and common cold frequently overlaps. Therefore, influenza virus has been included in this chapter. It is important to note that a number of viruses are frequently co-detected with other viruses in humans with respiratory diseases. Therefore, the viral etiology and the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of common cold is complex, and numberous questions remain to be answered. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124101/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-9912-2_5 id: cord-332737-iclruwmx author: Webley, Wilmore C. title: Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides date: 2017-05-19 words: 7485.0 sentences: 403.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt summary: Another recent study concluded that the nasopharyngeal microbiome within the first year of life was a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways and predicted the severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, as well as risk for future asthma development. Factors that predict risk in non-asthmatics for developing the "infectious asthma" syndrome include a previous history of self-limited lower respiratory tract illnesses such as acute bronchitis (often with wheezing) and/or pneumonia [35, 38, 39] . A 2013 metaanalysis of 12 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of macrolides for the long term management of asthma in both adults and children found positive effects on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFRa measure of pulmonary function), asthma symptoms, asthma quality of life (AQL), and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), but not on forced expiratory flow rate in 1 s (FEV1) [77] . abstract: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness to non-specific bronchoconstriction agonists as the primary underlying pathophysiology. The worldwide incidence of asthma has increased dramatically in the last 40 years. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, over 300 million children and adults worldwide currently suffer from this incurable disease and 255,000 die from the disease each year. It is now well accepted that asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome and many clinical subtypes have been described. Viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (hRV) have been implicated in asthma exacerbation in children because of their ability to cause severe airway inflammation and wheezing. Infections with atypical bacteria also appear to play a role in the induction and exacerbation of asthma in both children and adults. Recent studies confirm the existence of an infectious asthma etiology mediated by Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and possibly by other viral, bacterial and fungal microbes. It is also likely that early-life infections with microbes such as CP could lead to alterations in the lung microbiome that significantly affect asthma risk and treatment outcomes. These infectious microbes may exacerbate the symptoms of established chronic asthma and may even contribute to the initial development of the clinical onset of the disease. It is now becoming more widely accepted that patterns of airway inflammation differ based on the trigger responsible for asthma initiation and exacerbation. Therefore, a better understanding of asthma subtypes is now being explored more aggressively, not only to decipher pathophysiologic mechanisms but also to select treatment and guide prognoses. This review will explore infection-mediated asthma with special emphasis on the protean manifestations of CP lung infection, clinical characteristics of infection-mediated asthma, mechanisms involved and antibiotic treatment outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z doi: 10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z id: cord-326138-16kpn9db author: Weinstein, Robert A. title: Laboratory-Acquired Infections date: 2009-07-01 words: 3648.0 sentences: 183.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326138-16kpn9db.txt summary: Although the precise risk of infection after an exposure remains poorly defined, surveys of laboratory-acquired infections suggest that Brucella species, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causes. Surveys of diagnostic laboratory workers in the United Kingdom conducted since 1971 have reported that tuberculosis and enteric infections (especially shigellosis) were the most common laboratory-acquired infections [7, 8] . Similar results were obtained from a survey of clinical microbiology laboratories in Utah from the period 1978-1992, with shigellosis reported to be the most common laboratory-acquired infection [10] . Although no controlled studies have been performed to assess the benefit of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), it should be considered for laboratory workers who have high-risk exposure to Brucella species (e.g., because of direct manipulation of Brucella cultures outside of laminar-flow BSCs). Viral agents transmitted through blood and bodily fluids cause most of the laboratory-acquired infections in diagnostic laboratories and among health care workers [1] . abstract: Laboratory-acquired infections due to a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been described. Although the precise risk of infection after an exposure remains poorly defined, surveys of laboratory-acquired infections suggest that Brucella species, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causes. Infections due to the bloodborne pathogens (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus) remain the most common reported viral infections, whereas the dimorphic fungi are responsible for the greatest number of fungal infections. Because of the increasing attention on the role of the laboratory in bioterrorism preparation, I discuss the risk of laboratory-acquired infection with uncommon agents, such as Francisella tularensis and Bacillus anthracis. Physicians who care for a sick laboratory worker need to consider the likelihood of an occupationally acquired infection while advising exposed laboratory workers about postexposure prophylaxis. In addition, physicians should be aware of the importance of alerting the laboratory if infection with a high-risk agent is suspected. url: https://doi.org/10.1086/599104 doi: 10.1086/599104 id: cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author: Weiss, Robin A title: Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date: 2004 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Fifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in the developed world in response to improved public health measures, while the advent of antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and improved surveillance held the promise of eradicating residual problems. By the late twentieth century, however, an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases was evident in many parts of the world. This upturn looms as the fourth major transition in human–microbe relationships since the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. The emergence of these diseases, and resurgence of old ones like tuberculosis and cholera, reflects various changes in human ecology: rural-to-urban migration resulting in high-density peri-urban slums; increasing long-distance mobility and trade; the social disruption of war and conflict; changes in personal behavior; and, increasingly, human-induced global changes, including widespread forest clearance and climate change. Political ignorance, denial and obduracy (as with HIV/AIDS) further compound the risks. The use and misuse of medical technology also pose risks, such as drug-resistant microbes and contaminated equipment or biological medicines. A better understanding of the evolving social dynamics of emerging infectious diseases ought to help us to anticipate and hopefully ameliorate current and future risks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15577934/ doi: 10.1038/nm1150 id: cord-348844-4rpbsj48 author: Wessel, Lindsay title: Public health interventions for epidemics: implications for multiple infection waves date: 2011-02-25 words: 4680.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348844-4rpbsj48.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348844-4rpbsj48.txt summary: METHODS: We develop mean-field and stochastic epidemiological models for disease transmission, and perform simulations to show how control measures, such as drug treatment and isolation of ill individuals, can influence the epidemic profile and generate sequences of infection waves with different characteristics. In this study, we consider the occurrence of multiple infection waves of a pathogen from a public health perspective, and develop mathematical models to investigate how intervention measures may affect the transmission dynamics in a population. These parameters may reflect the effectiveness of intervention strategies (e.g., treatment or isolation of infected cases) in reducing disease transmission, or their epidemiological consequences (e.g., emergence of drug resistance), and may therefore play an important role in determining the outcome of disease control activities. For the purpose of this investigation, we develop both mean-field and stochastic epidemiological models that describe the transmission dynamics of a disease in the population, and incorporate treatment and isolation of infected cases as control measures. abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemics with multiple infection waves have been documented for some human diseases, most notably during past influenza pandemics. While pathogen evolution, co-infection, and behavioural changes have been proposed as possible mechanisms for the occurrence of subsequent outbreaks, the effect of public health interventions remains undetermined. METHODS: We develop mean-field and stochastic epidemiological models for disease transmission, and perform simulations to show how control measures, such as drug treatment and isolation of ill individuals, can influence the epidemic profile and generate sequences of infection waves with different characteristics. RESULTS: We demonstrate the impact of parameters representing the effectiveness and adverse consequences of intervention measures, such as treatment and emergence of drug resistance, on the spread of a pathogen in the population. If pathogen resistant strains evolve under drug pressure, multiple outbreaks are possible with variability in their characteristics, magnitude, and timing. In this context, the level of drug use and isolation capacity play an important role in the occurrence of subsequent outbreaks. Our simulations for influenza infection as a case study indicate that the intensive use of these interventions during the early stages of the epidemic could delay the spread of disease, but it may also result in later infection waves with possibly larger magnitudes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the importance of intervention parameters in the process of public health decision-making, and in evaluating control measures when facing substantial uncertainty regarding the epidemiological characteristics of an emerging infectious pathogen. Critical factors that influence population health including evolutionary responses of the pathogen under the pressure of different intervention measures during an epidemic should be considered for the design of effective strategies that address short-term targets compatible with long-term disease outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-s1-s2 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-s1-s2 id: cord-267671-ys43n672 author: Whary, Mark T. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 words: 63666.0 sentences: 3678.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt summary: Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. abstract: Today’s laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, has its origins as the ‘house mouse’ of North America and Europe. Beginning with mice bred by mouse fanciers, laboratory stocks (outbred) derived from M. musculus musculus from eastern Europe and M. m. domesticus from western Europe were developed into inbred strains. Since the mid-1980s, additional strains have been developed from Asian mice (M. m. castaneus from Thailand and M. m. molossinus from Japan) and from M. spretus which originated from the western Mediterranean region. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124095274000031 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 id: cord-354720-fu19u2b0 author: White-Dzuro, Gabrielle title: Multisystem effects of COVID-19: a concise review for practitioners date: 2020-11-04 words: 5088.0 sentences: 285.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354720-fu19u2b0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354720-fu19u2b0.txt summary: It is important that clinicians managing critically ill COVID-19 patients be aware of the multisystem impact of the disease so that care can be focused on the prevention of end-organ injuries to potentially improve clinical outcomes. It is important that clinicians managing these critically ill patients be aware of the multisystem impact of the disease so that care can be focused on the prevention of end-organ injuries to potentially improve clinical outcomes. The indirect effects of the virus result from the host''s response to the viral infection, and are associated with a cytokine storm characterized by very high circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukins, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and chemokines [9] . include direct viral damage of nervous tissue, injury resulting from the excessive inflammatory response, unintended host immune response effects after the acute infection (e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome as reported in a case series of four patients [24] ), and injury resulting from the effects of systemic illness. abstract: While COVID-19 has primarily been characterized by the respiratory impact of viral pneumonia, it affects every organ system and carries a high consequent risk of death in critically ill patients. Higher sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores have been associated with increased mortality in patients critically ill patients with COVID-19. It is important that clinicians managing critically ill COVID-19 patients be aware of the multisystem impact of the disease so that care can be focused on the prevention of end-organ injuries to potentially improve clinical outcomes. We review the multisystem complications of COVID-19 and associated treatment strategies to improve the care of critically ill COVID-19 patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32921198/ doi: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1823094 id: cord-272194-h7xnr389 author: Wiegers, Hanke M. G. title: Bacterial co-infection of the respiratory tract in ventilated children with bronchiolitis; a retrospective cohort study date: 2019-11-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Viral bronchiolitis is the most common cause of respiratory failure requiring invasive ventilation in young children. Bacterial co-infections may complicate and prolong paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay. Data on prevalence, type of pathogens and its association with disease severity are limited though. These data are especially important as bacterial co-infections may be treated using antibiotics and could reduce disease severity and duration of PICU stay. We investigated prevalence of bacterial co-infection and its association with disease severity and PICU stay. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of the prevalence and type of bacterial co-infections in ventilated children performed in a 14-bed tertiary care PICU in The Netherlands. Children less than 2 years of age admitted between December 2006 and November 2014 with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis and requiring invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Tracheal aspirates (TA) and broncho-alveolar lavages (BAL) were cultured and scored based on the quantity of bacteria colony forming units (CFU) as: co-infection (TA > 10(^5)/BAL > 10(^4) CFU), low bacterial growth (TA < 10(^5)/BAL < 10(^4) CFU), or negative (no growth). Duration of mechanical ventilation and PICU stay were collected using medical records and compared against the presence of co-infection using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of 167 included children 63 (37.7%) had a bacterial co-infection and 67 (40.1%) low bacterial growth. Co-infections occurred within 48 h from intubation in 52 out 63 (82.5%) co-infections. H.influenza (40.0%), S.pneumoniae (27.1%), M.catarrhalis (22.4%), and S.aureus (7.1%) were the most common pathogens. PICU stay and mechanical ventilation lasted longer in children with co-infections than children with negative cultures (9.1 vs 7.7 days, p = 0.04 and 8.1vs 6.5 days, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this large study, bacterial co-infections occurred in more than a third of children requiring invasive ventilation for bronchiolitis and were associated with longer PICU stay and mechanical ventilation. These findings support a clinical trial of antibiotics to test whether antibiotics can reduce duration of PICU stay. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31694565/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4468-3 id: cord-023528-z9rc0ubj author: Wilkins, Pamela A. title: Disorders of Foals date: 2009-05-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171908/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50021-4 id: cord-010175-p2py9wau author: Winter, Harland title: GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS date: 1996-04-01 words: 4337.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt summary: The observations that transmission is increased in women who were symptomatic or who had more advanced AIDS27 and that zidovudine therapy given during pregnancy reduces perinatal transmission3 suggest that viral burden is an important factor in vertical transmission; however, the effects of maternal nutritional status, micronutrient deficiency, or acute infection on viral replication are difficult to evaluate. Gastrointestinal bleeding is unusual in HIV-infected children, but, when present, it may be caused by focal ulcerations in the colon, stomach, small intestine, or esophagus from cytomegalovirus-induced disease. Many of the medications used to treat complications of HIV disease cause hepatocellular injury or cholestasis; however, infectious agents, such as hepatitis B, that cause hepatocellular injury by immune mechanisms have milder clinical courses in immunodeficient hosts.Z4 Preservation of immune function in HIV-infected children could account for the apparent increase in chronic active hepatitis in the pediatric population compared with the incidence in Although abnormalities in liver function tests are not diagnostic, they are beneficial as screening procedures. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172360/ doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70421-1 id: cord-268729-n7slf5tx author: Wissinger, E L title: Manipulation of acute inflammatory lung disease date: 2008-05-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Inflammatory lung disease to innocuous antigens or infectious pathogens is a common occurrence and in some cases, life threatening. Often, the inflammatory infiltrate that accompanies these events contributes to pathology by deleterious effects on otherwise healthy tissue and by compromising lung function by consolidating (blocking) the airspaces. A fine balance, therefore, exists between a lung immune response and immune-mediated damage, and in some the “threshold of ignorance” may be set too low. In most cases, the contributing, potentially offending, cell population or immune pathway is known, as are factors that regulate them. Why then are targeted therapeutic strategies to manipulate them not more commonplace in clinical medicine? This review highlights immune homeostasis in the lung, how and why this is lost during acute lung infection, and strategies showing promise as future immune therapeutics. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/mi.2008.16) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2008.16 doi: 10.1038/mi.2008.16 id: cord-016426-aw3wirmb author: Wohrley, Julie D. title: The Role of the Environment and Colonization in Healthcare-Associated Infections date: 2018-07-16 words: 7354.0 sentences: 337.0 pages: flesch: 28.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016426-aw3wirmb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016426-aw3wirmb.txt summary: Studies have failed to show benefit for a combination of AST and isolation in reducing VRE infection or colonization; however, outbreaks of VRE have been successfully controlled in hospital settings with use of active surveillance, contact precautions, patient isolation, and cohorting [57] . A cluster randomized trial in intensive care units found that universal gown and glove use did not reduce overall acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO); there was, however, a small reduction in MRSA transmission noted as a secondary outcome [59] . Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and its association with infection among infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units Contamination of hands with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after contact with environmental surfaces and after contact with the skin of colonized patients Analysis of data from the German Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System regarding the placement of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in private rooms in intensive care units Role of decolonization in a comprehensive strategy to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the neonatal intensive care unit: an observational cohort study abstract: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) can be caused by endogenous host microbial flora or by exogenous microbes, including those found in the hospital environment. Efforts to decrease endogenous pathogens via decolonization and skin antisepsis may decrease the risk of infection in some settings. Controlling the spread of potential pathogens from the environment requires meticulous attention to cleaning and disinfection practices. In addition to selection of the appropriate cleaning agent, use of tools that assess the adequacy of cleaning and addition of no-touch cleaning technology may decrease environmental contamination. Hand hygiene is also a critical component of preventing transmission of pathogens from the environment to patients via healthcare worker hands. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120697/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-98122-2_2 id: cord-279483-gwikyux2 author: Wong, Joshua Guoxian title: Risk prediction models to guide antibiotic prescribing: a study on adult patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infections in an emergency department date: 2020-11-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Appropriate antibiotic prescribing is key to combating antimicrobial resistance. Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are common reasons for emergency department (ED) visits and antibiotic use. Differentiating between bacterial and viral infections is not straightforward. We aim to provide an evidence-based clinical decision support tool for antibiotic prescribing using prediction models developed from local data. METHODS: Seven hundred-fifteen patients with uncomplicated URTI were recruited and analysed from Singapore’s busiest ED, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, from June 2016 to November 2018. Confirmatory tests were performed using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for respiratory viruses and point-of-care test for C-reactive protein. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were extracted from the hospital electronic medical records. Seventy percent of the data was used for training and the remaining 30% was used for validation. Decision trees, LASSO and logistic regression models were built to predict when antibiotics were not needed. RESULTS: The median age of the cohort was 36 years old, with 61.2% being male. Temperature and pulse rate were significant factors in all 3 models. The area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) on the validation set for the models were similar. (LASSO: 0.70 [95% CI: 0.62–0.77], logistic regression: 0.72 [95% CI: 0.65–0.79], decision tree: 0.67 [95% CI: 0.59–0.74]). Combining the results from all models, 58.3% of study participants would not need antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The models can be easily deployed as a decision support tool to guide antibiotic prescribing in busy EDs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-020-00825-3. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33138859/ doi: 10.1186/s13756-020-00825-3 id: cord-333724-a3dufzxt author: Wong, T. E. title: Evaluating the Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rates on College Campuses to Wastewater Surveillance date: 2020-10-11 words: 9751.0 sentences: 453.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333724-a3dufzxt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333724-a3dufzxt.txt summary: Through a Monte Carlo risk analysis, we find that surveillance testing that relies solely on wastewater sampling can be fragile against scenarios with high viral reproductive numbers and high rates of infection of campus community members by outside sources. Such a global analysis would quantify how the variation in infection rates is attributable to each uncertain model parameter and potential decision lever, including, for example, the viral reproduction rate and the rate at which screening tests are administered to the campus population. Similarly to our modification of the traditional individual surveillance testing, the false and true positive results from the wastewater-based screenings are modulated by a noncompliant proportion parameter, fnc. We evaluate the sensitivity of these eight testing strategies, corresponding to the eight values of Ts,ww above, to our assumptions about three critical parameters: the effective reproductive rate, Rt, the number of new infections from exogenous sources each week, Nexo, and the fraction of individuals who are not compliant with quarantine/isolation procedures, fnc. abstract: As college campuses reopen, we are in the midst of a large-scale experiment on the efficacy of various strategies to contain the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Traditional individual surveillance testing via nasal swabs and/or saliva is among the measures that colleges are pursuing to reduce the spread of the virus on campus. Additionally, some colleges are testing wastewater on their campuses for signs of infection, which can provide an early warning signal for campuses to locate COVID-positive individuals. However, a representation of wastewater surveillance has not yet been incorporated into epidemiological models for college campuses, nor has the efficacy of wastewater screening been evaluated relative to traditional individual surveillance testing, within the structure of these models. Here, we implement a new model component for wastewater surveillance within an established epidemiological model for college campuses. We use a hypothetical residential university to evaluate the efficacy of wastewater surveillance to maintain low infection rates. We find that wastewater sampling with a 1-day lag to initiate individual screening tests, plus completing the subsequent tests within a 4-day period can keep overall infections within 5% of the infection rates seen with traditional individual surveillance testing. Our results also indicate that wastewater surveillance can be an effective way to dramatically reduce the number of false positive cases by identifying subpopulations for surveillance testing where infectious individuals are more likely to be found. Through a Monte Carlo risk analysis, we find that surveillance testing that relies solely on wastewater sampling can be fragile against scenarios with high viral reproductive numbers and high rates of infection of campus community members by outside sources. These results point to the practical importance of additional surveillance measures to limit the spread of the virus on campus and the necessity of a proactive response to the initial signs of outbreak. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.09.20210245 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.09.20210245 id: cord-022592-g7rmzsv5 author: Wynn, James L. title: Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis date: 2016-07-06 words: 22148.0 sentences: 1302.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.txt summary: 14, 15, [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] Prematurity, low birth weight (especially infants weighing less than 1,000 g), male sex, a maternal vaginal culture positive for group B streptococcus (GBS), prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal intrapartum fever, and chorioamnionitis are strongly associated with an increased risk for early-onset sepsis. In addition to the initial inflammatory response including complement activation, molecular detection of PAMPs promotes IL-1β and IL-6 production, which in turn increases the production of multiple other innate proteins that possess valuable immune function and serve to reduce pathogen load. Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158364/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00152-9 id: cord-298131-zolwjl9u author: Xiao, Shuqi title: Understanding PRRSV Infection in Porcine Lung Based on Genome-Wide Transcriptome Response Identified by Deep Sequencing date: 2010-06-29 words: 9349.0 sentences: 429.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298131-zolwjl9u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298131-zolwjl9u.txt summary: Upregulation expression of virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and inflammatory enzymes and inflammatory cells, antibodies, complement activation were likely to result in the development of inflammatory responses during N-PRRSV infection processes. To investigate the regulation of the host response to the N-PRRSV virus, we considered the global gene expression profiles in lungs using Solexa/Illumina''s DGE system, a tag-based transcriptome sequencing method. From the data presented in the paper, a model for the relationship between pulmonary gene expression profiles and infection pathology can be surmised in Figure 7 , N-PRRSV virus replicates and spreads by subverting host innate immune response and hijacking host lipid metabolism as well as inducing an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory state, as indicated by suppression expression of SPI IFN, IFN-a, down-regulation expression of proapoptotic genes for BAK, APR-1, SARP3, high levels expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, such as APOE, LDLB, PIK3C3, anti-apoptotic genes for MCL1, BCL2A1, CHFR, ADM, NFKB, IL10, and anti-inflammatory molecule PGE2 as well as CD163. abstract: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has been one of the most economically important diseases affecting swine industry worldwide and causes great economic losses each year. PRRS virus (PRRSV) replicates mainly in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and dendritic cells (DCs) and develops persistent infections, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), interstitial pneumonia and immunosuppression. But the molecular mechanisms of PRRSV infection still are poorly understood. Here we report on the first genome-wide host transcriptional responses to classical North American type PRRSV (N-PRRSV) strain CH 1a infection using Solexa/Illumina's digital gene expression (DGE) system, a tag-based high-throughput transcriptome sequencing method, and analyse systematically the relationship between pulmonary gene expression profiles after N-PRRSV infection and infection pathology. Our results suggest that N-PRRSV appeared to utilize multiple strategies for its replication and spread in infected pigs, including subverting host innate immune response, inducing an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory state as well as developing ADE. Upregulation expression of virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and inflammatory enzymes and inflammatory cells, antibodies, complement activation were likely to result in the development of inflammatory responses during N-PRRSV infection processes. N-PRRSV-induced immunosuppression might be mediated by apoptosis of infected cells, which caused depletion of immune cells and induced an anti-inflammatory cytokine response in which they were unable to eradicate the primary infection. Our systems analysis will benefit for better understanding the molecular pathogenesis of N-PRRSV infection, developing novel antiviral therapies and identifying genetic components for swine resistance/susceptibility to PRRS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614006/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011377 id: cord-324880-s1oqkqef author: Xu, Lili title: A fatal case associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in a young child date: 2018-05-11 words: 3284.0 sentences: 174.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324880-s1oqkqef.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324880-s1oqkqef.txt summary: RSV-related encephalitis with acute encephalopathic symptoms such as seizure, severe sequelae and even death following RSV infection in children without underlying disease has sporadically been reported [5] . In this report, we present the case of a 2-year-old girl who was not born prematurely and had no underlying disease whose sudden death may have been related to an RSV infection identified by conventional methods and metagenomic analyses. Viral antigen detection based on both an immunofluorescence assay and the Luminex xTAG respiratory viral panel assay was positive for RSV in the patient''s nasopharyngeal aspirates (which were collected on 14 Nov, the 5th day of disease onset and the 2nd day of admission) and negative for adenovirus, influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza virus 1-4, human metapneumovirus, enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, human coronavirus HKU1, 229E, NL63 and OC43, and human bocavirus. reported that influenza virus RNA was detected in the CSF of 71.4% (5/7) of patients who developed influenza-associated acute encephalopathy/encephalitis [17] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of pediatric bronchiolitis and pneumonia worldwide. Risk factors for high mortality and prolonged morbidity after RSV infection include premature birth, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, and Down syndrome. However, some previously healthy, full-term children who are infected with RSV also require hospitalization and even experience severe sequelae or death. CASE PRESENTATION: In this report, we present the case of an RSV-associated death of a child who was born at full-term and developed normally up to the age of 2 years old. Cardiopulmonary arrest occurred within 3 days after the onset of symptoms, which included cough and high fever. Complete brain edema was prominent, and encephalopathy was developing. Viral antigen detection and microbiome analyses of oral swab and nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens verified an RSV infection, while bacterial culture of blood specimens yielded negative results. The RSV strain detected in this patient was subtyped as RSVB9, and no mutation was found in the six antigenic sites for targeted drugs or vaccines. CONCLUSIONS: The patient had a severe infection associated with RSV, which was very likely the cause of her central nervous system infection and acute neurological complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29751747/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3123-8 id: cord-335614-qh98622y author: Xu, Puzhi title: A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus date: 2019-11-16 words: 6543.0 sentences: 352.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335614-qh98622y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335614-qh98622y.txt summary: These genes and metabolites were linked to NIBV-infection related processes, including immune response, signal transduction, peroxisome, purine, and amino acid metabolism. Taken together, our research comprehensively describes the host responses during NIBV infection and provides new clues for further dissection of specific gene functions, metabolite affections, and the role of gut microbiota during chicken gout. The results of PCA and OPLA-DA analysis showed that there was an obvious separation between the content of the Con and Dis groups, revealing significant changes in the concentrations of metabolites in the kidney induced by NIBV infection. In addition, the transcriptomic analysis showed that NIBV infection also activated the RIG-I-like receptor signalling pathway (Figure 3f , signal 2), which included the transcriptional upregulation of genes such as MDA5, IPS-1, TRAF3, and IκB. In the present study, the ABCG2 mRNA was downregulated in the model group chicken kidneys, partially explaining the significantly increased uric acid levels caused by NIBV infection. abstract: Chicken gout resulting from nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) has become a serious kidney disease problem in chicken worldwide with alterations of the metabolic phenotypes in multiple metabolic pathways. To investigate the mechanisms in chicken responding to NIBV infection, we examined the global transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of the chicken’s kidney using RNA-seq and GC–TOF/MS, respectively. Furthermore, we analyzed the alterations in cecal microorganism composition in chickens using 16S rRNA-seq. Integrated analysis of these three phenotypic datasets further managed to create correlations between the altered kidney transcriptomes and metabolome, and between kidney metabolome and gut microbiome. We found that 2868 genes and 160 metabolites were deferentially expressed or accumulated in the kidney during NIBV infection processes. These genes and metabolites were linked to NIBV-infection related processes, including immune response, signal transduction, peroxisome, purine, and amino acid metabolism. In addition, the comprehensive correlations between the kidney metabolome and cecal microbial community showed contributions of gut microbiota in the progression of NIBV-infection. Taken together, our research comprehensively describes the host responses during NIBV infection and provides new clues for further dissection of specific gene functions, metabolite affections, and the role of gut microbiota during chicken gout. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11111070 doi: 10.3390/v11111070 id: cord-003053-5sucu1cg author: Yang, Liu title: Risk factors for infectious complications of ANCA-associated vasculitis: a cohort study date: 2018-06-14 words: 3911.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003053-5sucu1cg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003053-5sucu1cg.txt summary: In this study, we retrospectively analysed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and discussed major infection episodes occurring during immunosuppressive therapy in a single centre. All clinical and laboratory data were collected retrospectively at diagnosis and during the follow-up period, including the patients'' age, gender, medical history, routine blood analysis, 24-h urine protein excretion, urinary sediment red blood cell count, serum albumin and serum creatinine (SCr), liver enzymes, immunoglobulin and T lymphocyte counts, serum ANCAs, lung involvement, Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) [16] , the usage of immunosuppressive agents, methlyprednisone pulse therapy, plasma exchange, and adverse events including major infection. Single factor analysis revealed that risk factors for complicated infection in patients with AAV included age, smoking, pulmonary involvement, hemoglobulin, albumin, SCr level, CD4 + T cell count, BVAS, and immunosuppressive therapy with MMF, CYC and TW. abstract: BACKGROUND: Severe infections are common complications of immunosuppressive treatment for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) with renal involvement. We investigated the clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe infection in Chinese patients with AAV after immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS: A total of 248 patients with a new diagnosis of ANCA-associated vasculitis were included in this study. The incidence, time, site, and risk factors of severe infection by the induction therapies were analysed. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: A total of 103 episodes of severe infection were identified in 86 (34.7%, 86/248) patients during a median follow-up of 15 months. The incidence of infection during induction therapy was 38.5% for corticosteroids (CS), 39.0% for CS+ intravenous cyclophosphamide (IV-CYC), 33.8% for CS+ mycophenolate mofetil and 22.5% for CS + tripterygium glycosides, 76 (73.8%) infection episodes occurred within 6 months, while 66 (64.1%) occurred within 3 months. Pneumonia (71.8%, 74/103) was the most frequent type of infection, and the main pathogenic spectrum included bacteria (78.6%), fungi (12.6%), and viruses (8.7%). The risk factors associated with infection were age at the time of diagnosis (HR = 1.003, 95% CI = 1.000–1.006), smoking (HR = 2.338, 95% CI = 1.236–4.424), baseline secrum creatinine (SCr) ≥5.74 mg/dl (HR = 2.153, 95% CI = 1.323–3.502), CD4(+) T cell< 281 μl (HR = 1.813, 95% CI = 1.133–2.900), and intravenous cyclophosphamide regimen (HR = 1.951, 95% CI =1.520–2.740). Twelve (13.9%) patients died of severe pneumonia. CONCLUSION: The infection rate during induction therapy was high in patients with AAV. Bacterial pneumonia was the main type of infection encountered. Age at the time of diagnosis, smoking, baseline SCr ≥5.74 mg/dl, CD4(+) T cell< 281 μl, and IV-CYC therapy were identified as risk factors for infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6002994/ doi: 10.1186/s12882-018-0933-2 id: cord-323668-evzzfu04 author: Yin, Zhixin title: lncRNA expression signatures in response to enterovirus 71 infection date: 2013-01-11 words: 3493.0 sentences: 208.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323668-evzzfu04.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323668-evzzfu04.txt summary: To identify the cellular long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the host response to EV71 infection, we performed comprehensive lncRNA and mRNA profiling in EV71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells through microarray. These findings suggest the widespread differential expression of lncRNAs in response to 0006 virus infection and their involvement in regulating the host response, including innate immunity [19] . Further analysis resulted in 313 differentially expressed lncRNAs and nearby coding gene pairs (distance < 300 kb) for each comparison between mock-and EV71-infected cells (Table S7) . In the present study, using Arraystar microarray analysis, we identified the differentially expressed lncRNAs in RD cells after EV71 infection, together with nearby differentially expressed mRNA pairs. They also observed the down-regulation of several genes encoding proteins involved in host RNA synthesis in EV71-infected SF268 cells. [19] performed functional enrichment analysis on the nearby protein-coding genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs in SARS-CoV infected mouse. abstract: Abstract Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) have become considerable threats to the health of infants and young children. To identify the cellular long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the host response to EV71 infection, we performed comprehensive lncRNA and mRNA profiling in EV71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells through microarray. We observed the differential expression of more than 4800 lncRNAs during infection. Further analysis showed 160 regulated enhancer-like lncRNA and nearby mRNA pairs, as well as 313 regulated Rinn’s lncRNA [M. Guttman I. Amit, M. Garber, C. French, M.F. Lin, D. Feldser, M. Huarte, O. Zuk, B.W. Carey, J.P. Cassady, M.N. Cabili, R. Jaenisch, T.S. Mikkelsen, T. Jacks, N. Hacohen, B.E. Bernstein, M. Kellis, A. Regev, J.L. Rinn, E.S. Lander. Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals. Nature 458 (2009) 223–227, A.M. Khalil, M. Guttman, M. Huarte, M. Garber, A. Raj, D. Rivea Morales, K. Thomas, A. Presser, B.E. Bernstein, A. van Oudenaarden, A. Regev, E.S. Lander, J.L. Rinn. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 (2009) 11667–11672] and nearby mRNA pairs. The results provided information for further research on the prevention and treatment of EV71 infection, as well as on distinguishing severe and mild EV71 cases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0006291X12022917 doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.101 id: cord-325172-a8ntxnmm author: Yip, Ming Shum title: Antibody-dependent infection of human macrophages by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus date: 2014-05-06 words: 5791.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325172-a8ntxnmm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325172-a8ntxnmm.txt summary: More recently, we demonstrated that anti-Spike antibody potentiates infection of both monocytic and lymphoid immune cell lines, not only by SARS-CoVpp but also by replication-competent SARS-coronavirus [16] , thus providing evidence for a novel and versatile mechanism by which SARS-CoV can enter into target cells that do not express the conventional ACE2 virus receptor and are otherwise refractory to the virus. Finally, we have provided evidence that the intracellular signaling motifbut not the IgG binding motifof the FcγR is the key molecular determinant for triggering ADE of SARS-CoVpp. Our findings conclusively demonstrate that anti-spike serum promotes internalization of SARS-CoV by human macrophages. All the endodomain-truncated constructs (FcγRIIA-H.ΔIC, FcγRIIA-R.ΔIC and FcγRIIB.ΔIC, corresponding to constructs 2, 6, 11 respectively) were not susceptible to ADE of infection, indicating that binding of anti-Spike IgG-SARS-CoVpp immune complexes was not sufficient to mediate entry and that the signaling-competent endodomain was required. abstract: BACKGROUND: Public health risks associated to infection by human coronaviruses remain considerable and vaccination is a key option for preventing the resurgence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We have previously reported that antibodies elicited by a SARS-CoV vaccine candidate based on recombinant, full-length SARS-CoV Spike-protein trimers, trigger infection of immune cell lines. These observations prompted us to investigate the molecular mechanisms and responses to antibody-mediated infection in human macrophages. METHODS: We have used primary human immune cells to evaluate their susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV in the presence of anti-Spike antibodies. Fluorescence microscopy and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were utilized to assess occurrence and consequences of infection. To gain insight into the underlying molecular mechanism, we performed mutational analysis with a series of truncated and chimeric constructs of fragment crystallizable γ receptors (FcγR), which bind antibody-coated pathogens. RESULTS: We show here that anti-Spike immune serum increased infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages by replication-competent SARS-CoV as well as Spike-pseudotyped lentiviral particles (SARS-CoVpp). Macrophages infected with SARS-CoV, however, did not support productive replication of the virus. Purified anti-viral IgGs, but not other soluble factor(s) from heat-inactivated mouse immune serum, were sufficient to enhance infection. Antibody-mediated infection was dependent on signaling-competent members of the human FcγRII family, which were shown to confer susceptibility to otherwise naïve ST486 cells, as binding of immune complexes to cell surface FcγRII was necessary but not sufficient to trigger antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection. Furthermore, only FcγRII with intact cytoplasmic signaling domains were competent to sustain ADE of SARS-CoVpp infection, thus providing additional information on the role of downstream signaling by FcγRII. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that human macrophages can be infected by SARS-CoV as a result of IgG-mediated ADE and indicate that this infection route requires signaling pathways activated downstream of binding to FcγRII receptors. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-11-82 doi: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-82 id: cord-307813-elom30nx author: Yip, Tsz-Fung title: Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment date: 2018-07-10 words: 15075.0 sentences: 735.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt summary: Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. A recent study using RNAi also demonstrated that cholesterol homeostasis can be regulated via acid phosphatase 2 (ACP2)-mediated Niemann-Pick C2 activity and impaired the membrane fusion of IAV and influenza B virus (IBV) (52) , further suggesting the importance of controlling cholesterol homeostasis in the release of viral genome to cytoplasm. Furthermore, FPR2 antagonists have been described to possess antiviral activity against not only IAV but also IBV infection (111) , promoting the idea that antagonizing FPR2 to suppress Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade could potentially be a novel approach for the treatment of a broad spectrum of influenza viruses. abstract: Influenza is a major acute respiratory infection that causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Two classes of conventional antivirals, M2 ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors, are mainstays in managing influenza disease to lessen symptoms while minimizing hospitalization and death in patients with severe influenza. However, the development of viral resistance to both drug classes has become a major public health concern. Vaccines are prophylaxis mainstays but are limited in efficacy due to the difficulty in matching predicted dominant viral strains to circulating strains. As such, other potential interventions are being explored. Since viruses rely on host cellular functions to replicate, recent therapeutic developments focus on targeting host factors involved in virus replication. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the advancements in novel host-based interventions for treating influenza disease. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547 id: cord-327888-4g3x5dje author: Yuan, C. T. title: Perceptions of hand hygiene practices in China date: 2009-02-28 words: 3593.0 sentences: 181.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327888-4g3x5dje.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327888-4g3x5dje.txt summary: Our study suggests that a pivotal issue for improving hand hygiene practice in China is providing infection control departments adequate attention, priority, and influence within the hospital, with a clear line of authority to senior management. Findings from this study suggest that the primary challenges in improving hand hygiene in China are the limited authority of infection control departments in hospitals, the lack of essential resources, and the ineffective use of data monitoring and feedback to hospital staff. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care. abstract: Summary Hand hygiene is considered one of the most important infection control measures for preventing healthcare-associated infections. However, compliance rates with recommended hand hygiene practices in hospitals remain low. Previous literature on ways to improve hand hygiene practices has focused on the USA and Europe, whereas studies from developing countries are less common. In this study, we sought to identify common issues and potential strategies for improving hand hygiene practices in hospitals in China. We used a qualitative survey design based on in-depth interviews with 25 key hospital and public health staff in eight hospitals selected by the Chinese Ministry of Health. We found that hospital workers viewed hand hygiene as paramount to effective infection control and had adequate knowledge about proper hand hygiene practices. Despite these positive attitudes and adequate knowledge, critical challenges to improving rates of proper hand hygiene practices were identified. These included lack of needed resources, limited organisational authority of hospital infection control departments, and ineffective use of data monitoring and feedback to motivate improvements. Our study suggests that a pivotal issue for improving hand hygiene practice in China is providing infection control departments adequate attention, priority, and influence within the hospital, with a clear line of authority to senior management. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19013685/ doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.09.017 id: cord-016990-ot1wi3xi author: Zaki, Sherif R. title: Viral Infections of the Lung date: 2008 words: 19585.0 sentences: 1132.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt summary: 105, [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] The pathology is more prominent in larger bronchi, and inflammation may vary in intensity in individual patients, Viral inclusions cannot be identified by light microscopy (Fig, 11 .8D), Secondary bacterial infections with organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (group A streptococcus [GAS]), Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae may occur as a complication in about 50% to 75% of fatal cases and make it difficult to recognize the pathologic changes associated with the primary viral infec-445 tion ,190,192,193 The histopathologic features in other organs may include myocarditis, cerebral edema, rhabdomyolysis, and hemophagocytosis (Figs, 11.8H and 11.9E,F), Immunohistochemistry and ISH assays demonstrate that viral antigens and nucleic acids are usually sparse and are primarily seen in the bronchioepithelial cells of larger bronchioles (Figs. abstract: The lungs are among the most vulnerable to microbial assault of all organs in the body. From a contemporary vantage, lower respiratory tract infections are the greatest cause of infection-related mortality in the United States, and rank seventh among all causes of deaths in the United States.2,3 From a global and historic perspective, the scope and scale of lower respiratory tract infection is greater than any other infectious syndrome, and viral pneumonias have proven to be some of the most lethal and dramatic of human diseases. The 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, perhaps the most devastating infectious disease pandemic in recorded history, resulted in an estimated 40 million deaths worldwide, including 700,000 deaths in the U.S.4 The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during 2003, although considerably smaller in scale, resulted in 8098 cases and 774 deaths5 and is a dramatic contemporary example of the ability of viral pneumonias to rapidly disseminate and cause severe disease in human populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121437/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_11 id: cord-324301-bzrh2fni author: Zambon, Maria title: Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS date: 2005-05-01 words: 2978.0 sentences: 178.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324301-bzrh2fni.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324301-bzrh2fni.txt summary: The recent emergence of the SARS coronavirus in the human population in 2003, with an ensuing global epidemic affecting more than 8000 individuals with a case fatality of about 10%, underlines the fact that respiratory viral infections of humans may originate in animals, and that many different influenza A viruses also occur naturally in animal reservoirs, representing a constant threat of zoonotic infections of humans and ensuing global pandemics. About 30-50% of acute LRTIs are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. About 30-50% of acute LRTIs are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. Seasonal illness, epidemics and pandemics -influenza viruses circulating in humans (A H1N1, H3N2, B and C) cause respiratory tract disease. abstract: Abstract Acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a major worldwide health problem, particularly in childhood, and are ranked first among the conditions contributing to the global burden of disease. About 30–50% of acute LRTIs are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. Vaccination against circulating human influenza strains and the use of neuraminidase inhibitor drugs have improved the options for control of influenza, but as yet there are no successful vaccines or antiviral drugs for use against RSV infection. The recent emergence of the SARS coronavirus in the human population in 2003, with an ensuing global epidemic affecting more than 8000 individuals with a case fatality of about 10%, underlines the fact that respiratory viral infections of humans may originate in animals, and that many different influenza A viruses also occur naturally in animal reservoirs, representing a constant threat of zoonotic infections of humans and ensuing global pandemics. Avian influenza viruses have transmitted directly to humans from domestic poultry on several occasions in the last decade, and the current extensive burden of disease from avian influenza in South East Asia provides a real possibility for the emergence of a novel influenza virus pathogenic in humans. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357303906002015 doi: 10.1383/medc.33.5.130.64960 id: cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author: Zeimet, Anthony title: Infectious Diseases date: 2020-06-22 words: 28925.0 sentences: 1728.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027860-s97hdhh6.txt summary: Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315328/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1160-8.10016-8 id: cord-305457-t7qw1oy2 author: Zhang, Youhong title: Baculovirus transit through insect cell membranes: A mechanistic approach date: 2020-09-21 words: 3846.0 sentences: 203.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305457-t7qw1oy2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305457-t7qw1oy2.txt summary: The production of recombinant proteins in BEVS is greatly affected by the characteristics and kinetics of the viral infection process-including, for instance, the multiplicity of infection (MOI), time of infection (TOI), cell cycle, cell line selection, and culture state [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , but the early events of viral infection, such as the attachment of virions to their receptors and the kinetics of their entry into the cell, are still not entirely understood. Mathematical modeling and simulations may serve as effective predictive tools in pursuing this goal [8, [14] [15] 27] , as they allow dynamical simulation of the process and estimating variables that are hard to measure directly, such as the rate of virion internalization after its attachment to the cell. abstract: Baculovirus systems are used for various purposes, but the kinetics of the infection process is not fully understood yet. We investigated the dynamics of virion movement from a medium toward the interior of insect cells and established a mechanistic model that shows an excellent fit to experimental results. It also makes possible a description of the viral dynamics on the cell surface. A novel measurement method was used to distinguish between infected cells that carry virions on their surfaces, cells that carry virions in their interior, and those carrying virions both inside and on their surface. The maximum number of virions carried by a cell: 55 viruses/cell, and the time required for viral internalization, 0.8 [Formula: see text] , are reported. This information is particularly useful for assessing the infection efficacy and the required number of virions needed to infect a given cell population. Although our model specifically concerns the infection process of Sf9 insect cells by baculovirus, it describes general features of viral infection. Some of the model features may eventually be applicable in the studies towards palliation of the COVID-19 outbreak. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250920302591?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115727 id: cord-011438-imbpgsub author: Zhang, Yun title: Host–Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection date: 2020-03-29 words: 9294.0 sentences: 567.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt summary: Upon IAV infection, host innate immune system is triggered and activated to restrict virus replication and clear pathogens. In the current review, we present a general description on recent work regarding different host cells and molecules facilitating antiviral defenses against IAV infection and how IAVs antagonize host immune responses. Host innate immunity, including phagocytic cells, interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, etc., applies multiple mechanisms in defending IAV infection [105] . Influenza A virus nucleoprotein induces apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells: Implications of a novel interaction between nucleoprotein and host protein Clusterin Antiviral response elicited against avian influenza virus infection following activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7 signaling pathway is attributable to interleukin (IL)-1β production The human interferon-induced MxA protein inhibits early stages of influenza A virus infection by retaining the incoming viral genome in the cytoplasm Cell death regulation during influenza A virus infection by matrix (M1) protein: A model of viral control over the cellular survival pathway abstract: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are highly contagious pathogens infecting human and numerous animals. The viruses cause millions of infection cases and thousands of deaths every year, thus making IAVs a continual threat to global health. Upon IAV infection, host innate immune system is triggered and activated to restrict virus replication and clear pathogens. Subsequently, host adaptive immunity is involved in specific virus clearance. On the other hand, to achieve a successful infection, IAVs also apply multiple strategies to avoid be detected and eliminated by the host immunity. In the current review, we present a general description on recent work regarding different host cells and molecules facilitating antiviral defenses against IAV infection and how IAVs antagonize host immune responses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7232439/ doi: 10.3390/v12040376 id: cord-257392-u6jy6w1m author: Zhao, Yanfeng title: Proteomic analysis of primary duck hepatocytes infected with duck hepatitis B virus date: 2010-06-07 words: 6033.0 sentences: 294.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257392-u6jy6w1m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257392-u6jy6w1m.txt summary: In this report, we explored global changes in cellular protein expression in DHBV infected PDHs by two-dimension gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The down-regulated expression of beta-actin and annexin A2 was confirmed by Western blot analysis, and potential roles of some differentially expressed proteins in the virus-infected cells have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Differentially expressed proteins of DHBV infected PDHs revealed by 2-DE, are involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, stress responses and cytoskeleton processes etc, providing the insight to understanding of interactions between hepadnavirus and hepatocytes and molecular mechanisms of hepadnavirus pathogenesis. Expression levels of annexin A2, beta-actin, Hsp70, destrin, and lamin A were validated by Western blot analysis to confirm the dynamic alterations of protein expression during DHBV infection. In summary, the present study explored global changes in cellular protein expression of hepadnavirus infection by 2-DE analysis, using a natural DHBV-PDHs infection system. abstract: BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of liver infection in human. Because of the lack of an appropriate cell culture system for supporting HBV infection efficiently, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepadnavirus infection remain incompletely understood. Duck heptatitis B virus (DHBV) can naturally infect primary duck hepatocytes (PDHs) that provide valuable model systems for studying hepadnavirus infection in vitro. In this report, we explored global changes in cellular protein expression in DHBV infected PDHs by two-dimension gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). RESULTS: The effects of hepadnavirus infection on hepatocytes were investigated in DHBV infected PDHs by the 2-DE analysis. Proteomic profile of PDHs infected with DHBV were analyzed at 24, 72 and 120 h post-infection by comparing with uninfected PDHs, and 75 differentially expressed protein spots were revealed by 2-DE analysis. Among the selected protein spots, 51 spots were identified corresponding to 42 proteins by MS/MS analysis; most of them were matched to orthologous proteins of Gallus gallus, Anas platyrhynchos or other avian species, including alpha-enolase, lamin A, aconitase 2, cofilin-2 and annexin A2, etc. The down-regulated expression of beta-actin and annexin A2 was confirmed by Western blot analysis, and potential roles of some differentially expressed proteins in the virus-infected cells have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Differentially expressed proteins of DHBV infected PDHs revealed by 2-DE, are involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, stress responses and cytoskeleton processes etc, providing the insight to understanding of interactions between hepadnavirus and hepatocytes and molecular mechanisms of hepadnavirus pathogenesis. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-5956-8-28 doi: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-28 id: cord-340028-6oicmeam author: Zhavoronkov, Alex title: Geroprotective and senoremediative strategies to reduce the comorbidity, infection rates, severity, and lethality in gerophilic and gerolavic infections date: 2020-03-31 words: 7228.0 sentences: 366.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340028-6oicmeam.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340028-6oicmeam.txt summary: Here we compare the expected benefit of treatments for elderly populations (60 years and older) that are currently in development, including standard preventative strategies such as vaccines and antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2, and the potential added benefit of speculative geroprotective strategies such as rapalogs, NAD+ boosters, senolytics, and stem cell treatment. People >60 years of age with chronic medical conditions, such as type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease, direct immunosuppression from HIV, posttransplant or biologic treatment, pregnant individuals, or those with BMI>40, are believed to be at higher risk for influenza infection due to a weakened immune response [31] . As discussed in this paper, small clinical studies have shown that several geroprotective and senoremediative interventions, such as treatment with AGING sirolimus and rapalogs, can induce immunopotentiation, increase resistance to infection, and reduce disease severity in the elderly, without severe side effects. abstract: The recently identified SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered the age-associated vulnerability in the burden of disease and put aging research in the spotlight. The limited data available indicates that COVID-19 should be referred to as a gerolavic (from Greek, géros “old man” and epilavís, “harmful”) infection because the infection rates, severity, and lethality are substantially higher in the population aged 60 and older. This is primarily due to comorbidity but may be partially due to immunosenescence, decreased immune function in the elderly, and general loss of function, fitness, and increased frailty associated with aging. Immunosenescence is a major factor affecting vaccination response, as well as the severity and lethality of infectious diseases. While vaccination reduces infection rates, and therapeutic interventions reduce the severity and lethality of infections, these interventions have limitations. Previous studies showed that postulated geroprotectors, such as sirolimus (rapamycin) and its close derivative rapalog everolimus (RAD001), decreased infection rates in a small sample of elderly patients. This article presents a review of the limited literature available on geroprotective and senoremediative interventions that may be investigated to decrease the disease burden of gerolavic infections. This article also highlights a need for rigorous clinical validation of deep aging clocks as surrogate markers of biological age. These could be used to assess the need for, and efficacy of, geroprotective and senoremediative interventions and provide better protection for elderly populations from gerolavic infections. This article does not represent medical advice and the medications described are not yet licensed or recommended as immune system boosters, as they have not undergone clinical evaluation for this purpose. url: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102988 doi: 10.18632/aging.102988 id: cord-350715-x92g6bnk author: Zheng, Yutong title: Analysis of the application value of serum antibody detection for staging of COVID‐19 infection date: 2020-07-23 words: 1495.0 sentences: 121.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350715-x92g6bnk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350715-x92g6bnk.txt summary: We conducted a retrospective analysis to explore the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients at different infection stages and to characterize the characteristics of specific serum antibodies at each stage. In this study we explored the clinical value of specific serum antibody detection in COVID-19 patients. According to the biological characteristics of nucleic acids and specific serum IgM and IgG antibodies, the 723 COVID-19 cases were classified into infection stages ( Table 1) . (2) the convalescent stage in which the nucleic acid turned negative, the IgM antibody disappeared and the IgG antibody began to appear but was still below the detection limit. IgM+IgG-May be in the acute stage of infection, consider the possibility of false negative nucleic acid. Consider the possible active stage of infection with false negative nucleic acid. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has now spread all over the world. The National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China reported 78,439 cured and discharged cases, 4634 deaths, 83,462 confirmed cases and 760,818 close contacts as of June 25, 2020. Joint detection of nucleic acids and antibodies has become an important laboratory diagnostic for COVID‐19 patients. Disease progression and infection stage can be established based on the biological characteristics of these tests. However, there have been few studies of the different infection stages of COVID‐19. We conducted a retrospective analysis to explore the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients at different infection stages and to characterize the characteristics of specific serum antibodies at each stage. These data will provide a theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26330 doi: 10.1002/jmv.26330 id: cord-325613-oamw57gx author: Zhong, Peipei title: Clinical characteristics of the lower respiratory tract infection caused by a single infection or coinfection of the human parainfluenza virus in children date: 2019-05-29 words: 1965.0 sentences: 131.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325613-oamw57gx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325613-oamw57gx.txt summary: title: Clinical characteristics of the lower respiratory tract infection caused by a single infection or coinfection of the human parainfluenza virus in children BACKGROUND: Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), usually combined with other pathogens, causes lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children. This study aimed to investigate the viral and atypical bacterial etiology of LRTI in children and compare the clinical characteristics of HPIV single infection with those of coinfection. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the viral and HPIV-positive patients were divided into three groups based on the test results: HPIV single infection, coinfection with other viruses, and coinfection with atypical bacteria. Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. Clinical characteristics of the lower respiratory tract infection caused by a single infection or coinfection of the human parainfluenza virus in children abstract: BACKGROUND: Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), usually combined with other pathogens, causes lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children. However, clinical characteristics of HPIV coinfection with other pathogens were unclear. This study aimed to investigate the viral and atypical bacterial etiology of LRTI in children and compare the clinical characteristics of HPIV single infection with those of coinfection. METHODS: This study included 1335 patients, aged between 1 to 71 months, diagnosed with LRTI in Yuying Children's Hospital, Zhejiang, China, from December 2013 to June 2015. Nasopharyngeal secretions were collected, and respiratory pathogens were detected using Multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The clinical data of patients were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: At least 1 pathogen was detected in 1181/1335 (88.5%) patients. The pathogens identified most frequently were respiratory syncytial virus, human rhinovirus, HPIV, adenovirus, and human metapneumovirus. The coinfection rate was 24.8%. HPIV coinfection with other viruses was more associated with running nose, shortness of breath, and oxygen support compared with HPIV single infection. Moreover, HPIV coinfection with atypical bacteria was more related to running nose, moist rales, and longer hospital duration compared with HPIV single infection, and also to longer hospital duration compared with coinfection with other viruses. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that viral infections were highly associated with LRTI and the rate of coinfection was high. HPIV single infection was milder than coinfection with other viruses. Moreover, HPIV coinfection with atypical bacteria was more serious than HPIV single infection and coinfection with other viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25499 doi: 10.1002/jmv.25499 id: cord-304088-xkg0ylz8 author: Zhu, Han title: Cardiovascular Complications in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences of Viral Toxicities and Host Immune Response date: 2020-04-21 words: 5532.0 sentences: 236.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304088-xkg0ylz8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304088-xkg0ylz8.txt summary: While limited data exist, potential mechanisms of cardiac injury include direct viral entry through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and toxicity in host cells, hypoxia-related myocyte injury, and immune-mediated cytokine release syndrome. The increased incidence of cardiac injury among those with severe systemic inflammatory response syndromes (SIRS) and shock in the setting of COVID-19 also highlights an important relationship between the immune response to the virus and the cardiovascular system. Of note, SARS-CoV-2 also contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which is the target of the anti-viral agent remdesivir, currently being studied randomized clinical trials for use against COVID-19 disease [26] . A recent retrospective, multi-center study of 150 patients confirmed that inflammatory markers, including elevated ferritin (mean 1297.6 ng/ml in non-survivors vs 614.0 ng/ml in survivors, p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.0001) were associated with more severe COVID-19 infection, suggesting that systemic inflammation may be a significant driver of multi-organ damage [18, 64] . abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. While cardiac injury has been demonstrated in critically ill COVID-19 patients, the mechanism of injury remains unclear. Here, we review our current knowledge of the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential mechanisms of myocardial injury due to viral toxicities and host immune responses. RECENT FINDINGS: A number of studies have reported an epidemiological association between history of cardiac disease and worsened outcome during COVID infection. Development of new onset myocardial injury during COVID-19 also increases mortality. While limited data exist, potential mechanisms of cardiac injury include direct viral entry through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and toxicity in host cells, hypoxia-related myocyte injury, and immune-mediated cytokine release syndrome. Potential treatments for reducing viral infection and excessive immune responses are also discussed. SUMMARY: COVID patients with cardiac disease history or acquire new cardiac injury are at an increased risk for in-hospital morbidity and mortality. More studies are needed to address the mechanism of cardiotoxicity and the treatments that can minimize permanent damage to the cardiovascular system. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32318865/ doi: 10.1007/s11886-020-01292-3 id: cord-264916-c4n0kyog author: Zimmerman, Keith title: Natural protection of ocular surface from viral infections – a hypothesis date: 2020-07-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A pandemic outbreak of a viral respiratory infection (COVID-19) caused by a coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) prompted a multitude of research focused on various aspects of this disease. One of the interesting aspects of the clinical manifestation of the infection is an accompanying ocular surface viral infection, viral conjunctivitis. Although occasional reports of viral conjunctivitis caused by this and the related SARS-CoV virus (causing the SARS outbreak in the early 2000s) are available, the prevalence of this complication among infected people appears low (∼1%). This is surprising, considering the recent discovery of the presence of viral receptors (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) in ocular surface tissue. The discrepancy between the theoretically expected high rate of concurrence of viral ocular surface inflammation and the observed relatively low occurrence can be explained by several factors. In this work, we discuss the significance of natural protective factors related to anatomical and physiological properties of the eyes and preventing the deposition of large number of virus-loaded particles on the ocular surface. Specifically, we advance the hypothesis that the standing potential of the eye plays an important role in repelling aerosol particles (microdroplets) from the surface of the eye and discuss factors associated with this hypothesis, possible ways to test it and its implications in terms of prevention of ocular infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32679424/ doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110082 id: cord-320548-oigyut2k author: Zumla, Alimuddin title: Emerging novel and antimicrobial-resistant respiratory tract infections: new drug development and therapeutic options date: 2014-09-01 words: 8120.0 sentences: 430.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320548-oigyut2k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320548-oigyut2k.txt summary: 19 In patients admitted to hospital with severe infl uenza A H7N9 infection, reduction of viral load after treatment with oseltamivir correlated with improved outcome, whereas the emergence of virus resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors that harbours an Arg292Lys substitution is associated with poor outcomes and poor response to oseltamivir and peramivir. Several observational studies show that systemic corticosteroids given for 2009 pandemic infl uenza A H1N1-associated viral pneumonia increased the risk of mortality and morbidity (eg, secondary infections), especially when there was a delay in initiation, or absence of, eff ective antiviral therapy. Several observational studies have shown that systemic corticosteroids given for 2009 pandemic infl uenza A H1N1-asssociated viral pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome increased the risk of mortality and morbidity (eg, secondary bacterial or fungal infections), especially if there is delay or lack of eff ective antiviral therapy. abstract: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens for which diminishing treatment options are available is of major global concern. New viral respiratory tract infections with epidemic potential, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, swine-origin influenza A H1N1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, require development of new antiviral agents. The substantial rise in the global numbers of patients with respiratory tract infections caused by pan-antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and multiazole-resistant fungi has focused attention on investments into development of new drugs and treatment regimens. Successful treatment outcomes for patients with respiratory tract infections across all health-care settings will necessitate rapid, precise diagnosis and more effective and pathogen-specific therapies. This Series paper describes the development and use of new antimicrobial agents and immune-based and host-directed therapies for a range of conventional and emerging viral, bacterial, and fungal causes of respiratory tract infections. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147330991470828X doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70828-x id: cord-308816-nux087gc author: de Graaf, Dirk C title: A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals date: 2000-01-10 words: 8204.0 sentences: 486.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt summary: Cryptosporidium parvum is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome of calves, lambs and goat kids, causing considerable direct and indirect economic losses. In the following years methods to free the infective oocysts from other contaminating pathogens became available, which permitted the experimental demonstration that Cryptosporidium was capable of causing clinical diarrhoea in calves [27, 28] . Since then, Cryptosporidium has been attributed an increasingly important role in neonatal diarrhoea syndrome in this domestic species and is currently associated with high morbidity rates and, depending on environmental conditions and the presence of other intestinal pathogens, mortality [46, 75, 76] . Cryptosporidium parvum is the most commonly found enteropathogen during the ®rst weeks of the life of calves, lambs and goat kids and is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome. abstract: Cryptosporidium species are coccidian parasites with a large capacity to reproduce and to disseminate. Several species are known to infect farm animals, although the economic importance of cryptosporidiosis is highly host species dependent. This paper reviews the impact of cryptosporidial infections in livestock and poultry. For different farm animals, the Cryptosporidium spp. that occur, as well as their clinical and pathological features, and their interactions with other pathogens, are described. In addition, data concerning the prevalence, the transmission and the epidemiology of the disease are mentioned and a description of the economic losses associated with cryptosporidiosis in each of the hosts is given. Cryptosporidiosis seems to be mainly a problem in neonatal ruminants. Cryptosporidium parvum is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome of calves, lambs and goat kids, causing considerable direct and indirect economic losses. Avian cryptosporidiosis is an emerging health problem in poultry, associated with respiratory disease in chickens and other Galliformes, and with intestinal disease in turkeys and quails. Because of limited availability of effective drugs, the control of cryptosporidiosis relies mainly on hygienic measures and good management. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576578/ doi: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00076-4 id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7 author: nan title: Oral and Poster Manuscripts date: 2011-04-08 words: 183363.0 sentences: 11362.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt summary: The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313891/ doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00209.x id: cord-004586-i8tacj63 author: nan title: Empfehlung zur Prävention nosokomialer Infektionen bei neonatologischen Intensivpflegepatienten mit einem Geburtsgewicht unter 1500 g: Mitteilung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut date: 2007-10-05 words: 9346.0 sentences: 878.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004586-i8tacj63.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004586-i8tacj63.txt summary: F Die Reinigung der Innenseite des belegten Inkubators kann mit Wasser von Trinkwasserqualität erfolgen (siehe oben), wobei für jeden Inkubator (patientenbezogen) ein frisches, keimarmes Tuch verwendet werden muss (Kategorie IB). Transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit Outbreak of nosocomial sepsis and pneumonia in a newborn intensive care unit by multiresistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: high impact on mortality Nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: clinical and hygienic measures in a neonatal intensive care unit Nosocomial outbreak of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit controlled by a change in antibiotic policy Coronavirus-related nosocomial viral respiratory infections in a neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit by active surveillance and aggressive infection control measures Clinical and molecular biological analysis of a nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a neonatal intensive care unit abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7080031/ doi: 10.1007/s00103-007-0337-0 id: cord-004675-n8mlxe7p author: nan title: 2019 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2019-02-26 words: 86427.0 sentences: 5050.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt summary: However, the mean infusion rate per site was similar between patients aged <18 years ( XMEN disease (X-linked Immunodeficency with Magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection and Neoplasia) is a primary immune deficiency caused by mutations in MAGT1 and characterized by chronic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), EBV-driven lymphoma, CD4 T-cell lymphopenia, and dysgammaglobulinemia. We present the case of a 1-year old Hispanic infant with a pathogenic variant in MAGT1 gene that clinically manifested with early Pneumocystis jirovecii and cytomegalovirus (CMV) interstitial pneumonia, and EBV chronic infection with good response to intravenous immunoglobulins supplementation without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy. Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, IDGS, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Hypomorphic Recombination Activating Gene 1 (RAG1) mutations result in residual T-and B-cell development in both humans and mice and have been found in patients presenting with delayed-onset combined immune deficiency with granulomas and/or autoimmunity (CID-G/AI). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086569/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-019-00597-5 id: cord-006466-e1phpqes author: nan title: 2018 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2018-04-23 words: 92230.0 sentences: 5516.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt summary: Whole exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation, previously reported (c.1425+1G>T) Conclusions: In summary, this report emphasizes the suspicion of a combined immunodeficiency in the presence of multiple abscesses by Mycoplasma, the usefulness of rDNA 16s in order to achieve proper Objectives: We describe a 15-year-old male patient with novel heterozygous mutation of EP300 gene; his first manifestations were initially characterized by infections, cytopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia suggesting a Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), but later on, persisting lymphopenia was suggestive of a combined immunodeficiency. Conclusions: Close monitoring of immune function in early life for patients with CHH and CID as well as the availability of suitable donors assists in determining management, including HSCT Introduction/Background: Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) represents a group of distinct inherited disorders, which inhibit the normal extravasation of neutrophils and their recruitment to sites of infection or inflammation. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101862/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-018-0485-z id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy author: nan title: Oral presentations date: 2014-12-24 words: 71112.0 sentences: 3948.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.txt summary: Because of the conflicting reports and lack of published data from paediatric patients, we sought to assess possible MIC change over time and to compare results generated by using different methodologies including Etest, agar dilution, and broth microdilution (MicroScan) methods. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NO plays a key role in the eradication of the leishmania parasite Objective: To determine whether a NO donor patch (developed by electrospinning technique) is as effective as meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of CL while causing less adverse events Methods: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 178 patients diagnosed with CL in Santander, Colombia, South-America. To follow the development and spread of the resistance among these strains is difficult, as antibiotic susceptibility testing of clinically relevant anaerobes in different routine laboratories in Europe is less and less frequently carried out due to the fact, that clinicians treat many presumed anaerobic infections empirically. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7162236/ doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02857.x id: cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author: nan title: Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date: 2014-08-02 words: 36900.0 sentences: 2254.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt summary: Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey Ig class switch recombination deficiencies are rare PIDs (1:500,000 births) with normal or elevated serum IgM and low IgG, IgA and IgE levels, defective or normal somatic hypermutation, defective T/B cooperation (50%), intrinsic B cell defect (50%), susceptibility to bacterial infections begining from the first year of age (impaired B cell immunity) and lack of germinal centres in secondary lymphoid organs. Great North Children''s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Even following the introduction of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a small number of children suffering from severe, refractory autoimmune (AI), rheumatic and/or autoinflammatory disorders will not get into clinical remission (CR) and will potentially further suffer from multiple side-effects of combined and long-term immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies, in particular severe infections (Marodi L, Casanova JL. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086544/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-014-0065-9 id: cord-014965-efmozngq author: nan title: Infectious diseases other than CMV (1st Section) date: 2001-06-11 words: 8007.0 sentences: 453.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014965-efmozngq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014965-efmozngq.txt summary: To evaluate the influence of the helicobacter pylori (h.p.) infection on gastrointestinal complications after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation (STX) we tested 114 patients (54 female, 60 male) by the 13C-urea breath test prior to initiation of conditioning therapy. 26 immunocompromised patients (15-70 y, median 44; 17 leukemia, 7 myeloma, 2 lymphoma) received 32 courses of ABLC at the median daily dose of 2 mg/kg rounded off to the nearest vial size (range, 1.3-2.7 mg/kg) after autologous (n=7) or allogeneic (n=8) stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy (n=17). Seven of the 12 allogeneic transplanted patients with at least one positive PCR-result had a VZV-disease. All (n=2) of the autologous transplanted patients with a positive PCR-result developed a VZV-disease. Background: Severe acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGvHD) of the gut is still a major complication after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) as response rates to treatment (tx) of intestinal GvHD (iGvHD) are lower than those observed for GvHD of the skin. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091871/ doi: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702942 id: cord-017184-1ewi3dka author: nan title: Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2008 words: 44492.0 sentences: 2035.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt summary: In this disease, microorganism phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes appears annulled, and the patient is subject to severe infections supported by capsular bacteria: the deficiency, described in association with severe and recurrent infantile infections [175, 485, 487] , depends on the lack of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) [487] , its Primary Immunodeficiencies a possible atopy dependence on IgA underproduction rather than on IgE hyperproduction ( Fig. 4.1 ): in children with levels of IgA at the minimum normal level, and followed from birth until the age of 18-23 months, a greater severity of atopic manifestations and an increased cumulative incidence of asthma, AD and otitis media with effusion (OME) were observed compared to controls. abstract: Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), once considered to be very rare, are now increasingly recognized because of growing knowledge in the immunological field and the availability of more sophisticated diagnostic techniques and therapeutic modalities [161]. However in a database of >120,000 inpatients of a general hospital for conditions suggestive of ID 59 patients were tested, and an undiagnosed PID was found in 17 (29%) of the subjects tested [107]. The publication of the first case of agammaglobulinemia by Bruton in 1952 [60] demonstrated that the PID diagnosis is first done in the laboratory. However, PIDs require specialized immunological centers for diagnosis and management [33]. A large body of epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis of the existence of a close etiopathogenetic relation between PID and atopy [73]. In particular, an elevated frequency of asthma, food allergy (FA), atopic dermatitis and enteric pathologies can be found in various PIDs. In addition we will discuss another subject that is certainly of interest: the pseudo-immunodepressed child with recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs), an event that often requires medical intervention and that very often leads to the suspicion that it involves antibody deficiencies [149]. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121684/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_22 id: cord-019490-m1cuuehi author: nan title: Abstracts cont. date: 2015-12-28 words: 93588.0 sentences: 5683.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019490-m1cuuehi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019490-m1cuuehi.txt summary: Tigecycline Evaluation Surveillance Trial (TEST) -Global in vitro antibacterial activity against selected species of glucose non-fermenting organisms Objective: Despite the introduction of new antimicrobials to treat resistant gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a therapeutic challenge for the clinician. Two prospective studies from our centre identified common causes of CAP in India to be Mycoplasma pneumoniae [MP] and Legionella pneumophila [LP] by serology in 11% each, and SPN in 10% by culture of respiratory secretions/blood/ Conclusion: Although SPN is the most common isolate, the rising numbers of gram negative organisms (38%) and atypical pathogens associated with increasing mortality stress the need for review of initial antibiotic choice for adults with higher PORT classes. Conclusion: The spectrum of isolates among our patients were shifting towards gram positive bacteria with high resistance to different groups of antimicrobial agents limiting few choices for alternative therapies for infection control. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129916/ doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.clm_1134_02.x id: cord-019964-9leljj8j author: nan title: Recent research in infectious disease date: 2005-01-22 words: 6108.0 sentences: 319.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019964-9leljj8j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019964-9leljj8j.txt summary: These patients had significantly longer hospital stays (mean, 27.2 versus 19.4 days) and a higher risk of having Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (8.3% versus 1.9%), infection-related death (23.3% versus 13.6%), and all-cause mortality (30.8% versus 19.4%) than patients whose empiric therapy was appropriate. Data were available from three endocervical swabs and a urine specimen collected from each of 1,412 women and tested by three different NAATs. Results from all three assays were used equally in a rotating fashion to define the infected-patient gold standard. Multiple different infectedpatient gold standards for estimating swab and urine specimen sensitivity and specificity for one NAAT method were created by varying the number and combinations of swab and urine comparator results with two different NAATs, The effect of changing the infected-patient gold standard definition was determined by constructing receiver-operator-like curves with calculated sensitivities and specificities for each test. LOUIS (MD Consult)-Some studies suggest antiretroviral therapy is a risk factor for gynecomastia in men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133612/ doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.11.005 id: cord-019977-kj0eaw6v author: nan title: Neonatal bacterial infection: A changing scene? date: 2005-04-14 words: 1331.0 sentences: 71.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019977-kj0eaw6v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019977-kj0eaw6v.txt summary: This time period coincided with the entry of paediatricians to newborn nurseries on a much larger scale than hitherto, with an increase in the use of antimicrobial drugs, and with the introduction of apparatus such as incubators, resuscitation and suction units, the humidification parts of which often harboured Gramnegative organisms, all capable of causing lethal disease in the infant. During the half century under review, mortality from neonatal bacteraemia fell from 9o per cent in the period I928-I933, ~ to z6 per cent in I966-I978 ;6 and the proportion of isolates recorded as recovered in the first 48 hours of life (early infections) increased from IO per cent to 57 per cent of the total respectively. 16 Clostridium difficile and its toxin may be present in the stools of many well newborn babies, but this organism has not been implicated in the genesis of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis as it has been with pseudomembranous colitis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133668/ doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(82)91569-9 id: cord-020010-q58x6xb0 author: nan title: 19th ICAR Abstracts: date: 2006-03-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133865/ doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.02.001 id: cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 author: nan title: P1460 – P1884 date: 2015-12-28 words: 128256.0 sentences: 7808.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022501-9wnmdvg5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022501-9wnmdvg5.txt summary: Methods: Using published data on (1) the prevalence of MRSA and other bacterial pathogens causing cSSSI in the US, (2) the in-vitro susceptibility rates of commonly used regimens in cSSSI in the US in relation to the most pervasive pathogens identified above, and (3) estimated costs of failure of initial, empiric treatment from a recent study of a large US multi-hospital database, we developed a model to predict the expected clinical and economic impact of increasing prevalence of MRSA. Small outbreaks of VEB-1 ESBL producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Belgian nursing homes and hospitals through cross-border transfer of patients from northern France Methods: From 01/04 to 03/05, all Belgian acute hospitals were invited to report cases of nosocomial infections/colonisations due to MDR Ab isolates presenting a resistance profile similar to the French epidemic strain (resistance to all agents except carbapenems and colistin) and to send such isolates to the reference laboratory for phenotypic confirmation and for genotypic characterization (PCR of VEB-1 and class 1 Integron, PFGE typing). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7157935/ doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9465.2006.12_4_1431.x id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs author: nan title: Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity date: 2011-12-05 words: 66452.0 sentences: 3846.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt summary: One study found that, of cats investigated for gastrointestinal disease, 9 of 33 cats (27%) had no pathology recognized proximal to the jejunum (i.e., the effective length of diagnostic endoscopes would have precluded diagnosis), and other organs were affected in 9 of 10 cats with inflammatory bowel diseases and 7 of 8 cats with intestinal small cell lymphoma. 60, 64 Quantification of serum cobalamin levels is recommended in cats with clinical signs of small bowel diarrhea, ones suspected to have an infiltrative disease of the small intestine (inflammatory bowel disease or gastrointestinal lymphoma), or ones with pancreatic dysfunction. Survey radiographs may be normal in cats with esophagitis and strictures, but are useful to rule out other causes for the clinical signs, such as a foreign body, or to detect related problems, such as aspiration pneumonia. 8, 29 Other non-neoplastic causes reported for gastric or gastroduodenal ulceration in cats include parasites (e.g., Ollulanus tricuspis, Toxocara cati, Aonchotheca putorii, Gnathostoma spp.), bacterial infections, toxins, inflammatory bowel disease, and foreign bodies. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158306/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5 id: cord-022583-9lmudxrh author: nan title: Antimikrobielle und antiinfektiöse Maßnahmen date: 2016-07-29 words: 47161.0 sentences: 6308.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022583-9lmudxrh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022583-9lmudxrh.txt summary: Wenn auch je nach eingesetzter Technologie und chemisch-physikalischen Möglichkeiten der beteiligten Komponenten (Material, Wirkstoff, Imprägnierungsverfahren) eine Wirksamkeit von Objekten durch Beschichtung oder Imprägnierung mit antimikrobiellen Stoffen gegen bestimmte Mikroorganismenspezies erzielt werden kann, ist die Bezeichnung "antimikrobiell" weder mit einer spezifischen Infektionsprävention verknüpft, noch liegen ihr einheitliche Kriterien zugrunde. Die immense sozioökonomische Bedeutung der sogenannten "Surgical Site Infections" (SSI) wird anhand bundesweit erhobener epidemiologischer Daten deutlich: In der nationalen Prävalenzstudie (2011) konnte zwar gezeigt werden, dass in Deutschland die Rate an nosokomialen Infektionen (NI) mit 3,4 % im europäischen Vergleich stabil niedrig ist (in Vergleichsstudien international zwischen 6,1 % und 9,3 %), letztlich aber doch bei 18 Mio. stationär behandelten Patienten im Jahr dementsprechend 400 000 NI auftreten. Die SSI-Rate wird für geschlossene Frakturen mit 1-5 % angegeben und erreicht bei offenen Frakturen abhängig vom Ausmaß der Gewebezerstörung eine Häufigkeit von bis zu 43 %. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158349/ doi: 10.1016/b978-3-437-22312-9.00002-0 id: cord-023143-fcno330z author: nan title: Molecular aspects of viral immunity date: 2004-02-19 words: 43425.0 sentences: 2056.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023143-fcno330z.txt summary: Based on a variety of experimental evidence, it is clear that demyelination induced in SJUJ mice by infection with the BeAn strain of TMEV is a Thl-mediated event: (a) disease induction is suppressed in T cell-deprived mice and by in vivo treatment with anti-I-A and anti-CD4 antibodies; (b) disease susceptibility correlates temporally with the development of TMEV-specific, MHC-class Il-restricted DTH responses and with a predominance of anti-viral lgG2a antibody; (c) activated (Le., lL-2RC) T cells infiltrating the CNS are exclusively of the CD4+ phenotype, and (d) proinflammatory cytokines (IFNq and TNF-p) are predominantly produced in the CNS. These results have important implications for a possible viral trigger in MS as they indicate that chronic demyelination in TMEV-infected mice is initiated in the absence of demonstrable neuroantigen-specific autoimmune responses and are consistent with a model wherein early myelin damage is mediated via primarily by mononuclear phagocytes recruited to the CNS and activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by TMEV-specific Thl cells. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167094/ doi: 10.1002/jcb.240591009 id: cord-024651-578c9ut5 author: nan title: 2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2020-05-11 words: 84560.0 sentences: 5089.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt summary: Abstract/Case Report Text Introduction: Mutations in the gene encoding signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) cause autosomal dominant hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (AD-HIES) characterized by recurrent skin and sinopulmonary infections, atopic dermatitis, and elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Objective: The purpose of this study is to increase awareness and improve diagnosis of primary immune deficiency (PID) in the heterogenous group of patients with autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) by identifying clinical characteristics and laboratory biomarkers that distinguish those with underlying PID, disease activity and guide mechanism-based targeted therapy. 7 Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID/National Institutes of Health, NIH Abstract/Case Report Text We have previously used the artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system, based on the 3D aggregation and culture of a delta-like canonical Notch ligand 4-expressing stromal cell line (MS5-Dll4) with CD34+ cells, to study T cell differentiation from CD34+ cells obtained from patients carrying defects that are intrinsic to hematopoietic cells (RAG1-2, AK2, IL2RG) or that affect thymus development (DiGeorge syndrome). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7212516/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-020-00764-z id: cord-286574-t9z2ynt5 author: nan title: Speaker presentations date: 2017-09-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0924857917303400 doi: 10.1016/s0924-8579(17)30340-0 id: cord-333024-1yrmun3z author: von Lilienfeld-Toal, Marie title: Community acquired respiratory virus infections in cancer patients—Guideline on diagnosis and management by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for haematology and Medical Oncology date: 2016-09-25 words: 6272.0 sentences: 303.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333024-1yrmun3z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333024-1yrmun3z.txt summary: METHODS: A panel of 18 clinicians from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology have convened to assess the available literature and provide recommendations on the management of CRV infections including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus and adenovirus. Usually, orthomyxoviridae (influenza A, B and C), paramyxoviridae (including parainfluenza 1e4 [PIV], respiratory syncytial virus A and B [RSV] , and human metapneumovirus [hMPV]), coronaviridae, picornaviridae (including >100 different serotypes of rhinovirus and enterovirus), adenoviridae, polyomavirus type 1 and bocavirus are regarded as potential causes of CRV infection. Despite some reports with a good outcome without treatment, we believe the available evidence justifies a recommendation for the use of ribavirin in cancer patients with RSV infection (B II, Table 4 ). An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outpatients: good outcome without specific antiviral treatment abstract: BACKGROUND: Community acquired viruses (CRVs) may cause severe disease in cancer patients. Thus, efforts should be made to diagnose CRV rapidly and manage CRV infections accordingly. METHODS: A panel of 18 clinicians from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology have convened to assess the available literature and provide recommendations on the management of CRV infections including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus and adenovirus. RESULTS: CRV infections in cancer patients may lead to pneumonia in approximately 30% of the cases, with an associated mortality of around 25%. For diagnosis of a CRV infection, combined nasal/throat swabs or washes/aspirates give the best results and nucleic acid amplification based-techniques (NAT) should be used to detect the pathogen. Hand hygiene, contact isolation and face masks have been shown to be of benefit as general infection management. Causal treatment can be given for influenza, using a neuraminidase inhibitor, and respiratory syncytial virus, using ribavirin in addition to intravenous immunoglobulins. Ribavirin has also been used to treat parainfluenza virus and human metapneumovirus, but data are inconclusive in this setting. Cidofovir is used to treat adenovirus pneumonitis. CONCLUSIONS: CRV infections may pose a vital threat to patients with underlying malignancy. This guideline provides information on diagnosis and treatment to improve the outcome. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0959804916323887 doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.08.015 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel