cord-005068-3ddb38de	2011	One definition of public health illustrates its breadth and focus: the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability; the collection and use of epidemiological data, population surveillance, and other forms of empirical quantitative assessment; a recognition of the multidimensional nature of the determinants of health; and a focus on the complex interactions of many factors -biological, behavioral, social, and environmental -in developing effective interventions (Childress et al. These developments notwithstanding, commentators have been quick to point out the limitations of adopting human rights approach for public health and genome-based medicine. Adopting human rights as a public health ethic is not an ideal guide for drafting specific rules governing individual focused biobanking issues such as consent, privacy and secondary uses. We have taken the view that one of the ethical challenges raised by genomic medicine reflects an enduring problem in public health: the appropriate balancing of individual and collective values, rights and interests.
cord-010310-jqh75340	2018	Furthermore, the transmission networks of infectious diseases established using contact tracking technology can aid in the visualization of actual virus transmission paths, which enables simulations and predictions of the transmission process, assessment of the outbreak trend, and further development and deployment of more effective prevention and control strategies. Tracking the contact interactions of individuals can effectively restore the ''''invisible'''' virus transmission paths, quickly locate and isolate high-risk individuals who were in contact with infected persons, and can aid in quantitative analysis of the transmission paths, processes, and trends of the infectious diseases, all leading to the development of corresponding effective epidemic control strategies. With the aim to collect dynamic, complete, and accurate individual contact information, some researchers began to use mobile phone, wireless sensors, RFID, and GPS devices to track individual contact behaviors. Although detailed individual contact information can be collected through non-automatic methods, e.g., offline and online questionnaire, and automatic methods, e.g., mobile phone, wearable wireless sensors, RFID, and GPS devices.
cord-015967-kqfyasmu	2015	For instance, hub individuals of such high-risk individuals help in maintaining sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in different populations where majority belong to long-term monogamous relationships, whereas in case of SARS epidemic, a significant proportion of all infections are due to high risk connected individuals. Likewise, models for epidemic spread in static heavy-tailed networks have illustrated that with a degree distribution having moments resulted in lesser prevalence and/or termination for smaller rates of infection [14] . Generally, epidemic models consider contact networks to be static in nature, where all links are existent throughout the infection course. But, in cases like HIV, which spreads through a population over longer time scales, the course of infection spread is heavily dependent on the properties of the contact individuals. Likewise, for a wide range of scale-free networks, epidemic threshold is not existent, and infections with low spreading rate prevail over the entire population [10] .
cord-017137-6pmts7ui	2018	When leftover microbes in the biological material or objects used by the culprit or the person in question are used to correlate the identity of the individual, it takes us to the new field of science—"microbial forensics." Technological advances in the field of forensics, molecular biology, and microbiology have all helped to refine the techniques of collecting and processing of the samples for microbiological identification using DNA-based methods followed by its inference in the form of evidence. Herein the microbial forensics could be defined as "the discipline of applying scientific methods to the analysis of evidence related to bioterrorism, biocrimes, hoaxes, or the accidental release of a biological agent or toxin for attribution purposes" [21] . Microbial forensics has a role in such cases by applying scientific methods for the analysis of evidence from such a bioterrorism attack. The most reliable technique till date for microbial forensics is metagenomics-a culture-independent approach for identifying and enumerating microbes.
cord-017272-r5en82s1	2018	[11] pointed out that due to the accumulation of highly sophisticated spatial and spatiotemporal technology like GIS, GPS, remote sensing, and computer cartography, collectively termed as geographic information science, it becomes possible to model the disease process involving multiple spatiotemporal data obtained in different disciplines. Also, mobility has been one of a classical topic in the area of human ecology since it is associated with the question of how a population utilizes the environment spatially as well as temporally (time allocation studies). Time allocation studies observe the individuals in the targeted field and record the location and type of activity for a given period, which is useful to answer some of the basic questions in human Unlikely Large ecology or other related fields as noted above. A relatively large spatial scale study has been conducted covering approximately 80 × 200 km area in Belgium [3] , which compared regional exposure estimates for two representative air pollutants, NOx and ozone, under two alternative assumptions.
cord-017590-w5copp1z	2009	The main goal of this work is to introduce a new SIS epidemic model based on a particular type of finite state machines called cellular automata on graphs. The state of each cell stands for the fraction of the susceptible and infected individuals of the cell at a particular time step and the evolution of these classes is given in terms of a local transition function. The model introduced in this paper deals with SIS epidemic diseases (for example the group of those responsible for the common cold), that is, the population is divided into susceptible individuals (S) and infected individuals (I). The main goal of this work is to introduce a new SIS model to simulate the spread of a general epidemic based on cellular automata on graph. Nevertheless, in this paper we will consider a more efficient topology to model an epidemic disease, which is given by an undirected graph where its nodes stand for the cells of the cellular automata.
cord-018101-zd4v222b	2016	
cord-018746-s9knxdne	2015	Building on these concepts we present two realistic data-driven epidemiological models able to forecast the spreading of infectious diseases at different geographical granularities. The unprecedented amount of data on human dynamics made available by recent advances technology has allowed the development of realistic epidemic models able to capture and predict the unfolding of infectious disease at different geographical scales [59] . The new approach allows for the early detection of disease outbreaks [62] , the real time monitoring of the evolution of a disease with an incredible geographical granularity [63] [64] [65] , the access to health related behaviors, practices and sentiments at large scales [66, 67] , inform data-driven epidemic models [68, 69] , and development of statistical based models with prediction power [67, [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] .
cord-019055-k5wcibdk	2017	We show that the effective infectiousness of a disease taking place along the edges of this temporal network depends on the population size, the number of infected individuals in the population and the capacity of healthy individuals to sever contacts with the infected, ultimately dictated by availability of information regarding each individual''s health status. Furthermore, the knowledge an individual has (based on local and/or social media information) about the health status of acquaintances, partners, relatives, etc., combined with individual preventive strategies [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] (such as condoms, vaccination, the use of face masks or prophylactic drugs, avoidance of visiting specific web-pages, staying away from public places, etc.), also leads to changes in the structure and shape of the contact networks that naturally acquire a temporal dimension that one should not overlook.
cord-026742-us7llnva	2020	Our main findings, based on a sample of about 6,500 individuals followed monthly from 2005 to 2011 and who switch between self-employment and wage work along that period, suggest that self-employment has a positive effect on health as it reduces the likelihood of hospital admission by at least half. A recent study finds significantly lower work-related stress among self-employed individuals without employees compared with wage workers, using longitudinal data from Australia and controlling for individual fixed effects (Hessels et al. The main research question in this study is "What is the impact of self-employment on the likelihood of hospital admission?" We answer this question based on a large sample of administrative social security records representative of the working-age population in Portugal, that includes almost 130,000 self-employed and wage workers followed between January 2005 and December 2011.
cord-034566-rfncgtnf	2020	Then I try and attempt to understand why the notion of the self (which is so much related to the individual) is invoked in the context of the nation. As I also mentioned above, these new examples of self-reliance came in response to the prior situation of our society functioning largely as a ''service society'' as well as the deeply social nature of individual lives in places like India. (It is important not to conflate the outsider and the other in this context.) The idea of self-rule is an essential component of any notion of the nation since the nation, by definition, gets defined with respect to the insider-outsider dichotomy. Gandhi''s understanding of self-rule illustrates the need for invoking the idea of self in the context of the nation. The difference between these formulations is quite stark and impacts the way we understand self-reliance in the context of the nation.
cord-103291-nqn1qzcu	2020	ú CI = credible interval, calculated as the 95% highest posterior density interval † risk of subsequent VL/asymptomatic infection if susceptible ‡ based on assumed infectiousness § in the absence of background transmission and relative to living directly outside the case household. Based on the relative infectiousness of VL and the di erent 151 types of PKDL from the xenodiagnostic data, in the absence 152 of any other sources of transmission, the estimated probability 153 of being infected and developing VL if living in the same 154 household as a single symptomatic individual for 1 month 155 following their onset was 0.018 (95% CI: 0.013, 0.024) for VL 156 and ranged from 0.009 to 0.023 (95% CIs: (0.007,0.013)-(0.018, 157 0.031)) for macular/papular PKDL to nodular PKDL. We estimate the historical asymptomatic infection rate, ⁄0, by fitting the model to age-prevalence data on leishmanin skin 186 test (LST) positivity amongst non-symptomatic individuals from a cross-sectional survey of three of the study paras conducted 187 in 2002 (28) (see Figure S4 ).
cord-149069-gpnaldjk	2020	As the virus spreads in the human population, individuals at higher risk are predominantly infected as indicated at endemic equilibrium (Figure 1 A, B , C, density plots on the right, coloured red) and after 100 years of control (Figure 1 D, E, F). The control strategy applied to endemic equilibrium in the figure is the 90-90-90 treatment as prevention target advocated by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 4 whereby 90% of infected individuals should be detected, with 90% of these receiving antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of these should achieve viral suppression (becoming effectively non-infectious). Selection on individual variation in disease susceptibility thus offers an explanation for vaccine efficacy trends that is entirely based on population level heterogeneity, in contrast with waning vaccine-induced immunity, an individual-level effect 20 .
cord-151198-4fjya9wn	2020	Social distancing and lockdown are the two main non-pharmaceutical interventions being used by the UK government to contain and control the COVID-19 epidemic; these are being applied uniformly across the entire country, even though the results of the Imperial College report by Ferguson et al show that the impact of the infection increases sharply with age. We will denote by N j (t) the total number of j-individuals in the population at time t, and allow this to change gradually with the influx of new births, visitors from other countries; this is to model the possibility that new infecteds come in from outside and reignite the epidemic. where ι j and σ j are known functions of time representing the arrival of new asymptomatic infec-1 https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1tbB47uSGIA0WehY-hvIYgdO0mpnZU5A8 tives and susceptibles respectively 2 ; and the final term on the right-hand side of (3) allows for the possibility that removed infectives may not in fact be immune, and some may return to the population ready for reinfection.
cord-193947-vcm3v0ix	2020	Even when the differences in levels between inner and outer ring are differenced out with individual fixed effects in panel data, the parallel trends assumption is particularly strong in spatial treatment settings. With individuals and treatment locations distributed across space, a large number of covariates, such as population density or average income at different distances, are predictive of both outcomes and treatment assignment probabilities. In the ideal spatial experiment considered in this section, treatment is randomized similar to a completely randomized experiment across regions with outcomes aggregated within regions (and distance bins).�( ) ( ) is the variance of aggregated treated potential outcomes,�( 0) ( ) is the variance of aggregated control potential outcomes, and ( ) ( ) resembles a variance of treatment effects, such that�( ) ( ) +�( 0) ( ) � ( ) ( ) resembles the variance of the difference in means under repeated sampling of fixed individuals but varying treatment assignment, the framework of this paper.
cord-198272-s0lk1812	2020	Furthermore, the sustainability of the lockdown policy is interpreted with the help of our proposed game-theoretic incentive model for maintaining social distancing where there exists a Nash equilibrium. Finally, we perform an extensive numerical analysis that shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of achieving the desired social-distancing to prevent the outbreak of the COVID-19 in a noncooperative environment. Therefore, different from the existing literature, we focus on the design of a model that can measure individual''s isolation and social distance to prevent the epidemic of COVID-19. The model considers both isolation and social distancing features of individuals to control the outbreak of COVID-19. Our objective is to keep δ minimum for reducing the spread of COVID-19 from infected individuals, which is an isolation strategy. In this paper, we have introduced a mathematical model for controlling the outbreak of COVID-19 by augmenting isolation and social distancing features of individuals.
cord-223332-51670qld	2020	In this paper, we present an operational architecture for privacy-by-design based on independent regulatory oversight stipulated by most data protection regimes, regulated access control, purpose limitation and data minimisation. an interest in preventing information about the self from being disseminated and controlling the extent of access to information." It would be the role of a future Indian data protection law to create some objective standards for informational privacy to give all actors in society an understanding of the "ground rules" for accessing an individuals'' personal information. The need for early alignment of legal and technical design principles of data systems, such as access controls, purpose limitation and clear liability frameworks under appropriate regulatory jurisdictions are essential to create secure and trustworthy public data infrastructures [5, 6, 7] . We have presented the design sketch of an operational architecture for privacy-by-design [3] based on regulatory oversight, regulated access control, purpose limitation and data minimisation.
cord-227156-uy4dykhg	2020	Moreover, this machine learning framework allows us to identify not only which topics are more persuasive (using low dimensional topic embedding), but also which individuals are more likely to change their affiliation given their topological properties in a Twitter graph. Using graph topological information and detecting topics of discussion of the first network, we built and trained a model that effectively predicts when an individual will change his/her community over time, identifying persuasive topics and relevant features of the shifting users. Given that our objective was to identify shifting individuals and persuasive arguments, we implemented a predictive model whose instances are the Twitter users who were active during both time periods [34] and belonged to one of the biggest communities in both time periods networks. In this paper we presented a machine learning framework approach in order to identify shifting individuals and persuasive topics that, unlike previous works, focused on the persuadable users rather than studying the political polarization on social media as a whole.
cord-243634-4qcq5soy	2020	The system is based on a real-time people'' locations gathering and mapping system from available 2G, 3G and 4G mobile networks operators, enforcing privacy-by-design through the adoption of an innovative data anonymizing algorithm inspired by quantum information de-localizing processes. Here we consider the two limiting cases: A) the mere counting of number of connections per mobile network cell (also known as localization through cell identity, CI) and B) accurate individual UE positioning by the net-work via the highest accuracy available methods, e.g. RSSI triangulation or observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA). The spatial resolution analysis here performed shows that anonymous number of connections data (scenario A) could provide reliable information about population density on the scale of hundreds of meters in most urban contexts, i.e. allowing only big crowds to be distinguished, unless further capillarization of the networks are made available.
cord-253711-a0prku2k	2011	title: Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling Both infectious diseases and preventive behavior diffuse simultaneously through human networks and interact with one another, but few existing models have coupled them together. In the current literature, models of disease transmission and behavioral diffusion have been developed separately for decades, both based on human networks (Deffuant, Huet, & Amblard, 2005; Keeling & Eames, 2005; Valente, 1996; Watts & Strogatz, 1998) . Corresponding to the five assumptions, this article introduces a number of approaches to represent individuals, networks, infectious diseases, and preventive behavior, as four model components, and depicts the relationships between the four. To illustrate the proposed coupled-diffusion model, an influenza epidemic was simulated in a hypothetic population of 5000 individuals (N ¼ 5000), each with characteristics and behaviors as described in Fig. 2 . The key to simulate the diffusion of preventive behavior was to estimate thresholds of infection risk and that of adoption pressure for individuals.
cord-262966-8b1esll4	2020	Furthermore, we propose the BAT model, which is composed of three parts: simulation of the return rush (Back), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method, to figure out the best return date for university students. Nomenclature c-The average number of contacts of an exposed person without isolation each day n-The number of individuals nD-The death toll nE-The number of exposed individuals nI-The number of infectious individuals nR-The number of recovered individuals nS-The number of susceptible individuals N -The total population of China p-Intensity of isolation for exposed individuals r-Correlation coefficient R 2 -Coefficient of determination t0-Moment when the government began to take measures t-Outbreak duration α-Incubation rate β-Infectious rate of contacts of an exposed person γ-Recovery rate μ-Pneumonia mortality 0 Introduction On 12 December 2019, the first patient with unexplained pneumonia was admitted into the hospital in Wuhan.
cord-265372-vytmwmoj	2020	During the initial stages of COVID-19 outbreak, such human transmissions were taking place because, wide-range of public was unaware of these risk factors, and the infected individuals were also not isolated and were spreading the virus unknowingly to other individuals. Moreover, to minimise mortality rate of COVID-19, 3 u control variable is taken which helps to reduce critically infected cases by taking extra medical care of infected individuals. [1] In this section, the COVID-19 model is simulated numerically, wherein the parametric values for simulation are taken from recent pandemic outbreak of coronavirus (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports). Figure 6 (e) shows that mortality rate due to COVID-19 can be reduced effectively within three weeks of outbreak by applying 1 u , 2 u and 3 u control strategies. That means self-quarantine for an exposed individual, isolation of an infected individual and reducing critical cases by taking extra care of infected individuals are effective strategies to control further transmission of COVID-19.
cord-268298-25brblfq	2014	title: Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation The disease could be transmitted through person-to-person contact, the information is circulated by communication channels, and the preventive behavior can spread via the ''social contagion'' process, such as the observational learning. Without a complete model, health policy makers would not be able to systematically evaluate social-network interventions for disease control, such as mass-media campaigns and behavior promotion strategies. First, the event of symptom manifestation will motivate individuals to discuss disease information, and prompt their social contacts to adopt preventive behavior by posing infection risks. The conceptual framework integrates three interactive processes: the diffusion of influenza, the diffusion of information, and that of preventive behavior, upon a human social network. Particularly, since the model explicitly represents the diffusion of information and human preventive behavior, it permits a systematic evaluation of disease control policies that have not been well studied before, such as the mass-media campaigns and behavioral incentive strategies.
cord-270679-heg1h19l	2020	title: Perception-based influence factors of intention to adopt COVID-19 epidemic prevention in China OBJECTIVE: This work has attempted to examine the perception-based influence factors of individuals'' intention to adopt COVID-19 epidemic prevention in a modified behavioral framework. Therefore, there is a clear scope of identifying perception-based influence factors (PIFs) of individuals'' intention to adopt epidemic prevention (IAEP) during the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic. To sum up, first, governments'' guidelines on epidemic prevention, risk perception, epidemic knowledge, risk aversion, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and attitude towards epidemic prevention are suspected to be the drivers of individuals'' IAEP. A modified behavioral framework depicting the influence factors of individuals'' intention to adopt epidemic prevention. The core focus of this work was to examine the perception-based factors influencing the individuals'' intention to adopt COVID-19 epidemic prevention in a modified behavioral framework in terms of estimating the relevance as well as the relative importance of those factors.
cord-281836-j1r771nq	2020	
cord-282035-jibmg4ch	2020	
cord-284424-6gljl7n5	2020	The COVID-19 pandemic is causing global morbidity and mortality, straining health systems, and disrupting society, putting individuals with Alzheimer''s disease and related dementias (ADRD) at risk of significant harm. We discuss and propose mitigation strategies for: the risk of COVID-19 infection and its associated morbidity and mortality for individuals with ADRD; the impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and clinical management of ADRD; consequences of societal responses to COVID-19 in different ADRD care settings; the effect of COVID-19 on caregivers and physicians of individuals with ADRD; mental hygiene, trauma, and stigma in the time of COVID-19; and the potential impact of COVID-19 on ADRD research. Thus, in the context of a rapidly evolving situation, this Special Article discusses and proposes mitigation strategies for six major issues: (1) why individuals with ADRD are at high risk for COVID-19 and its associated morbidity and mortality; (2) how COVID-19 will impact the diagnosis and clinical 
cord-288024-1mw0k5yu	2020	Thus, we propose that trust propensity, an individual''s tendency to believe in others (Choi, 2019; Gefen et al., 2003) , moderates the relationship between social media use and entrepreneurial entry. Our findings reveal that social media use https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120337 Received 8 August 2020; Accepted 21 September 2020 has a positive impact on entrepreneurial entry with individuals'' offline network serving as a partial mediator. Second, our study specified a mechanism for the impact of individuals'' social media use on entrepreneurial entry via their offline network and used instrumental variables to help infer the causality. Thus, with higher social media use, individuals will have an expanded offline social network, which provides them the resources needed for successful entrepreneurial entry. We believe trust propensity in social media moderates the impact of individuals'' social media use on entrepreneurial entry by influencing their ability to network with strangers and known associates.
cord-288342-i37v602u	2015	
cord-302937-3yivxfi8	2020	For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. Under a strategy of social distancing, lockdown, or quarantine, individuals are directed or suggested to exercise precautions including staying home, closing businesses, wearing masks, and avoiding physical proximity to other persons. 17 For health insurance design, primary moral hazard may have a relatively small effect on risk-taking behavior, because individuals personally suffer many of the other risks associated with illness or injury (including pain, suffering, lost work, chance of death). In this case, although the risk does not approach zero, it is as if relative youth provides partial indemnity insurance against not only the healthcare costs, but also the pain, suffering, lost work, and chance of death that are associated with COVID-19 infection.
cord-306056-4jx0u7js	2005	(3) The aim of this classification must be to provide at least a provisional basis for explaining the causes and/or natural history of a disturbance in the internal biological relations of the affected members of X (and, if X is a self-reflective natural kind, can serve as an explanation of the illness of those so affected), (4) and at least some individuals of whom (or which) this class of states of affairs can be predicated are, by virtue of that state, inhibited from flourishing as Xs. I must further explicate this fairly dense definition. H. Setting as the telos the flourishing of the individual as the kind of thing that it is also explains why it can be controversial to classify as diseases certain patterns of variation in the law-like biological principles that determine the characteristic development and typical history of a living natural kind.
cord-308261-hxlebas8	2019	title: Using GPS collars to investigate the frequency and behavioural outcomes of intraspecific interactions among carnivores: A case study of male cheetahs in the Maasai Mara, Kenya To determine the static interactions between male cheetahs we calculated their space use and the amount of overlap for each dyad to determine the possibility that individuals could encounter each other either directly or indirectly. In general, cheetahs were closer to the encounter location after a possible encounter compared to before for all four time lags, apart from individual M03 in Dyad 3 where the opposite trend was Intraspecific interactions among carnivores: A case study of male cheetahs observed, however none of the results were significant (S1 Table) . Using GPS collar data we documented static and dynamic interactions between male cheetahs in Kenya''s Maasai Mara and investigated the outcomes of these interactions in terms of movement behaviour and mortalities.
cord-319170-idv2cio4	2020	An increasing amount of data is becoming available on the psychological and social problems resulting from Covid-19 and the interventions to tackle them in the general population [3] ; yet little attention is being paid to elderly population and, in particular, to a frail subgroup of this age: individuals with neurocognitive disorders. Finally, also the possible motor impairments associated to quarantine should not be underestimated: a forced reduction of motor/physical activity can cause, particularly in older individuals with neurocognitive disorders, a progressive loss of personal and instrumental autonomy, as well as a possible worsening of other agingrelated clinical problems, as sarcopenia, with a consequent increased risk of falls, and subsequent medical geriatrics complications. Although the face-to-face clinical visit is undoubtedly always fundamental for cognitive impairment diagnosis and follow-up, remote assessment could be a valid transitional measure for public health needs in the coming months, and would guarantee continuity in patient care (against the currently imposed, though necessary, interruption), while reducing the risk of contagion and the consequent potential negative outcome of infection.
cord-320953-1st77mvh	2020	
cord-321491-d0y7r4di	2005	CVLP was found most commonly in three groups: first, intellectually retarded individuals who were usually inmates of institutions; second, recent overseas travellers who were either Indochinese refugees/immigrants or were overseas travellers who had usually visited developing communities for lengthy periods; and, third, male homosexuals who had a history of multiple sexual contacts and/or venereal disease. One individual who was intellectually handicapped but not institutionalised was in the CVLP-excreting gastroenteritis group (Table I) . Two individuals, both male homosexuals, belonged to this category in the CVLP excreting gastroenteritis group (Table I) . (In addition, one over-seas traveller with gastroenteritis, a male airline steward who was excreting CVLP, was also noted to be a homosexual with a history of multiple sexual contacts and venereal disease). In the histories of individuals in the unclassified category of the gastroenteritis control group, no such relationship with poor hygiene was noted.
cord-336283-3q0ujnjq	2020	Scientific data are not available to fully understand the nature of the resulting mental health impact given the very recent onset of the pandemic, nevertheless, there is a need to act immediately to develop psychotherapeutic strategies that may alleviate pandemic-related distress. The psychological distress, in particular fear and sadness, is a function of the pandemic''s negative impact upon people''s ability to meet their most basic needs (e.g., physical safety, financial security, social connection, participation in meaningful activities). Once we created this list we developed strategies that would allow people to manage these negative emotional states using a self-help format (this guide can be accessed at www.psych rescu e-covid 19.com or at the permanent DOI address provided in the reference section). While there has been progress, as outlined above, in understanding the nature and interventions for COVID related psychological distress, an additional problem has emerged as a result: the already overburdened mental health system must now provide treatment for a substantial wave of persons in need.
cord-337992-g4bsul8u	2018	
cord-345789-lze2ye3q	2020	In articulating their claims to ''individual sovereignty'', many of the European protesters against COVID-19 measures have appealed to the language of ''fundamental rights''. This double role of fundamental rights is what defines their essential role in ensuring that the inherent tension between individual autonomy and collective self-rule, i.e. sovereignty, does not result in the destruction of one or the other. Within modern constitutional democratic states, individual autonomy is expressed and protected through fundamental rights, which have a double-edged relationship with sovereignty. On the one hand, fundamental rights are, in their specific codified form, an expression of a sovereign choice; on the other hand, they protect individual liberty and autonomy (or self-rule) and limit the exercise of sovereignty. In this core meaning, sovereignty connects state authority with democracy and collective self-rule.
cord-349476-iac9fak3	2011	The simulation outcomes suggest that weaker control strategies could suffice to contain influenza epidemics, because individuals voluntarily adopt preventive behavior, rendering these weaker strategies more effective than would otherwise have been expected. Health policy makers are recommended to review current control strategies and comprehend preventive behavior patterns of local populations before making decisions on influenza containment. The control of influenza primarily involves applying health resources to affected people, known as control strategies, for example, medical treatment for infected individuals, closure of affected workplaces/schools, and travel restriction to affected communities [4] . Results from the influenza-only model indicate the effectiveness of control strategies without individual preventive behavior. Meanwhile, outcomes from the dual-diffusion model show the combined effectiveness of both control strategies and individual preventive behavior. These two modeled effectiveness are compared to a baseline epidemic scenario, which represents a worst situation of no control strategies and no preventive behavior. This research estimates the combined effectiveness of both control strategies and individual preventive behavior.
cord-355689-mo4mvwch	2019	The results indicate that healthy individuals are often willing to inoculate the vaccine under the myopic update rule, which can stop the infectious disease from being spread, in particular, it is found that the vaccine efficacy influences the fraction of vaccinated individuals much more than the relative cost of vaccination on the regular lattice, Meanwhile, vaccine efficacy is more sensitive on the heterogeneous scale-free network. On the one hand, they classify these models according to source and type of information that individuals base their neighbors on, in which source of information may be local or global and the type of information that individuals change their behaviors are prevalence-based or belief-based; On the other hand, they classify the previous works based on the impact of individual behavior changes on the disease dynamics, which include the following three aspects: (i) the disease state; (ii) model parameters (infection or recovering rate); and (iii) the network contact structure relevant for the spread of epidemics.