key: cord-273350-b2exkw6x authors: Soh, Mitsuhito; Hifumi, Toru; Iwasaki, Tsutomu; Miura, Yusuke; Otani, Norio; Ishimatsu, Shinichi title: Impaired mental health status following ICU care in a patient with COVID‐19 date: 2020-08-11 journal: Acute Med Surg DOI: 10.1002/ams2.562 sha: doc_id: 273350 cord_uid: b2exkw6x BACKGROUND: Severe respiratory failure patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) sometimes do not receive post intensive care syndrome prevention bundles. No detailed report has been published on the practical observations of mental impairments in these patients. CASE PRESENTATION: A 33‐year‐old man was admitted with COVID‐19 pneumonia. On day 6, he was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Considering the risk of nosocomial infection, as per the hospital policy, early rehabilitation could not be initiated for COVID‐19 patients at that the time and family visits were not allowed. Thereafter, his respiratory condition gradually improved; he was discharged on day 19. Then, when the ICU nurse called to assess his medical condition, the patient complained insomnia after ICU discharge. Therefore, we called him for an outpatient visit 28 days after discharge and scored his mental health status. CONCLUSION: Careful follow‐up is required to treat mental impairment in patients with COVID‐19. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related severe respiratory failure are frequently treated with deep sedation, as well as using neuromuscular blockades (NMBs) use, and steroids administration 1 ; these approaches can cause postintensive care syndrome (PICS) 2 . Moreover, family visits are strictly restricted when patients are still at a high risk of causing contagion 3 . Early rehabilitation sometimes cannot be initiated due to the risk of nosocomial infections. Thus, severe respiratory failure patients with COVID-19 sometimes generally do not receive the PICS prevention bundle, which is commonly applied in standard intensive care unit (ICU) practice 4 . Several action/management plans for PICS prevention in patients with COVID-19 are proposed 5, 6 ; however, details of mental impairment in practically observed cases have remained unreported. Here, we report a COVID-19 case that developed an impaired mental health status following intensive care unit ICU care. We also emphasize the significance of follow-up in these patients. A 33-year-old male magazine editor was admitted because of COVID-19 pneumonia. He had no past medical histories such as alcohol dependence or mental disorders, and he lives with his wife and a 1-year-old son. Oxygen demand was not observed on the admission day, but the oxygen saturation level eventually dropped. On day 6, he had prominent tachypnea despite having a reservoir mask delivering 8 L/min of oxygen. Hence, he underwent emergency tracheal intubation and was admitted to the ICU. Weak sedation was maintained during ICU management. No steroids or NMB was administered. Considering the concern about nosocomial infection in the hospital policy, early rehabilitation in patients with COVID-19 could not be initiated at that time. Family visits were also prohibited for the same reasons. Subsequently, his respiratory condition gradually improved, and he was extubated on day 8, left the ICU on day 9, and finally discharged on day 19. Before discharge, he was slightly worried about infecting his family. When the ICU This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved nurse examined his medical condition, the patient said, "When I try to sleep, I can't sleep because I remember ICU stay," "The news that popular comedian died from a coronavirus made me feel anxious and scared," and "It's hard to see people die while playing games." Therefore, in his outpatient visit 28 days after discharge, we assessed his mental status. In Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS), the patient met the PTSD criteria ( Figure 1a) . Thereafter, under psychiatric consultation, we evaluated the mental status by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R). On the same day, the psychiatrist prescribed etizolam. Although the psychiatric symptoms gradually improved, he was still diagnosed with PTSD because the symptoms based on the DSM-5 criteria continued for more than 1 month. Then, 46 days after discharge, the scoring improved compared with the scoring 28 days after discharge (Figure 1b) . He remains to be an outpatient of our hospital. Our patient with COVID-19 who received ICU care developed PTSD after discharge. Through close observation with appropriate medication and frequent medical interview, his PTSD improved. To the best of our knowledge, mental impairment after ICU care in patients with COVID-19 has remained unreported. A recently published a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections reported that the prevalence of depression, anxiety, PTSD, and fatigue might be high in the patients; however, to date, data on these diagnoses in patients with COVID-19 are preliminary or unpublished 7 . With regard to risk factors, in a systematic review by Davydow et al., it was reported that the female sex is a significant predictor of PTSD after ICU care 8 . Pre-existing depression, anxiety, PTSD, and alcohol abuse as well as lower education level increase the risk of ICU-acquired mental illness 8 . Although these risks were not observed our patient, he still developed severe PTSD. Regarding the mechanism of the development of impaired mental status, no deep sedation, steroid use, or NMB use was administered in our patient. However, both family visit and early This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved rehabilitation were not provided because of the concern of COVID-19 nosocomial infection containment reasons. Moreover, undesirable TV news, such as the COVID-19-related death of celebrities, might have contributed to his PTSD. Thus, early rehabilitation is mandatory to reduce PICS 9 , and any rehabilitation institutions are already involved in the acute care of patients with COVID-19 6 . We carefully observed the mental status of our patient after discharge. After examination via telephone, we scheduled him for outpatient appointments. In the PICS outpatient clinic, we discussed about the current mental state and evaluated the symptoms by using several scales. Given that no outpatient practice is covered by any insurance in Japan to follow-up on the progress of PICS, we urged the patient to come to the hospital regularly during his examination via telephone for drug prescription and mental status evaluation. According to a national survey in Japan, only 7% of the respondents said that a system exists for following up the long-term outcomes of patients after ICU discharge 10 . To actually follow-up patients' long-term outcomes at medical institutions, healthcare providers need to resolve various issues, such as securing costs and actual medical booths, in collaboration with other hospital departments (especially the psychiatry department, which is an important department for PICS), and secure nurses and physicians for medical care. Establishing a follow-up system for the long-term outcomes of patients after ICU discharge enables the evaluation of long-term outcomes in current treatments. The limitation of the present study is that because both physical disabilities and cognitive impairment were not evaluated and that PICS following COVID-19 infection was not comprehensively described. Careful follow-up is required to treat PTSD PICS in patients with COVID-19. Further actual condition evaluation, prevention, treatment, and follow-up activities for mental disorder PICS should be systematically developed in actual clinical practice to improve the long-term prognosis of patients with COVID-19 who underwent ICU treatment. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference Effect of Flexible Family Visitation on Delirium Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: The ICU Visits Randomized Clinical Trial Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic Covid-19 and Post Intensive Care Syndrome: A Call for Action Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic Posttraumatic stress disorder in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved