cord-001549-m5qabh1k	2015	We have used Bayesian approach to quantify the disease outbreak through key epidemiological parameter basic reproduction number (R (0)), using effective contacts, defined as sum of the product of incidence cases and probability of generation time distribution. The importance of basic reproduction number 0 becomes more apparent when an emerging infectious disease strikes a population which is a key concept in the epidemic theory. Our analysis is based on the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 in India 2009 through the Bayesian estimates of basic reproduction number; we used the daily reported cases to calculate effective contacts. Our estimated value of the basic reproduction number indicates the milder intensity of disease transmission in India. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number of a vaccinated epidemic model of influenza
cord-001617-ff3j7i7i	2015	
cord-002774-tpqsjjet	2017	Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy.
cord-006253-9q7vm1ek	2010	METHODS: The retrospective case study was conducted at the Pediatric ward and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) dedicated to the children (aged 18 years or younger) with influenza-like illness (ILI) with positive laboratory test results for pandemic H1N1 by reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction assay. This observational retrospective analysis describes our experience in children hospitalized with the pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) virus in a tertiary care hospital in North India. As per the directions of the Director General Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India, a Screening Center, Pediatric ward and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) dedicated to the children with influenza-like illness (ILI) aged 18 years or younger hospitalized was started at Kalawati Saran Children''s Hospital (KSCH), New Delhi, India (referral center for positive patients). Similar study from Argentina including a total of 251 hospitalized children with 2009 H1N1 influenza, 47 (19%) were admitted to a PICU, 42 (17%) required mechanical ventilation, and 13 (5%) died [6] .
cord-006328-0tpj38vb	2012	OBJECTIVES: To report an outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease from Meghalaya, in the north east India, from January 2008 through June 2009. Fever was the most common manifestation (100 %) followed by meningeal signs (78.2 %), headache (56.4 %), vomiting (53.6 %), shock (38.2 %), low Glasgow coma scale (GCS) (25.5 %), purpura and rashes (23.6 %), seizures (9.1 %), abdominal symptoms (4.5 %), irritability and excessive crying (4.5 %) and bulging anterior fontanalle (23 %) in those below 18 mo of age. from Delhi reported that 67 % children had meningococcal meningitis, 20 % had meningococcemia and 13 % had both with mortality of 4.5 %, 25 % and 69 %, respectively [12] . Although Pollard RB [21] has reported that deafness has not been a common complication of meningococcal meningitis in the antibiotic era, there was one case with bilateral sensorineural hearing defect in the present study.
cord-009362-4ewemyny	2016	Three different types of VDPVs are reported: (1) circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) from outbreaks in low OPV coverage settings, All cVDPVs seen worldwide are identified and registered with WHO in Geneva. In addition, two VDPV isolates that escaped detection by screening assay by The Global Polio Laboratory Network have been reported from Mumbai, India. Malaria diagnosis in India is based primarily on microscopy of peripheral blood smears and rapid diagnostic tests, which cannot differentiate monoinfections from mixed infections. falciparum by microscopy were subjected to species-specific nested PCR (targeted 185 rRNA gene) and 265 (17.4%) of these were positive for mixed infections. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei associated with travel to India Shigella spp. In India, severe outbreaks of dysentery with high mortality were caused by multidrug-resistant S. Later, it re-emerged with fluoroquinolone resistance and caused several dysentery outbreaks. sonnei have been reported in India. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei associated with travel to India
cord-014462-11ggaqf1	2011	Molecular diagnosis based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR s.a. one step or nested PCR, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), or real time RT-PCR, has gradually replaced the virus isolation method as the new standard for the detection of dengue virus in acute phase serum samples. Non-genetic methods of management of these diseases include quarantine measures, eradication of infected plants and weed hosts, crop rotation, use of certified virus-free seed or planting stock and use of pesticides to control insect vector populations implicated in transmission of viruses. The results of this study indicate that NS1 antigen based ELISA test can be an useful tool to detect the dengue virus infection in patients during the early acute phase of disease since appearance of IgM antibodies usually occur after fifth day of the infection. The studies showed high level of expression in case of constructed vector as compared to infected virus for the specific protein.
cord-016557-f2mzwhrt	2006	Out of the 18 deaths caused by pesticides reported by the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) , two were the result of paraquat poisoning. Teare (46) reported a case of paraquat poisoning (a 44-year-old man dying of suicidal ingestion of paraquat after 17 days of illness), with the left lung weighing 1980 g and the right lung weighing 1920 g. Metaldehyde is a popular molluscicide that can cause fatal poisoning; the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) mentions as many as 199 cases of exposure to this agent. According to Harry (4) , accidental pesticide intoxications are mainly caused by ingestions of diluted fertilizers, low-concentration antivitamin K rodenticides, ant-killing products, or granules of molluscicides containing 5% metaldehyde, whereas voluntary intoxications are mostly by chloralose, strychnine, organophosphorus or organochlorine insecticides, concentrated antivitamin K products, and herbicides, such as paraquat, chlorophenoxy compounds, glyphosate, and chlorates.
cord-018706-gykw2nvt	2020	
cord-021510-vobwdcpj	2004	Domestic buffaloes in Asia are of two types: the swamp type for draught in the eastern half of Asia Contents Asia Mediterranean Region and the river type for milk in the western half of Asia (see Dairy Animals: Water Buffalo). Once a sadly neglected farm species, the river type buffalo currently produces about 55 million tonnes of milk annually from some of the world''s best buffalo breeds in India and Pakistan. In most smallholder farms, animals are hand-milked with the calf to stimulate milk letdown, whereas in big herds in India and Pakistan they are machinemilked as for cattle. Thermal stress may lead to higher calf mortality, lower milk yields and slow growth, and can depress signs of oestrus (see Stress, Heat, in Dairy Cattle: Effects on Mik Production and Composition; Effects on Reproduction). High milk-producing river buffaloes are as susceptible to metabolic disorders as dairy cows.
cord-021937-p9vqpazu	2017	However, an increasing global integration is taking place, as multinational companies acquire Asian manufacturers (e.g., Sanofi-Aventis, France, acquired Shantha Biotechnics, India); Asian companies acquire or obtain technologies and distribution rights from European countries (e.g., inactivated polio vaccine by Serum Institute of India Ltd. acquiring Bilthoven Biologicals, Netherlands; Astellas, Japan, acquiring recombinant influenza hemagglutinin from Protein Sciences, U.S.; Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization acquiring chimeric JE vaccine from Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and Biological Evans, India, acquiring JE vaccine from Intercell AG, Austria); and vaccine codevelopment is agreed between entities in developed and Asian countries (e.g., genetically modified, inactivated HIV vaccine codeveloped by Sumagen, Korea, and the University of Western Ontario, Canada; mycobacterial proteinAg85A candidate tuberculosis vaccine codeveloped by Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, China, and McMaster University, Canada; universal influenza vaccine codeveloped by Xiamen Wantai and Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and novel pneumococcal conjugate vaccine codeveloped by SK Chemicals, Korea and Sanofi-Pasteur, France). The widely used first-generation inactivated suckling mouse brain (SMB)-derived vaccine is being replaced rapidly in economically disadvantaged countries by the Chinese developed and manufactured live attenuated or inactivated vaccine (SA14-14-2 strain) grown in primary baby hamster kidney (PHK) cells and in higher-income countries with Vero cell-derived inactivated vaccines (licensed in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Europe, as well as several Asian countries) or a replicating chimeric yellow fever-JE virus recombinant vaccine (manufactured in Thailand).
cord-025668-ibrzx2c4	2020	QI in nutshell is a complete package for all-round growth of a nation as it: (1) contributes to the formulation of government policies and regulations for S&T, industrial development and competitive international trade; (2) supports enterprises for production of international competitive products and apprises them new trade standards; (3) assists S&T institutions for scientific discoveries and innovation through accurate and precise measurements; and (4) addresses the needs of the consumers in terms of quality products and services at par with international standards, food and health safety, environment and climate change, and efficient use of natural and human resources. NABL accreditation has advantage in terms of enhance business as major government ministries and regulators (e.g. BIS, legal metrology, Directorate General for Foreign Trade, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, etc.) have mandated NABL accreditation for all laboratories performing conformity assessment for their schemes.
cord-025948-6dsx7pey	2020	
cord-026990-d3l1sbeb	2020	Thus, the present study aims at capturing the evidence from the literature on the cost of diabetes mellitus in India, reviewing the materials and methods used to estimate the costs and, lastly, exploring future research area. Majority of research publications were excluded on the grounds if they (a) did not provide the detailed analysis of how costs were estimated; (b) were conference articles or posters; (c) only presented the costs of diabetes prevention; and (d) were published in non-peer-reviewed journals. (cost for patients with foot complication was ₹19,020/-, also average cost for renal patients Under the north zone, 8 studies were included to calculate both direct and indirect costs of diabetes at the individual/household level (Fig. 1) . Therefore, the findings of the present study suggest that per annum median direct and indirect cost of diabetes at the individual/household level is very colossal in India.
cord-027753-cr73br4t	2020	According to Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, India has the most stringent lockdown as compared to other nations and has scored 100% in the scale; nevertheless, there had been sporadic incidence of attacks on police personnel and medical workers in different parts of India. 1,2 Despite enforcing such stringent, lockdown from the midnight of 24 March to 14 April 2020 (a period of 21 days), there have been sporadic incidence of attacks on police personnel and medical workers in different parts of India. There are some states in India where the lockdown had been effective because of the proper coordination of the administration, the police, the community and religious leaders, social organizations, and the people. (accessed 12 April 2020) 35 https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nsa-to-be-slapped-against-persons-who-attack-police men-enforcing-coronavirus-lockdown-in-up/articleshow/74962374.cms?from¼mdr. Apart from the role played by the religious leaders, the role of the police has also helped in trustbuilding measures among the people in India.
cord-027757-zb4wxt85	2012	17 In her study of the epidemic in Bombay Presidency, Ramanna describes the way that the disease spread rapidly through western India in 1918, and the measures adopted by colonial medical officials to try to contain it-largely without success. Before examining the epidemic in this adivasi region, I shall say something about the nature of the epidemic, how it was understood and treated at the time, and look briefly at a well-documented case in which indigenous people were severely hit by the pandemic-that of the Inuit in Alaska-to help to draw out some lessons about the response to the crisis more widely. 37 The particularly high mortality rates from influenza suffered by indigenous and aboriginal peoples throughout the world in 1918 has been brought out in a number of studies. 59 Because their health was generally poor, the South Gujarat adivasis suffered particularly badly in epidemics.
cord-029527-6vhhi54g	2020	The present research focuses on analysing the gaseous pollution scenarios, before and during lockdown through satellite (Sentinel-5P data sets) and ground-based measurements (Central Pollution Control Board''s Air Quality Index, AQI) for 8 five-million plus cities in India (Delhi, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bengaluru and Pune). The respiratory illness symptoms and mortality due to prolonged exposure to gaseous pollutants like nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), etc., have been reported earlier in India and around the world in several studies (Abbey et al. The objective of this research was to analyse the effect of lockdown on improving the levels of air pollution in various cities across India using satellite-derived spatiotemporal data sets and ground-based measurements. Additionally, to understand the effect of long term exposure of NO 2 on human health, COVID-19 positive cases and number of deaths was obtained for all districts around the country of India as on 18 May 2020.
cord-029853-jv0mscom	2020	India observed a significant reduction in malaria cases in the previous year, reaffirming our trust and efficiency of the existing tools to achieve malaria elimination. World health organization (WHO) has developed the Global technical strategy for malaria under the National framework for malaria elimination in India 2016-2030 to eliminate malaria (zero indigenous cases) throughout the entire country by 2030, and maintain malaria-free status and prevent its re-introduction. National Malaria Program has distributed about 50 million Long Lasting Insecticidal nets (LLINs) to communities during 2016-2018 in India [4] as an intervention tool for malaria control and prevention to cover the 126 million populations that were under risk [3] . Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase is genetically conserved across eight malaria endemic states of India: Exploring new avenues of malaria elimination Protective efficacy of interventions for preventing malaria mortality in children in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas
cord-030014-dx6itceo	2020	
cord-030228-mx9ycsvo	2020	The classical method of situation-actor-process—learning-action-performance (SAP-LAP) is adapted for the context of an experimental bottom-up micro-pilot to ''Return from COVID-19''. Paradigms such as industrial organization (IO) and the Porter Diamond (Porter 1990) will remain popular, but may be of limited use to address the survival crisis of competitiveness being faced by a large number of start-ups, micro-, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), ventures and even focal firms (Momaya 2016) . The sustainability dimension of competitiveness is also important, but may need to wait a bit, as return from COVID-19 has become the first priority for most governments, industry associations, firms and even institutes. SAP-LAP is a very useful holistic framework that has been evolving through applications in diverse contexts, including one related to technology management and competitiveness (e.g. Sahoo et al. This section gives a glimpse of extending a popular approach, situation-actors-processes-learning-action-performance (SAP-LAP, Sushil 2001) by applying it to a challenging context of crisis.
cord-030870-ao5p3ra3	2020	
cord-031460-nrxtfl3i	2020	In this article, we analyze the growth pattern of COVID-19 pandemic in India from March 4 to July 11 using regression analysis (exponential and polynomial), auto-regressive integrated moving averages (ARIMA) model as well as exponential smoothing and Holt–Winters models. Further, we search the best-fitting ARIMA model for the data using the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) and provide the forecast of COVID-19 cases for future days. Ceylan (2020) suggested the use of Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to develop and predict the epidemiological trend of COVID-19 for better allocation of resources and proper containment of the virus in Italy, Spain and France. In this article, we first study the growth curve using regression methods (exponential, linear and polynomial etc.) and propose an optimal model for fitting the cases till July 10. In order to find the optimal value of µ, i.e. the turning point between the exponential and polynomial growth, we will use the technique of minimizing the residual sum squares in "Analysis of COVID-19 Cases in India".
cord-031461-r9lv43us	2020	Towards this objective, we study and analyze the temporal growth pattern of COVID-19 infection and death counts in various states of India. Our analysis up to August 4, 2020, shows that several states (namely Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal) have reached [Formula: see text] power-law growth, while Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh exhibit linear growth. In this paper, we analyze the COVID-19 infection and death counts in nineteen Indian states: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Bihar, and Kerela. The infection curves of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, as well as the combined NE-states, exhibit a t 3 regime followed by a t 2 phase. These states observed a gradual growth in daily cases as their I(t) curves pass through the power-law regime. In this paper, we analyzed the cumulative infection and death counts of the COVID-19 epidemic in the worstaffected states of India.
cord-031702-jik4116j	2020	Fragile to withstand the cyclic momentary shocks of oil price fluctuation, demand flux, declining currency, airlines in India warrants for robust structural changes in their operating strategies, business model, revenue and pricing strategies to survive the long-lasting consequences of Covid-19. According to ICAO united Aviation study, depending upon the duration and intensity of outbreak, control measures and economic and psychological impact, the global Pink cells portray risky zone and green cells represent safe zone as per Altman Z-score airlines industry may witness decline of 33 to 60% seats offered, reduced passenger traffic from 1878 to 3227 million and gross operating revenue loss of approximately USD 244 to 420 million for the year 2020. Table 5 exhibits the degree of operating leverage of four airlines in India and the consequences on the EBITDA of the airlines, with the different expectations of possible decline in sales amid covid impact.
cord-031984-kcs6oukj	2020	Daily maximum (T(Max)), minimum (T(Min)), mean (T(Mean)) and dew point temperature (T(Dew)), wind speed (WS), relative humidity, and diurnal range in temperature and relative humidity during March 01 to June 04, 2020 over 9 major affected cities are analyzed to look into the impact of daily weather on COVID-19 infections on that day and 7, 10, 12, 14, 16 days before those cases were detected (i.e., on the likely transmission days). Since all the selected cities are located in different bio-climatic zones having different temperature characteristics (Gupta 2017) , the variations in meteorological observations will also help to identify how spatially varying weather conditions influence the pattern of COVID-19 transmission in India. Unlike most studies, the present study investigated the impact of various weather parameters which include maximum, minimum, mean, and dew point temperature, temperature range, average humidity, humidity range and wind speed on the same day, as well as with time-lags of 7, 10, 12, 14, and 16 days prior to detection of the confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the Indian context.
cord-033817-hxxa299y	2020	Drawing on qualitative inquiry in agrarian north India and Nepal, this research note analyzes how South Asian COVID-19 lockdowns have affected women''s labor responsibilities in sometimes surprising ways. We conclude that more research is needed to examine the nuanced aspects of COVID-19''s gendered labor impacts to create comprehensive policy responses to address the multiple and sometimes conflicting effects the lockdown has had on agrarian women''s informal labor and well-being. 2018) In this research note, we draw on qualitative data collected in Nepal and the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh (HP) to explore the complex impacts that COVID-19 and lockdown policies are having on women''s labor roles within the context of agrarian distress. Scholars have found that rural parents in India often sustain their own hope for THE GENDERED IMPACTS OF COVID-19 AMID AGRARIAN DISTRESS the future through investing in children''s education (Jakimow 2016) .
cord-033959-wp0z5lok	2020	
cord-034181-ji4empe6	2020	
cord-035113-bhnv2qbi	2020	The linear regression model has been fitted into the dataset to deal with the total number of positive cases, and the number of recoveries for different states in India such as Maharashtra, West Bengal, Kerala, Delhi and Assam. Different types of COVID-19 related issues has been addressed in this study, with the help of the piecewise regression Model, such as total number of positive cases, and the number of recoveries for different states in India such as Maharashtra, West Bengal, Kerala, Delhi and Assam. In this section, we have discussed in details of our proposed scheme based linear regression model for prediction of the number of total confirmed cases, active positive cases, and recoveries. In this study, we have proposed the piecewise linear regression based machine learning approach for the prediction of actual positive cases and recovery cases of five different states in India.
cord-117778-8c4g4hqx	2020	
cord-131975-9z3skg4n	2020	
cord-138978-hfmgc5ve	2020	The tweets posted on twitter related to Covid-19 are analysed and classified into one of the seven categories that include six emotions -Anger, Sadness, Happiness, Surprise, Fear and Disgust [Ekman (1992) ], and Neutral category, which are visualized on India Map based on the location from which the tweets have been posted. When the portal is visited on any specific day, emotions of the country from 14 March,2020 to the present day are loaded by default based on twitter data during the range, as shown in Figure 2 Table 2 depicts the number of tweets classified into each of the seven categories, for every state and union territory of India, along with Covid-19 statistics in the corresponding regions during March 14, 2020 to May 6, 2020. Considering the importance of understanding public emotions and the affects on psychological state of people during a crisis, in this paper, we present a web portal to identify the mood of India during the current Covid-19 pandemic.
cord-139097-deuvq0wf	2020	We characterize the network of COVID-19 spread in India and find that the transmission rate is 0.43, with daily case growth driven by individuals who contracted the virus abroad. Given this bias in testing, it should be no surprise that among the observed cases of COVID-19 in the country, a majority are travellers from high-risk countries and their immediate contacts with local transmission (as reflected in the networks structure of infections, Fig. 2b ). Consolidated data from ICMR tells us that India has so far tested a total of 13,486 samples [35] , or 10 tests people per million population, which is very low compared to other countries that have been testing for community spread [36] , and creates the risk of missing such transmission in case it is already underway in the country. Coronavirus update: 3 more test positive for COVID-19 in Maharashtra, number rises to 5
cord-143246-f97v2cih	2020	The time when everyone is struggling in the cruel hands of COVID19, we present the holistic view on the effects of this pandemic in certain aspects of life. Suicide rate has increased during the pandemic time [32] , [33] .The situation of COVID-19 has diverse effects in India [34] . Section II highlights the overall change in the education system during the COVID-19 season, and discusses the social and psychological impacts of the pandemic. Online learning is a new strategy embraced by the education system in this time of pandemic. We see a lot of unprecedented collaborative work globally among the educators [40] during this pandemic leading to a loss in the travel economy. The pandemic spread in various countries was sparked by religious gatherings as shown in Fig. 12 Religion and politics are a crucial part of life and COVID-19 has acquainted the human life without these jargon words. Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic
cord-164516-qp7k5fz9	2020	This research paper proposes a COVID-19 monitoring and response system to identify the surge in the volume of patients at hospitals and shortage of critical equipment like ventilators in South-east Asian countries, to understand the burden on health facilities. The approach has yielded accurate results for states in India, and we are working on validating the model for the remaining countries so that it can serve as a reliable tool for authorities to monitor the burden on hospitals. The system pipeline includes scraping historical tweets at a granular level to obtain a corpus, processing the corpus using Natural Language Processing tools, calculating signals from the processed data, and finally evaluating the results by comparing ground reports and bulletins. To shortlist keywords which are most relevant to our analysis and can yield accurate signals for the trend, we first created a corpus of common words related to the study like ''hospital'', ''ICU'', etc.
cord-175286-j9mvulr0	2020	
cord-187857-emgxp5wg	2020	title: Estimating the number of COVID-19 infections in Indian hot-spots using fatality data Using counts of fatalities, and previously estimated parameters for the progress of the disease, we give statistical estimates of the infected population. We suggest a method for estimating epidemiological parameters for COVID-19 in different locations within a few days, so adding to the information required for gauging the success of public health interventions In this note we use a method to estimate the actual number of infections from the documented number of fatalities. We use statistical models for the progression of the disease from asymptomatic to resolution into recovery or fatality which are parametrized to fit reports. Using these we make predictions for the infected population now and in future for various scenarios for the exponential growth rate. From the data on the geographical distribution of fatalities in India, we identified four possible hot-spots for COVID-19.
cord-200185-oz2x9a9s	2020	
cord-201898-d1vbnjff	2020	
cord-205189-4be24yda	2020	We see that the new case predictions reflects twitter sentiment, meaningfully tied to a trigger sub-event that enables policy-related findings for Spain and India to be effectively compared. To this end, we juxtapose Spain and India''s epidemiological data to identify a date when the curves show the number of new cases diverging from each other, and India started showing worsening conditions.Although it could be argued that the differences we see in cases were due to travel from hotspots, it''s important to note that India closed its borders by suspending all international flights starting March 22nd, in addition to taking steps to suspend inter-state travel by suspending domestic flights and domestic trains throughout the time frame of our analysis 3 . On the data from these states/regions, we did visualizations of counts of new cases during April and May. This period was essential to assess the effectiveness of government policies in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-223332-51670qld	2020	
cord-224428-t8s52emf	2020	The numbers in India have reached up to 10,453 for confirmed COVID-19 infected cases with 358 deaths and 1181 recoveries as reported on 13 April 2020. The main objective of the study is to find the best predictive model and apply it to forecast future incidence of COVID-19 cases in India. We have applied an ARIMA model to the time series data of confirmed COVID-19 cases in India. 11 In the present study, time series analysis is used to recognize the trends in confirmed COVID-19 cases in India over the period of 22 A comparative study is also performed to examine the status of confirmed COVID-19 cases of India with respect to those of highly infected countries. Figure 2 For comparing the actual and forecasted confirmed COVID-19 cases, a time series graph is plotted starting from 30 January 2020 till 13 April 2020.
cord-232657-deu921ma	2020	
cord-246504-wjpi5uvz	2020	We developed a model of COVID-19 transmission in RLAs, evaluating the impact of extended RLA closure compared with RLA reopening on cases, hospitalizations, and mortality rates within the RLAs of five major Indian cities, within the cities, and across India. The combined features of a high volume of visitors, high contact rates, potential higher infectivity of sex workers, and long-distance travel of clients across India may make the reopening of RLAs a risk to increasing COVID-19 transmission, health care utilization, and death. To understand the potential impact of extended closure of RLAs on COVID-19 in India, we developed a model that quantifies the effects of re-opening RLAs after the end of the lockdown. We found that an extended closure of RLAs after the initial lockdown period would avert 32% to 60.2% of cumulative cases and 43% to 67.6% of cumulative deaths across India when compared at the date of the peak of epidemic under re-opening of RLAs ( Fig. 3 , Appendix Table 4 ).
cord-251939-dvbua4pf	2007	These are (1) historical impressions that STDs are Western diseases, (2) desire of some Asian leaders to forge Eastern points of view, and (3) long-held negative image towards the peoples or groups who happened to be at the front-line of the population groups exposed to the epidemic. observed that although information about devastating impacts of HIV/AIDS in Africa was widely circulated in the region, most countries in Asia took no initiative to adopt the measures proven to be effective in controlling the epidemic [9] . The negative public image of HIV/AIDS and people carrying the virus is not only associated with the nature of the disease but also with the socially constructed meaning or understanding about the risk factors. Generally, India and China kept questioning the validity of the HIV/AIDS estimates and relevance of the prevention programs prescribed by the international institutions and Western health experts.
cord-252763-gy8f1oyt	1995	
cord-253461-o63ru7nr	2020	
cord-253948-yi57n8nc	2020	
cord-254449-ww7iq04j	2020	from National Centre for Disease Control, India, have very lucidly highlighted nine domains where healthcare workers need to find answers, in this issue of the Journal. We have endeavoured to play our role as a peer reviewed medical journal while welcoming submissions on the entire spectrum of possible research on COVID-19 from across the world. Nevertheless, to carry the exit poll analogy further, mathematical models are increasingly becoming a valuable tool to equip the public health response in COVID-19. As the understanding of the transmission of the disease changes, mathematical models need to be dynamic tools to help policy making bodies. 12 The recent ordinance to amend the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 by the Govt of India will hopefully help to reduce the public brunt and help healthcare workers focus on SARS-CoV-2. Healthcare impact of COVID-19 epidemic in India: a stochastic mathematical model Predictive mathematical models of the COVID-19 pandemic: Underlying principles and value of projections
cord-254955-q5gb4qkq	2020	Novel corona virus is declared as pandemic and India is struggling to control this from a massive attack of death and destruction, similar to the other countries like China, Europe, and the United States of America. The time of point of inflexion is found in the end of the April, 2020 means after that the increasing growth will start decline and there will be no new case in India by the end of July, 2020. For the spread of novel corona virus, when disease dynamics are still unclear, mathematical modeling helps us to estimate the cumulative number of positive cases in the present scenarios. We obtained the truncated information on cumulative number of corona positive confirmed cases in India from March 13 to April 2, 2020 from covid19india.org. For example in the corona virus case, the maximum limit would be the total number of exposed people in India because when everybody is infected, the growth will be stopped.
cord-255399-4jtfnuf2	2020	title: Respiratory therapists: the unnoticed warriors during COVID-19 pandemic in India The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has emerged as the biggest health care crisis, affecting more than 200 countries worldwide. Along with the known health care communities like doctors and nurses, Respiratory Therapists (RTs) are working selflessly in tackling this situation. "Respiratory therapists sacrifice and dedicate themselves to helping their patients and their communities during this time of COVID-19," said Tom Kallstrom, AARC Executive Director [7] . He also added by saying, "Now, more than ever before, the role of the respiratory therapist is vital to the health of our nation." These encouraging words motivate RTs working to fight against COVID-19. The Indian Association of Respiratory Care (IARC) is striving hard to portray the hard work done by RTs throughout India and on international grounds. Burnout among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in India: Results of a questionnaire-based survey Department of Respiratory Therapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
cord-255405-o8ilxqo1	2020	
cord-255574-gqekw0si	2018	
cord-256139-iqnvlnd1	2020	It has been determined that Uttar Pradesh is one of the best performers among five states with the doubling rate crossing 18 days as of 20th May. Tamil Nadu has witnessed the second wave of infections during the second week of May. Maharashtra is continuously improving at a steady rate with its doubling rate reaching to 12.67 days. In this paper, a time-dependent analysis of the five major contributing states of India (Maharashtra, UP, Gujrat, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi) is performed. Time-dependent reproduction number using SIQR method and the doubling rate of reported cases has been calculated and analysed. Time-dependent reproduction number and doubling rate discussed in above subsections 2.1 to 2.2 is determined for the major affected states of India using data from [6] . In terms of time-dependent reproduction number, this state has witnessed whooping Rt of 2.45 during the second week of May, followed by a drastic improvement, making it to reach 1.22 (Fig. 2 ).
cord-256719-njrjepor	2020	The public health response to COVID-19 in India has been highly centralised, resulting in a homogenous strategy applied across a sixth of the world''s population. Until April 27, 2020, national guidelines required that all symptomatic patients and families be transferred to health-care facilities and isolated away from their homes, and entire neighbourhoods be declared containment zones. 1 This strategy overwhelmed the health-care system in India''s most populous cities, including Mumbai and Delhi, and precluded access for non-COVID care. Most people with COVID-19 can be cared for at home, and there is no justification for institutionalising those with mild or no symptoms. 7 India''s general practitioners and community health workers, can effectively monitor a patient''s vital signs at home via in-person visits or telemedicine, distribute and encourage the use of masks and soap for handwashing, advise selfpronation, and, when possible, use adjuncts like pulse oximeters. New guidelines for home isolation of people with very mild symptoms of COVID-19.
cord-257004-zpyms1b7	2017	title: Identification of group B rotavirus as an etiological agent in the gastroenteritis outbreak in Maharashtra, India In India, circulation of GBR in sporadic cases of gastroenteritis was revealed from the retrospective analysis of stool samples collected in 1993. 21 RNA PAGE analysis has been reported to be 100 000 times less sensitive as compared to RT-PCR assay 22 The correlation between viral load and severity of the disease has been shown earlier among gastroenteritis patients infected with GAR using quantitative real time PCR assay. Occurrence of group B rotavirus infections in the outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis from western India Group C rotavirus infections in patients with acute gastroenteritis in outbreaks in western India between Group B rotavirus infection in patients with acute gastroenteritis from India Identification of group B rotavirus as an etiological agent in the gastroenteritis outbreak in Maharashtra, India
cord-258102-7q854ppl	2020	
cord-258137-np62exds	2020	
cord-261166-ua1qps0r	2020	
cord-261583-gahlq2uh	2020	This study examines whether the flow of information pertaining to COVID-19 helps to contain the pandemic. We capture the information flow of the pandemic using the Google Search Volume Index for the keyword coronavirus+covid in 33 states and union territories in India. We capture the information flow of the pandemic using the Google Search Volume Index for the keyword coronavirus+covid in 33 states and union territories in India. Since the COVID-19 vaccine is not yet developed, the ideal strategy to contain the pandemic is through the proliferation of information pertaining to the coronavirus among the public and make them aware of the precautionary measures. To capture the information flow, we rely on the Google Search Volume Index (GSVI) for the keyword coronavirus+covid in each state of India. This finding suggests that the flow of COVID-19 related information through the internet might be an effective containment strategy against the pandemic. Examine whether the information flow through online platforms helps in containing COVID-19
cord-261835-5p5bkcnt	2020	We conducted a qualitative analysis of the media reports published within the first month of the nationwide lockdown with the objectives of (a) using the media reports as indications of possible public health impact and population response to a sudden alcohol prohibition in India, (b) suggesting areas for future research. We conducted a qualitative analysis of the media reports published within the first month of the nationwide lockdown with the objectives of (a) using the media reports as indications of possible public health impact and population response to a sudden alcohol prohibition in India, (b) suggesting areas for future research. Type of news-items was only in English, published between 26th March to 25th April with the search words: "Alcohol", "Alcohol policy", "state", "Alcohol treatment", "illicit liquor", "Alcohol ban", "Alcohol revenue", "Alcohol suicide", "Alcohol lobby", "Alcohol e-marketing", "Alcohol withdrawal", "Alcoholics", "Chief minister Alcohol", "Isopropyl alcohol", "Alcohol revenue" "Alcohol poisoning", "alcohol price" "Alcohol home-delivery".
cord-262460-d6t4m6xc	2020	c. Furthermore, a time-based aspect is needed in terms of the initial evaluation, implementation, and measurement of empowerment interventions, so that empowerment can be addressed as a developmental process for women as well as their families and communities. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction addresses all three of these components in their definition of vulnerability: "The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards." (UNISDR, 2015) . These intricacies encompass the understanding that women must find and build the inner resources in order to engage with 1b) Development of a systematic and holistic approach that can account for the many contexts of society along with the various aspects or dimensions of empowerment that impact a woman.
cord-262480-e0dq1t1v	2020	
cord-262550-oip5m9br	2020	The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which originated in the city of Wuhan, China, has quickly spread to various countries, with many cases having been reported worldwide. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has raised awareness about the recent outbreak and has taken necessary actions to control the spread of COVID-19. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 in several countries is similar to the previous outbreaks of SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) that emerged in 2003 and 2012 in China and Saudi Arabia, respectively (8) (9) (10) . A recent study reported that affected family members had not visit the Wuhan market in China, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may spread without manifesting symptoms (21) . The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), India, has raised awareness about the recent outbreak and taken necessary action to control COVID-19. The impacts on health, society, and economy of SARS and H7N9 outbreaks in China: a case comparison study
cord-262787-3a3c8ee1	2020	
cord-264266-6xvj9zey	2020	Apart from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV which caused severe respiratory diseases following outbreaks in 2003 and 2012, there are four endemic human corona viruses, HCoV-229E, HCoV NL-63, HCoV-OC4, HCoV-HKU1 in populations that are responsible for various types of respiratory illness which are generally self-limiting in young and immunecompetent persons [8] . It can be assumed that some degrees of sequence homology or conformational similarities among the structural proteins, especially the S protein, of SARS-CoV-2 and the endemic corona viruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV NL-63, HCoV-OC4, HCoV-HKU1) may result in cross-reactive immunity (circulating antibodies or primed T-cells) in persons with prior exposure to the latter viruses, and this may modulate the course and outcome of COVID-19. Thus, the possibility of a protective cross-immunity in the Indian population against COVID-19 cannot be ignored in explaining a rather mild effect of the current coronavirus pandemic in India in comparison to that in Europe and the USA. Therefore, cross-reactive antibodies generated as a result of infections from other human corona viruses may have a protective role in a population affected by COVID-19.
cord-264296-0x90yubt	2020	We present here an analysis pipeline comprising phylogenetic analysis on strains of this novel virus to track its evolutionary history among the countries uncovering several interesting relationships, followed by a classification exercise to identify the virulence of the strains and extraction of important features from its genetic material that are used subsequently to predict mutation at those interesting sites using deep learning techniques. C. Several CNN-RNN based models are used to predict mutations at specific Sites of Interest (SoIs) of the sars-cov-2 genome sequence followed by further analyses of the same on several South-Asian countries. D. Overall, we present an analysis pipeline that can be further utilized as well as extended and revised (a) to study where a newly discovered genome sequence lies in relation to its predecessors in different regions of the world; (b) to analyse its virulence with respect to the number of deaths its predecessors have caused in their respective countries and (c) to analyse the mutation at specific important sites of the viral genome.
cord-264957-po7wys3s	2020	The study finds that although the absolute number of active cases may be rising, however it is showing a decreasing trend with an increase in recovery rates. World Health Organization on January 30 th 2020 declared Novel Coronavirus as Public Health Emergency of International concern and on March 11 th 2020 Covid-19 disease was stated as pandemic based on its spreads severity [3] . A study while analysing the burden of pandemic in India found that Maharashtra having highest number of Covid-19 positive cases is solely responsible for more than one third of cases as on May 17 th 2020 followed by Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare stated on June 12 th that India''s doubling rate of Covid-19 cases has increased from 3.4 days when lockdown began (March 25 th ) to 17.4 days currently [15] .
cord-265027-kvtqpgqq	2020	The model further underlines that in the highly contagious zones (''red'' zones where COVID-19 positive cases continue to grow), if the present lockdown is extended and reinforced with stricter quarantine measures, the new infections will gradually plummet down flattening the COVID-19 curve at a much faster rate. In a nutshell, we start with the initial susceptible population (S 0 ) varying in the range ∼ 1-3 million S 0 , keeping the effective reproduction number R e fixed at ∼ 4.0, and show how the model prediction fits with the Indian data without a lockdown, the location of the infection peak and the relative deviation from the real data ( Fig. 2A) . 1. The effective containment during the present lockdown in India indicates that the infected population might reach its peak at the end of June (Fig. 2) whereas Ger-All rights reserved.
cord-267722-zyzwrm1p	2020	
cord-269114-mdsiv6tr	2020	A comprehensive study of circulating variants of the virus in Iceland, which included over 580 complete genomes in combination with epidemiological information (travel history and contact tracing) revealed that while the initial importation of the virus was from China and Southeast Asia subsequent importations were from different parts of Europe 8 . While these studies have added valuable information on circulating lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in India, they have not comprehensively linked genomic data with epidemiological information. Here we report 47 full-length SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences obtained from individuals who tested positive for the virus by RT-PCR and present an analysis of epidemiological information combined with genomic data to elucidate the introduction and spread of the virus in the state. The data from this study using a combination of genomic epidemiology and contact tracing provides evidence for multiple introductions of the virus into the state, with sustained local transmission.
cord-270659-e1c6zubo	2020	
cord-271171-tohbzenc	2020	
cord-271962-7iee70jc	2020	
cord-274456-rzrfkkci	2020	
cord-274503-9ccgcrvd	2020	
cord-274694-kdsv7v8e	2020	
cord-274849-awv8sp8m	2020	
cord-276052-gk6n8slx	2016	During the survey for Nipah virus among bats at North-East region of India; Tioman virus (TioV), a new member of the Paramyxoviridae family was isolated from tissues of Pteropus giganteus bats for the first time in India. While investigating NiV in urine samples of giant fruit bats of the Pteropus genus on Tioman Island, Malaysia, in 2001, researchers isolated a novel virus which was placed in the Rubulavirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. In order to study susceptibility of different vertebrate cells to TioV, the infectious virus titer was determined by estimating 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50 ) using Reed and Muench method (Reed and Muench, 1938) . Negative contrast electron microscopy of the cell supernatant of Vero CCL-81 infected with virus isolate showed the presence of virus particles with the typical paramyxovirus morphology. TioV isolated from kidney tissue homogenate of bat showed a titer of 10 4.61 /100 μL by TCID 50 in Vero CCL-81 cell line.
cord-276237-zqtjjyoq	2020	The CTUs and their allies have among other things(a) demanded multiple welfare measures including direct benefit transfer to non-taxpaying workers, enhanced pension, payment of cash and other forms of assistance to workers from their welfare boards, wide-covering fiscal reliefs, food security (including universal PDS), and protective health gear to and safety for the frontline workers, (b) protested against the labour market incidents noted above and provided concrete instances to support their claims, (c) expressed concern at the high and rising unemployment, (d) supported the "industry" their demands for subsidies, and (e) asked for dialogue with them. Their major demands are: reliefs to surviving migrant workers and compensation to their families, free ration, Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) of 7500, enhanced pension of 3000 to all non-income tax paying workers for six months, Aadhar-linked smart cards to all workers, withdraw the proposed privatisation measures and labour law changes, rise in MGNREGA wage to ₹500 per day, recovery of loans from wilful defaulters, increased budgetary allocation to the health, education, care and agriculture sectors, a fund for social security for unorganised workers, urban employment assurance scheme, protection for frontline workers, etc.
cord-276896-14zq3tln	2020	
cord-277123-ekaqbruo	2020	
cord-278379-wr8j6j36	2020	
cord-279180-xad53zht	2020	
cord-280975-9hgtvm6d	2020	
cord-282275-catapr59	2020	Time series models using the auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method have also been used successfully by a few authors for forecasting the COVID-19 spread in India. We would show how the logarithmic function is being followed by the total number of cases in Italy, and how in India it is following a nearly exponential function, while the patterns are changing slowly and steadily. fits the data of spread in India [12] approximately.To estimate the value of the parameter b at some point of time we would need data about the total number of cases for a few days prior to that. This shows that a study regarding the total number of cases in the world as a whole cannot follow one single mathematical model, because whereas in India the spread pattern is continuing to be nearly exponential, in Italy it is the inverse function -the logarithmic functionbeing followed by the data.
cord-282592-3im1l78y	2013	
cord-282633-q7egnpaq	2020	
cord-282977-kmj8hj78	2020	Instead of fixing parameters of the standard SEIR model before simulation, we propose to learn them from the real data set consisting of progression of Corona spread in India. The learning of model is carefully designed by understanding that available data set consist of records of cases under full, partial to zero lockdown phases in India. These two predictions presented in this work provide awareness among citizens of India on importance of control measures such as full, partial and zero lockdown and the spread of Corona disease infection rate. The key motivation to integrate two methods for the predictive task is to use benefits of SEIR model by making its key parameters learn using historical data of confirmed cases under full and partial to zero lockdowns in India. Figures 5 and 6 represents fitting of learned model over actual new cases of Coronavirus data set of India and Delhi respectively.
cord-283708-k9hquon7	2020	
cord-283953-vuvd6mvz	2020	Importation and transmission-based approach for Testing Strategy On January 26th 2020, even before the first case of COVID-19 was reported in the state (9). The state moved fast because of that by mid-January it had already put in place a strategy to isolate people who showed symptoms in hospitals, to trace their contacts and put them in-home quarantine. At the beginning (first phase lockdown) one active case per 34 tests reported (Fig 5) due to the formidable step was taken by the government. High risk people who were in contact with the positive cases were tracked, and kept in quarantine helped in optimal utilization of the Covid-19 treatment kits. . Figure 6 shows the number of people isolated per one active COVID-19 case in a different phase of lockdown in Kerala. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20132308 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 7 shows the percentage of people in home isolation in different phases of lockdown in Kerala.
cord-284386-emh9feb3	2020	
cord-284453-topozldw	2020	In order to forecast the COVID-19 pandemic behavior in India, we first examined the total number of confirmed cases and the rate of daily increase in the number of cases reported in India ( Fig. 1a and b) . Note that the early segment of the curve is fitted with data, whereas the remaining segment is predicted based on the SIR model.This model assumes that it is a rational portrayal of the one-stage epidemic and represents the dynamic process of COVID-19 infections in a population over a specific time.Hence, the forecast is as good as data are. In this note, we have presented the analysis of short-term forecasting of COVID-19 infections in India based on SIR, quadratic and exponential approaches. Shows results from SIR model: (a) total number of predicted together with observed cases, and (b) number of COVID-19 cases per day in India.
cord-284583-urh0xk7r	2020	
cord-285205-k3vzcbca	2020	
cord-285641-y5ianyqi	2020	Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education–behavioural change communication. These findings are akin to those of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau surveys in India, which show that the cereal-based Indian diets are deficient in the consumption of micronutrient-rich foods like vegetables, fruits, legumes and animal products [3] . A recent study from the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, shows a high prevalence of vitamin deficiencies, particularly, vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, folic acid and vitamin D, assessed by subclinical status (blood values) and dietary intakes, in an apparently healthy urban adult population [4] . Hellen Keller International has supported an extensive programme of improved homestead gardens and backyard poultry in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines to increase the production and household availability of micronutrient-dense vegetables and fruits and eggs.
cord-286091-t41elb5w	2020	key: cord-286091-t41elb5w authors: Chanda, Arnab title: COVID-19 in India: transmission dynamics, epidemiological characteristics, testing, recovery and effect of weather – Corrigendum date: 2020-10-23 journal: Epidemiology and infection DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002411 sha: doc_id: 286091 cord_uid: t41elb5w nan It has been brought to our attention that Figure 1B published in ''COVID-19 in India: transmission dynamics, epidemiological characteristics, testing, recovery and effect of weather'' showed an incorrect depiction of India''s international boundary. The figure has been corrected as follows: COVID-19 in India: transmission dynamics, epidemiological characteristics, testing, recovery and effect of weather
cord-287362-dhl7ynrc	2020	
cord-288703-wdh1jiry	2017	
cord-288770-hquc2v2c	2020	
cord-288903-vxeq1afx	2020	
cord-289222-xzcml5nv	2020	
cord-289917-2mxd7zxf	2020	A differential equation based simple model has been used to understand the pattern of COVID-19 in India and some states. Our findings suggest that the physical distancing and lockdown strategies implemented in India are successfully reducing the spread and that the tempo of pandemic growth has slowed in recent days. Our findings suggest that the physical distancing and lockdown strategies implemented in India are successfully reducing the spread and that the tempo of pandemic growth has slowed in recent days. Therefore, on March There are already various measures such as social distancing, lockdown masking and washing hand regularly has been implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19, but in absence of particular medicine and vaccine it is very important to predict how the infection is likely to develop among the population that support prevention of the disease and aid in the preparation of healthcare service.
cord-290687-kc7t1y5o	2020	
cord-292045-pnid9dmq	2020	
cord-292485-vk5xy3zn	2020	We aimed to analyze the effect of lockdown imposed due to COVID-19 pandemic on the care of patients with kidney diseases in India. METHODS: We surveyed 19 major hospitals (8 in public and 11 in private sector) to determine the effect of lockdown on the care of patients with kidney disease, including those on dialysis after the first 3 weeks of lockdown. CONCLUSION: Lack of preparedness before lockdown resulted in an interruption in health care services and posed an immediate adverse effect on the outcome of dialysis and kidney disease patients in India. This survey clearly demonstrates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on the care of patients with kidney diseases in India, a low-middle income country. In many private hospitals, services were affected due to lockdown restrictions, lack of internal protocols to handle the pandemic, fear of infection to medical staff, and an unwillingness to risk the business from non-COVID patients (22).
cord-292490-djp9onk5	2020	Within a short span of time, a localized outbreak evolved into pandemic with three defining characteristics: a) Speed and Scale-the disease has spread quickly to all corners of the world, and its capacity for explosive spread has overwhelmed even the most resilient health systems b) Severity-Overall, 20% cases are severe or critical, with a crude clinical case fatality rate currently of over 3%, increasing in older age groups and in those with certain underlying conditions c) Societal and economic disruption-shocks to health and social care systems and measures taken to control transmission having deep socio-economic consequences (3) . Under case-3, where 10% of capacity in public facilities and 30% in private facilities is apportioned for COVID-19, and testing coverage is 200,000 per day with TTP of 5%, the estimated demand for severe and critical cases can only be met if supply of ICU beds and ventilators is increased by 8.4% and 2.6% before 27 th July 2020.
cord-294685-rhhx5gcg	2020	
cord-295013-ew9n9i7z	2020	[34] [35] [36] Objective To develop a primary health-care monitoring framework and health outcome indicator list, and field-test and triangulate indicators designed to assess health reforms in Kerala, India, 2018-2019. [34] [35] [36] Objective To develop a primary health-care monitoring framework and health outcome indicator list, and field-test and triangulate indicators designed to assess health reforms in Kerala, India, 2018-2019. As already observed in India and other low-and middle-income countries, 29 our results indicate that any approach to improving or monitoring the quality of health-care must be adaptable to local methods of data production and reporting, while ensuring that emerging concerns of local staff are considered. The Every Newborn-BIRTH study was a triangulation of maternal and newborn healthcare data in low-and middle-income countries, 47 and some smaller-scale primary-care indicator triangulation exercises have been undertaken by India''s National Health Systems Resource Centre.
cord-295074-fsbp4fky	2013	Rates of respiratory virus-associated hospitalization in children aged <5 years in rural northern India Introduction Acute respiratory infections are recognized as an important cause of mortality, hospitalization, and healthcare utilization in young children globally. 17e20 Using data from population-based surveillance of approximately 9500 children for hospitalizations for acute medical illness in rural northern India and concomitant testing for respiratory viruses by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), we estimate the incidence of respiratory virus-associated hospitalizations among children aged <5 years. Incidences were also calculated for children aged <6 months for RSV and influenza since maternal immunization with RSV and Among the 98 children with respiratory virus-associated illness, history of fever (82%) and cough (69%) were the most commonly reported symptoms. RSV and influenza viruses circulated with clearly defined but different seasonality and were infrequently detected among children without fever or respiratory symptoms or signs, similar to prior studies.
cord-296840-vo27imub	2020	The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted several essential health services globally and early detection of cancer services is one of them. Strategies need to be adopted to continue early detection services and ensure safety of patients and health care workers from COVID-19 transmission. COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted several essential health services globally and early detection of cancer services is one of them. 10, 11 On 19th May 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic impact, the Government of India has currently suspended the door-todoor screening of people above 30 years of age as part of the national program based on the risk associated oral cavity examination. Tobacco Quitline services in India and other health portals and social platforms can be utilized for spreading the information which may enable the patient to visit hospitals timely when they detect any signs/symptoms through self-examination.
cord-297013-0ykz2raz	2020	Methods: Instead of relying on highly parameterized models, we design and train multiple neural networks with data on a national and state level, from 9 COVID-19 affected countries, including Indian and US states and territories. Further, we use an array of curve-fitting techniques on government-reported numbers of COVID-19 infections and deaths, separately projecting and collating curves from multiple regions across the globe, at multiple levels of granularity, combining heavily-localized extrapolations to create accurate national predictions. Further, we use an array of curve-fitting techniques on government-reported numbers of COVID-19 infections and deaths, separately projecting and collating curves from multiple regions across the globe, at multiple levels of granularity, combining heavily-localized extrapolations to create accurate national predictions. Therefore, we use curve-fitting and machine-learning models on national-and state-level data to predict government-reported numbers of total infections in multiple countries.
cord-297343-e7slzb78	2020	
cord-297372-616042sz	2020	title: Diurnal and temporal changes in air pollution during COVID-19 strict lockdown over different regions of India We estimate the temporal and diurnal changes of the six criteria air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and gaseous pollutants (NO2, O3, CO, and SO2) during lockdown (25th March – 3rd MHA, 2020) across regions of India using the observations from 134 real-time monitoring sites of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Delhi''s air quality has improved with a significant reduction in primary pollutants, however, an increase in O3 was observed. The changes reported during the lockdown are combined effect of changes in the emissions, meteorology, and atmospheric chemistry that requires detailed investigations. Effect of lockdown amid COVID-19 pandemic on 905 air quality of the megacity Delhi, India. The impact of COVID-19 as a necessary 980 evil on air pollution in India during the lockdown
cord-298862-8bijio30	2020	Buffalopox was first described in India, later in other countries, and has become an emerging contagious viral zoonotic disease infecting milkers with high morbidity among affected domestic buffalo and cattle. Over time, VACV evolved into BPXV by establishing itself in buffaloes to be increasingly pathogenic to this host and to make infections in cattle and humans. The full-length sequences of these four genes of BPXVs-obtained from outbreaks in buffaloes, cattle, and humans in India-were analyzed, to investigate their evolutionary relationship to other OPXVs circulating in the world vis-à The full-length sequences of these four genes of BPXVs-obtained from outbreaks in buffaloes, cattle, and humans in India-were analyzed, to investigate their evolutionary relationship to other OPXVs circulating in the world vis-à-vis the vaccine strains. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of host-range (E3L, K3L, and C7L) and structural protein (B5R) genes of buffalopox virus isolates from buffalo, cattle, and human in India
cord-299592-ymurfkbs	2020	title: Addressing the shortage of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic in India-A public health perspective Nonetheless, it is only possible to address COVID-19 if we can flatten the epidemic curve by classical intervention measures like lockdown and social distancing processes, which may give lead time to many health care systems to arrange further management of the outbreak. When health care systems become stressed and enter the contingency mode, CDC recommends conserving resources by selectively cancelling nonemergency procedures, cancelling outpatient encounters which might require face masks/PPEs. When face masks are unavailable, the CDC recommends use of face shields without masks, taking clinicians at high risk for COVID-19 complications out of clinical service, staffing services with convalescent HCWs presumably immune to SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), and use of homemade/handmade masks, perhaps from bandanas or scarves if necessary [2] .
cord-299683-nv8kfp7z	2020	To assess the inter-state diversity in spreading potentiality of COVID-19, the exposure, readiness and resilience capability have been studied. In this context, the fact is noteworthy that every state of India is not equally well-equipped with adequate medical infrastructure to provide necessary health care facilities to the COVID-19 patients. This paper aims to highlight the interstate variations in transmission potential of COVID-19 and to assess the exposure, preparedness and resilience capacity in different states in India. State and district wise data regarding the confirmed case of COVID-19 and test records from 30 th January to 31 st May, 2020 have been collected from publicly available portal of covid19india.org. To identify states wise potential for hospital shortages, the COVID 19 confirmed cases and hospital bed ratio has also been calculated. In India, Recovery rate of COVID-19 patients is increasing and during first phase it was 13.16% and in last phase it reaches to about 50% with great inter-state variation.
cord-300163-06hbegx1	2020	We aimed to investigate effects of this multi-layered shock on production, sales, prices, incomes and diets for vegetable farmers in India as both producers and consumers of nutrient-dense foods. This paper uses novel empirical data to understand disruptions to production, livelihoods and diets in agricultural households in India, to draw lessons from COVID-19and particularly its effects on nutrient-dense perishable food items for making food systems more resilient. We use ordered logit regressions to analyse associations between the intensity of self-reported changes in vegetable livelihoods (quantity sold, prices, income) and diets (change in consumption per food group) due to COVID-19 and major household characteristics (farm size, gender of the farmer, and the number of produced vegetables). While we did not investigate the direct effects of sickness in farming households, the subsequent lockdown policy was perceived by farmers to have affected production (through lack of labour, storage and inputs); sales (through drops in demand and lack of transport); prices and income (with reductions due to lack of demand); and diets (in terms of ability to access the most nutrient-dense foods).
cord-300817-cxc00k0d	2020	title: Indoor air pollution (IAP) and pre-existing morbidities among under-5 children in India: are risk factors of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)?() To find out the risk factor zones associated with Coronavirus disease among under-five children using pre-existing morbidity conditions and indoor air pollution (IAP) environmental factors and also with current fatality and recovery rate of COVID-19 disease in India. So, compared to the other previous studies in India, this type of study is yet not done, considering this huge research gap and novelty, this study also aims to find out the risk factors associated with the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among under-five children using pre-existing morbidity conditions and indoor air pollution environmental factors which are solid biomass cooking fuel and indoor smoking cigarettes and also with current case fatality ratio (CFR) and recovery rate (RR) of the COVID-19 disease in the high focusing states and union territories of India which are in a risk zone.
cord-301295-kthqb2fs	2020	8 Preliminary research has found that demographic and socioeconomic factors can influence variability in the spread and impact of COVID-19 not only between countries, but within a given country; in an ecological analysis of data from the United States, poverty, number of elderly people and population density were positively correlated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates. The results of this preliminary analysis found that certain demographic, socioeconomic and health-related variables were significantly related to the variability in COVID-19 prevalence, mortality and case fatality rates across 24 different regions of India. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287 doi: medRxiv preprint by the percentage of DALYs associated with this disorder; COVID-19 mortality was associated with the burden of ischemic heart disease; and COVID-19 case fatality rate was associated with the total population of each region. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287 doi: medRxiv preprint Though this could not be confirmed by multivariate analysis, population was positively correlated with the case fatality rate across the different regions of India.
cord-301800-ssdzd43t	2020	Based on the results, the Indian drug regulatory agency recently approved itolizumab in July 2020 for ''restricted emergency use'' for the treatment of CRS in moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19. The Indian drug regulatory agency (Central Drug Standard Control Organisation, CDSCO) recently approved itolizumab for ''restricted emergency use'' for treatment of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19, followed by a similar approval in Cuba [1, 2] . The drug was studied in an open-label, randomized, controlled, phase II trial at four hospitals in India to assess the safety and efficacy of itolizumab in preventing CRS in moderate to severe ARDS due to COVID-19 [7] . The approval of itolizumab for restricted emergency use to treat COVID-19 patients with the complication of moderate to severe ARDS comes at a time when cases and hospitalizations are increasing alarmingly; the mortality has exceeded 80 thousand in India [24] .
cord-302677-6mfnxkaw	2020	title: The potential impact of the COVID-19 response related lockdown on TB incidence and mortality in India India has the highest burden of incident tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths globally. India has the highest burden of incident tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths globally. COVID-19 response related lockdown has resulted in an economic crisis which may 7 double levels of poverty, has exacerbated food insecurity, and disrupted TB services. COVID-19 response related lockdown has resulted in an economic crisis which may 7 double levels of poverty, has exacerbated food insecurity, and disrupted TB services. According to the results of the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), 23% of adult 55 women and 19% of adult men have undernutrition defined as a body mass index (BMI) less 56 than 18.5 kg/m 2 . Undernutrition and the 393 incidence of tuberculosis in India: National and subnational estimates of the 394 population-attributable fraction related to undernutrition
cord-303523-m16vlv1q	2020	Objective: The objective of the paper is to formulate a simple average aggregated machine learning method to predict the number, size, and length of COVID-19 cases extent and wind-up period crosswise India. In this study, the authors formulated a simple mean aggregated method by combining 3 popular regression models and predicted the sum of COVID-19 in India. As a substitute for epidemiologic spread procedure, the study employed 3 aggregated methods SVR, NN, and LR to predict the instantaneous movement of the conveyance dynamics and generate the real-time predictions of COVID-19 disease transversely the metropolises of India. In this study, the formulation of aggregated methods illustrates a substantial enhancement in the prediction of the COVID-19 disease in India. The study delivered a substantial enhancement in prediction precisions for COVID-19 disease in India when the postulated aggregated system was employed. The study postulated a simple-mean aggregated method for the prediction of COVID-19 disease in India.
cord-303791-yw80ndg6	2020	The COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant healthcare delivery issues could be a good time to plan and implement an effective and enduring teledermatology system for India. World Health Organisation (WHO) has clearly defined telemedicine, [5] whereas in India, we never had a standard guideline for teleconsultation till the Medical Council of India (MCI) brought the directive to provide healthcare using telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic period. With broadband services being available throughout the country, telemedicine can be easily practiced even using a patient-initiated model (through mobile applications like WhatsApp, Zoom , Google Duo. etc.) These media have the obvious advantage of the patient being familiar in using them. 1. Patient operated system connecting to the healthcare provider in real time using available modes of texting, imaging, audio, and video facility on smartphone, personal computer, and such devices [Figures 1a, b, 2a, b, 3a , b] 2.
cord-304203-lhqvi3j0	2020	title: COVID-19 pandemic and its recovery time of patients in India: A pilot study Kaplan-Meier Product limit estimator, Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Log-rank test are used to analyze the recovery time of Covid-19 patients. RESULT: From the results of the study, it is found that the average recovery time of Covid-19 patients in India is 25 days (95% C.I. 16 days to 34 days). The average (median) recovery time of Covid-19 patients is estimated by using Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Average recovery time with respect to sex and age of Covid-19 patients are also estimated by using the same method. Log-rank [11] [12] test is used to compare the average recovery time of Covid-19 patients with respect to sex and age. Log-rank test is used to study the recovery time of Covid-19 patients with respect to sex and age and the results are presented in table 3.
cord-304429-qmcrvufu	2020	This study focuses on the analysis and the prediction of the epidemic situation of COVID-19 in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, using logistic and Gompertz nonlinear regression model, which are accord with the statistical law of epidemiology. By using the results of the non-linear models fitted by least square estimation (LSE), we define the prior distribution of the parameters of the Bayesian non-linear models for estimating and predicting the cumulative and the daily confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases of Uttar Pradesh state. Figures 2, 3 and 4 show the cumulative and the daily number of confirmed cases, deceased cases, and recovered cases of COVID-19 in Uttar Pradesh respectively and the fitted curve by the Baysian non-linear regression model using the prior information. Also, Watanabe Akaike information criterion (WAIC) is computed from the fitting of Bayesian Gompertz and logistic models to the data of the cumulative confirmed cases, cumulative deceased cases, and cumulative recovered cases of COVID-19 in UP, India.
cord-305409-7v4nau0p	2020	With this background, in the following sections we discuss the role of patients'' glycemic status before they have COVID-19 infection, at the time of admission, and during the hospital stay, vis-à-vis morbidity and mortality, and briefly outline key management issues (Table 1) . Such patients with uncontrolled hyperglycemia will obviously have high blood glucose levels during admission and also during hospitalization when they contract COVID19.This is the first scenario which is quite well known. The second scenario is when a patient not known to have diabetes is develops COVID-19 infection and high blood glucose and even ketoacidosis is detected at admission to the hospital [11] . However there are a number of factors which pose challenges; triggers for hyperglycemia [surge of cytokines ("cytokine storm"), frequent use of corticosteroids, etc.], ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar states, inability to monitor blood glucose levels frequently because of reduced contact between healthcare worker and patients, and non-inclusion of diabetes expert in the critical care team in many hospitals.
cord-305498-8tmtvw1r	2020	Neurosurgery department formulated their own strategy for successful and covid free management of neurosurgical patients along with zero transmission rate among doctors and staff. METHODS: All Neurosurgical patients who got attended, admitted and operated from 25(th) March to 30(th) June 2020 (Period of lockdown) were taken in this study. A proper training to all neurosurgical staff and residents were given for management of patients (admission to operation to discharge). CONCLUSION: Following a properly made standard operating procedure and strictly implementing it can avoid any type of misadventure in neurosurgery during corona pandemic. To avert crisis during such pandemic, hospital and department both need a strategy to meticulously manage their staff, emergency, operation theatre complex (OTC), Intensive care unit (ICU) and wards. One Resident was fixed for taking rounds of covid negative patients in the ward and ICU for 1 week. [9, 10, 12] At our center, all patients were shifted to Neurosurgical ICU in post-operative period.
cord-307024-o17loo6d	2013	During December 2010, National Institute of Virology, Pune detected Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus specific IgG antibodies in livestock serum samples from Gujarat and Rajasthan states. The present scenario in India suggests the need to look seriously into various important aspects of this zoonotic disease, which includes diagnosis, intervention, patient management, control of laboratory acquired and nosocomial infection, tick control, livestock survey and this, should be done in priority before it further spreads to other states. In nature, humans get infected either through a tick bite or by contact with an acute phase CCHF patient or by contact with blood or tissues from viremic livestock [4] .This review elucidates the current scenario including presence of this virus in India, consequences on public health, issues with diagnostic system, surveillance program to monitor this disease, network of laboratories, and requirement of infrastructure to address CCHF outbreaks.
cord-307868-bsmni8sh	2020	The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, and the resultant lock-downs and cross-border travel restrictions have reinvigorated public debates about the vulnerability of the global migrants, together with the responsibility of the States to ensure a dignified treatment of migrants. Situating within the debates on capability-based development and human dignity and drawing on emerging evidence from Nepal, this opinion piece seeks to explore how returnee Nepali labour migrants from India are subject to dignity violation within the government''s response to the COVID-19. The paper tentatively concludes that the Nepali government''s decision to seal its open border with India, and its subsequent interventions to curtail the flow of outbreak have undermined the human dignity of Nepali migrants, defined as a combination of internal capability and external capability (Nussbaum, 2011) . Finally, the intersecting crisis of COVID-19 and cross-border migration in Nepal has renewed political discourse and demands surrounding the rights and dignity of poor migrants.
cord-308187-t68d7b20	2008	Using previously described methods (BOX 1), we conducted 56 in-depth interviews to develop case studies of the Mexican National Genomic Medicine Institute (INMEGEN) (BOX 2) , the Indian Genome Variation database Consortium (IGVdb Consortium) (BOX 3) and two smaller initiatives in Thailand, the Thailand SNP Discovery Project, and the Pharmacogenomics Project at the Thailand Centre for Excellence in Life Sciences (TCELS) (BOX 4) . We performed 56 in-depth, face-toface (or by teleconference call), semi-structured interviews with key informants representing scientists and managers from the Mexican National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), the Indian Genome Variation Database (IGVdb) Consortium, the Thai SNP Initiative, the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Thailand (BIOTEC), the Thai Centre of Excellence for Life Sciences (TCELS) as well as key informants from diverse backgrounds such as the media, non-governmental organizations, regulatory agencies, ministries of health, and experts in the area of genomics, pharmacogenetics and/or ethics from developed and developing countries.
cord-308328-wfiqbu3m	2020	We observe a marked flattening of the infection curve upon simulating increased testing in the 15–40 year age groups in India. Robust testing and tracing are key to containing the pandemic and effectively ''flattening'' the infection curve, both by distributing cases over a longer period of time and by reducing the total number of cases, and thus lowering the epidemic peak. Here, we leverage the emerging information from COVID-19 in different countries, mainly USA, Italy and India, to develop a COVID-19 specific model that can inform on effective interventions for coronavirus containment. Our model recommends that testing and tracing be ramped up in the 15-40-year age-group population in India in order to flatten the infection curve in shortest time possible in the current situation. Finally, we have proposed a novel method of age-group-targeted testing to tackle the situation and have also showed how it can help in flattening the curve effectively.
cord-310332-y10rqdy7	2020	The model is built to predict the number of confirmed cases, recovered cases, and death cases based on the data available between January 22, 2020, and April 3, 2020. It is urgent to study the COVID-19 cases of China to prepare a situation report of India for the coming days so that the government, authorities, and citizens can take or implement the control measures proactively. This dataset includes the daily numbers of cumulative confirmed cases, recovered cases, and death cases from January 22, 2020, to April 3, 2020. The predictive model is built for predicting the daily number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in India. The number of death cases from COVID-19 is predicted to increase around April 5, 2020. Along the same lines as above, the model is built for predicting the daily number of recovered cases of COVID-19 in India, as shown in Figure 4 .
cord-310856-9dc9bqv8	2020	Compared to other developing countries like India, it has special positive features of career incentives promoting growth at the local level, the ability to take long-term decisions relatively quickly, and a unique blend of political centralization and decentralization of economic power and responsibility, that is conducive to central guidance and local business development. On the other hand, with a lack of sufficient downward (as opposed to upward) accountability and absence of institutionalized systems of scrutiny and challenge from below, mistakes or abuse of power are more difficult to check and correct quickly, political loyalty may often get a premium over performance at the upper levels, and there are insufficient checks on collusion between business and officials. In any case such a general system of promotion has at least one important implication compared to other countries: Since performance incentives operate at least at the lower levels, higher-level leaders, even when they are selected on the basis of their loyalty to the current leadership at the top, are likely to have some measure of field-tested competence and experience.
cord-310986-20x21k63	2020	METHODS: We adapted mathematical models of TB transmission in three high-burden countries (India, Kenya and Ukraine) to incorporate lockdown-associated disruptions in the TB care cascade. If lockdown-related disruptions cause a temporary 50% reduction in TB transmission, we estimated that a 3-month suspension of TB services, followed by 10 months to restore to normal, would cause, over the next 5 years, an additional 1⋅19 million TB cases (Crl 1⋅06–1⋅33) and 361,000 TB deaths (CrI 333–394 thousand) in India, 24,700 (16,100–44,700) TB cases and 12,500 deaths (8.8–17.8 thousand) in Kenya, and 4,350 (826–6,540) cases and 1,340 deaths (815–1,980) in Ukraine. Fig. 4 shows how the size of this pool grows over time; the right-hand panel illustrates the potential impact of a two-month campaign to reduce the prevalence of untreated TB in India through expanded case finding to reach an monthly notification target of 17 per 100,000 population per month, immediately upon easing of lockdown restrictions (i.e., implemented alongside the restoration of TB services).
cord-311054-dwns5l64	2020	For example, in [12] , a data-driven estimation method like long short-term memory (LSTM) is used for the prediction of total number of COVID-19 cases in India for a 30-days ahead prediction window. The model is then used for the prediction of the total number of cases and deaths in most affected states of India for the next 30 days. To estimate the spread of COVID-19 in India, we used a Predictive Error Minimization (PEM) based system identification technique to identify a discrete-time, single-input, single-output (SISO) model [19] [20] [21] . The models were then verified on the testing data and upon validation, the models were used to predict the total number of cases and deaths for the next 30-days in the 10 worst hit states in India. As per our prediction based on data up to 17 th May 2020, Delhi along with other states would continue to see marginal surge in the number of COVID-19 cases owing to the relaxations in lock-down measures.
cord-311114-ggcpsjk8	2020	The rapid increase in the COVID-19 cases in the state of Kerala has necessitated the understanding of the genetic epidemiology of circulating virus, evolution, and mutations in SARS-CoV-2. The analysis identified 166 unique high-quality variants encompassing 4 novel variants and 89 new variants identified for the first time in SARS-CoV-2 samples isolated from India. Phylogenetic and haplotype analysis revealed that the circulating population of the virus was dominated (94.6% of genomes) by three distinct introductions followed by local spread, apart from identifying polytomies suggesting recent outbreaks. Further analysis of the functional variants revealed two variants in the S gene of the virus reportedly associated with increased infectivity and 5 variants that mapped to five primer/probe binding sites that could potentially compromise the efficacy of RT-PCR detection. In our analysis, we mapped the SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants obtained from Kerala genomes to the 132 primer or probes sequence and calculated the melting temperature (Tm) of the mutant with the wild type sequence.
cord-311183-5blzw9oy	2020	
cord-311669-112kxj5s	2020	
cord-311678-ydkv723m	2020	In India, country-wide lockdown was imposed on 23rd March, and since then the majority of universities and medical colleges had suspended face to face teaching, forcing teachers and students to move to online distance learning for an indefinite period. However, the teaching-learning of anatomy with cadaveric dissection has become almost non-existent in most medical schools due to the lack of the number of corpses compared with the growing number of students. In India, the scenario is completely different from European countries; till date, most of the Indian medical schools use cadaveric dissections as the prime source of teaching anatomy. Initially, it was the department of anatomy that started such a method of teaching and luckily our students found it very innovative and useful. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on current anatomy education and future careers: a student''s perspective
cord-311745-jrc7hy2b	2020	Whilst early containment measures have shown to reduce the number of patients who contract the virus (2), it has also highlighted several hard truths surrounding socioeconomic and political inequalities on regional levels which have been exacerbated during the lockdown period. Lockdown measures had somewhat different levels of success in the United Kingdom (UK) and India, which differ in their national economic income, with the latter considered a low-income and middle-income country (LMIC) (4) which may have been an influencing factor. In the UK this has been demonstrated with a report showing that mothers were 1.5 times more likely than fathers to have lost or quit their jobs within the quarantine period (8), again demonstrating how lockdown measures can be considered somewhat unsuccessful due to its negative social implications and exacerbation of health inequalities. However, more emphasis was required on the social, political, and economic factors of the public, which exacerbated the health inequalities that existed in both India and the UK.
cord-312626-7xx0noxq	2020	India population is divided into different clusters on the basis of population density and population mobility, even varying resource availability and since the recent cases are coming from throughout the country, it allows us to model an overall average of the country. In this study, we try to prove the efficiency of using the SEIR epidemiological model for different rate study analysis for COVID epidemic in India. But in later months, India has recorded big numbers in COVID tally and because of higher population density, cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and Ahmedabad contributed most of the numbers in the country''s total [7, 8] . In the SEIR Model, the transition from one compartment to another depends on the rate, probability and population. A basic SEIR model resembling the scale of COVID-19 transmission dynamics is divided into 4 population compartments:
cord-315801-hurpcc4e	2020	In fact, the entire official response to the pandemic was governed by all and sundry including paediatricians, gastroenterologists, dental surgeons and the likes, rather than the public health experts, who were nowhere to be seen, even in the horizon. We are still lucky that even though the disease is ravaging in the urban areas, it has largely spared the rural hinterland, but I fear it may not be for long, and at which stage, the deficiencies of the primary healthcare infrastructure in terms of primary health centres, community health centres and district hospitals will be exposed further. Lesson: Government must increase its allocation to health sector to at least 5% of GDP and focus on strengthening the primary care. This attitude needs to be changed and profit, albeit reasonable, should be accepted as ethical, moral and in fact a necessity for a vibrant and effective private healthcare system, to meet the health needs of the society.
cord-316065-fn64o0id	2020	An online cross-sectional survey during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak was used to assess the knowledge and understanding among MIPs on COVID-19 in India between March 31, 2020 to April 05, 2020, the second week after the national lockdown. The overall questionnaire had 15 questions (Table 1) : regarding clinical presentations, regarding transmission routes and regarding prevention and control during Medical Imaging procedures of COVID-19. The questions regarding practices followed by the imaging professionals on considering air-exchange rate in imaging rooms, after scanning a suspected COVID-19 patient was unclear with respondents having mixed responses (15.5%) 15 min, (28.4%) 30 min, 1 (28.5%) and 2 (27.6%) hour respectively. Despite these limitations, the present study provides vital information about the knowledge and understanding of medical imaging professionals during the rapid rise period of COVID-19.
cord-316450-iw35sorz	2020	title: Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on professional practices of audiologists and speech-language pathologists in India: A knowledge, attitude and practices survey The present study aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the professional practices of Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists in India using a cross-sectional knowledge, attitude and practices survey. As members of health care, these professionals are expected to extend their services to patients and caregivers/bystanders exhibiting symptoms of COVID-19. Thus, it becomes relevant to know the impact of this outbreak and its associated symptoms on patient care and service delivery among Audiologists and Speech Language Pathologists. The present study was conducted with an aim to study the impact of COVID-19 on the professional practices of Audiologists and Speech Language The questionnaire comprising of 23 items; demographic details, knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19, and practices related to infection control.
cord-316712-1ngcwdln	2020	The first reported case of infection with the SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in India was reported on January 30, 2020 in an Indian student evacuated from Wuhan, and the first death was reported on March 12, 2020. Model-based estimates 8 produced in March 2020 had indicated that a national lockdown could reduce the number of infections at the peak of the pandemic-expected in early May-by 70-80%, depending on the degree of public compliance with physical distancing. Mortality rates (based on reported cases and deaths) appear to be low in India, as they are in most countries in the region, perhaps indicative of both limited testing and other unexplained factors. 12 At the current time, India has conducted approximately 18,000 tests per million population, a rate that is a third that of South Africa, about 60% that of Nepal, and among the lowest of any large country.
cord-317781-rfr60we7	2020	Our study provides an insight into the possible number of expected patients and deaths in near future that may be of importance for the respective governments to be ready with the appropriate preventive measures and logistics to put appropriate infrastructure and medical facilities in place to manage the spread of deadly virus and go down the flattening curve. We use these ratios to find the future number of patients as well as deaths till 10 th June 2020. This sudden rise in the number of positive cases was due large number of pilgrims (~3500) returning to Punjab from Nanded Hazur CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.16.20104232 doi: medRxiv preprint 8 spread of this pandemic.
cord-318734-n0fcf9y9	2020	title: COVID 19: Real-time Forecasts of Confirmed Cases, Active Cases, and Health Infrastructure Requirements for India and its Majorly Affected States using the ARIMA model. In further analysis, based on predicted active cases, we estimated the requirement of isolation beds, ICU beds and ventilators for COVID-19 patients until June. Methods: We used ARIMA model, and Auto ARIMA model for forecasting confirmed and active cases till the end of June month using time series data of COVID-19 cases in India from March 14, 2020, to May 3 2020. In further analysis, based on predicted active cases, we estimated the requirement of isolation beds, ICU and ventilators for COVID-19 patients in the coming days. We used ARIMA model and Auto ARIMA model on the time series data of COVID-19 cases in India for forecasting the total confirmed and active cases till June end.
cord-318757-po0zpvw5	2020	
cord-319015-4s9776ap	2020	title: COVID testing before every endoscopy: Is India ready for primetime? COVID has had its economic impact with hospitals cutting down on elective procedures, impacting patient care and also the revenue generated. One question that has remained largely unanswered in all guidelines is whether we should routinely test for COVID before elective and semiurgent endoscopies. 3 Average upper GI endoscopy costs in India is between Rs. 2000 to Rs. 4000 (~30 to 60 U.S. dollars). Meanwhile, average testing cost for Novel coronavirus PCR is Rs. 4500 (~60-65 U.S. dollars) in private laboratories. 4 The caveat is also that patients may not get detected in the early stages of the disease, leading to increased infections in the hospital. To conclude, we may still not be ready for primetime with PCR testing for all patients, largely because we may not need it in the first place at the moment.
cord-319804-i5oprni9	2020	
cord-320640-5m6sqwq8	2020	In the present work, Life Cycle Assessment of PPE kits has been performed using GaBi version 8.7 under two disposal scenarios, namely landfill and incineration (both centralized and decentralized) for six environmental impact categories covering overall impacts on both terrestrial and marine ecosystems, which includes Global Warming Potential (GWP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Acidification Potential (AP), Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential (FAETP) and Photochemical Ozone Depletion Potential (POCP). With reported cases of COVID-19 infected health and sanitation workers (Satheesh 2020 ; Hindustan times 2020; New India Express 2020), waste management of used infectious safety gears has become a critical component to restrict the spread of novel coronavirus (Bherwani et al. The effective management of coronavirus infectious waste, including PPEs, has been identified by as a key area of concern by regulatory agencies in India, with the release of waste handling-treatment-disposal guidelines generated during treatment-diagnosis-quarantine of COVID-19 patients (CPCB Revision 2020; Aggarwal 2020).
cord-320685-zriofqez	2020	Taking into consideration the ndings of the two aforementioned recent meta-analyses; assuming that in a crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety precedes depression; and recognizing that the two conditions co-occur frequently [19] , we sought to assess the burden of anxiety symptoms and their sources among PLHIV in Pune, India. The children used to earn by washing cars." (age range:50-60 years, cisgender woman, GAD-7 score: 10) b) Concerns associated with the imminent future Health-related: These were articulated as apprehensions about COVID-19 persistence continuing to endanger personal health, following reopening. Lastly, although we did not observe differences in GAD-7 scores by comorbidity or prior tuberculosis status, we are unable to comment on how mental health in such individuals will change over time given their higher risk for COVID-19 infection [44, 45] and what that will mean in terms of disengagement from care or HIV treatment outcomes for them.
cord-320988-yjxbm4tn	2014	Notwithstanding the risk of disease transmission, slum livestock agriculture plays an essential role in the livelihoods of people and deserves consideration in urban planning and policy making. Notwithstanding the sociocultural differences, slums have some common characteristics: poor housing, often illegitimately built on private or public land with poor drainage and unfit for agriculture; overcrowded conditions; limited access to potable water; poor sanitation and lack of sewage or waste removal; high numbers of domestic pets; and clandestine keeping of livestock. Food animals in slums are a public health concern due to their potential for transmitting zoonotic diseases, unsafe food products, the risk of physical injuries and traffic accidents, and environmental contamination. In more densely populated slums, fewer animals are kept and enterprises are likely to be small scale; where more land is available, livestock keeping is more common and on a larger scale (Box 1).
cord-321447-b58mzk8p	2020	An appreciation of the process of discovery with incomplete information and a recognition of the role of observations gathered painstakingly by scientists in the field shows that simple databases will not be sufficient to build causal models of the complex relationships between human health and ecosystems. An appreciation of the process of discovery with incomplete information and a recognition of the role of observations gathered painstakingly by scientists in the field shows that simple databases will not be sufficient to build causal models of the complex relationships between human health and ecosystems. The research question is whether knowledge from disparate sources can be captured and utilized to create causal models which, in turn, are capable of generating hypotheses for a proactive response to ERIDs. Recent developments in ML and NN have proliferated in the data analytics community to solve many complex problems.
cord-322233-1i6zj9b3	2020	
cord-322645-ipzntrm2	2020	Importantly, instructions issued by the DM in order to implement policies related to disease control and social protection are ultimately The following sections further explore how local institutions have been operationalized to fulfill these activities as well as their implications -both for the structure and functions of panchayats in India as well as for the COVID-19 response and recovery. Through a combination of interviews with mid and low-level bureaucrats and a review of policy documents, we show how the urgency of COVID-19 response has galvanized new kinds of cross-sectoral and multi-scalar interaction between administrative units involved in coordinating responses, as local governments have assumed central responsibility in the implementation of disease control and social security mechanisms. Through a combination of interviews with mid and low-level bureaucrats and a review of policy documents, we show how the urgency of COVID-19 response has galvanized new kinds of cross-sectoral and multi-scalar interaction between administrative units involved in coordinating responses, as local governments have assumed central responsibility in the implementation of disease control and social security mechanisms.
cord-323371-a27okymx	2020	The need, therefore, is to move away from small-scale industrial production to high-technology units which demand sophisticated enterprise, skills and knowledge. It says, unambiguously, and with refreshing candour, that the MSME sector lags behind because it lacks capital, skill, and the ability required for "compliance with international standards" (Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises 2016: 2). The truth is that for industrial productivity to rise, innovations are essential, and to put them to work, an enterprise must have in-house skilled labour. While productivity is low in smaller units (Ramaswamy 2016) , when it comes to large enterprises, productivity per worker in India compares well with other countries (ibid: 8-9). India can insist that large Indian companies also audit their supply chain along with audit norms that are better suited to our conditions at home.
cord-323816-3m1iu9j2	2020	Emerging data clearly suggests, that associated comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and malignancy are often associated with increase in severity and or mortality in patients with COVID-19. A Boolean search was carried out to find the prevalence of comorbidities and its outcome in patients with COVID-19 in PubMed, MedRxiv and Google Scholar J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f databases up till August 23, 2020 using the specific keywords that include "SARS-CoV2" OR "COVID-19", AND "risk", "severity", "mortality", "obesity", "diabetes", "hypertension", "cardiovascular disease", "chronic kidney disease", "cancer", "chronic pulmonary disease", "developing countries". In this regard, our recent meta-analysis Table 1 summarizes the prevalence of comorbidities in patients with COVID-19 from the largest reported data from China, USA, UK, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Kuwait and India [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] .
cord-324335-eoabmyg7	2020	Considering the enormous quantity of results and scientific data concerning the validation of medicinal and biological properties, the international scientific community included neem on the list of the top 10 plants to investigate and use for the sustainable development of the planet and the health of mankind (Tewari, 1992; Foster and Moser, 2000) . The plant drug is usually utilized exsiccated, or as a derived product, like an extract, resin or oil, which can be obtained as such, or be enriched in one or more constituents, which are considered responsible for the activity. In particular, considering insect-borne diseases, in vivo activity of neem seed oil (NSO) against malaria Plasmodium has also been reported (Dahiya et al., 2016; Trapanelli et al., 2016) .
cord-325726-65xxevp3	2020	PPE refers to protective clothing, helmets, gloves, face shields, goggles, surgical masks, respirators, and other equipment designed to prevent wearer exposure to infection or illness in this COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Institute of Technology Madras-bolstered new businesses has created PPE, such as face shields (Fig. 5 )from 3D Printers just as generally accessible materials besides to protect healthcare professionals fighting COVID-19 [83, 84] . 3D printing shortens lead times during product development, brings down creation expenses, and engages designers and manufacturers to face more challenges with new 3D printed drone structures that give new expected applications to the innovation [150] . With restrictions on up close and personal clinical meetings in the COVID-19 pandemic and the difficulties looked by medical care frameworks in conveying patient care, innovations like telemedicine and smartphone are playing a key role [156] [157] [158] . How 3D Printing Can Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Among Healthcare Professionals During Times of Critical Shortage of Protective Personal Equipment
cord-326253-dddf5u75	2020	
cord-327363-z30zoogs	2020	In the current analysis, COVID-19 modeling is done for the Indian subcontinent based on the data collected for the total cases confirmed, daily recovered, daily deaths, total recovered and total deaths. Then different regression models like Polynomial Regression, Forest Regression, Support Vector Regression, Naive Bayes, were used to predict the situation till September 7, 2020 and an optimal model was proposed. Regression models are statistical sets of processes which are used to estimate or predict the target or dependent variable based on dependent variables. In Figure 10 , we have applied Random Forest Regression between total confirmed cases and number of days. We apply machine learning models to data set for predicting future values. Naive Bayes regression failed due to less accuracy and Random Forest ended up overfitting the data set. Prediction of new active cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic using multiple linear regression model Regression Model based COVID-19 outbreak predictions in India
cord-327745-nm8ladlm	2020	title: An Opportunity to END TB: Using the Sustainable Development Goals for Action on Socio-Economic Determinants of TB in High Burden Countries in WHO South-East Asia and the Western Pacific Regions Along with enhancing measures aimed at achieving universal access to quality-assured diagnosis, treatment and prevention services, massive efforts are needed to mitigate the prevalence of health-related risk factors, preferably through broader actions on the determinants of the "exposure-infection-disease-adverse outcome" spectrum. Massive efforts are needed to mitigate the prevalence of health-related risk factors, preferably through broader actions on the determinants of the "exposure-infection-disease-adverse outcome" spectrum, such as health system strengthening, poverty alleviation, addressing socio-economic and gender inequality, limiting job loss and food insecurity, improving housing quality and reducing overcrowding.
cord-328172-wxsbbl7r	2020	title: Telemedicine for Women''s Health During COVID-19 Pandemic in India: A Short Commentary and Important Practice Points for Obstetricians and Gynaecologists CONCLUSION: Telemedicine has provided us the opportunity to manage women health problems and pregnancy concerns during this pandemic of COVID-19, except a few instances where face-to-face consultation or hospital visit is must. Known consequences of delayed access to healthcare due to lockdown and pandemic situation on pregnant women could be delay in identifying the warning signs, more maternal and neonatal deaths, less access to abortion facilities as patients are also scared to visit hospitals because of fear of contracting the infection. Telemedicine has provided us the opportunity to manage women health problems and pregnancy concerns during this pandemic of COVID-19, except a few instances where face to face consultation or hospital visit is must.
cord-328509-l4yz1ude	2020	This paper also explores the possible scenario which could result in national capital region if similar control on anthropogenic emissions occurs in worst meteorology conditions using Weather Research Forecasting (WRF)-Air Quality Dispersion Modelling System (AERMOD). To study the changes in air quality during the lockdown period, the data from 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed, i.e. Bhopal and Dewas in centre, Jorapokhar, Patna, Gaya, Brajrajnagar and Kolkata in the east, Faridabad, Amritsar, Jodhpur, Delhi, Agra, Kanpur and Varanasi in the north, Amravati, Bengaluru, Thiruvananthapuram and Chennai in the south, as well as Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Nagpur and Pune in the west. The potential health benefits in different cities due to change in concentrations were estimated using the excess risks associated with the pollutant loads during similar periods with and without lockdown. The effect on meteorology on the PM 2.5 concentrations in National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi was studied using the Air Quality Dispersion Modelling System (AERMOD).
cord-328992-gkzfqmfv	2020	The abuse of technology to create and disseminate questionable information is producing a new form of "collective violence" and "collective victimisation." The World Health Organisation has defined collective violence as "the instrumental use of violence by people who identify themselves as members of a group-whether this group is transitory or has a more permanent identity-against another group or set of individuals, in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives" (Zwi et al. In the space of a few months in early 2020 in India, there were a number of cases of questionable content regarding COVID-19, targeting different political parties and religions and which had an impact over the collective even though they were accessed individually 1 : It is evident that questionable content over social media in the form of fake news, misinformation, disinformation, propaganda and misconstrued satire have become a menace to reckon with.
cord-330814-7incf20e	2020	Background and objective The recent pandemic due to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major concern for the people and governments across the world due to its impact on individuals as well as on public health. Conclusion Most healthcare professionals and the general public that we surveyed were well informed about SARS-CoV-2 and have been taking adequate measures in preventing the spread of the same. Social media platforms arguably support the conditions necessary for attitude change by exposing individuals to correct, accurate, health-promoting messages from healthcare professionals In order to investigate community responses to SARS-CoV-2, we conducted this online survey among the general public and healthcare professionals to identify awareness of SARS-CoV-2 (perceived burden and risk), trusted sources of information, awareness of preventative measures and support for governmental policies and trust in authority to handle SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and put forward policy recommendations in case of similar future conditions.
cord-331092-eocse0xa	2020	Hence, this paper applies multifractal formalism on COVID-19 data with the notion that country-specific infection rates follow a power law growth behaviour. According to the estimated generalized fractal dimension curves, the effects of drastic containment measures on the pandemic in India indicate that a significant reduction of the infection rate as its population is concern. The analysis made by using practical data shows that the power law kinetics with fractal exponent provides a better fit to the current data for the number of deaths and spared rate compared than the classical epidemiological approach that assumes an exponential growth of the disease [9] [10] [11] [12] . Hence, this paper applies the multifractal formalism on COVID-19 data with the notion that country-specific transmission rates follow a power law growth nature. Short-term predictions of country-specific Covid-19 infection rates based on power law scaling exponents
cord-331143-e9h7tq0x	2020	It is having a growing impact on the global economy and unfortunately, the global health crisis becomes a global economic crisis due to the cancel of flights, restriction on labour mobility and volatility in stock markets, fall in oil prices, and so on. The United States, China, Japan, Germany, Britain, France and Italy have contributed 60% of world supply and demand [gross domestic product (GDP)], 65% of world manufacturing, and 41% of world manufacturing exports (Baldwin & di Mauro, 2020) but unfortunately, these are in the top-10 most affected countries by COVID-19 except Japan (WTO, 28 March 2020). Based on the above discussion, we develop two main objectives in this study, firstly, we accommodate the theoretical linkages to evaluate potential broad channels through which COVID-19 could impact an emerging economy like India.
cord-332088-5c77h0of	2019	In Asia and Pacific regions, bats were demonstrated as natural reservoirs for a large number of this types of emerging as well as re-emerging pathogens such as SARS, Ebola, Marburg, Nipha, Hendra, Tioman, Menangle, Australian bat lyssa virus, Rabies and many encephalitis causing viruses in humans and animals [2] . From bats the pathogen get transmitted to humans via intermediate hosts like horses(hendra) and pigs(nipah) and different species of animals get infected by consumption of partially eaten fruits of bats and the chewed out materials of bats after extracting the juice. The first report of a transmission of a viral disease from bats to humans was a rabies virus (RABV) belonging to the Lyssa virus genus [5] . Identification and complete genome analysis of three novel paramyxoviruses, Tuhoko virus 1, 2 and 3, in fruit bats from China
cord-333132-m0tkgf7x	2020	title: Dead Body Management in Times of Covid‐19 and its Potential Impact on the Availability of Cadavers for Medical Education in India Understanding the significance of dead body, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services (EMR Division) have issued guidelines of dead body management in view of Covid-19 pandemic. Considering the fact that novel Coronavirus is a new disease and there is a knowledge gap on best practices such as how to dispose the dead body of a suspect or confirmed case of Covid-19, the necessary guidelines were issued. Hence, the augmented risk of Covid-19 contamination from a dead body to healthcare professionals or relatives who follow standard precautions while handling the body is quite unlikely (Government of India, 2020) .
cord-333142-ek7hct52	2020	title: The Integrated Tracking, Referral, and Electronic Decision Support, and Care Coordination (I-TREC) program: scalable strategies for the management of hypertension and diabetes within the government healthcare system of India The I-TREC program combines multiple evidence-based interventions: an electronic case record form (eCRF) to consolidate and track patient information and referrals across the publicly-funded healthcare system; an electronic clinical decision support system (CDSS) to assist clinicians to provide tailored guideline-based care to patients; a revised workflow to ensure coordinated care within and across facilities; and enhanced training for physicians and nurses regarding non-communicable disease (NCD) medical content and lifestyle management. Using patient health data from the eCRF, we will assess processes of care and changes in blood pressure and blood glucose outcomes over time among patients with hypertension or diabetes who seek care at I-TREC program facilities in a facility-based evaluation component.
cord-334538-g88ke56h	2020	With lockdowns and severe 3 restrictions on movement and activities, countries have managed to slow down the COVID curve but 4 developing countries like India are likely to face a humongous task of containing the virus spread in 5 coming months. With lockdowns and severe 3 restrictions on movement and activities, countries have managed to slow down the COVID curve but 4 developing countries like India are likely to face a humongous task of containing the virus spread in 5 coming months. and have given the much needed time to the central and state governments to scale up the health 30 infrastructure as well as to sensitize the population on various preventive measures which will go a long 31 way in keeping the curve within control in the coming months.
cord-334771-uy3s6443	2004	Samples obtained were: 54 blood samples, 22 throat swabs, ten CSF samples, and one brain aspirate from 55 patients with encephalitis; five blood samples and nine throat swabs from 13 fever cases; and ten blood samples and one throat swab from ten family contacts (including specimens from the brother and mother of a patient who Methods Cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocyte co-cultures were used to isolate the causative agent from clinical samples. The confirmed Chandipura virus encephalitis group consisted of individuals from whose samples we isolated the virus, viral RNA, or reactive IgM antibodies. The viruses isolated in different cell lines from clinical samples from patients with encephalitis were confirmed as Chandipura virus with various techniques including complement fixation, neutralisation test, and immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, the presence of Chandipura virus RNA in nine patients with encephalitis, all from samples obtained before day 4 after onset of illness, suggests an early viraemic phase of the infection process.
cord-335115-g9h8y2on	2020	We estimated incubation period and reproduction number of COVID 19 for India utilizing data reported by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India (GOI) and data in public domain. Weibull distribution, the best fit for the reproduction number estimated pre lockdown reproduction number as 2.6 (95% CI=2.34, 2.86) and post lockdown reduced to 1.57 (95% CI=1.3 , 1.84) implying effectiveness of the epidemic response strategies. Hence this study was undertaken to address above issue and estimate incubation period and reproduction number of COVID-19 for India utilizing data reported by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India (GOI) and the data available in public domain. This data driven paper to the best of our knowledge presents the estimates of incubation period and reproduction number of COVID-19 in India for the first time. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.27.20141424 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 1 : Cumulative distribution function for best fit Normal distribution for Incubation period for India All rights reserved.
cord-335168-3ofarutr	2020	[11] The International Psoriasis Council recommends dermatologists to discontinue or postpone immunosuppressant medications for psoriasis patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, however apremilast can be continued unless severe symptoms are present. Indian association of dermatologists, venereologists and leprologists (IADVL), one of the largest dermatology association in the world, was also prompt to issue position statement for its members with the objectives of providing strategies to combat COVID-19 in dermatology practice in the form of education about the prevention of transmission; avoiding all non-essential outpatient consultations and elective procedures; stressing upon the dermatolgists to be updated with ever changing scenarios and guidelines, canceling travels and gatherings including CMEs, meetings, and conferences and recommendations about the use of immunosuppressives and biologics in patients.
cord-335233-m9vc994p	2020	Older adults are most severely affected as noted by the authors; however, novel pediatric manifestations resembling Kawasaki disease have been recently recognized, marked by elevated biochemical markers of inflammation including ferritin and D-dimers [4] , labeled recently as Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome by the World Health Organization. Therapy with convalescent plasma has shown promise and a Phase II, Open Label, Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma to Limit COVID-19 associated Complications in Moderate Disease (PLACID Trial) has been initiated by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in 46 hospitals within India [7] . Thus far, a total of 36, 11,599 patient-samples have been tested for COVID-19 in India [3] . Till now, COVID-19 in India has been addressed predominantly by containment measures (quarantine, isolation of infected individuals, contact-tracing and reducing movement of people in areas with high case-loads). COVID-19 Pandemic in India: What lies ahead
cord-336604-2auhkxce	2020	Methods: We used ARTIC protocol-based tiling amplicon sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 (n=104) from different states of India using a combination of MinION and MinIT sequencing from Oxford Nanopore Technology to understand how introduction and local transmission occurred. Results: The analyses revealed multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes, including the A2a cluster from Europe and the USA, A3 cluster from Middle East and A4 cluster (haplotype redefined) from Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia) and Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan). A total of 127 laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 from targeted testing and available samples at NCDC which represent different geographic locations or states and travel history from different countries during the early phase of the outbreak (Table 1 and Extended data, Supplementary figure S1 [Kumar et al., 2020b] ). We also compared SARS-CoV-2 mutation sites with other six coronavirus sequences (Extended data, Supplementary figure S5b [Kumar et al., 2020b] ).
cord-337680-uz6hfixk	2020	
cord-338466-7uvta990	2020	For the spread of COVID-19, when disease dynamics are still unclear, mathematical modeling helps us to estimate the cumulative number of positive cases in the present scenarios. There are already various measures such as social distancing, lockdown masking and washing hand regularly has been implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19, but in absence of particular medicine and vaccine it is very important to predict how the infection is likely to develop among the population that support prevention of the disease and aid in the preparation of healthcare service. The logistic growth regression model is used for the estimation of the final size and its peak time of the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries of the World and found similar result obtained by SIR model (Batista, 2020) .
cord-338664-wvsc94qv	2020	Not surprisingly, countries ahead of us on the pandemic curve have recognized the need to utilize all available healthcare resources, forging partnerships between public and private healthcare sectors. 15, 16 The present survey was conducted to explore the opinions and preparedness of healthcare workers (HCWs) in the private sector, on public-private partnerships (PPP) to provide a sustained, uninterrupted healthcare response in the face of the current pandemic. An online survey was conducted in April 2020, and a pre-tested, content validated questionnaire was circulated over WhatsApp® groups of healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, technicians, students and administrators amounting to nearly 2000 individuals) in the private hospitals across India. In our e-survey assessing the opinions and readiness of HCWs in the private healthcare sector, we found that participants felt that they had not contributed enough and were positively inclined to participate in the pandemic response.
cord-339637-hb6bsb6q	2020	A highly significant correlation (r = 0.89, p = 0.0145) was found between increasing age and reporting of higher BGLs. Conclusion: This study provides a firsthand evidence of major disruption in diabetes care activities during and after the lockdown phase in India and increased risk of poorer clinical outcomes, if infected by SARS-CoV-2. Inclusion criteria -People who are diagnosed with diabetes -Any gender -Age more than 18 years Exclusion criteria -Not able to provide informed consent for the study The questionnaire consisted of mainly 3 domains: A) socio-demographic details, e.g., subject''s age, gender, state, city, town, educational qualification, financial income; B) medical and social history, e.g., type of diabetes, comorbidities, smoking, and drinking habits; C) impact of COVID-19 outbreak on their medical and social life, e.g., frequency of clinic visits, changes in glycemic levels, digital glucometer at home, access to health care services, changes in the eating habits and physical activity, changes in drinking and smoking habits, online consultations, the reason for cancellation or postponement.
cord-339874-not2z6q6	2020	India is a large country, with a highly variable inter-state mobility, and dynamically varying infection cases in different locations; thus, the existing models, based solely on the aspects of growth rates, or generalized network concepts, may not provide desired predictions. In India, the mobility towards professional sites can surge incoming cases at Maharastra and Karnataka, while migration towards the native places can risk Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. To model COVID-19 spread in India, here we use the states and union territories as components and their reported positive cases as the number of people infected. The passenger''s air-transport analysis and regular transport based on migration map (case(c)), both predict that Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Karnataka could receive a significantly higher number of cases. The present work proposes a network-based model for predicting the spread of COVID-19, incorporating human mobility through knowledge on migration and air-transport.
cord-340937-6mpob1nx	2020	The survey collected data on socio-demographic and clinical variables related to COVID-19 (based on the current knowledge); along with measuring psychological impact with the help of Impact of Event–revised (IES-R) scale. The survey collected data on socio-demographic and clinical variables related to COVID-19 (based on the current knowledge); along with measuring psychological impact with the help of Impact of Eventrevised (IES-R) scale. The current study investigated the initial psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak in Indian population. Despite the limitations, this study provides the first cross-sectional data on actual level of psychological impact among Indian community; and how mental health of people is affected during a pandemic of this nature. Our survey is one of the first mental health related data from India, during the initial phase of COVID-19 pandemic and indicated that a significant proportion of them have had a psychological impact during the crisis.
cord-342405-nsj9dh48	2020	title: India''s cost-effective COVID-19 vaccine development initiatives In addition, millions of people who live across over 30 world''s poorest countries will also expect the affordable low-cost vaccine. It''s currently collaborating with Codagenix to develop a vaccine, including live-attenuated vaccine against COVID-19. 6 Besides, it has a partnership with Codagenix, a New York based firm specialized on vaccines and the Oxford University to produce the COVID-19 vaccine. 10 What''s unique about India is that it has the expertise for low-cost per-unit vaccine production of vaccines. Due to the low cost vaccine making history, new products against COVID-19 will be of great use in over 30 low-income countries worldwide benefiting millions of people who cannot afford expensive vaccines. Few months ago, the WHO has praised India''s vaccine production capacity in a meeting of COVID-19. It''s time for the developing world to collaborate with India to produce and distribute the cost-effective COVID-19 vaccine as soon as possible.
cord-342498-f93jma3d	2020	Method: Using publicly available compiled data on COVID-19, we estimated the trends in new cases, period-prevalence rate (PPR), case recovery rate (CRR), and case fatality ratio (CFR) at national, state and district level. Maharashtra (11 to 4,445 persons per day; total infected persons 107 to 53,343); Tamil Nadu (2 to 1,332 persons per day; total infected persons 18 to 15,995); Delhi (3 to 1086 persons per day; total infected persons 30 to 13,036); Gujarat (3 to 899 persons per day; total infected persons 34 to 10,786); Rajasthan (3 to 431 per day; total infected persons 32 to 5,179) and Madhya Pradesh (1 to 416 per day; total infected persons 7 to 4,993), though Kerala experienced the least increment in average prevalence of COVID-19 (11 to 54 per day; 109 to 650 total persons) at the end of the fourth lockdown(see Fig 4) .
cord-343100-cljfh8es	2020	This study has shown strong positive correlation between the concentration of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and both the absolute number of COVID-19 deaths (r = 0.79, p < 0.05) and case fatality rate (r = 0.74, p < 0.05) in India. The data (used in this study) related to atmospheric pollutants and the COVID-19 pandemic were obtained from online resources (Central control room for air quality management-all India and https ://www.covid 19ind ia.org/ respectively). The concentration of surface atmospheric pollutants from 207 stations of 128 cities distributed all over India (as shown in Fig. 1) were obtained from the website of Central Control Room for Air Quality Management (https ://app.cpcbc cr.com/ccr). However, increasing concentration of atmospheric NO 2 , showed a strong positive correlation with the number of COVID-19 deaths and the COVID-19 CFR in different states of India ( Fig. 2a and b) .
cord-343857-qyxko730	2020	RNA testing on a near-random sample of laborers returning to the state of Bihar is used to estimate positive testing rate for COVID across India for a 6-week period immediately following the initial lifting of India''s lockdown. Here, we rely on a unique dataset of RNA tests conducted on 43,356 workers from around the country who returned to their home state of Bihar between May 4 -June 10, 2020, to provide a snapshot of COVID burden across India. We study the rate at which workers returning to Bihar tested positive for COVID during a 38 day period from May 4-June 10, 2020. However, the positive rate among workers returning to Bihar was on average 1 percentage point (pp) (21%) higher than the prevalence reported by the origin state''s testing data across the 3 periods. While prevalence among workers returning to Bihar was moderately correlated with the positive test rate reported by origin states, there are important differences.
cord-343882-5v1tpi9n	2020	title: Transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in India, and evaluating the impact of asymptomatic carriers and role of expanded testing in the lockdown exit strategy: a modelling approach Methods: We estimated the basic reproduction number and effective reproduction number at a national and state level in India after adjusting for imported cases and reporting lag using established statistical methods, using time-series data from 4 March to 25 April 2020. Through a modelling approach which accounts for asymptomatic transmission, we evaluated various lockdown exit strategies, including the effect of onset and duration of lockdown relaxation on the second wave, and the impact of increased testing on epidemic size and resumption of socioeconomic activities. Sensitivity of effect of testing rate and social distancing policies on total symptomatic cases to probability of asymptomaticity at 45 days after lockdown relaxation. Sensitivity of effect of testing rate and social distancing policies on total symptomatic cases to probability of asymptomaticity at 45 days after lockdown relaxation.
cord-343929-9ebw3x8r	2020	title: Clinical considerations in patients with diabetes during times of COVID19: An update on lifestyle factors and antihyperglycemic drugs with focus on India RESULTS: Diabetes and poor glycemic control are associated with increased severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Diabetes and poor glycemic control are associated with increased severity and mortality in patients with COVID19 . A recent article by a consortium of diabetes experts in J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f India has identified five categories of patients with hyperglycemia who need consideration in today''s times of COVID-19 pandemic 34 . Observational study on Effect of Lock Down due to COVID 19 on glycemic control in patients with Diabetes: Experience from Central India Impact of lockdown in COVID 19 on glycemic control in patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes
cord-344948-cve3mqd8	2020	Key Informants -Government policy makers (2) 1) Mid-April 2020 (10) 2) Mid-Oct 2020 (10) Government policies to deal with such crisis; what supports are provided, how and to whom; policy gaps in agricultural sector in general and food security in particular as exposed by the crisis; experience/idea with regard to resiliency of prevailing farming systems to cope with such crisis; role of indigenous food systems in such crisis; what new initiatives taken at different government levels to deal with the crisis and continue with food production, marketing, distribution through trade/transportation, supply of inputs, new incentive structures; effectiveness of these new initiatives and which seem to work effectively; what could be the policies options for the future to deal with the crisis.
cord-346026-l9cyzocv	2020	In Pre-COVID era India was encountering with major macroeconomic issues such as nearly recession with the sluggish GDP growth rate of 4.7% in 2019 which is lowest since 2013 (as indicated by the official statistics), high unemployment rate, decline in industrial output of core sectors-the worst in 14 years, stagnancy in private sector investment, decline in consumption expenditure for the first time in several decades (Dev & Sengupta, 2020) . Considering the disproportionate burden of the crisis on low skilled workers, poors, other vulnerable sections, many economists think that COVID-19 is most likely expected to raise inequality within and among countries (Initiative on Global Markets, 2020) and the results of study conducted by (Furceri, Loungani, Ostry, & Pizzuto, 2020) confirms that those having basic education (low skilled) are affected more than those with higher and advanced degrees, in terms of loss of income hence confirming increase in income inequality after during and after pandemics. 19 4 | CONCLUSION COVID-19 pandemic has incurred unprecedented loss globally but India being an emerging economy is likely to get more affected in every sector and that too disproportionately.
cord-346113-4obj0rs3	2020	The Government of India announced a package of measures to support poor households and workers on March 25, immediately after the imposition of the lockdown. But after the announcement of the second lockdown on April 15, the exodus turned into a tide, with workers and their family members attempting to walk back across thousands of kilometres, even in the face of harassment and worse by government forces. Initially, the central government announced (on April 19) permission to deploy migrant workers within destination states where they were stranded. Since May 2020, the Government of India has announced some follow-up measures to support the affected poor and the migrant workers. We must note that Kerala emerged as an outlier among states by announcing a comprehensive package of Rs. 20,000 crore for protection of livelihoods of workers, including migrant workers, even before the lockdown. As the migrant crisis escalated, sending states announced measures to support stranded migrant workers.
cord-346187-pd65r6cp	2020	Eight climatic variables such as maximum, minimum and mean temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), bright sunshine hours, wind speed (km/h), evaporation (mm), and rainfall (mm) have been analyzed in relation to COVID-19. The results of this study suggest that climatic conditions in NCT of Delhi are favorable for COVID-19 and the disease may spread further with the increasing temperature, relative humidity, evaporation and wind speed. Therefore, to fill this research gap, this study has been attempted to provide scientific evidences regarding the spread of COVID-19-infected cases in relation to various climatic variables over NCT of Delhi, a megacity in India. Recently, correlation analysis has been extensively used to associate COVID-19 pandemic confirmed cases with climatic variables (Bashir et al. The daily data of COVID-19 and eight climatic variables such as maximum, minimum and mean temperature, relative humidity, bright sunshine hours, wind speed, evaporation, and rainfall have been analyzed for the period March 14 to June 11, 2020 (90 days).
cord-347504-pkkh9uy4	2020	In the last week of April 2020, on the observation that the majority of optometry institutions have switched their teaching-learning activities on e-learning mode, an online survey was conducted using a validated questionnaire containing a mix of open and close-ended questions. The quick transitions to online mode assisted in keeping continuity of optometry education programs, effectively fitting in the purpose of completion of the current academic year. Social distancing and telemedicine are set to be ''a new normal'' hereafter, imposing a persistent challenge for global optometry educators, to teach various clinical skills to the students 14 . This paper reports the findings of the observational study describing the rapid transition of optometry education in India amid COVID 19 disruptions. Study design: A cross-sectional survey was designed to find changes in optometry training and adaptations of Indian optometry educators amid COVID 19 lockdown.
cord-347746-epmcognh	2020	The minimum, maximum temperature (°C) at 2 m, temperatures (°C) at 2 m and humidity at 2 m are significantly correlated with COVID‐19 pandemic cases (r = 0.93, 0.94, 0.83, and 0.30) at 99% two‐tailed significance level. The computerized datasets of daily confirmed cases, recovered cases, and death of COVID-19 pandemic in India were obtained from WHO through Wikipedia and statista.com for the period of January 29, 2020 to April 30, 2020. The Spearman''s rank correlation coefficient calculated between confirmed case of COVID-19 and components of weather and summarized in Table 2 . This result is in line with the earlier research done in the case of SARS (Tan et al., 2005) , syncytial virus respiration (RSV) (Vandini et al., 2013) , and (Shi et al., 2020; who said, temperature is also the environment driver of COVID-19 outbreak in China). Correlation between weather and COVID-19 pandemic in India: An empirical investigation
cord-350429-v36lrg3p	2020	BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 has had a crippling effect on the health care systems around the world with cancellation of elective medical services and disruption of daily life. RESULTS: There has been a shared drive worldwide to devise strategies to protect people against viral transmission with reinforcement of hand hygiene and infection control principles but also to provide continuity of health care. COVID-19 has had a crippling effect on the health care systems around the world with cancellation of elective medical services and disruption of daily life. There has been a shared drive worldwide to devise strategies to protect people against viral transmission with reinforcement of hand hygiene and infection control principles but also to provide continuity of health care. Government initiatives -COVID 19 has exposed health care system of many countries including India. Telemedicine for Diabetes Care in India during COVID19 Pandemic and National Lockdown Period: Guidelines for Physicians
cord-351179-of5qgl90	2020	A pronounced decline in PM(2.5) and AQI (Air Quality Index) is observed over Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Chennai and also a declining trend was observed in tropospheric NO(2) concentration during the lockdown period in 2020 compared with the same period in the year 2019. In general, the Northern parts of India are subjected to poor air quality and atmospheric pollution, mainly due to emissions from vehicles, industry, brick kilns, coal-based power plants, and crop residue burning (Singh et al. Also, farmers at many places have started burning crop residue, and long-term transport of dusts during the pre-monsoon season are also being observed, which affects the air quality of Delhi and major cities located in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). We have carried out the trajectory analysis over Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Kolkata using the NOAA HYSPLIT model (https://ready.arl.noaa.gov/ HYSPLIT.php) to study the sources of air mass reaching at five locations.
cord-351323-cbejbm5v	2013	The samples were tested further for influenza C virus, parainfluenza viruses 1–4, human rhinovirus, metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus by conventional RT‐ PCR. Hence the information on epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory virus infection in India is based entirely on research studies and the disease burden or seasonal prevalence of respiratory viruses remains largely undefined. This study initiated to complete the information on circulating respiratory viruses among patients attending the outpatients departments of different hospitals with acute respiratory infections in the eastern region of India during 2010 through 2011. Comparative evaluation of real-time PCR and conventional RT-PCR during 2 year surveillance for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus among children with acute respiratory infections in Kolkata, India, reveals a distinct seasonality of infection Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus group B genotype BA-IV strains among children with acute respiratory tract infection in Kolkata, Eastern India
cord-351448-jowb5kfc	2020	title: The quality of online media reporting of celebrity suicide in India and its association with subsequent online suicide-related search behaviour among general population: An infodemiology study The present study aimed to assess the quality of online media reporting of a recent celebrity suicide in India and its impact on the online suicide related search behaviour of the population. Thus, in the present study we monitored the changes in internet search volumes for keywords representing suicide-seeking and help-seeking behaviours using the Google Trends platform as a proxy marker to assess the impact of recent celebrity suicide in India. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the quality of online media reporting of a celebrity suicide in India, and evaluate its adherence with the WHO guidelines for responsible media reporting of suicide. Further, the use of a novel Google Trends analysis to show an increased online search interest for suicide-seeking keywords immediately after the reference celebrity suicide provided support for the existence of Werther effect in the Indian context.
cord-351665-6gwb900b	2020	The specific objectives of the study were to (i) perform a meta-analysis of existing literature reporting various impacts of COVID-19 on human society and the natural environment, and (ii) develop a conceptual model to illustrate and understand the complex nexus of CHES amid the pandemic. In addition to the impact of COVID-19 in terms of infection and death as discussed in section 4.1, extended lockdown and stay-at-home regulations against the pandemic has associated human health risks such as weight gains due to sedentary lifestyle, psychological/behavioral changes, etc. The main purpose of the study was to propose a conceptual model to portray and address how the interaction of the existing elements of both sub-components of CHES -human society and natural environment -are impacted by the various governmental interventions i.e., lockdown, social distancing, quarantine, etc.
cord-352326-bj12pp9d	2020	title: The connection of growth and medication of COVID-19 affected people after 30 days of lock down in India Hence, it is necessary to understand what the nature of growth is of spreading of this corona virus with time after almost one month (30 days) of lockdown. For controlling the spread of the COVID-19, minimization of the growth with minimum number of days of lockdown is necessary. We have presented the data of new cases, recovery and deaths per day to visualize the different coefficient for India and establish our theory. Recently a few mathematical models have come across to describe this spread of corona virus to estimate the minimum number of lockdown days to reach base line of the contamination [6] [7] [8] [9] . The scope of further improvement of recovery rate in India is also suggested in terms of application of medicine to COVID 19 affected people.
cord-353087-nxjfbo0h	2020	The present evaluation attempts to assess the long-term (1989–2016) physiochemical characteristics of WQ of river Ganga at five upstream locations (Uttarkashi, Tehri, Rudraprayag, Devprayag, and Rishikesh) of Uttarakhand, India using comprehensive pollution index (CPI) and environmetrics (PCA and CA). The rapid growth of human population, urbanization, and industrialization have stimulated the over-extraction of water from the freshwater sources (e.g., river, lakes) for various purposes of the daily demands of a comprehensive study of WQ assessment using long term data of physiochemical and biological parameters has not been reported in the upstream of the river Ganga. The long-term study estimates the WQ of river Ganga based on the physiochemical parameters at the five upstream locations of Uttarakhand, India using CPI, PCA, and HCA to categorize the WQ into different classes for understanding the hydrochemistry and cluster of similar water quality status.
cord-355023-68lp7i5v	2020	In this context, a plant based rich fiber diet, which happens to be consumed by a majority of the Indian population, appears to be advantageous, as it replenishes the host gut microbiota with beneficial microbes thereby leading to a symbiotic association conferring various health benefits to the host including enhanced immunity. Further, implementation of the lockdown which has proven to be a good non-pharmacological measure, seems to have resulted in consumption of home cooked healthy diet, thereby enriching the beneficial microflora in the gut, which might have resulted in better prognosis of COVID-19 patients in India in comparison to that observed in the western countries. Here, it may be inferred that plant based, home cooked, rich fiber diet consumed by the Indian population during lockdown, might have resulted in generation of symbiotic microflora, thereby eliciting anti-inflammatory responses.
cord-355650-1x66nxgx	2020	We have investigated the effect of meteorological parameters like Temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity on the rate of spread of COVID-19 using daily confirm cases in India. For this, we have investigated the association of aerosols (AOD) and other pollutions (NO 2 ) with COVID-19 cases during the study period and also during the first lockdown period (25 March-15 April) in India. For this, we have investigated the association of aerosols (AOD) and other pollutions (NO 2 ) with COVID-19 cases during the study period and also during the first lockdown period (25 March-15 April) in India. We have studies the total number of daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 and its association with the temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity over India for March and April 2020.