id sid tid token lemma pos cord-270604-u62437dh 1 1 key key JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 1 2 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 1 3 cord-270604-u62437dh cord-270604-u62437dh NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 1 4 authors author NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 1 5 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 1 6 Cuthill Cuthill NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 1 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 1 8 Jennifer Jennifer NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 1 9 Hoyal Hoyal NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 1 10 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 1 11 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 1 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 2 1 Michael Michael NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 2 2 A. a. NN cord-270604-u62437dh 2 3 title title NN cord-270604-u62437dh 2 4 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 3 1 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 3 2 SIMPLE simple JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 3 3 MODEL model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 3 4 EXPLAINS explain VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 3 5 THE the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 3 6 DYNAMICS dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 3 7 OF of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 3 8 PREFERENTIAL preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 3 9 HOST host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 3 10 SWITCHING switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 3 11 AMONG among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 3 12 MAMMAL mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 3 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 3 14 VIRUSES virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 3 15 date date NN cord-270604-u62437dh 4 1 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 4 2 2013 2013 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 4 3 - - SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 4 4 02 02 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 4 5 - - SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 4 6 19 19 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 4 7 journal journal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 4 8 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 5 1 Evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 5 2 DOI doi NN cord-270604-u62437dh 5 3 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 6 1 10.1111 10.1111 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 6 2 / / SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 6 3 evo.12064 evo.12064 NN cord-270604-u62437dh 7 1 sha sha NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 7 2 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 8 1 361a027022a7865dad9347401b1f8374159d2eb2 361a027022a7865dad9347401b1f8374159d2eb2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 8 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-270604-u62437dh 8 3 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 8 4 270604 270604 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 8 5 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 8 6 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 9 1 u62437dh u62437dh '' cord-270604-u62437dh 10 1 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 10 2 growing grow VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 10 3 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 10 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 10 5 studies study NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 10 6 support support VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 10 7 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 10 8 tendency tendency NN cord-270604-u62437dh 10 9 toward toward IN cord-270604-u62437dh 10 10 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 10 11 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 10 12 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 10 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 10 14 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 10 15 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 10 16 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 10 17 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 10 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 10 19 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 10 20 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 10 21 short short JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 10 22 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 10 23 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 10 24 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 11 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 11 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 11 3 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 4 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 11 5 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 6 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 7 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 11 8 more more RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 11 9 probable probable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 11 10 if if IN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 11 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 11 12 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 11 13 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 14 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 11 15 closely closely RB cord-270604-u62437dh 11 16 related related JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 11 17 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 18 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 11 19 original original JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 11 20 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 21 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 22 if if IN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 11 24 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 11 25 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 11 26 more more RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 11 27 distant distant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 11 28 relative relative NN cord-270604-u62437dh 11 29 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 12 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 12 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 12 3 despite despite IN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 4 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 12 5 importance importance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 6 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 12 8 health health NN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 10 humans human NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 12 11 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 12 12 livestock livestock NN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 12 14 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 12 15 wildlife wildlife NN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 16 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 12 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 12 18 detailed detailed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 12 19 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 12 20 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 21 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 12 22 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 23 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 24 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 12 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 12 26 so so RB cord-270604-u62437dh 12 27 far far RB cord-270604-u62437dh 12 28 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 12 29 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 30 little little RB cord-270604-u62437dh 12 31 studied study VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 12 32 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 13 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 13 2 present present VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 13 3 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 13 4 empirical empirical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 13 5 test test NN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 7 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 13 8 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 13 9 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 13 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 11 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 13 12 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 13 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 14 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 13 15 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 13 16 observed observe VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 17 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 13 18 distributions distribution NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 13 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 20 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 21 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 13 22 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 13 24 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 13 25 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 26 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 13 27 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 13 28 orders order NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 13 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 13 30 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 13 31 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 13 32 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 13 33 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 13 34 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 13 35 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 13 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 13 37 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 14 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 14 2 analysis analysis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 3 focuses focus VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 14 4 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 5 multihost multihost NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 14 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 14 7 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 8 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 14 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 14 10 because because IN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 11 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 14 12 presence presence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 13 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 14 multiple multiple JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 14 15 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 14 16 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 14 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 14 18 estimated estimate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 19 ages age NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 14 20 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 21 origin origin NN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 22 indicate indicate VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 14 23 recent recent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 14 24 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 25 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 14 26 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 15 1 Approximate approximate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 15 2 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 15 3 computation computation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 15 4 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 15 5 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 15 6 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 15 7 compare compare VB cord-270604-u62437dh 15 8 observed observed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 15 9 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 15 10 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 15 11 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 15 12 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 15 13 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 15 14 those those DT cord-270604-u62437dh 15 15 simulated simulate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 15 16 under under IN cord-270604-u62437dh 15 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 15 18 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 15 19 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 15 20 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 16 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 16 2 results result NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 16 3 support support VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 16 4 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 16 5 decreasing decrease VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 16 6 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 16 7 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 8 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 9 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 16 10 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 11 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 16 13 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 14 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 16 15 strong strong JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 16 16 effect effect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 17 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 18 increasing increase VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 16 19 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 16 20 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 16 22 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 23 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 16 24 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 16 25 studied study VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 26 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 16 27 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 16 28 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 17 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 17 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 17 3 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 17 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 17 5 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 17 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 17 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 17 8 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 17 9 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 17 10 fundamentally fundamentally RB cord-270604-u62437dh 17 11 similar similar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 17 12 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 17 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 17 14 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 17 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 17 16 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 17 17 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 17 18 orders order NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 17 19 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 17 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 17 21 potentially potentially RB cord-270604-u62437dh 17 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 17 23 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 17 24 wider wide JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 17 25 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 17 26 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 17 27 coevolutionary coevolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 17 28 systems system NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 17 29 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 18 1 Viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 18 2 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 18 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 18 4 genomes genome NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 18 5 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 18 6 major major JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 18 7 agents agent NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 18 8 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 18 9 infectious infectious JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 18 10 disease disease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 18 11 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 18 12 humans human NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 18 13 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 18 14 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 18 15 Rambaut Rambaut NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 18 16 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 18 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 18 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 18 19 livestock livestock NN cord-270604-u62437dh 18 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 18 21 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 18 22 wildlife wildlife NN cord-270604-u62437dh 18 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 18 24 Cleaveland Cleaveland NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 18 25 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 18 26 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 18 27 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 18 28 2001 2001 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 18 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 18 30 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 19 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-270604-u62437dh 19 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 19 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 19 4 study study NN cord-270604-u62437dh 19 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 19 6 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 19 7 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 19 8 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 19 9 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 19 10 important important JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 19 11 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 19 12 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 19 13 health health NN cord-270604-u62437dh 19 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 19 15 Jones Jones NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 19 16 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 19 17 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 19 18 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 19 19 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 19 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 19 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 19 22 livestock livestock NN cord-270604-u62437dh 19 23 economics economic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 19 24 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 19 25 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 19 26 environmental environmental JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 19 27 conservation conservation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 20 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 20 2 Cleaveland Cleaveland NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 20 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 20 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 20 5 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 20 6 2001 2001 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 20 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 20 8 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 21 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 21 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 21 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 21 4 still still RB cord-270604-u62437dh 21 5 know know VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 21 6 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 21 7 little little JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 21 8 about about IN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 21 10 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 21 11 factors factor NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 21 12 affecting affect VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 21 13 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 14 identity identity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 21 16 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 21 18 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 21 19 type type NN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 21 21 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 22 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 23 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 24 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 21 25 exploited exploit VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 21 27 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 28 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 21 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 21 30 Longdon Longdon NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 21 31 et et FW cord-270604-u62437dh 21 32 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 21 33 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 21 34 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 21 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 21 36 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 21 37 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 21 38 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 21 39 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 21 40 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 21 41 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 21 42 general general JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 21 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 21 44 Perlman Perlman NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 21 45 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 21 46 Jaenike Jaenike NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 21 47 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 21 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 21 49 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 22 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 22 2 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 22 3 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 22 4 widely widely RB cord-270604-u62437dh 22 5 distributed distribute VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 22 6 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 22 7 mammal mammal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 22 8 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 22 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 22 10 suggesting suggest VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 22 11 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 22 12 ancient ancient JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 22 13 origin origin NN cord-270604-u62437dh 22 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 22 15 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 22 16 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 22 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 22 18 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 23 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-270604-u62437dh 23 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 23 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 23 4 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 23 5 recently recently RB cord-270604-u62437dh 23 6 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 7 shown show VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 8 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 23 10 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 23 11 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 23 12 left leave VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 13 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 23 14 fossils fossil NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 23 15 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 23 16 dating date VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 23 17 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 18 millions million NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 23 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 20 years year NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 23 21 ago ago RB cord-270604-u62437dh 23 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 23 23 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 24 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 23 25 form form NN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 26 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 27 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 23 28 viral viral JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 23 29 elements element NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 23 30 integrated integrate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 31 into into IN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 32 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 33 genomes genome NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 23 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 23 35 reviewed review VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 36 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 23 37 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 23 38 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 23 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 23 40 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 24 1 Previously previously RB cord-270604-u62437dh 24 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 24 3 matching match VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 24 4 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 24 5 branching branch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 24 6 patterns pattern NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 24 7 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 8 some some DT cord-270604-u62437dh 24 9 extant extant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 24 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 24 11 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 24 12 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 24 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 24 14 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 24 15 had have VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 24 16 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 17 thought think VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 18 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 24 19 suggest suggest VB cord-270604-u62437dh 24 20 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 24 21 similarly similarly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 24 22 ancient ancient JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 24 23 history history NN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 24 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 25 living live VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 24 26 viral viral JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 24 27 strains strain NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 24 28 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 24 29 characterized characterize VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 30 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 31 cospeciation cospeciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 32 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 33 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 24 34 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 24 35 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 36 hundreds hundred NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 24 37 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 38 thousands thousand NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 24 39 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 24 40 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 41 millions million NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 24 42 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 24 43 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 44 years year NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 24 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 24 46 reviewed review VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 47 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 24 48 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 24 49 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 24 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 24 51 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 25 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 25 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 25 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 25 4 majority majority NN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 25 7 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 25 8 appear appear VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 25 9 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 25 10 have have VB cord-270604-u62437dh 25 11 high high JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 25 12 rates rate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 25 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 14 mutation mutation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 25 16 indicating indicate VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 25 17 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 25 18 age age NN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 19 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 20 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 25 21 order order NN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 22 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 23 hundreds hundred NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 25 24 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 25 years year NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 25 26 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 27 most most JJS cord-270604-u62437dh 25 28 extant extant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 25 29 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 30 taxa taxon NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 25 31 below below IN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 32 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 25 33 family family NN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 34 level level NN cord-270604-u62437dh 25 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 25 36 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 25 37 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 25 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 25 39 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 25 40 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 25 41 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 25 42 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 26 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 2 apparent apparent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 3 discrepancy discrepancy NN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 4 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 26 5 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 26 6 explained explain VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 7 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 8 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 9 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 11 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 26 12 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 13 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 14 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 26 15 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 26 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 26 17 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 26 18 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 26 19 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 26 20 2002 2002 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 26 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 26 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 26 23 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 24 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 25 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 26 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 27 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 28 more more RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 26 29 likely likely JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 30 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 26 31 successfully successfully RB cord-270604-u62437dh 26 32 colonize colonize VB cord-270604-u62437dh 26 33 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 34 new new JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 35 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 36 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 26 37 if if IN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 38 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 39 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 40 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 41 close close JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 42 relative relative NN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 43 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 44 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 45 original original JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 46 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 47 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 48 if if IN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 49 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 26 50 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 51 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 52 more more RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 26 53 distant distant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 54 relative relative NN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 26 56 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 57 similar similar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 26 58 concepts concept NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 26 59 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 60 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 26 61 earlier early JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 26 62 literature literature NN cord-270604-u62437dh 26 63 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 26 64 see see VB cord-270604-u62437dh 26 65 Jermy Jermy NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 26 66 1984 1984 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 26 67 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 26 68 Menken Menken NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 26 69 1996 1996 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 26 70 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 26 71 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 26 72 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 26 73 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 27 1 In in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 27 2 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 27 3 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 27 4 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 27 5 switches switch VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 27 6 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 27 7 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB cord-270604-u62437dh 27 8 distant distant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 27 9 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 27 10 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 27 11 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 27 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 27 13 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 27 14 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 27 15 considered consider VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 27 16 less less RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 27 17 probable probable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 27 18 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 27 19 switches switch NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 27 20 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 27 21 more more RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 27 22 closely closely RB cord-270604-u62437dh 27 23 related related JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 27 24 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 27 25 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 27 26 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 28 1 Such such JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 28 2 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 28 3 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 4 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 5 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 28 6 expected expect VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 7 because because IN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 8 barriers barrier NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 28 9 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 10 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 11 will will MD cord-270604-u62437dh 28 12 depend depend VB cord-270604-u62437dh 28 13 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 14 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 28 15 physiological physiological JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 28 16 similarity similarity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 17 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 18 original original JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 28 19 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 28 20 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 28 21 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 22 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 28 24 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 28 25 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 28 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 28 27 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 28 28 factors factor NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 28 29 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 28 30 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 28 31 depend depend VB cord-270604-u62437dh 28 32 strongly strongly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 28 33 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 34 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 35 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 28 36 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 29 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 29 2 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 29 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 29 4 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 5 turn turn NN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 29 7 because because IN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 8 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 29 9 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 10 represents represent VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 29 11 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 29 12 general general JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 29 13 proxy proxy NN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 14 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 15 physiological physiological JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 29 16 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 29 17 ecological ecological JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 29 18 similarity similarity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 29 20 due due IN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 21 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 22 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 29 23 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 29 24 inheritance inheritance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 25 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 26 traits trait NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 29 27 such such JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 29 28 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 29 suitability suitability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 30 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 31 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 29 32 replication replication NN cord-270604-u62437dh 30 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 30 2 Ohishi Ohishi NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 30 3 et et FW cord-270604-u62437dh 30 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 30 5 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 30 6 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 30 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 30 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 30 9 immune immune JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 30 10 defenses defense NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 31 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 31 2 Longdon Longdon NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 5 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 6 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 31 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 31 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 31 9 nutrient nutrient NN cord-270604-u62437dh 31 10 quality quality NN cord-270604-u62437dh 31 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 31 12 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 31 14 Mouillot Mouillot NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 15 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 31 16 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 31 17 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 18 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 31 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 31 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 31 21 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 31 22 body body NN cord-270604-u62437dh 31 23 size size NN cord-270604-u62437dh 31 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 31 25 Clayton Clayton NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 26 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 27 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 31 28 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 32 1 2003a 2003a CD cord-270604-u62437dh 32 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 32 3 Bush Bush NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 32 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 32 5 Clayton Clayton NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 32 6 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 32 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 32 8 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 33 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 33 2 We -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 33 3 acknowledge acknowledge VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 33 4 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 33 5 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 33 6 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 33 7 specific specific JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 33 8 differences difference NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 33 9 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 33 10 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 33 11 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-270604-u62437dh 33 12 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 33 13 likely likely JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 33 14 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 33 15 lead lead VB cord-270604-u62437dh 33 16 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 33 17 natural natural JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 33 18 variation variation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 33 19 around around IN cord-270604-u62437dh 33 20 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 33 21 overall overall JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 33 22 trend trend NN cord-270604-u62437dh 33 23 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 33 24 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 33 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 33 26 Harder Harder NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 33 27 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 33 28 Osterhaus Osterhaus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 33 29 1997 1997 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 33 30 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 33 31 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 33 32 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 33 33 Mouillot Mouillot NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 33 34 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 33 35 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 33 36 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 33 37 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 33 38 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 33 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 34 1 In in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 2 some some DT cord-270604-u62437dh 34 3 cases case NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 34 4 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 34 5 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 6 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 7 may may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 34 8 also also RB cord-270604-u62437dh 34 9 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 34 10 promoted promote VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 11 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 12 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 34 13 covariance covariance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 14 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 34 16 opportunity opportunity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 17 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 18 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 34 20 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 21 example example NN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 34 23 if if IN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 24 recently recently RB cord-270604-u62437dh 34 25 diverged diverge VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 26 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 34 27 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 34 28 tend tend VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 34 29 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 34 30 have have VB cord-270604-u62437dh 34 31 overlapping overlap VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 34 32 geographic geographic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 34 33 ranges range NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 34 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 34 35 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 34 36 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 34 37 Mouillot Mouillot NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 34 38 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 34 39 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 34 40 Davies Davies NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 34 41 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 34 42 Pedersen Pedersen NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 34 43 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 34 44 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 34 45 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 34 46 see see VB cord-270604-u62437dh 34 47 also also RB cord-270604-u62437dh 34 48 Daszak Daszak NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 34 49 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 34 50 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 34 51 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 34 52 2001 2001 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 34 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 34 54 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 35 1 Since since IN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 2 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 35 3 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 4 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 5 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 35 6 proposed propose VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 7 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 8 primate primate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 35 9 lentiviruses lentiviruse NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 35 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 35 11 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 35 12 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 35 13 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 35 14 2002 2002 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 35 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 35 16 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 35 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 35 18 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 35 19 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 20 suggested suggest VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 21 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 22 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 35 23 general general JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 35 24 characteristic characteristic NN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 25 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 26 viral viral JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 35 27 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 28 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 35 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 35 30 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 35 31 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 35 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 35 33 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 35 34 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 35 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 35 36 wider wide JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 35 37 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 35 38 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 39 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 35 40 documented document VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 41 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 42 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 35 43 studies study NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 35 44 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 35 45 fleas flea NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 35 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 35 47 Siphonaptera Siphonaptera NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 35 48 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 35 49 Insecta Insecta NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 35 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 36 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 36 2 Krasnov Krasnov NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 36 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 36 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 36 5 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 36 6 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 36 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 36 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 36 9 jumping jump VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 36 10 plant plant NN cord-270604-u62437dh 36 11 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 36 12 lice lice NN cord-270604-u62437dh 36 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 36 14 Psylloidea Psylloidea NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 36 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 36 16 Insecta Insecta NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 36 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 37 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 37 2 Percy Percy NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 37 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 37 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 37 5 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 37 6 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 37 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 37 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 37 9 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 37 10 brood brood NN cord-270604-u62437dh 37 11 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 37 12 parasitic parasitic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 37 13 indigobirds indigobird NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 38 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 38 2 Vidua Vidua NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 38 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 38 4 Passeriformes Passeriformes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 38 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 39 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 39 2 Sorenson Sorenson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 39 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 39 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 39 5 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 39 6 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 39 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 39 8 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 39 9 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 39 10 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 39 11 experimental experimental JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 39 12 studies study NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 39 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 39 14 sigma sigma NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 39 15 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 40 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 2 Longdon Longdon NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 5 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 6 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 40 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 40 9 Spiroplasma Spiroplasma NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 10 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 40 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 12 Tinsley Tinsley NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 40 14 Majerus Majerus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 15 2007 2007 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 40 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 40 18 lice lice NN cord-270604-u62437dh 40 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 20 Phthiraptera Phthiraptera NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 40 22 Insecta Insecta NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 25 Clayton Clayton NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 26 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 27 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 28 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 29 2003a 2003a CD cord-270604-u62437dh 40 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 31 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 40 32 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 40 33 nematodes nematode NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 40 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 35 Allantonematidae Allantonematidae NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 36 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 40 37 Tylenchida Tylenchida NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 40 Perlman Perlman NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 41 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 40 42 Jaenike Jaenike NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 40 43 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 40 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 40 45 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 41 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 41 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 41 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 41 4 detailed detailed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 41 5 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 41 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 41 7 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 41 8 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 41 9 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 41 10 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 41 11 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 41 12 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 41 13 little little RB cord-270604-u62437dh 41 14 studied study VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 41 15 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 42 1 In in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 2 particular particular JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 42 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 42 4 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 42 5 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 42 6 describing describe VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 42 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 42 8 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 10 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 11 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 42 12 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 13 genetic genetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 42 14 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 15 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 16 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 42 17 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 42 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 42 19 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 42 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 42 21 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 42 22 2002 2002 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 42 23 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 42 24 Engelstädter Engelstädter NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 42 25 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 42 26 Hurst Hurst NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 42 27 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 42 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 42 29 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 42 30 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 42 31 previously previously RB cord-270604-u62437dh 42 32 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 33 tested test VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 34 empirically empirically RB cord-270604-u62437dh 42 35 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 42 36 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 42 37 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 42 38 extent extent NN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 39 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 42 40 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 42 41 similar similar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 42 42 parameters parameter NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 42 43 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 44 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 42 45 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 46 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 47 hold hold VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 42 48 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 49 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 42 50 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 51 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 42 52 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 42 53 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 42 54 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 42 55 until until IN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 56 now now RB cord-270604-u62437dh 42 57 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 42 58 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 59 investigated investigate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 42 60 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 43 1 Two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 43 2 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 43 3 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 43 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 43 5 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 43 6 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 43 7 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 43 8 will will MD cord-270604-u62437dh 43 9 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 43 10 considered consider VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 43 11 here here RB cord-270604-u62437dh 43 12 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 44 1 Both both DT cord-270604-u62437dh 44 2 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 44 3 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 44 4 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 44 5 proposed propose VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 44 6 before before IN cord-270604-u62437dh 44 7 now now RB cord-270604-u62437dh 44 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 44 9 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 44 10 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 44 11 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 44 12 2002 2002 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 44 13 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 44 14 Engelstädter Engelstädter NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 44 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 44 16 Hurst Hurst NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 44 17 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 44 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 44 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 44 20 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 44 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 44 22 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 44 23 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 44 24 previously previously RB cord-270604-u62437dh 44 25 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 44 26 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 44 27 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 44 28 test test VB cord-270604-u62437dh 44 29 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 44 30 compare compare VB cord-270604-u62437dh 44 31 them -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 44 32 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 44 33 real real JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 44 34 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 44 35 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 44 36 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 44 37 association association NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 44 38 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 44 39 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 45 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 45 2 first first JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 45 4 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 5 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 45 6 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 7 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 8 based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 9 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 45 11 simple simple JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 12 notion notion NN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 13 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 14 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 45 15 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 16 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 45 17 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 18 colonizing colonize VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 45 19 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 45 20 new new JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 21 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 22 will will MD cord-270604-u62437dh 45 23 have have VB cord-270604-u62437dh 45 24 reduced reduce VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 25 fitness fitness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 26 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 27 that that DT cord-270604-u62437dh 45 28 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 29 if if IN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 30 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 45 31 represents represent VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 32 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 45 33 dissimilar dissimilar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 34 physiological physiological JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 35 environment environment NN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 36 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 37 that that DT cord-270604-u62437dh 45 38 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 39 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 40 original original JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 45 41 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 45 43 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 44 introduced introduce VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 45 45 above above RB cord-270604-u62437dh 45 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 45 47 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 46 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 46 2 second second JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 46 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 46 4 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 46 5 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 46 6 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 7 derives derive VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 46 8 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 46 10 idea idea NN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 11 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 12 there there EX cord-270604-u62437dh 46 13 will will MD cord-270604-u62437dh 46 14 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 46 15 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 46 16 certain certain JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 46 17 tolerance tolerance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 18 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 19 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 46 20 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 21 new new JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 46 22 environments environment NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 46 23 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 46 24 within within IN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 25 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 46 26 they -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 46 27 may may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 46 28 remain remain VB cord-270604-u62437dh 46 29 optimally optimally RB cord-270604-u62437dh 46 30 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 46 31 near near RB cord-270604-u62437dh 46 32 - - : cord-270604-u62437dh 46 33 optimally optimally RB cord-270604-u62437dh 46 34 fit fit JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 46 35 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 46 36 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 46 37 beyond beyond IN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 38 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 46 39 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 46 40 combination combination NN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 41 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 42 multiple multiple JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 46 43 factors factor NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 46 44 ' ' POS cord-270604-u62437dh 46 45 deviation deviation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 46 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 47 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 46 48 environment environment NN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 49 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 46 50 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 46 51 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 46 52 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 53 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 46 54 adapted adapt VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 55 will will MD cord-270604-u62437dh 46 56 become become VB cord-270604-u62437dh 46 57 too too RB cord-270604-u62437dh 46 58 much much JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 46 59 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 46 60 fitness fitness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 46 61 will will MD cord-270604-u62437dh 46 62 rapidly rapidly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 46 63 decline decline VB cord-270604-u62437dh 46 64 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 47 1 These these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 47 2 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 47 3 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 47 4 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 47 5 neatly neatly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 47 6 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 47 7 described describe VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 47 8 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 47 9 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 47 10 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 47 11 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 47 12 half half NN cord-270604-u62437dh 47 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 47 14 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 47 15 Gaussian gaussian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 47 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 47 17 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 47 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 47 19 function function NN cord-270604-u62437dh 47 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 47 21 respectively respectively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 47 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 47 23 see see VB cord-270604-u62437dh 47 24 eq eq NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 47 25 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 47 26 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 47 27 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 47 28 below below RB cord-270604-u62437dh 47 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 47 30 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 48 1 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 48 2 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 48 3 example example NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 5 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 48 6 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 7 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 8 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 48 9 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB cord-270604-u62437dh 48 10 restricted restricted JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 48 11 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 48 12 tolerable tolerable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 48 13 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 14 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 48 16 infrequent infrequent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 48 17 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 18 switches switch VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 48 19 beyond beyond IN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 20 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 48 21 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 48 23 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 24 predicted predict VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 25 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 26 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 48 27 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 48 28 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 29 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 48 30 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 31 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 48 33 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 48 34 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 48 35 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 48 36 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 48 37 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 49 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 49 2 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 49 3 apparently apparently RB cord-270604-u62437dh 49 4 more more RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 49 5 easily easily RB cord-270604-u62437dh 49 6 transmitted transmit VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 7 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 8 bird bird NN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 9 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 49 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 49 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 49 12 reservoir reservoir NN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 13 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 49 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 49 15 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 16 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 17 other other JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 49 18 animals animal NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 49 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 49 20 due due IN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 21 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 22 adaptation adaptation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 23 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 24 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 25 subtypes subtype NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 49 26 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 27 hostspecific hostspecific NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 49 28 surface surface NN cord-270604-u62437dh 49 29 receptors receptor NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 49 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 49 31 Webster Webster NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 49 32 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 49 33 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 49 34 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 50 1 1992 1992 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 50 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 50 3 Dugan Dugan NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 50 4 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 50 5 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 50 6 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 51 1 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 51 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 51 3 Bandín Bandín NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 51 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 51 5 Dopazo Dopazo NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 51 6 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 51 7 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 51 8 Gambaryan Gambaryan NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 51 9 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 51 10 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 51 11 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 51 12 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 51 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 51 14 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 52 1 On on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 2 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 52 3 other other JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 52 4 hand hand NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 5 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 52 6 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 52 7 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 8 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 52 9 appears appear VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 52 10 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 52 11 show show VB cord-270604-u62437dh 52 12 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 52 13 immediate immediate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 52 14 reduction reduction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 15 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 16 infectivity infectivity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 17 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 18 increasing increase VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 52 19 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 52 20 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 21 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 22 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 52 23 original original JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 52 24 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 52 26 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 27 predicted predict VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 28 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 29 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 52 30 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 52 31 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 32 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 52 33 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 34 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 52 36 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 52 37 measles measles NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 38 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 52 39 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 52 40 MV MV NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 52 41 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 53 1 For for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 2 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 53 3 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 4 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 53 5 frequency frequency NN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 7 wild wild JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 53 8 transmission transmission NN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 9 appears appear VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 53 10 considerably considerably RB cord-270604-u62437dh 53 11 higher high JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 53 12 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 13 humans human NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 53 14 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 53 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 53 16 natural natural JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 53 17 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 53 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 53 19 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 20 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 21 nonhuman nonhuman NN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 22 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 53 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 53 24 de de NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 53 25 Swart Swart NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 53 26 2009 2009 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 53 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 53 28 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 53 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 53 30 even even RB cord-270604-u62437dh 53 31 more more RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 53 32 so so RB cord-270604-u62437dh 53 33 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 53 34 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 35 other other JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 53 36 mammals mammal NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 53 37 such such JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 53 38 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 53 39 rodents rodent NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 53 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 53 41 Dörig Dörig NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 53 42 et et FW cord-270604-u62437dh 53 43 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 53 44 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 53 45 1994 1994 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 53 46 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 53 47 Wyde Wyde NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 53 48 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 53 49 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 53 50 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 53 51 2000 2000 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 53 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 53 53 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 54 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 54 2 histories history NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 54 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 54 4 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 54 5 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 54 6 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 54 7 association association NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 54 8 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 54 9 often often RB cord-270604-u62437dh 54 10 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 54 11 investigated investigate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 54 12 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 54 13 cophylogenetic cophylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 54 14 analysis analysis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 54 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 54 16 comparisons comparison NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 54 17 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 54 18 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 54 19 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 54 20 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 54 21 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 54 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 54 23 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 54 24 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 54 25 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 54 26 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 54 27 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 54 28 2002 2002 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 54 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 54 30 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 55 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 55 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 55 3 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 55 4 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 6 historical historical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 55 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 8 switches switch NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 55 9 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 55 10 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 55 11 method method NN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 12 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 55 13 complicated complicate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 14 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 55 16 finding finding NN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 17 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 55 18 both both CC cord-270604-u62437dh 55 19 cospeciation cospeciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 55 21 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 55 22 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 23 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 24 predict predict VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 55 25 similar similar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 55 26 branching branch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 55 27 patterns pattern NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 55 28 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 29 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 30 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 55 31 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 55 32 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 55 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 55 34 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 55 35 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 55 36 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 55 37 2002 2002 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 55 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 55 39 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 56 1 Current current JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 56 2 methods method NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 56 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 4 cophylogenetic cophylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 56 5 analysis analysis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 56 7 implemented implement VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 8 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 9 programs program NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 56 10 such such JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 56 11 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 12 TreeMap TreeMap NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 56 14 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 56 16 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 17 2002 2002 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 56 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 56 19 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 56 20 Jane Jane NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 56 22 Conow Conow NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 23 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 24 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 25 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 26 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 56 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 56 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 56 29 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 30 designed design VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 31 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 56 32 test test VB cord-270604-u62437dh 56 33 hypotheses hypothesis NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 56 34 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 35 cospeciation cospeciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 36 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 56 37 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 56 38 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 56 39 reconstructions reconstruction NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 56 40 they -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 41 produce produce VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 42 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 43 expected expect VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 44 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 56 45 decrease decrease VB cord-270604-u62437dh 56 46 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 47 optimality optimality NN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 48 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 49 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 56 50 actual actual JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 56 51 incidence incidence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 52 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 53 cospeciation cospeciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 56 54 declines decline NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 56 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 56 56 Percy Percy NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 57 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 58 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 56 59 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 56 60 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 56 61 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 56 62 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 57 1 To to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 57 2 overcome overcome VB cord-270604-u62437dh 57 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 57 4 above above JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 57 5 complications complication NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 57 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 57 7 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 57 8 study study NN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 9 takes take VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 57 10 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 57 11 alternative alternative JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 57 12 approach approach NN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 57 14 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 57 15 reconstructs reconstruct VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 57 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 57 17 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 57 18 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 19 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 57 20 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 21 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 57 22 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 23 38 38 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 57 24 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 25 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 57 26 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 27 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 57 28 RNA rna NN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 29 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 57 30 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 31 mammals mammal NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 57 32 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 57 33 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 34 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 57 35 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 36 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 57 37 primate primate NN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 38 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 57 39 carnivore carnivore NN cord-270604-u62437dh 57 40 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 57 41 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 57 42 ungulate ungulate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 57 43 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 57 44 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 58 1 Multihost Multihost NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 58 2 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 58 3 use use VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 58 4 multiple multiple JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 58 5 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 58 6 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 58 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 58 8 often often RB cord-270604-u62437dh 58 9 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 58 10 definitive definitive JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 58 11 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 58 12 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 58 13 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 58 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 58 15 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 58 16 able able JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 58 17 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 58 18 complete complete VB cord-270604-u62437dh 58 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 58 20 life life NN cord-270604-u62437dh 58 21 cycle cycle NN cord-270604-u62437dh 58 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 58 23 reproduce reproduce VB cord-270604-u62437dh 58 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 58 25 Banks Banks NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 58 26 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 58 27 Paterson Paterson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 58 28 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 58 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 59 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 59 2 here here RB cord-270604-u62437dh 59 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 59 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 59 5 term term NN cord-270604-u62437dh 59 6 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 59 7 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 59 8 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 59 9 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 59 10 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 59 11 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 59 12 simplicity simplicity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 59 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 59 14 though though IN cord-270604-u62437dh 59 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 59 16 arguments argument NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 59 17 apply apply VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 59 18 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 59 19 both both DT cord-270604-u62437dh 59 20 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 59 21 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 59 22 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 59 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 59 24 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 60 1 Although although IN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 2 most most JJS cord-270604-u62437dh 60 3 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 60 4 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 60 5 likely likely JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 60 6 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 60 7 experience experience VB cord-270604-u62437dh 60 8 some some DT cord-270604-u62437dh 60 9 level level NN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 11 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 12 barrier barrier NN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 60 14 giving give VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 60 15 reduced reduce VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 16 infectivity infectivity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 17 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 18 individuals individual NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 60 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 20 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 60 21 unusual unusual JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 60 22 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 23 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 60 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 60 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 60 26 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 60 27 majority majority NN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 28 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 29 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 60 30 may may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 60 31 have have VB cord-270604-u62437dh 60 32 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 60 33 potential potential NN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 34 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 60 35 infect infect VB cord-270604-u62437dh 60 36 multiple multiple JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 60 37 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 60 38 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 60 39 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 61 1 Two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 61 2 alternative alternative JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 61 3 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 61 4 processes process NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 61 5 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 61 6 generally generally RB cord-270604-u62437dh 61 7 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 61 8 suggested suggest VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 61 9 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 61 10 explain explain VB cord-270604-u62437dh 61 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 61 12 presence presence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 61 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 61 14 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 61 15 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 61 16 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 61 17 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 61 18 multiple multiple JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 61 19 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 61 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 61 21 Banks Banks NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 61 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 61 23 Paterson Paterson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 61 24 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 61 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 61 26 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 62 1 One one CD cord-270604-u62437dh 62 2 process process NN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 3 involves involve VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 62 4 association association NN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 5 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 6 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 62 7 descent descent NN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 62 9 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 10 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 62 11 divergent divergent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 62 12 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 13 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 62 14 inherit inherit VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 62 15 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 62 16 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 17 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 62 18 does do VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 62 19 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 62 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 62 21 itself -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 62 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 62 23 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 62 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 62 25 referred refer VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 26 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 27 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 62 28 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 62 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 62 30 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 31 failure failure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 62 32 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 62 33 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 63 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 63 2 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 63 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 63 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 63 5 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 64 1 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 64 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 64 3 Banks Banks NNPS cord-270604-u62437dh 64 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 64 5 Paterson Paterson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 64 6 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 64 7 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 64 8 Clayton Clayton NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 64 9 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 64 10 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 64 11 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 64 12 2003b 2003b CD cord-270604-u62437dh 64 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 64 14 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 64 15 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 64 16 diverge diverge VB cord-270604-u62437dh 64 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 64 18 Conow Conow NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 64 19 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 64 20 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 64 21 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 64 22 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 64 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 64 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 64 25 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 65 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 65 2 other other JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 65 3 process process NN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 4 involves involve VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 65 5 association association NN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 6 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 7 colonization colonization NN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 65 9 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 10 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 65 11 one one CD cord-270604-u62437dh 65 12 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 13 population population NN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 14 switches switch NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 65 15 host host VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 65 16 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 65 17 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 65 18 does do VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 65 19 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 65 20 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 65 21 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 22 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 65 23 population population NN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 24 maintained maintain VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 25 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 26 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 65 27 original original JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 65 28 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 65 30 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 65 31 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 65 32 refer refer VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 65 33 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 34 here here RB cord-270604-u62437dh 65 35 as as RB cord-270604-u62437dh 65 36 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 65 37 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 38 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 39 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 65 40 after after IN cord-270604-u62437dh 65 41 Clayton Clayton NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 65 42 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 65 43 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 65 44 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 65 45 2003b 2003b CD cord-270604-u62437dh 65 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 65 47 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 66 1 Failure failure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 2 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 66 3 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 66 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 66 5 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 66 6 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 7 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 8 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 66 9 comparable comparable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 66 10 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 66 12 cophylogenetic cophylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 66 13 events event NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 66 14 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 15 singlehost singlehost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 16 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 66 17 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 66 19 respectively respectively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 66 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 66 21 cospeciation cospeciation NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 66 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 66 23 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 66 24 involves involve VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 66 25 association association NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 26 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 27 descent descent NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 28 ; ; , cord-270604-u62437dh 66 29 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 66 30 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 31 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 32 speciation speciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 66 34 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 66 35 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 36 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 66 38 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 66 39 involves involve VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 66 40 association association NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 41 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 42 colonization colonization NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 43 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 66 44 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 66 45 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 46 either either DT cord-270604-u62437dh 66 47 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 48 speciation speciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 49 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 66 50 extinction extinction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 51 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 52 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 66 53 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 54 population population NN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 55 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 66 56 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 66 57 original original JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 66 58 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 67 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 67 2 Clayton Clayton NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 67 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 67 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 67 5 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 67 6 2003b 2003b CD cord-270604-u62437dh 67 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 67 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 67 9 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 68 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 68 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 68 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 68 4 note note VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 68 5 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 68 6 currently currently RB cord-270604-u62437dh 68 7 available available JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 68 8 cophylogenetic cophylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 68 9 methods method NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 68 10 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 68 11 able able JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 68 12 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 68 13 fully fully RB cord-270604-u62437dh 68 14 reconstruct reconstruct VB cord-270604-u62437dh 68 15 only only RB cord-270604-u62437dh 68 16 one one CD cord-270604-u62437dh 68 17 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 68 18 these these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 68 19 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 68 20 events event NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 68 21 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 68 22 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 68 23 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 68 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 68 25 failure failure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 68 26 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 68 27 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 68 28 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 68 29 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 68 30 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 68 31 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 68 32 reconstructed reconstruct VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 68 33 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 68 34 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 68 35 software software NN cord-270604-u62437dh 68 36 package package NN cord-270604-u62437dh 68 37 Jane Jane NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 68 38 3 3 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 68 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 68 40 Conow Conow NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 68 41 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 68 42 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 68 43 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 68 44 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 68 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 68 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 68 47 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 69 1 For for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 2 extant extant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 69 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 69 4 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 69 5 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 69 6 failure failure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 7 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 69 8 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 69 9 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 69 10 ruled rule VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 11 out out RP cord-270604-u62437dh 69 12 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 69 14 young young JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 69 15 age age NN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 16 relative relative JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 69 17 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 69 19 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 20 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 69 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 69 22 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 23 implied imply VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 24 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 25 current current JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 69 26 estimates estimate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 69 27 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 28 substitution substitution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 29 rates rate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 69 30 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 31 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 69 32 majority majority NN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 33 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 34 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 69 35 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 69 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 69 37 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 69 38 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 69 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 69 40 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 69 41 discussed discuss VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 69 42 below below RB cord-270604-u62437dh 69 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 69 44 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 70 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 70 2 leaves leave VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 70 3 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 4 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 70 5 - - : cord-270604-u62437dh 70 6 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 7 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 70 8 case case NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 9 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 70 10 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 70 11 that that RB cord-270604-u62437dh 70 12 is is RB cord-270604-u62437dh 70 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 70 14 without without IN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 15 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 16 speciation speciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 17 - - : cord-270604-u62437dh 70 18 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 19 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 70 20 most most RBS cord-270604-u62437dh 70 21 probable probable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 70 22 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 70 23 mechanism mechanism NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 24 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 25 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 70 26 spread spread NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 27 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 28 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 70 29 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 30 RNA rna NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 31 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 32 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 33 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 34 multiple multiple JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 70 35 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 70 36 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 70 37 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 71 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 71 2 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 71 5 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 71 6 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 71 8 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 71 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 71 11 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 12 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 71 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 71 14 therefore therefore RB cord-270604-u62437dh 71 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 71 16 provides provide VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 71 17 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 71 18 record record NN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 20 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 21 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 71 22 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 71 23 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 71 24 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 71 25 allows allow VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 71 26 us -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 71 27 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 71 28 test test VB cord-270604-u62437dh 71 29 alternative alternative JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 71 30 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 71 31 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 71 32 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 33 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 71 34 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 35 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 71 36 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 72 1 To to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 72 2 achieve achieve VB cord-270604-u62437dh 72 3 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 72 4 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 72 5 approximate approximate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 72 6 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 72 7 computation computation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 72 9 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 72 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 72 11 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 72 12 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 13 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 72 14 test test VB cord-270604-u62437dh 72 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 72 16 fit fit NN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 17 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 18 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 72 19 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 72 20 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 72 21 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 22 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 72 23 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 24 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 72 25 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 26 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 72 27 observed observed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 72 28 distributions distribution NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 72 29 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 30 multihost multihost NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 72 31 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 72 32 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 72 33 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 34 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 72 35 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 72 36 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 37 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 72 38 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 72 39 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 72 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 72 41 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 72 42 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 72 43 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 72 44 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 72 45 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 72 46 terrestrial terrestrial JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 72 47 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 72 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 72 49 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 73 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 73 2 method method NN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 3 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 73 4 also also RB cord-270604-u62437dh 73 5 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 6 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 73 7 estimate estimate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 73 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 73 9 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 11 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 73 12 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 13 describing describe VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 73 14 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 73 15 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 16 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 73 18 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 20 hostswitching hostswitche VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 73 21 success success NN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 22 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 23 increasing increase VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 73 24 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 73 25 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 26 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 73 27 current current JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 73 28 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 73 29 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 73 30 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 73 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 73 32 details detail NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 73 33 below below RB cord-270604-u62437dh 73 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 73 35 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 74 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 74 2 results result NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 74 3 support support VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 74 4 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 74 5 decreasing decrease VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 74 6 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 74 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 74 8 Gaussian Gaussian NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 74 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 74 10 function function VB cord-270604-u62437dh 74 11 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 74 13 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 14 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 15 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 74 16 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 74 17 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 18 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 19 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 20 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 74 21 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 74 23 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 24 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 74 25 strong strong JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 74 26 effect effect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 27 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 28 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 74 29 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 30 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 31 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 74 32 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 33 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 74 34 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 35 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 74 36 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 75 1 Records record NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 75 2 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 3 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 4 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 75 5 exploited exploit VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 6 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 75 8 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 75 9 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 75 10 taken take VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 11 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 75 13 Global Global NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 75 14 Mammal Mammal NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 75 15 Parasite Parasite NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 75 16 Database database NN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 75 18 GMPD GMPD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 75 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 75 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 75 21 Nunn Nunn NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 75 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 75 23 Alitzer Alitzer NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 75 24 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 75 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 75 26 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 75 27 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 75 28 large large JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 75 29 compilation compilation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 30 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 31 wild wild JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 75 32 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 33 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 75 34 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 35 / / SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 75 36 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 37 associations association NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 75 38 documented document VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 39 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 40 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 75 41 scientific scientific JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 75 42 literature literature NN cord-270604-u62437dh 75 43 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 76 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 76 2 database database NN cord-270604-u62437dh 76 3 covers cover VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 76 4 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 76 5 major major JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 76 6 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 76 7 groups group NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 76 8 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 76 9 nonhuman nonhuman NN cord-270604-u62437dh 76 10 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 76 11 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 76 12 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 76 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 76 14 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 76 15 terrestrial terrestrial JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 76 16 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 76 17 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 77 1 Corresponding correspond VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 77 2 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 77 3 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 77 4 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 77 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 77 6 Primates Primates NNPS cord-270604-u62437dh 77 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 77 8 Carnivora Carnivora NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 77 9 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 77 10 Cetartiodactyla Cetartiodactyla NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 77 11 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 77 12 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 77 13 downloaded download VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 77 14 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 77 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 77 16 10kTrees 10ktrees CD cord-270604-u62437dh 77 17 project project NN cord-270604-u62437dh 77 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 77 19 Arnold Arnold NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 77 20 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 77 21 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 77 22 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 77 23 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 77 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 77 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 77 26 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 77 27 provides provide VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 77 28 up up RB cord-270604-u62437dh 77 29 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 77 30 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 77 31 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 77 32 date date NN cord-270604-u62437dh 77 33 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 77 34 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 77 35 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 77 36 these these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 77 37 mammal mammal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 77 38 orders order NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 77 39 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 78 1 For for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 2 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 78 3 order order NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 4 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 78 5 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 78 6 50 50 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 78 7 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 8 majority majority NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 9 rule rule NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 10 consensus consensus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 12 10,000 10,000 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 78 13 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 78 14 sampled sample VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 15 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 78 17 Bayesian Bayesian NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 18 Markov Markov NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 19 Chain Chain NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 20 Monte Monte NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 21 Carlo Carlo NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 78 23 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 78 25 tree tree NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 26 search search NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 78 28 excluding exclude VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 78 29 burn burn NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 30 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 78 31 in in NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 78 33 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 78 34 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 78 35 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 36 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 37 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 78 38 main main JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 78 39 analyses analysis NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 78 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 78 41 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 42 details detail NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 78 43 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 44 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 78 45 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 78 46 methods method NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 78 47 see see VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 48 Arnold Arnold NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 49 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 50 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 51 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 78 52 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 78 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 78 54 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 79 1 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 79 2 second second JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 79 3 analysis analysis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 79 4 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 79 5 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 79 6 used use VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 79 7 1000 1000 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 79 8 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 79 9 sampled sample VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 79 10 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 79 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 79 12 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 79 13 chain chain NN cord-270604-u62437dh 79 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 79 15 again again RB cord-270604-u62437dh 79 16 excluding exclude VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 79 17 burn burn NN cord-270604-u62437dh 79 18 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 79 19 in in NN cord-270604-u62437dh 79 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 79 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 79 22 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 79 23 conducted conduct VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 79 24 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 79 25 test test VB cord-270604-u62437dh 79 26 whether whether IN cord-270604-u62437dh 79 27 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 79 28 results result NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 79 29 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 79 30 robust robust JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 79 31 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 79 32 phylogenetic phylogenetic VB cord-270604-u62437dh 79 33 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-270604-u62437dh 79 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 79 35 details detail NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 79 36 below below RB cord-270604-u62437dh 79 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 79 38 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 80 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 80 2 dataset dataset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 4 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 5 associations association NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 80 6 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 80 7 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 80 8 restricted restrict VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 9 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 10 those those DT cord-270604-u62437dh 80 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 80 12 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 13 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 80 14 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 15 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 16 more more JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 80 17 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 18 one one CD cord-270604-u62437dh 80 19 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 20 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 80 21 represented represent VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 22 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 23 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 80 24 10kTrees 10ktrees CD cord-270604-u62437dh 80 25 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 80 26 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 81 1 Some some DT cord-270604-u62437dh 81 2 extant extant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 81 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 81 4 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 81 5 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 81 6 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 7 suggested suggest VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 8 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 81 9 have have VB cord-270604-u62437dh 81 10 unusually unusually RB cord-270604-u62437dh 81 11 low low JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 81 12 substitution substitution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 13 rates rate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 81 14 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 81 15 old old JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 81 16 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 81 17 origins origin NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 81 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 81 19 making make VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 81 20 cospeciation cospeciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 21 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 81 23 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 24 species species VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 81 25 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 81 26 possibility possibility NN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 81 28 reviewed review VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 29 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 30 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 81 31 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 81 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 81 33 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 81 34 potentially potentially RB cord-270604-u62437dh 81 35 introducing introduce VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 81 36 failure failure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 37 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 81 38 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 81 39 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 40 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 81 41 explanation explanation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 42 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 43 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 81 44 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 45 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 46 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 81 47 widespread widespread JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 81 48 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 81 49 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 82 1 Of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 82 2 these these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 82 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 82 4 one one CD cord-270604-u62437dh 82 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 82 6 simian simian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 82 7 foamy foamy NN cord-270604-u62437dh 82 8 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 82 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 82 10 see see VB cord-270604-u62437dh 82 11 Switzer Switzer NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 82 12 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 82 13 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 82 14 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 82 15 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 82 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 82 17 appeared appear VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 82 18 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 82 19 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 82 20 primary primary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 82 21 dataset dataset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 82 22 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 83 1 Because because IN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 2 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 83 3 study study NN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 4 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 83 5 concerned concern VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 6 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 83 8 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 83 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 10 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 11 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 83 13 rather rather RB cord-270604-u62437dh 83 14 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 15 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 83 16 failure failure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 17 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 83 18 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 83 19 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 83 20 events event NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 83 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 83 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 83 23 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 83 24 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 25 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 83 26 excluded exclude VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 27 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 28 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 83 29 final final JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 83 30 dataset dataset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 83 31 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 84 1 Had have VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 84 2 there there EX cord-270604-u62437dh 84 3 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 84 4 any any DT cord-270604-u62437dh 84 5 unidentified unidentified JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 84 6 failures failure NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 84 7 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 84 8 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 84 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 84 10 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 84 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 84 12 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 84 13 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 84 14 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 84 15 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 84 16 included include VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 84 17 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 84 18 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 84 19 analyses analysis NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 84 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 84 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 84 22 could could MD cord-270604-u62437dh 84 23 potentially potentially RB cord-270604-u62437dh 84 24 bias bias VB cord-270604-u62437dh 84 25 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 84 26 conclusions conclusion NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 84 27 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 85 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 85 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 85 3 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 4 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 85 5 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 6 associations association NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 85 7 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 85 9 time time NN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 10 scales scale NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 85 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 12 mammal mammal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 85 13 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 14 divergence divergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 85 16 generally generally RB cord-270604-u62437dh 85 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 85 18 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 19 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 85 20 order order NN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 21 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 22 millions million NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 85 23 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 24 years year NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 85 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 85 26 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 85 27 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 85 28 dos dos NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 85 29 Reis Reis NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 85 30 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 85 31 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 85 32 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 85 33 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 85 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 85 35 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 85 36 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 37 rejected reject VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 38 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 85 39 considered consider VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 40 less less RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 85 41 probable probable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 85 42 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 43 recent recent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 85 44 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 45 switches switch NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 85 46 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 47 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 85 48 remaining remain VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 85 49 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 85 50 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 51 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 85 52 dataset dataset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 85 53 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 86 1 These these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 86 2 comprised comprise VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 86 3 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 86 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 86 5 caliciviruses caliciviruse NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 86 6 reptilian reptilian NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 86 7 crotalus-1 crotalus-1 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 86 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 86 9 feline feline JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 86 10 calicivirus calicivirus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 86 11 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 86 12 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 86 13 San San NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 86 14 Miguel Miguel NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 86 15 sea sea NN cord-270604-u62437dh 86 16 lion lion NN cord-270604-u62437dh 86 17 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 87 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 87 2 Smith Smith NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 87 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 87 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 87 5 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 88 1 1998 1998 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 88 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 88 3 Etherington Etherington NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 88 4 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 88 5 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 88 6 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 88 7 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 88 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 88 9 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 88 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 88 11 coronaviruses coronaviruses NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 88 12 canine canine JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 88 13 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 88 14 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 88 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 88 16 feline feline JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 88 17 infectious infectious JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 88 18 peritonitis peritonitis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 88 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 88 20 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 88 21 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 88 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 88 23 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 89 1 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 89 2 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 89 3 feline feline JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 89 4 leukemia leukemia NN cord-270604-u62437dh 89 5 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 89 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 89 7 feline feline JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 89 8 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN cord-270604-u62437dh 89 9 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 89 10 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 89 11 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 89 12 simian simian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 89 13 T T NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 89 14 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 89 15 lymphotropic lymphotropic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 89 16 virus-1 virus-1 NN cord-270604-u62437dh 89 17 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 89 18 -L -l ADD cord-270604-u62437dh 90 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 90 2 Van Van NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 90 3 Brussel Brussel NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 90 4 et et FW cord-270604-u62437dh 90 5 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 90 6 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 91 1 1999 1999 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 91 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 91 3 Switzer Switzer NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 91 4 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 91 5 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 91 6 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 92 1 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 92 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 92 3 López López NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 4 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 5 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 6 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 92 7 2009 2009 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 92 8 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 92 9 Roelke Roelke NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 10 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 11 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 12 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 92 13 2009 2009 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 92 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 92 15 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 92 16 rabies rabies NN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 17 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 92 19 Jackson Jackson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 92 21 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 22 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 92 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 92 24 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 92 25 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 92 26 morbilliviruses morbilliviruses NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 27 measles measles NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 28 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 92 30 canine canine JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 92 31 distemper distemper NN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 32 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 33 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 92 34 phocine phocine NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 35 distemper distemper NN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 36 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 37 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 92 38 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 92 39 dolphin dolphin NN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 40 morbillivirus morbillivirus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 92 42 Harder Harder NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 43 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 92 44 Osterhaus Osterhaus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 45 1997 1997 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 92 46 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 92 47 Haffar Haffar NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 48 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 49 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 50 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 92 51 1999 1999 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 92 52 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 92 53 Furuse Furuse NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 54 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 55 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 56 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 57 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 92 58 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 92 59 Kosakovsky Kosakovsky NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 60 Pond Pond NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 61 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 92 62 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 92 63 though though IN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 64 see see VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 65 Ohishi Ohishi NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 66 et et FW cord-270604-u62437dh 92 67 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 68 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 92 69 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 92 70 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 92 71 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 92 72 vaccinia vaccinia NN cord-270604-u62437dh 92 73 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 93 2 Tryland Tryland NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 3 et et FW cord-270604-u62437dh 93 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 5 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 93 6 1998 1998 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 93 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 93 8 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 93 9 footand footand NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 10 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 93 11 mouth mouth NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 12 disease disease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 13 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 93 15 Tully Tully NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 16 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 93 17 Fares Fares NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 18 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 93 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 93 20 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 93 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 93 22 orbiviruses orbiviruses NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 23 bluetongue bluetongue NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 24 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 25 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 93 26 epizootic epizootic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 93 27 hemorrhagic hemorrhagic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 93 28 disease disease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 29 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 93 31 Biek Biek NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 32 2007 2007 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 93 33 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 93 34 Carpi Carpi NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 35 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 93 36 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 37 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 93 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 93 39 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 93 40 chikungunya chikungunya NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 41 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 93 43 Volk Volk NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 44 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 45 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 46 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 47 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 93 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 93 49 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 93 50 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 93 51 alphaviruses alphaviruses NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 52 mayaro mayaro NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 53 virus virus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 54 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 93 55 semliki semliki NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 56 forest forest NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 57 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 93 58 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 93 59 Gould Gould NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 60 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 61 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 62 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 63 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 93 64 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 93 65 Forrester Forrester NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 66 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 67 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 93 68 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 94 1 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 95 1 Worobey Worobey NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 2 2007 2007 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 95 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 95 4 2009 2009 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 95 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 95 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 95 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 95 8 orthobunyaviruses orthobunyaviruse NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 95 9 Bakau Bakau NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 10 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 95 11 Bunyamwera Bunyamwera NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 95 13 although although IN cord-270604-u62437dh 95 14 these these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 95 15 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 16 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 95 17 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 95 18 little little JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 95 19 studied study VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 95 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 95 21 Yakondo Yakondo NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 22 et et FW cord-270604-u62437dh 95 23 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 24 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 25 2007 2007 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 95 26 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 95 27 Lambert Lambert NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 28 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 95 29 Lanciotti Lanciotti NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 30 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 95 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 95 32 ; ; , cord-270604-u62437dh 95 33 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 95 34 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 95 35 syncytial syncytial JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 95 36 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 95 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 95 38 Köndgen Köndgen NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 39 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 40 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 41 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 42 2008 2008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 95 43 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 95 44 Gaunt Gaunt NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 45 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 46 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 47 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 95 48 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 95 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 96 1 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 96 2 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 96 3 parainfluenza parainfluenza NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 4 virus-3 virus-3 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 96 6 Collins Collins NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 7 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 96 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 96 9 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 96 10 rotavirus rotavirus VB cord-270604-u62437dh 96 11 A a NN cord-270604-u62437dh 96 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 96 13 Ghosh Ghosh NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 14 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 15 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 16 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 17 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 96 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 96 19 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 96 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 96 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 96 22 rubulaviruses rubulaviruses NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 23 human human NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 24 parainfluenza parainfluenza NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 25 virus-2 virus-2 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 26 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 96 27 -5 -5 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 28 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 96 29 although although IN cord-270604-u62437dh 96 30 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 96 31 age age NN cord-270604-u62437dh 96 32 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 96 33 evoloutionary evoloutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 96 34 origins origin NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 96 35 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 96 36 such such JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 96 37 paramyxoviruses paramyxovirus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 96 38 require require VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 39 further further JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 96 40 study study NN cord-270604-u62437dh 96 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 96 42 Drexler Drexler NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 43 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 44 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 45 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 96 46 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 96 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 96 48 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 97 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 97 2 final final JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 97 3 dataset dataset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 97 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 97 5 228 228 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 97 6 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 97 7 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 97 8 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 97 9 associations association NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 97 10 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 97 11 shown show VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 97 12 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 97 13 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 97 14 Supporting support VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 97 15 Information information NN cord-270604-u62437dh 97 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 97 17 Table Table NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 97 18 S1 S1 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 97 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 97 20 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 98 1 Numbers number NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 98 2 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 98 3 multihost multihost NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 98 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 98 5 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 98 6 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 98 7 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 98 8 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 98 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 98 10 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 98 11 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 98 12 orders order NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 98 13 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 98 14 22 22 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 98 15 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 98 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 98 17 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 98 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 98 19 12 12 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 98 20 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 98 21 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 98 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 98 23 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 98 24 4 4 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 98 25 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 98 26 terrestrial terrestrial JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 98 27 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 98 28 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 99 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 99 2 effectiveness effectiveness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 99 5 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 99 6 method method NN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 7 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 8 these these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 99 9 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 99 10 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 11 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 12 sizes size NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 99 13 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 99 14 tested test VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 15 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 16 cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 17 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 18 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 99 20 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 21 detailed detail VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 99 22 below below RB cord-270604-u62437dh 99 23 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 100 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 100 2 considered consider VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 100 3 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 100 4 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 6 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 100 7 sources source NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 100 8 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 9 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 10 bias bias NN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 11 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 100 13 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 14 distributions distribution NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 100 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 16 multihost multihost NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 100 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 100 18 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 100 19 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 100 21 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 22 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 100 23 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 101 1 One one CD cord-270604-u62437dh 101 2 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 101 3 problem problem NN cord-270604-u62437dh 101 4 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 101 5 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 101 6 identification identification NN cord-270604-u62437dh 101 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 101 8 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 101 9 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 101 10 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 101 11 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 101 12 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 101 13 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 101 14 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 101 15 general general JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 101 16 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 101 17 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 101 18 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 101 19 accurate accurate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 101 20 designation designation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 101 21 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 101 22 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 101 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 101 24 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 101 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 101 26 Van Van NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 101 27 Regenmortel Regenmortel NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 101 28 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 101 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 101 30 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 102 1 For for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 2 example example NN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 102 4 lumping lump VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 102 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 6 distinct distinct JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 102 7 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 8 populations population NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 102 9 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 10 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 102 11 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 102 12 into into IN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 13 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 102 14 single single JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 102 15 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 102 16 might may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 102 17 lead lead VB cord-270604-u62437dh 102 18 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 19 overestimation overestimation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 20 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 102 22 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 23 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 24 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 25 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 102 26 exploited exploit VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 102 27 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 103 1 To to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 103 2 minimize minimize VB cord-270604-u62437dh 103 3 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 103 4 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 103 5 effect effect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 103 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 103 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 103 8 dataset dataset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 103 9 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 103 10 screened screen VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 103 11 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 103 12 ensure ensure VB cord-270604-u62437dh 103 13 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 103 14 included include VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 103 15 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 103 16 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 103 17 classified classify VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 103 18 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 103 19 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 103 20 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 103 21 level level NN cord-270604-u62437dh 103 22 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 104 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 104 2 also also RB cord-270604-u62437dh 104 3 note note VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 104 4 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 104 5 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 104 6 recent recent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 104 7 age age NN cord-270604-u62437dh 104 8 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 104 9 origin origin NN cord-270604-u62437dh 104 10 inferred infer VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 104 11 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 104 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 104 13 majority majority NN cord-270604-u62437dh 104 14 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 104 15 extant extant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 104 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 104 17 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 104 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 104 19 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 104 20 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 104 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 105 1 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 105 2 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 3 any any DT cord-270604-u62437dh 105 4 distinct distinct JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 105 5 strains strain NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 105 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 105 7 incorrectly incorrectly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 105 8 lumped lump VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 9 within within IN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 105 11 same same JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 105 12 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 105 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 105 14 would would MD cord-270604-u62437dh 105 15 still still RB cord-270604-u62437dh 105 16 represent represent VB cord-270604-u62437dh 105 17 very very RB cord-270604-u62437dh 105 18 closely closely RB cord-270604-u62437dh 105 19 related related JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 105 20 lineages lineage NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 105 21 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 105 22 achieved achieve VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 105 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 105 24 current current JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 105 25 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 26 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 27 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 28 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 29 switches switch NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 105 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 105 31 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 105 32 subject subject NN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 33 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 34 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 105 35 study study NN cord-270604-u62437dh 105 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 105 37 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 106 1 Another another DT cord-270604-u62437dh 106 2 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 106 3 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 106 4 issue issue NN cord-270604-u62437dh 106 5 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 106 6 that that DT cord-270604-u62437dh 106 7 relevant relevant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 106 8 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 106 9 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 106 10 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 106 11 associations association NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 106 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 106 13 present present JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 106 14 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 106 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 106 16 wild wild NN cord-270604-u62437dh 106 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 106 18 might may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 106 19 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 106 20 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 106 21 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 106 22 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 106 23 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 106 24 database database NN cord-270604-u62437dh 106 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 106 26 Nunn Nunn NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 106 27 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 106 28 Alitzer Alitzer NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 106 29 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 106 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 106 31 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 107 1 To to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 107 2 test test VB cord-270604-u62437dh 107 3 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 4 such such JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 107 5 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 6 bias bias NN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 107 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 107 9 measured measure VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 107 10 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 11 effort effort NN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 12 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 13 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 107 14 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 107 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 16 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 107 18 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 107 19 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 107 21 included include VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 22 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 23 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 107 24 dataset dataset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 25 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 107 26 checked check VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 107 27 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 28 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 107 29 relationship relationship NN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 30 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 31 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 107 32 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 33 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 34 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 107 35 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 107 36 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 108 1 As as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 2 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 3 previous previous JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 108 4 studies study NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 108 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 6 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 7 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 108 9 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 108 10 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 108 11 Nunn Nunn NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 108 12 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 108 13 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 108 14 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 108 15 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 108 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 108 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 108 18 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 108 19 estimated estimate VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 108 20 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 21 effort effort NN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 22 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 108 23 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 108 24 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 25 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 26 citations citation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 108 27 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 28 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 108 29 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 30 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 108 31 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 32 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 108 33 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 108 34 database database NN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 35 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 36 published publish VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 37 articles article NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 108 38 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 108 39 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 40 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 108 41 case case NN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 42 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 108 43 Web web NN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 44 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 45 Science Science NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 108 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 108 47 Web web NN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 48 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 108 49 Knowledge Knowledge NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 108 50 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 108 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 108 52 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 109 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 109 2 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 109 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 109 4 citations citation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 109 5 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 109 6 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 109 7 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 109 8 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 109 9 non non JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 109 10 - - JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 109 11 normally normally RB cord-270604-u62437dh 109 12 distributed distribute VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 109 13 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 109 14 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 109 15 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 109 16 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 109 17 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 109 18 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 109 19 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 109 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 109 21 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 109 22 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 110 1 Shapiro Shapiro NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 110 2 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 110 3 Wilk Wilk NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 110 4 W W NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 110 5 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 110 6 0.317 0.317 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 110 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 110 8 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 110 9 < < XX cord-270604-u62437dh 110 10 0.0001 0.0001 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 110 11 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 110 12 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 110 13 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 110 14 W w NN cord-270604-u62437dh 110 15 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 110 16 0.676 0.676 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 110 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 110 18 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 110 19 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 110 20 0.0005 0.0005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 110 21 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 110 22 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 110 23 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 110 24 W w NN cord-270604-u62437dh 110 25 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 110 26 0.982 0.982 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 110 27 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 110 28 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 110 29 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 110 30 0.911 0.911 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 110 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 110 32 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 111 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 111 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 111 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 111 4 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 111 5 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 7 citations citation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 111 8 per per IN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 9 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 111 11 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 12 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 13 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 111 14 multihost multihost NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 111 15 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 111 17 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 111 18 non non JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 111 19 - - JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 111 20 normally normally RB cord-270604-u62437dh 111 21 distributed distribute VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 22 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 23 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 111 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 111 25 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 111 26 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 111 27 W w NN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 28 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 111 29 0.812 0.812 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 111 30 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 111 31 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 32 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 111 33 0.0008 0.0008 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 111 34 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 111 35 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 111 36 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 111 37 W w NN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 38 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 111 39 0.946 0.946 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 111 40 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 111 41 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 42 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 111 43 0.588 0.588 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 111 44 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 111 45 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 111 46 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 111 47 W w NN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 48 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 111 49 0.996 0.996 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 111 50 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 111 51 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 111 52 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 111 53 0.987 0.987 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 111 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 111 55 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 112 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-270604-u62437dh 112 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 112 3 nonparametric nonparametric JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 112 4 Spearman Spearman NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 112 5 's 's POS cord-270604-u62437dh 112 6 rank rank NN cord-270604-u62437dh 112 7 correlations correlation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 112 8 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 112 9 performed perform VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 112 10 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 113 1 Neither neither CC cord-270604-u62437dh 113 2 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 113 3 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 5 citations citation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 6 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 7 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 113 8 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 113 10 nor nor CC cord-270604-u62437dh 113 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 113 12 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 113 13 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 14 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 15 citations citation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 16 per per IN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 17 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 113 19 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 113 20 significantly significantly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 113 21 correlated correlate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 22 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 23 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 113 24 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 25 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 26 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 27 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 28 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 29 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 30 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 113 31 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 32 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 113 34 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 35 citations citation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 36 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 113 37 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 38 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 113 39 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 40 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 113 41 0.964 0.964 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 113 42 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 113 43 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 44 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 113 45 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 46 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 113 47 0.964 0.964 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 113 48 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 113 49 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 50 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 51 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 113 52 0.667 0.667 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 113 53 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 113 54 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 113 55 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 56 citations citation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 57 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 113 58 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 59 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 113 60 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 61 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 113 62 0.843 0.843 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 113 63 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 113 64 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 65 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 113 66 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 67 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 113 68 0.604 0.604 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 113 69 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 113 70 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 113 71 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 113 72 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 113 73 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 113 74 0.5 0.5 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 113 75 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 113 76 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 114 1 Finally finally RB cord-270604-u62437dh 114 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 114 3 any any DT cord-270604-u62437dh 114 4 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 114 5 bias bias NN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 6 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 7 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 8 effort effort NN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 9 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 10 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 114 11 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 114 12 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 13 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 14 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 114 15 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 16 might may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 114 17 affect affect VB cord-270604-u62437dh 114 18 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 114 19 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 114 20 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 21 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 22 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 23 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 114 24 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 25 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 114 26 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 27 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 114 28 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 114 29 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 115 1 Two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 115 2 tests test NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 115 3 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 115 4 performed perform VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 5 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 115 6 assess assess VB cord-270604-u62437dh 115 7 whether whether IN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 8 measures measure NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 115 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 10 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 11 effort effort NN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 12 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 13 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 14 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 115 15 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 16 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 115 17 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 115 18 significantly significantly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 115 19 correlated correlate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 20 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 115 22 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 115 23 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 115 24 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 25 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 26 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 115 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 115 28 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 29 measured measure VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 30 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 31 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 115 32 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 115 33 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 115 34 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 35 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 36 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 37 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 115 38 statistic statistic NN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 39 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 115 40 detailed detail VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 41 below below IN cord-270604-u62437dh 115 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 115 43 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 116 1 Spearman Spearman NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 116 2 's 's POS cord-270604-u62437dh 116 3 rank rank NN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 4 correlations correlation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 116 5 indicated indicate VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 116 6 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 116 8 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 9 effort effort NN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 10 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 11 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 116 12 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 13 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 116 14 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 116 15 significantly significantly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 116 16 correlated correlate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 17 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 18 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 116 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 116 20 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 21 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 116 22 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 23 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 116 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 116 25 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 26 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 116 27 0.341 0.341 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 116 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 116 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 116 30 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 116 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 116 32 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 33 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 116 34 0.439 0.439 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 116 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 116 36 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 116 37 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 116 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 116 39 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 116 40 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 116 41 0.083 0.083 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 116 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 116 43 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 117 1 Nor nor CC cord-270604-u62437dh 117 2 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 117 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 117 4 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 117 5 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 117 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 117 7 citations citation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 117 8 per per IN cord-270604-u62437dh 117 9 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 117 10 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 117 11 significantly significantly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 117 12 correlated correlate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 117 13 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 117 14 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 117 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 117 16 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 117 17 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 117 18 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 117 19 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 117 20 0.126 0.126 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 118 1 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 118 2 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 118 3 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 118 4 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 118 5 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 118 6 0.72 0.72 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 118 7 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 118 8 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 118 9 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 118 10 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 118 11 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 118 12 0.75 0.75 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 118 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 118 14 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 119 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-270604-u62437dh 119 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 119 3 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 119 4 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 119 5 found find VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 119 6 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 119 7 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 119 8 normally normally RB cord-270604-u62437dh 119 9 distributed distribute VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 119 10 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 119 11 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 119 12 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 119 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 119 14 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 119 15 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 119 16 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 119 17 orders order NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 119 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 119 19 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 119 20 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 119 21 W w NN cord-270604-u62437dh 119 22 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 119 23 0.945 0.945 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 119 24 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 119 25 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 119 26 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 119 27 0.254 0.254 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 120 1 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 120 2 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 120 3 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 120 4 W w NN cord-270604-u62437dh 120 5 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 120 6 0.178 0.178 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 120 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 120 8 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 120 9 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 120 10 0.904 0.904 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 120 11 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 120 12 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 120 13 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 120 14 W w NN cord-270604-u62437dh 120 15 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 120 16 0.998 0.998 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 120 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 120 18 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 120 19 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 120 20 0.995 0.995 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 120 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 120 22 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 121 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-270604-u62437dh 121 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 121 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 121 4 main main JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 121 5 analyses analysis NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 121 6 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 121 7 performed perform VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 121 8 without without IN cord-270604-u62437dh 121 9 any any DT cord-270604-u62437dh 121 10 transformation transformation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 121 11 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 121 12 correction correction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 121 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 121 14 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 121 15 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 122 1 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 122 2 measure measure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 4 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 122 5 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 6 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 122 8 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 9 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 122 10 exploited exploit VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 11 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 12 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 122 13 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 14 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 122 16 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 17 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 122 18 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 19 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 122 20 estimate estimate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 122 21 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 22 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 122 23 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 122 24 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 123 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-270604-u62437dh 123 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 123 3 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 4 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 5 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 123 7 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 123 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 123 9 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 123 10 estimated estimate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 11 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 123 12 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 13 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 123 14 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 123 16 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 123 18 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 123 19 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 123 20 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 21 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 22 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 123 23 pair pair NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 123 25 i i NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 26 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 123 27 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 123 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 123 29 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 30 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 31 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 123 32 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 33 that that DT cord-270604-u62437dh 123 34 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 35 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 123 36 where where WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 123 37 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 123 38 ij ij NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 123 39 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 123 40 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 123 41 midbranch midbranch NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 123 42 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 43 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 44 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 123 45 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 46 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 123 47 i i PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 123 48 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 123 49 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 123 50 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 123 51 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 123 52 n n NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 53 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 123 54 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 123 55 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 56 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 57 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 123 58 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 123 59 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 124 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 124 2 midbranch midbranch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 124 3 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 124 4 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 124 5 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 124 6 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 124 7 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 124 8 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 124 9 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 124 10 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 124 11 ij ij NN cord-270604-u62437dh 124 12 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 124 13 D D NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 124 14 ij ij NN cord-270604-u62437dh 124 15 -(A -(a NN cord-270604-u62437dh 125 1 i i PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 125 2 + + CC cord-270604-u62437dh 125 3 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 125 4 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 125 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 125 6 /2 /2 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 125 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 125 8 where where WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 125 9 D D NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 125 10 ij ij NN cord-270604-u62437dh 125 11 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 125 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 125 13 patristic patristic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 125 14 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 125 15 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 125 16 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 125 17 leaves leave NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 125 18 i i PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 125 19 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 125 20 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 125 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 125 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 125 23 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 125 24 i i NN cord-270604-u62437dh 125 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 125 26 resp resp FW cord-270604-u62437dh 125 27 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 126 1 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 126 2 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 126 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 126 4 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 126 5 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 126 6 length length NN cord-270604-u62437dh 126 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 126 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 126 9 branch branch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 126 10 incident incident NN cord-270604-u62437dh 126 11 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 126 12 host host VB cord-270604-u62437dh 126 13 leaf leaf NN cord-270604-u62437dh 126 14 i i PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 126 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 126 16 resp resp NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 126 17 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 127 1 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 127 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 127 3 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 128 1 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 128 2 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 128 3 similar similar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 128 4 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 128 5 previously previously RB cord-270604-u62437dh 128 6 proposed propose VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 128 7 measures measure NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 128 8 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 128 9 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 128 10 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 128 11 specificity specificity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 128 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 128 13 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 128 14 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 128 15 Mouillot Mouillot NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 128 16 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 128 17 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 128 18 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 128 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 128 20 Krasnov Krasnov NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 128 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 128 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 128 23 Mouillot Mouillot NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 128 24 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 128 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 128 26 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 128 27 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 128 28 considers consider VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 128 29 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 128 30 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 128 31 branch branch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 128 32 midpoints midpoint NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 128 33 rather rather RB cord-270604-u62437dh 128 34 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 128 35 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 128 36 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 128 37 leaves leave NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 128 38 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 129 1 Branch branch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 2 midpoints midpoint NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 129 3 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 129 4 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 5 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 129 6 model model VB cord-270604-u62437dh 129 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 8 switch switch VB cord-270604-u62437dh 129 9 events event NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 129 10 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 11 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 129 12 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 129 13 take take VB cord-270604-u62437dh 129 14 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 129 15 off off NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 16 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 129 17 site site NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 129 19 at at IN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 20 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 129 21 unknown unknown JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 129 22 point point NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 23 along along IN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 24 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 129 25 branch branch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 26 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 27 one one CD cord-270604-u62437dh 129 28 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 29 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 129 30 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 31 leaves leave NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 129 32 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 129 33 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 34 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 129 35 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 129 36 landing landing NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 37 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 129 38 site site NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 39 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 129 40 at at IN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 41 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 129 42 unknown unknown JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 129 43 point point NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 44 along along IN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 45 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 129 46 branch branch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 47 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 48 another another DT cord-270604-u62437dh 129 49 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 50 leaf leaf NN cord-270604-u62437dh 129 51 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 130 1 Although although IN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 2 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 130 3 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 130 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 130 5 biologically biologically RB cord-270604-u62437dh 130 6 motivated motivated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 130 7 method method NN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 8 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 9 calculation calculation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 10 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 130 11 simulated simulate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 12 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 130 13 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 130 14 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 15 leaves leave NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 130 16 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 130 17 similarly similarly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 130 18 distributed distribute VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 19 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 20 those those DT cord-270604-u62437dh 130 21 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 22 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 23 midbranch midbranch NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 130 24 points point NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 130 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 130 26 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 130 27 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 130 28 shown show VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 130 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 130 30 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 131 1 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 131 2 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 131 3 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 131 4 found find VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 5 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 131 6 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 131 7 significantly significantly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 131 8 correlated correlate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 9 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 131 11 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 12 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 13 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 14 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 15 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 16 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 17 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 131 19 linear linear JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 131 20 correlation correlation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 21 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 22 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 131 23 0.194 0.194 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 131 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 131 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 131 26 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 131 28 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 29 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 131 30 0.065 0.065 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 131 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 131 32 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 131 33 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 131 34 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 131 36 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 37 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 131 38 0.295 0.295 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 131 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 131 40 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 131 41 suggesting suggest VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 131 42 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 43 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 131 44 measure measure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 45 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 46 interhost interhost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 47 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 131 48 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 49 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 131 50 comparable comparable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 131 51 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 52 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 53 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 54 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 55 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 131 56 numbers number NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 57 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 131 58 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 131 60 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 131 61 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 62 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 131 63 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 131 64 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 131 65 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 131 66 etc etc FW cord-270604-u62437dh 131 67 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 131 68 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 131 69 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 132 1 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 132 2 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 132 3 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 4 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 132 5 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 6 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 132 7 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 132 8 summarized summarize VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 9 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 132 11 mean mean NN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 132 13 variance variance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 14 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 132 15 skewness skewness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 16 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 132 17 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 132 18 kurtosis kurtosis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 132 20 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 21 separately separately RB cord-270604-u62437dh 132 22 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 23 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 132 24 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 132 25 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 132 26 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 132 27 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 132 28 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 132 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 132 30 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 132 31 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 132 32 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 133 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 133 2 provided provide VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 133 3 four four CD cord-270604-u62437dh 133 4 summary summary NN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 5 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 133 6 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 7 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 133 8 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 9 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 10 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 133 11 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 133 12 could could MD cord-270604-u62437dh 133 13 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 133 14 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 133 15 compared compare VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 16 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 17 similar similar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 133 18 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 133 19 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 20 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 133 22 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 133 23 simulated simulate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 24 under under IN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 25 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 133 26 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 133 27 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 133 28 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 29 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 133 30 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 31 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 133 33 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 34 described describe VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 35 below below IN cord-270604-u62437dh 133 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 133 37 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 134 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 134 2 tested test VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 134 3 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 134 4 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 134 5 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 134 6 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 134 8 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 10 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 134 11 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 134 12 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 13 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 14 at at IN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 15 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 134 16 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 17 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 18 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 19 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 134 20 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 134 22 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 23 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 134 24 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 135 1 These these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 135 2 represent represent VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 3 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 135 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 135 5 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 6 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 135 7 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 8 2002 2002 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 135 9 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 135 10 Engelstädter Engelstädter NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 11 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 135 12 Hurst Hurst NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 13 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 135 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 135 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 135 16 versus versus IN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 17 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 135 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 135 19 Engelstädter Engelstädter NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 135 21 Hurst Hurst NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 22 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 135 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 135 24 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 135 25 functions function NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 135 26 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 27 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 135 28 decline decline NN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 29 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 30 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 31 switch switch VB cord-270604-u62437dh 135 32 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 33 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 34 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 135 35 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 36 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 135 37 respectively respectively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 135 38 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 135 39 where where WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 135 40 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 41 e e NN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 135 43 i i NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 44 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 135 46 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 135 47 P P NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 48 s s NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 135 50 i i NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 51 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 135 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 135 53 give give VB cord-270604-u62437dh 135 54 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 135 55 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 56 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 57 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 135 58 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 135 59 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 60 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 61 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 135 62 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 136 1 i i PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 136 2 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 136 3 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 136 4 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 5 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 136 6 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 7 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 136 9 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 136 10 may may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 136 11 have have VB cord-270604-u62437dh 136 12 occurred occur VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 13 either either CC cord-270604-u62437dh 136 14 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 15 i i PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 136 16 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 17 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 136 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 136 19 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 136 20 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 21 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 136 22 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 23 i i NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 136 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 136 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 136 26 γ γ NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 136 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 136 28 0 0 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 136 29 ≤ ≤ NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 30 γ γ NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 31 ≤ ≤ NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 32 1 1 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 136 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 136 34 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 136 35 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 136 36 constant constant NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 37 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 38 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 136 39 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 40 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 136 42 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 136 43 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 136 44 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 136 45 viewed view VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 46 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 47 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 136 48 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 49 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 50 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 136 51 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 52 where where WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 136 53 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 136 54 ij ij NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 55 = = NN cord-270604-u62437dh 136 56 0 0 NFP cord-270604-u62437dh 137 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 137 2 Engelstädter Engelstädter NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 137 3 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 137 4 Hurst Hurst NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 137 5 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 137 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 137 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 137 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 137 9 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 137 10 ij ij NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 137 11 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 137 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 137 13 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 137 14 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 15 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 16 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 137 17 i i PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 137 18 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 137 19 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 137 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 137 21 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 22 described describe VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 23 above above IN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 137 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 137 26 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 137 27 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 28 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 137 29 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 137 30 positive positive JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 137 31 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 32 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 137 33 scales scale VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 137 34 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 137 35 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 36 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 37 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 38 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 39 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 40 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 137 41 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 137 42 ij ij NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 137 43 increases increase VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 137 44 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 138 1 Under under IN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 2 both both DT cord-270604-u62437dh 138 3 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 138 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 138 5 Fig Fig NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 138 6 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 138 7 1 1 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 138 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 138 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 138 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 138 11 maximum maximum JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 138 12 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 138 13 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 14 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 15 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 138 16 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 17 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 18 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 138 19 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 20 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 138 22 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 23 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 24 γ γ NN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 138 26 achieved achieve VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 27 if if IN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 28 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 138 29 ij ij NN cord-270604-u62437dh 138 30 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 138 31 0 0 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 138 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 138 33 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 139 1 With with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 2 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 139 3 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 4 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 6 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 139 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 139 9 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 11 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 139 12 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 139 13 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 14 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 15 decreases decrease NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 139 16 toward toward IN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 17 zero zero CD cord-270604-u62437dh 139 18 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 19 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 139 20 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 139 21 increases increase NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 139 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 139 23 reaching reach VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 139 24 γ/2 γ/2 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 140 1 when when WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 140 2 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 140 3 ij ij NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 140 4 = = NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 140 5 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 141 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 141 2 Engelstädter Engelstädter NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 141 3 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 141 4 Hurst Hurst NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 141 5 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 141 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 141 7 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 142 1 As as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 2 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 142 3 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 4 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 5 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 6 decreases decrease VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 142 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 142 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 142 9 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 11 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 142 12 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 13 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 14 at at IN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 15 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 142 16 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 17 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 142 18 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 142 19 declines decline NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 142 20 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 143 1 Overall overall RB cord-270604-u62437dh 143 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 143 3 both both DT cord-270604-u62437dh 143 4 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 143 5 describe describe VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 143 6 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 143 7 decrease decrease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 143 8 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 143 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 143 10 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 143 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 143 12 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 143 13 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 143 14 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 143 15 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 143 16 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 143 17 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 143 18 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 143 19 increases increase NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 143 20 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 144 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 144 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 144 3 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 4 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 144 5 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 6 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 7 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 144 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 144 10 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 144 11 function function NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 13 Fig fig NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 14 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 144 15 1B 1b LS cord-270604-u62437dh 144 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 17 shows show VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 144 18 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 144 19 smaller small JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 144 20 initial initial JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 144 21 decline decline NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 22 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 23 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 24 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 25 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 27 when when WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 144 28 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 144 29 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 144 30 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 144 31 small small JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 144 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 33 followed follow VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 34 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 35 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 144 36 steeper steep JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 144 37 decline decline NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 38 toward toward IN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 39 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 144 40 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 41 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 42 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 43 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 44 zero zero CD cord-270604-u62437dh 144 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 46 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 47 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 144 48 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 49 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 50 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 51 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 144 52 becomes become VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 144 53 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 144 54 large large JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 144 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 56 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 144 57 compared compare VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 58 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 59 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 144 60 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 144 61 function function NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 62 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 63 Fig fig NN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 64 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 144 65 1 1 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 144 66 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 67 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 68 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 69 discussed discuss VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 144 70 below below RB cord-270604-u62437dh 144 71 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 144 72 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 145 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 145 2 use use VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 145 3 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 145 4 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 5 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 145 6 base base NN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 145 9 exponent exponent NN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 10 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 11 consistency consistency NN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 12 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 13 previously previously RB cord-270604-u62437dh 145 14 proposed propose VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 15 forms form NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 145 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 145 17 Engelstädter Engelstädter NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 145 18 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 145 19 Hurst Hurst NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 145 20 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 145 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 145 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 145 23 noting note VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 145 24 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 25 changing change VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 145 26 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 145 27 base base NN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 28 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 145 29 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 145 30 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 31 scaling scale VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 145 32 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 145 33 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 34 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 145 35 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 146 1 Host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 2 switches switch NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 146 3 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 146 4 simulated simulate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 5 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 146 6 under under IN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 146 8 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 146 9 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 146 10 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 146 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 12 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 146 13 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 14 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 146 16 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 146 17 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 146 18 MATLAB MATLAB NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 146 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 146 20 version version NN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 21 7.13.0.564 7.13.0.564 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 146 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 146 23 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 146 24 Mathworks Mathworks NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 146 25 Inc. Inc. NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 146 26 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 146 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 146 28 program program NN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 29 written write VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 30 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 31 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 146 32 purpose purpose NN cord-270604-u62437dh 146 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 146 34 Text Text NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 146 35 S1 S1 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 146 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 146 37 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 147 1 Simulations simulation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 147 2 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 147 3 performed perform VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 147 4 separately separately RB cord-270604-u62437dh 147 5 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 147 6 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 147 7 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 147 8 consensus consensus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 147 9 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 147 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 147 11 Primates Primates NNPS cord-270604-u62437dh 147 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 147 13 Carnivora Carnivora NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 147 14 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 147 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 147 16 Cetartiodactyla Cetartiodactyla NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 147 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 147 18 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 148 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 148 2 patristic patristic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 148 3 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 4 matrix matrix NN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 5 corresponding correspond VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 148 6 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 7 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 148 8 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 9 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 148 10 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 11 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 148 12 derive derive VB cord-270604-u62437dh 148 13 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 148 14 matrix matrix NN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 148 17 midbranch midbranch NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 148 18 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 148 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 148 20 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 148 21 ij ij NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 148 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 148 23 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 24 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 148 25 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 148 26 pair pair NN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 27 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 28 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 148 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 148 30 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 31 described describe VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 148 32 above above RB cord-270604-u62437dh 148 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 148 34 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 149 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 149 2 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 4 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 5 switch switch VB cord-270604-u62437dh 149 6 success success NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 7 under under IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 8 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 149 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 149 11 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 149 12 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 149 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 149 14 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 15 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 16 e e NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 149 18 i i NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 149 19 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 149 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 149 21 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 22 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 149 23 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 149 24 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 25 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 149 26 P p NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 27 s s NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 149 29 i i NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 149 30 j j NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 149 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 149 32 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 33 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 149 34 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 149 35 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 149 37 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 149 38 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 149 39 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 40 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 41 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 149 42 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 149 43 pair pair NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 44 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 45 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 46 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 149 47 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 149 48 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 49 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 149 50 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 51 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 149 52 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 53 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 54 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 55 ranging range VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 149 56 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 57 0.01 0.01 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 149 58 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 59 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 149 60 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 61 steps step NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 149 62 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 149 63 0.01 0.01 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 149 64 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 150 1 For for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 2 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 3 purposes purpose NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 150 4 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 150 5 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 6 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 7 probabilities probability NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 150 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 150 9 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 10 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 150 11 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 12 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 150 14 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 15 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 150 16 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 17 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 18 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 150 20 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 150 21 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 150 22 normalized normalize VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 23 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 24 dividing divide VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 150 25 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 150 26 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 27 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 28 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 29 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 150 30 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 150 31 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 32 pair pair NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 33 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 34 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 150 35 total total JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 150 36 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 37 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 38 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 39 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 150 41 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 150 42 sum sum NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 43 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 44 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 45 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 150 46 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 150 47 pairs pair NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 150 48 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 150 49 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 150 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 150 51 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 151 1 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 151 2 random random JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 151 3 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 151 4 procedure procedure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 151 5 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 151 6 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 151 7 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 151 8 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 151 9 sample sample VB cord-270604-u62437dh 151 10 interhost interhost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 151 11 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 151 12 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 151 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 151 14 according accord VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 151 15 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 151 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 151 17 normalized normalized JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 151 18 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 151 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 151 20 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 151 21 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 151 22 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 151 23 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 151 24 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 152 1 Sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 2 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 152 4 normalized normalized JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 5 probabilities probability NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 152 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 152 7 rather rather RB cord-270604-u62437dh 152 8 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 9 non non JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 10 - - JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 11 normalized normalized JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 12 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 152 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 152 14 removes remove VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 152 16 effect effect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 17 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 18 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 152 19 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 20 constant constant NN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 21 γ γ NN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 152 23 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 152 24 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 25 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 26 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 27 at at IN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 28 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 152 29 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 30 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 31 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 152 32 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 152 33 ij ij NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 152 34 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 152 35 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 36 zero zero CD cord-270604-u62437dh 152 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 152 38 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 152 39 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 152 40 ensures ensure VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 41 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 42 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 152 43 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 44 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 45 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 152 46 sampled sample VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 47 at at IN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 48 every every DT cord-270604-u62437dh 152 49 iteration iteration NN cord-270604-u62437dh 152 50 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 153 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 153 2 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 153 3 suitable suitable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 153 4 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 5 comparison comparison NN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 6 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 7 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 153 8 observed observed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 153 9 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 153 10 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 153 11 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 153 12 records record VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 153 13 only only RB cord-270604-u62437dh 153 14 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 153 15 presence presence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 16 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 17 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 153 18 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 153 20 rather rather RB cord-270604-u62437dh 153 21 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 22 recording record VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 153 23 absence absence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 24 vs. vs. IN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 25 presence presence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 26 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 27 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 153 28 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 29 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 153 30 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 153 31 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 153 32 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 153 33 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 153 34 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 153 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 153 36 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 154 1 Each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 154 2 sampled sample VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 154 3 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 154 4 d d NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 154 5 ij ij NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 154 6 provides provide VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 154 7 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 154 8 estimate estimate NN cord-270604-u62437dh 154 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 154 10 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 154 11 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 154 12 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 154 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 154 14 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 154 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 154 16 where where WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 154 17 n n NN cord-270604-u62437dh 154 18 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 154 19 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 154 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 154 21 eq eq NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 154 22 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 154 23 1 1 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 154 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 154 25 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 155 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 155 2 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 3 size size NN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 4 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 155 5 set set VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 6 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 155 7 match match VB cord-270604-u62437dh 155 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 155 9 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 10 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 12 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 155 13 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 14 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 155 15 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 16 order order NN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 155 18 22 22 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 155 19 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 20 Primates Primates NNPS cord-270604-u62437dh 155 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 155 22 12 12 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 155 23 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 24 Carnivora Carnivora NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 155 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 155 26 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 155 27 4 4 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 155 28 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 155 29 Cetartiodactyla Cetartiodactyla NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 155 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 155 31 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 156 1 Four four CD cord-270604-u62437dh 156 2 summary summary NN cord-270604-u62437dh 156 3 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 156 4 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 156 5 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 156 6 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 156 7 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 156 8 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 156 9 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 156 10 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 157 1 These these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 157 2 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 157 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 157 4 mean mean JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 157 5 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 157 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 157 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 157 8 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 157 9 statistic statistic NN cord-270604-u62437dh 157 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 157 11 Fig Fig NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 157 12 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 157 13 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 157 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 157 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 157 16 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 157 17 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 157 18 variance variance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 157 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 157 20 skewness skewness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 157 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 157 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 157 23 kurtosis kurtosis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 157 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 157 25 Figs fig NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 157 26 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 158 1 S1-S3 S1-S3 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 158 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 158 3 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 159 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 159 2 use use NN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 4 these these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 159 5 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 159 6 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 7 sizes size NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 159 8 allowed allow VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 159 9 us -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 159 10 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 159 11 test test VB cord-270604-u62437dh 159 12 whether whether IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 13 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 159 14 could could MD cord-270604-u62437dh 159 15 distinguish distinguish VB cord-270604-u62437dh 159 16 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 17 simulations simulation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 159 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 159 19 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 20 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 159 21 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 159 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 159 23 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 24 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 159 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 159 26 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 27 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 28 sizes size NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 159 29 comparable comparable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 159 30 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 31 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 159 32 numbers number NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 159 33 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 34 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 159 35 actually actually RB cord-270604-u62437dh 159 36 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 37 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 38 databases database NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 159 39 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 40 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 41 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 159 42 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 43 associations association NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 159 44 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 159 45 such such JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 159 46 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 47 that that DT cord-270604-u62437dh 159 48 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 49 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 50 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 159 51 study study NN cord-270604-u62437dh 159 52 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 160 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 160 2 sampling sampling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 3 procedure procedure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 4 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 160 5 repeated repeat VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 6 1000 1000 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 160 7 times time NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 160 8 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 9 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 160 10 unique unique JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 160 11 combination combination NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 12 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 13 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 14 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 160 16 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 160 18 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 160 19 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 20 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 160 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 160 23 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 160 24 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 25 summary summary NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 26 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 160 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 160 28 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 160 29 mean mean VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 160 30 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 160 31 variance variance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 32 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 160 33 skewness skewness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 34 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 160 35 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 160 36 kurtosis kurtosis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 160 38 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 160 39 output output NN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 40 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 160 41 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 160 42 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 161 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 161 2 procedure procedure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 3 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 161 4 also also RB cord-270604-u62437dh 161 5 repeated repeat VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 6 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 161 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 161 8 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 161 9 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 161 10 phylogenetic phylogenetic NN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 11 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 12 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 13 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 14 1000 1000 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 161 15 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 161 16 sampled sample VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 17 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 18 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 161 19 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 161 20 chain chain NN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 161 22 rather rather RB cord-270604-u62437dh 161 23 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 24 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 161 25 consensus consensus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 26 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 27 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 161 28 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 161 29 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 161 30 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 31 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 161 32 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 161 33 main main JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 161 34 analyses analysis NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 161 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 161 36 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 162 1 Taking take VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 162 2 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 162 3 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 162 4 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 162 5 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 162 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 162 7 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 162 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 162 9 sampled sample VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 162 10 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 162 11 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 162 12 approximately approximately RB cord-270604-u62437dh 162 13 weights weight VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 162 14 them -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 162 15 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 162 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 162 17 relevant relevant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 162 18 clade clade NN cord-270604-u62437dh 162 19 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 162 20 probabilities probability NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 162 21 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 163 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 163 2 allows allow VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 163 3 us -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 163 4 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 163 5 test test VB cord-270604-u62437dh 163 6 whether whether IN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 163 8 main main JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 163 9 results result NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 163 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 163 11 based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 12 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 13 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 163 14 consensus consensus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 15 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 163 17 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 163 18 robust robust JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 163 19 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 163 20 phylogenetic phylogenetic VB cord-270604-u62437dh 163 21 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 163 23 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 24 comparison comparison NN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 25 against against IN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 26 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 163 27 results result NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 163 28 based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 29 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 30 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 163 31 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 163 32 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 163 34 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 35 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 163 36 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 37 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 38 topologies topology NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 163 39 present present JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 163 40 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 41 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 163 42 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 163 43 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 163 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 163 45 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 164 1 Data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 164 2 simulated simulate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 3 under under IN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 164 5 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 164 6 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 164 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 8 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 164 9 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 10 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 164 11 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 164 12 compared compare VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 13 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 14 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 164 15 observed observed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 164 16 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 164 17 distributions distribution NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 164 18 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 19 multihost multihost NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 164 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 164 21 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 164 22 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 164 23 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 164 24 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 164 25 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 26 implemented implement VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 27 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 28 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 164 29 R r NN cord-270604-u62437dh 164 30 package package NN cord-270604-u62437dh 165 1 abc abc NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 166 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 166 2 Csilléry Csilléry NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 166 3 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 166 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 166 5 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 167 1 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 167 2 allows allow VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 167 3 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 167 5 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 6 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 167 8 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 167 9 estimation estimation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 11 support support NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 12 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 13 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 167 14 selected select VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 15 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 16 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 167 17 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 167 19 under under IN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 20 complex complex JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 167 21 biological biological JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 167 22 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 167 23 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 24 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 167 25 computation computation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 26 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 27 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 167 28 likelihood likelihood NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 29 function function NN cord-270604-u62437dh 167 30 may may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 167 31 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 167 32 impracticable impracticable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 167 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 167 34 Csilléry Csilléry NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 167 35 et et FW cord-270604-u62437dh 167 36 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 167 37 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 167 38 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 167 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 167 40 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 168 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 168 2 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 168 3 achieved achieve VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 168 4 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 168 5 comparing compare VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 168 6 summary summary NN cord-270604-u62437dh 168 7 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 168 8 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 168 9 observed observed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 168 10 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 168 11 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 168 12 similar similar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 168 13 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 168 14 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 168 15 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 168 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 168 17 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 168 18 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 168 19 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 169 1 These these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 2 comparisons comparison NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 169 3 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 169 4 based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 5 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 6 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 7 rejection rejection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 8 method method NN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 169 10 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 11 repeatedly repeatedly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 169 12 samples sample VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 169 13 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 14 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 15 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 169 16 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 169 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 169 18 accepting accept VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 169 19 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 20 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 169 21 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 22 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 23 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 24 simulation simulation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 25 if if IN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 26 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 27 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 28 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 29 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 30 observed observed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 169 31 statistic statistic NN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 32 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 169 33 below below IN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 34 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 35 set set NN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 36 threshold threshold NN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 169 38 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 39 determines determine VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 169 40 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 169 41 proportion proportion NN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 42 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 43 accepted accept VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 169 44 simulations simulation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 169 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 169 46 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 170 1 Accepted accepted JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 170 2 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 170 3 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 170 4 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 170 5 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 170 6 viewed view VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 170 7 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 170 8 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 170 9 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 170 10 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 170 11 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 170 12 approximate approximate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 170 13 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 170 14 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 170 15 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 170 16 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 170 17 that that DT cord-270604-u62437dh 170 18 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 170 19 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 171 1 Regression regression NN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 2 techniques technique NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 171 3 may may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 171 4 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 171 5 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 171 6 applied apply VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 7 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 171 8 improve improve VB cord-270604-u62437dh 171 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 171 10 estimates estimate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 171 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 12 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 13 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 14 statistic statistic NN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 15 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 171 16 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 171 17 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 171 18 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 171 19 produce produce VB cord-270604-u62437dh 171 20 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 171 21 weighted weighted JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 171 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 171 23 corrected correct VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 24 approximation approximation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 25 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 26 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 171 27 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 28 posterior posterior NN cord-270604-u62437dh 171 29 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 172 1 Average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 172 2 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 172 3 probabilities probability NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 172 4 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 172 5 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 172 6 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 172 7 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 172 8 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 172 9 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 172 10 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 172 11 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 172 12 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 172 13 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 172 14 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 172 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 172 16 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 172 17 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 172 18 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 172 19 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 172 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 172 21 compared compare VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 172 22 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 172 23 Bayes Bayes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 172 24 factors factor NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 172 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 172 26 Csilléry Csilléry NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 172 27 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 172 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 172 29 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 173 1 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 173 2 confidence confidence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 173 4 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 173 5 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 173 6 credible credible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 173 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 173 8 intervals interval NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 173 9 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 173 10 calculated calculate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 11 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 12 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 173 13 estimated estimate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 14 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 173 15 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 16 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 173 18 giving give VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 173 19 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 173 20 interval interval NN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 21 within within IN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 22 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 173 23 there there EX cord-270604-u62437dh 173 24 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 173 25 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 173 26 95 95 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 173 27 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 28 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 29 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 30 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 173 31 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 32 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 173 33 lies lie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 173 34 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 174 1 For for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 2 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 174 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 174 4 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 5 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 6 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 174 7 dataset dataset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 8 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 174 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 174 10 observed observed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 174 11 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 174 12 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 14 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 174 15 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 174 16 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 174 17 summarized summarize VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 18 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 174 19 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 174 20 mean mean JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 174 21 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 174 22 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 23 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 174 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 174 25 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 26 described describe VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 27 above above IN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 174 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 174 30 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 174 31 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 174 32 further further JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 174 33 summary summary NN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 34 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 174 35 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 36 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 174 37 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 174 38 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 174 39 variance variance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 40 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 174 41 skewness skewness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 42 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 174 43 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 174 44 kurtosis kurtosis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 174 45 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 175 1 These these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 175 2 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 175 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 175 4 mean mean UH cord-270604-u62437dh 175 5 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 175 6 variance variance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 175 8 skewness skewness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 175 10 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 175 11 kurtosis kurtosis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 175 13 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 175 14 widely widely RB cord-270604-u62437dh 175 15 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 16 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 175 17 summarize summarize VB cord-270604-u62437dh 175 18 biological biological JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 175 19 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 175 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 175 21 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 175 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 175 23 Dowd Dowd NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 175 24 2007 2007 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 175 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 175 26 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 175 27 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 175 28 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 175 29 effectiveness effectiveness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 30 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 31 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 32 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 175 33 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 34 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 35 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 175 36 tested test VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 37 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 175 38 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 175 39 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 175 40 cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 41 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 42 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 43 procedure procedure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 44 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 175 45 also also RB cord-270604-u62437dh 175 46 implemented implement VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 47 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 48 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 175 49 abc abc NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 175 50 package package NN cord-270604-u62437dh 175 51 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 176 1 Cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 2 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 3 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 4 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 5 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 6 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 176 7 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 8 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 9 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 176 10 also also RB cord-270604-u62437dh 176 11 performed perform VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 12 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 176 13 select select VB cord-270604-u62437dh 176 14 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 176 15 best good JJS cord-270604-u62437dh 176 16 performing perform VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 176 17 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 176 18 method method NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 19 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 176 20 tolerance tolerance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 21 level level NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 176 23 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 176 24 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 176 25 evaluate evaluate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 176 26 performance performance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 176 27 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 177 1 Cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 2 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 3 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 4 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 5 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 177 6 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 7 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 177 8 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 9 repeatedly repeatedly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 177 10 samples sample VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 177 11 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 177 13 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 177 14 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 177 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 177 16 records record VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 177 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 177 18 percentage percentage NN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 20 samples sample NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 177 21 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 22 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 177 23 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 177 24 simulation simulation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 25 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 26 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 177 27 correctly correctly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 177 28 identified identify VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 177 30 based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 31 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 32 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 177 33 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 177 34 summary summary NN cord-270604-u62437dh 177 35 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 177 36 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 178 1 Cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 2 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 3 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 4 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 5 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 178 6 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 7 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 178 8 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 9 repeatedly repeatedly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 178 10 samples sample VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 178 11 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 178 13 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 178 14 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 178 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 178 16 calculates calculate VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 178 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 178 18 prediction prediction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 19 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 20 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 21 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 178 22 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 23 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 178 25 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 178 26 sum sum NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 27 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 28 squared squared JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 178 29 differences difference NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 178 30 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 31 true true JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 178 32 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 178 33 estimated estimate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 34 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 178 35 divided divide VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 36 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 37 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 178 38 variance variance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 178 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 178 40 Csilléry Csilléry NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 178 41 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 178 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 178 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 178 44 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 179 1 Based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 2 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 3 cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 4 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 5 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 6 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 7 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 8 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 179 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 179 11 main main JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 179 12 analyses analysis NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 179 13 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 179 14 performed perform VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 15 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 179 16 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 179 17 linear linear JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 179 18 regression regression NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 19 method method NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 20 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 179 21 improve improve VB cord-270604-u62437dh 179 22 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 179 23 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 24 estimation estimation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 179 26 Csilléry Csilléry NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 179 27 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 179 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 179 29 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 179 30 reduce reduce VB cord-270604-u62437dh 179 31 estimation estimation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 32 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 179 34 relative relative JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 179 35 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 36 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 179 37 simpler simple JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 179 38 rejection rejection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 39 method method NN cord-270604-u62437dh 179 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 179 41 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 180 1 Based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 2 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 3 cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 4 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 5 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 6 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 7 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 8 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 180 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 180 11 used use VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 180 12 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 180 13 tolerance tolerance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 14 level level NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 16 0.05 0.05 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 180 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 180 18 rather rather RB cord-270604-u62437dh 180 19 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 20 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 180 21 tested test VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 22 alternatives alternative NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 180 23 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 24 0.005 0.005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 180 25 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 180 26 0.5 0.5 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 180 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 180 28 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 180 29 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 180 30 gave give VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 180 31 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 180 32 greatest great JJS cord-270604-u62437dh 180 33 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 34 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 35 accuracy accuracy NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 36 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 37 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 180 38 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 180 39 method method NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 40 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 180 41 simulation simulation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 42 set set VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 43 chosen choose VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 44 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 45 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 180 46 main main JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 180 47 analyses analysis NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 180 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 180 49 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 50 prediction prediction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 51 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 52 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 180 53 found find VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 54 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 180 55 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 180 56 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 180 57 independent independent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 180 58 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 59 tolerance tolerance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 60 level level NN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 61 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 180 62 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 63 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 64 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 180 65 Fig Fig NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 180 66 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 180 67 S4 S4 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 180 68 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 180 69 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 181 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 2 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 181 3 procedure procedure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 4 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 181 5 performed perform VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 6 first first RB cord-270604-u62437dh 181 7 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 9 full full JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 181 10 simulation simulation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 11 set set NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 181 13 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 14 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 15 β β XX cord-270604-u62437dh 181 16 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 181 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 181 18 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 181 19 then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 181 20 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 22 subset subset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 23 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 24 simulations simulation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 181 25 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 26 β β NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 181 27 ≤ ≤ NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 181 28 0.4 0.4 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 181 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 181 30 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 31 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 32 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 33 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 181 34 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 181 35 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 181 36 clearly clearly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 181 37 distinguished distinguish VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 38 while while IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 39 covering cover VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 181 40 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 41 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 181 42 wide wide JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 181 43 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 44 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 45 _SP cord-270604-u62437dh 181 46 Model Model NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 181 47 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 48 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 49 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 181 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 181 51 Csilléry Csilléry NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 181 52 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 181 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 181 54 supported support VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 181 55 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 56 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 181 57 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 58 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 59 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 181 60 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 61 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 62 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 181 63 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 64 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 65 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 181 66 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 67 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 181 68 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 69 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 181 70 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 181 71 studied study VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 72 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 181 73 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 181 74 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 182 1 Mean mean JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 182 2 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 182 3 probabilities probability NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 182 4 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 5 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 182 6 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 182 7 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 8 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 182 9 0.925 0.925 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 182 10 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 11 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 182 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 182 13 0.528 0.528 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 182 14 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 15 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 182 16 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 182 17 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 182 18 0.629 0.629 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 182 19 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 20 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 182 21 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 182 22 whereas whereas IN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 23 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 182 24 probabilities probability NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 182 25 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 26 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 182 27 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 182 28 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 29 were be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 182 30 0.075 0.075 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 182 31 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 32 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 182 33 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 182 34 0.472 0.472 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 182 35 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 36 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 182 37 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 182 38 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 182 39 0.371 0.371 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 182 40 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 182 41 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 182 42 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 183 1 Bayes Bayes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 183 2 factor factor NN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 3 comparisons comparison NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 183 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 5 these these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 183 6 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 183 7 probabilities probability NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 183 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 183 9 Kass Kass NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 183 10 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 183 11 Raftery Raftery NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 183 12 1995 1995 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 183 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 183 14 indicate indicate VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 183 15 positive positive JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 183 16 support support NN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 17 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 18 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 183 19 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 183 20 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 183 22 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 23 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 183 24 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 183 25 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 26 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 183 27 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 28 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 183 29 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 183 31 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 183 32 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 33 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 183 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 183 35 Bayes Bayes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 183 36 factor factor NN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 37 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 183 38 12.4 12.4 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 183 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 183 40 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 183 41 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 183 42 only only JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 183 43 weak weak JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 183 44 support support NN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 45 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 46 those those DT cord-270604-u62437dh 183 47 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 48 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 183 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 183 50 Bayes Bayes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 183 51 factor factor NN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 52 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 183 53 1.7 1.7 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 183 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 183 55 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 183 56 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 183 57 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 183 58 Bayes Bayes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 183 59 factor factor NN cord-270604-u62437dh 183 60 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 183 61 1.1 1.1 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 183 62 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 183 63 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 184 1 For for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 2 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 184 3 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 184 4 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 5 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 184 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 184 7 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 184 8 selected select VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 184 9 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 184 10 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 184 11 low low JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 184 12 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 13 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 14 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 184 15 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 16 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 184 18 indicating indicate VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 184 19 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 184 20 strong strong JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 184 21 effect effect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 22 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 23 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 24 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 184 25 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 184 27 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 184 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 184 29 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 30 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 184 31 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 32 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 33 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 184 34 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 184 35 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 36 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 184 37 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 185 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 185 2 modal modal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 185 3 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 4 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 5 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 6 95 95 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 7 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 8 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 185 9 confidence confidence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 10 intervals interval NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 185 11 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 185 13 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 185 14 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 15 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 16 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 17 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 185 18 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 19 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 20 0.29 0.29 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 185 22 0.25 0.25 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 23 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 185 24 0.37 0.37 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 185 26 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 27 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 185 28 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 185 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 185 30 0.18 0.18 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 185 32 0.15 0.15 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 33 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 185 34 0.27 0.27 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 185 36 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 37 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 185 38 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 185 39 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 185 40 0.15 0.15 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 185 42 0.1 0.1 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 43 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 185 44 0.37 0.37 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 185 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 185 46 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 185 47 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 185 48 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 186 1 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 186 2 second second JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 186 3 set set NN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 5 analyses analysis NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 186 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 186 7 conducted conduct VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 8 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 186 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 186 10 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 186 11 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 186 12 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 13 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 14 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 186 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 186 16 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 17 1000 1000 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 186 18 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 186 19 sampled sample VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 20 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 186 22 Bayesian Bayesian NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 186 23 MCMC MCMC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 186 24 chain chain NN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 186 26 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 186 27 gave give VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 186 28 similar similar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 186 29 results result NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 186 30 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 31 those those DT cord-270604-u62437dh 186 32 based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 33 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 34 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 186 35 majority majority NN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 36 rule rule NN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 37 consensus consensus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 186 38 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 186 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 186 40 above above RB cord-270604-u62437dh 186 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 186 42 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 187 1 These these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 187 2 supported support VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 187 4 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 187 5 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 187 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 7 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 187 8 probabilities probability NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 9 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 187 10 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 11 0.908 0.908 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 187 13 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 14 0.535 0.535 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 187 16 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 17 0.641 0.641 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 19 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 187 20 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 187 21 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 187 22 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 187 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 24 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 187 25 probabilities probability NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 26 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 187 27 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 28 0.092 0.092 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 187 30 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 31 0.466 0.466 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 32 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 187 33 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 34 0.359 0.359 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 36 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 187 37 returned return VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 38 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 187 39 low low JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 187 40 estimates estimate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 41 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 187 42 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 187 43 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 187 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 45 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 46 0.3 0.3 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 48 0.25 0.25 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 49 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 187 50 0.37 0.37 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 51 ] ] -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 52 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 187 53 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 54 0.17 0.17 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 55 [ [ -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 56 0.14 0.14 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 57 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 187 58 0.27 0.27 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 59 ] ] -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 60 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 187 61 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 187 62 0.15 0.15 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 63 [ [ -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 64 0.1 0.1 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 65 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 187 66 0.38 0.38 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 187 67 ] ] -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 68 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 187 69 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 188 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 188 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 188 3 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 188 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 188 5 main main JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 188 6 results result NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 188 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 188 8 based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 188 9 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 188 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 188 11 consensus consensus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 188 12 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 188 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 188 14 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 188 15 fairly fairly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 188 16 robust robust JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 188 17 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 188 18 phylogenetic phylogenetic VB cord-270604-u62437dh 188 19 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-270604-u62437dh 188 20 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 189 1 Figure figure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 189 2 1 1 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 189 3 illustrates illustrate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 189 4 modeled model VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 189 5 relationships relationship NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 189 6 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 189 7 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 189 8 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 189 9 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 189 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 189 11 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 189 12 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 189 13 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 189 14 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 189 15 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 189 16 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 189 17 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 190 1 Given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 2 levels level NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 190 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 4 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 5 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 6 0.1 0.1 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 190 7 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 190 8 0.3 0.3 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 190 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 190 10 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 11 selected select VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 12 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 13 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 190 14 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 190 15 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 16 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 190 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 190 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 190 19 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 190 20 best well RBS cord-270604-u62437dh 190 21 supported support VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 22 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 190 23 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 24 indicates indicate VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 190 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 190 26 first first RB cord-270604-u62437dh 190 27 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 190 28 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 29 very very RB cord-270604-u62437dh 190 30 low low JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 190 31 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 190 32 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 190 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 190 34 below below IN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 35 approximately approximately RB cord-270604-u62437dh 190 36 0.05 0.05 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 190 37 substitutions substitution NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 190 38 per per IN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 39 site site NN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 190 41 present present JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 190 42 very very RB cord-270604-u62437dh 190 43 little little JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 190 44 barrier barrier NN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 45 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 190 46 host host VB cord-270604-u62437dh 190 47 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 190 48 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 191 1 Then then RB cord-270604-u62437dh 191 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 191 3 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 4 increasing increase VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 191 5 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 191 6 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 191 8 there there EX cord-270604-u62437dh 191 9 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 191 10 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 191 11 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 191 12 steep steep JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 191 13 decline decline NN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 14 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 191 16 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 17 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 18 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 191 19 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 191 20 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 21 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 191 23 nearing near VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 191 24 zero zero CD cord-270604-u62437dh 191 25 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 26 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 191 27 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 191 28 increase increase VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 191 29 above above IN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 30 approximately approximately RB cord-270604-u62437dh 191 31 0.25 0.25 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 191 32 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 191 33 0.8 0.8 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 191 34 substitutions substitution NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 191 35 per per IN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 36 site site NN cord-270604-u62437dh 191 37 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 192 1 Figure figure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 2 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 192 3 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 192 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 192 5 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 192 6 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 7 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 8 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 192 10 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 192 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 192 12 returned return VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 13 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 14 computer computer NN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 15 simulation simulation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 16 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 17 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 192 18 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 19 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 192 20 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 193 1 With with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 2 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 193 3 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 4 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 5 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 6 selected select VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 7 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 193 8 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 193 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 193 10 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 193 12 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 13 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 14 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 193 16 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 193 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 193 18 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 193 19 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 193 20 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 21 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 22 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 193 23 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 193 24 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 25 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 26 under under IN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 27 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 193 28 best good JJS cord-270604-u62437dh 193 29 supported support VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 30 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 193 31 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 32 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 193 33 markedly markedly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 193 34 lower low JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 193 35 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 36 that that DT cord-270604-u62437dh 193 37 expected expect VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 38 under under IN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 39 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 193 40 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 193 41 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 193 43 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 44 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 193 45 same same JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 193 46 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 47 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 48 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 193 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 193 50 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 194 1 Cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 2 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 3 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 4 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 5 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 6 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 194 8 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 194 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 194 10 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 194 11 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 12 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 13 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 194 14 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 194 15 confirmed confirm VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 194 16 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 194 18 simulation simulation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 19 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 194 21 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 22 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 23 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 24 could could MD cord-270604-u62437dh 194 25 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 194 26 effectively effectively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 194 27 estimated estimate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 28 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 29 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 194 30 summary summary NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 31 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 194 32 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 33 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 194 34 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 35 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 194 36 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 195 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 195 2 indicates indicate VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 195 3 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 4 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 195 5 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 6 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 7 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 195 8 effective effective JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 195 9 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 10 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 195 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 195 13 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 195 14 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 15 sizes size NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 195 16 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 17 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 18 calculation calculation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 20 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 195 21 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 195 22 summary summary NN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 23 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 195 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 195 25 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 195 26 corresponded correspond VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 195 27 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 28 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 195 29 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 30 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 31 observed observe VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 32 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 33 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 195 34 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 35 associations association NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 195 36 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 195 37 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 38 22 22 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 195 39 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 40 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 195 41 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 195 42 12 12 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 195 43 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 44 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 195 45 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 195 46 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 195 47 4 4 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 195 48 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 195 49 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 195 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 195 51 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 196 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 196 2 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 196 3 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 4 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 196 5 correctly correctly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 196 6 selected select VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 7 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 8 88 88 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 196 9 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 196 12 sampled sample VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 13 simulations simulation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 196 14 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 196 16 primate primate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 196 17 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 196 19 61 61 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 196 20 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 21 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 22 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 196 23 carnivore carnivore NN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 24 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 196 26 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 196 27 70 70 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 196 28 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 29 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 30 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 196 31 ungulate ungulate NN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 32 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 196 33 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 197 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 197 2 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 197 3 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 4 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 197 5 correctly correctly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 197 6 selected select VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 7 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 8 74 74 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 197 9 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 11 sampled sample VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 12 simulations simulation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 197 13 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 14 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 197 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 197 16 84 84 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 197 17 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 18 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 19 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 197 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 197 21 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 197 22 61 61 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 197 23 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 24 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 197 25 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 197 26 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 198 1 Cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 2 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 3 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 4 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 5 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 6 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 7 indicated indicate VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 198 8 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 198 10 prediction prediction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 11 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 198 13 Csilléry Csilléry NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 198 14 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 198 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 198 16 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 198 18 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 19 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 20 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 198 21 very very RB cord-270604-u62437dh 198 22 low low JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 198 23 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 24 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 198 25 simulations simulation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 198 26 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 27 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 198 28 primate primate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 198 29 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 198 31 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 32 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 198 33 0.05 0.05 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 198 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 198 35 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 198 36 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 37 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 198 38 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 198 39 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 40 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 41 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 42 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 198 43 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 198 44 largest large JJS cord-270604-u62437dh 198 45 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 199 1 Prediction prediction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 199 2 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 199 3 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 199 4 higher high JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 199 5 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 199 6 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 199 7 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 199 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 199 9 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 199 10 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 199 11 0.12 0.12 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 199 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 199 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 199 14 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 199 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 199 16 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 199 17 = = SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 199 18 0.31 0.31 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 199 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 199 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 199 21 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 199 22 had have VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 199 23 lower low JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 199 24 sample sample NN cord-270604-u62437dh 199 25 sizes size NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 199 26 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 200 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 200 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 200 3 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 4 plots plot NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 200 5 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 200 6 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 7 estimated estimate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 8 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 9 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 200 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 200 11 within within IN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 200 13 relevant relevant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 200 14 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 200 15 confidence confidence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 16 intervals interval NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 200 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 200 18 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 200 19 approximately approximately RB cord-270604-u62437dh 200 20 linearly linearly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 200 21 related relate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 22 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 23 true true JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 200 24 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 25 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 200 26 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 200 27 showing show VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 200 28 no no DT cord-270604-u62437dh 200 29 evidence evidence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 30 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 31 prediction prediction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 32 bias bias NN cord-270604-u62437dh 200 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 200 34 Fig Fig NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 200 35 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 200 36 S4 S4 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 200 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 200 38 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 201 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 201 2 indicates indicate VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 201 3 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 4 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 201 5 large large JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 201 6 samples sample NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 201 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 8 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 9 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 201 10 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 11 associations association NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 201 12 allow allow VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 201 13 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 14 more more JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 201 15 effective effective JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 201 16 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 17 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 201 18 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 19 testing testing NN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 201 21 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 201 22 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 23 even even RB cord-270604-u62437dh 201 24 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 201 25 small small JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 201 26 samples sample NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 201 27 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 201 28 provide provide VB cord-270604-u62437dh 201 29 information information NN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 30 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 31 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 201 32 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 201 33 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 201 34 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 201 35 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 202 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 202 2 survey survey NN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 202 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 202 6 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 202 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 8 mammals mammal NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 202 9 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 10 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 202 12 GMPD GMPD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 202 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 202 14 Nunn Nunn NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 202 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 202 16 Alitzer Alitzer NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 202 17 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 202 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 202 19 found find VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 202 20 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 202 21 total total NN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 22 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 23 38 38 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 202 24 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 202 26 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 27 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 202 28 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 202 29 collectively collectively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 202 30 infecting infect VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 202 31 228 228 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 202 32 wild wild JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 202 33 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 202 34 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 202 35 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 202 36 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 202 37 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 202 38 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 202 39 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 202 40 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 202 41 terrestrial terrestrial JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 202 42 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 202 43 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 203 1 Of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 2 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 203 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 203 4 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 203 5 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 6 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 203 8 GMPD GMPD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 203 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 203 10 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 11 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 203 12 represented represent VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 203 13 96 96 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 203 14 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 203 17 total total NN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 18 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 19 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 203 20 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 203 21 32 32 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 203 22 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 23 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 24 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 203 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 203 26 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 203 27 44 44 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 203 28 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 29 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 203 30 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 203 31 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 204 1 Of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 2 these these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 204 3 recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 4 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 5 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 204 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 204 7 42 42 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 204 8 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 9 had have VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 204 10 just just RB cord-270604-u62437dh 204 11 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 204 12 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 204 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 204 14 82 82 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 204 15 % % NN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 16 had have VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 204 17 fewer few JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 204 18 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 19 seven seven CD cord-270604-u62437dh 204 20 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 204 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 204 22 although although IN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 23 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 204 24 few few JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 204 25 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 26 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 204 27 infected infect VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 28 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 204 29 large large JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 204 30 numbers number NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 204 31 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 32 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 204 33 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 204 34 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 205 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 205 2 Harder hard JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 205 3 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 205 4 Osterhaus Osterhaus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 205 5 1997 1997 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 205 6 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 205 7 Purse purse NN cord-270604-u62437dh 205 8 et et FW cord-270604-u62437dh 205 9 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 205 10 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 206 1 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 206 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 206 3 Chambers chamber NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 206 4 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 206 5 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 206 6 MacLachlan MacLachlan NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 206 7 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 206 8 Guthrie Guthrie NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 206 9 2010 2010 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 206 10 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 206 11 de de NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 206 12 Almeida Almeida NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 206 13 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 206 14 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 206 15 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 206 16 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 206 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 206 18 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 207 1 Comparison comparison NN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 2 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 3 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 207 4 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 207 5 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 207 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 7 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 207 8 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 9 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 207 11 eq eq NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 207 12 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 207 13 2 2 LS cord-270604-u62437dh 207 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 207 15 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 207 16 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 207 17 supported support VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 207 18 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 207 19 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 207 20 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 207 22 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 23 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 207 24 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 207 25 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 26 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 207 27 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 28 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 207 29 strong strong JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 207 30 effect effect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 31 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 32 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 207 33 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 34 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 35 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 207 36 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 207 37 studied study VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 38 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 207 39 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 207 40 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 208 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 208 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 208 3 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 208 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 208 5 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 208 6 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 208 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 208 8 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 208 9 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 208 10 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 208 11 initially initially RB cord-270604-u62437dh 208 12 shallow shallow JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 208 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 208 14 before before IN cord-270604-u62437dh 208 15 proceeding proceed VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 208 16 steeply steeply RB cord-270604-u62437dh 208 17 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 208 18 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 208 19 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 208 20 increases increase NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 208 21 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 209 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 209 2 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 209 3 noteworthy noteworthy JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 209 4 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 209 5 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 209 6 tests test NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 209 7 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 209 8 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 209 9 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 209 10 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 209 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 209 12 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 209 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 209 14 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 209 15 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 209 16 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 209 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 209 18 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 209 19 supported support VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 209 20 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 209 21 same same JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 209 22 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 209 23 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 209 24 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 209 25 similarly similarly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 209 26 strong strong JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 209 27 effects effect NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 209 28 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 209 29 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 209 30 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 209 31 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 210 1 These these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 210 2 results result NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 210 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 210 4 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 5 strong strong JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 210 6 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 210 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 8 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 9 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 210 10 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 11 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 210 12 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 210 13 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 14 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 210 16 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 17 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 18 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 210 19 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 210 20 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 21 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 22 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 23 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 210 24 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 25 increases increase NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 210 26 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 210 27 may may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 210 28 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 210 29 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 210 30 general general JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 210 31 characteristic characteristic NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 32 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 33 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 34 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 210 35 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 36 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 210 37 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 210 38 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 210 39 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 211 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 211 2 result result NN cord-270604-u62437dh 211 3 feeds feed VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 211 4 into into IN cord-270604-u62437dh 211 5 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 211 6 understanding understanding NN cord-270604-u62437dh 211 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 211 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 211 9 coevolutionary coevolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 211 10 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 211 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 211 12 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 211 13 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 211 14 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 211 15 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 211 16 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 211 17 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 211 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 211 19 potentially potentially RB cord-270604-u62437dh 211 20 generalizing generalize VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 211 21 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 211 22 many many JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 211 23 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 211 24 coevolutionary coevolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 211 25 systems system NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 211 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 211 27 see see VB cord-270604-u62437dh 211 28 below below RB cord-270604-u62437dh 211 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 211 30 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 212 1 Although although IN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 212 3 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 212 4 long long RB cord-270604-u62437dh 212 5 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 6 held hold VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 7 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 212 9 success success NN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 11 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 12 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 13 diminishes diminish VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 212 14 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 15 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 212 16 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 17 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 18 current current JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 212 19 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 212 20 nascent nascent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 212 21 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 212 22 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 212 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 212 24 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 212 25 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 212 26 previously previously RB cord-270604-u62437dh 212 27 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 28 possible possible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 212 29 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 212 30 test test VB cord-270604-u62437dh 212 31 particulars particular NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 212 32 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 33 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 212 34 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 212 35 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 213 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 213 2 work work NN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 3 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 213 4 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 5 ecological ecological JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 213 6 arguments argument NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 213 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 8 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 213 9 certain certain JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 213 10 " " `` cord-270604-u62437dh 213 11 tolerable tolerable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 213 12 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 13 " " '' cord-270604-u62437dh 213 14 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 15 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 16 environment environment NN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 17 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 213 18 indeed indeed RB cord-270604-u62437dh 213 19 reflected reflect VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 20 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 21 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 213 22 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 213 23 reduction reduction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 24 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 25 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 26 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 213 27 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 213 28 success success NN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 29 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 30 increasing increase VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 213 31 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 213 32 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 213 33 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 214 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 214 2 agrees agree VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 214 3 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 214 4 previous previous JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 214 5 experimental experimental JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 214 6 observations observation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 214 7 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 214 8 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 214 9 wide wide JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 214 10 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 214 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 214 12 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 214 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 214 14 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 214 15 taxa taxon NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 214 16 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 215 1 First first RB cord-270604-u62437dh 215 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 215 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 215 4 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 215 5 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 6 observed observe VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 7 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 8 small small JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 215 9 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 215 10 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 215 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 215 12 such such JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 215 13 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 14 those those DT cord-270604-u62437dh 215 15 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 16 sister sister NN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 17 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 215 18 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 215 19 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 215 20 within within IN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 21 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 215 22 subgenus subgenus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 215 24 Perlman Perlman NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 215 25 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 215 26 Jaenike Jaenike NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 215 27 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 215 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 215 29 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 215 30 genus genus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 215 32 Tinsley Tinsley NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 215 33 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 215 34 Majerus Majerus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 215 35 2007 2007 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 215 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 215 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 215 38 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 215 39 present present VB cord-270604-u62437dh 215 40 very very RB cord-270604-u62437dh 215 41 low low JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 215 42 barriers barrier NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 215 43 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 215 44 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 45 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 215 46 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 216 1 Second second RB cord-270604-u62437dh 216 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 216 3 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 216 4 number number NN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 6 recent recent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 216 7 studies study NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 216 8 suggest suggest VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 216 9 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 216 11 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 12 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 13 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 216 14 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 216 15 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 216 16 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 216 18 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 216 21 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 216 22 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 216 23 affected affect VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 24 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 25 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 216 26 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 216 27 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 28 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 29 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 216 30 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 31 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 216 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 216 33 Charleston Charleston NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 216 34 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 216 35 Robertson Robertson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 216 36 2002 2002 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 216 37 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 216 38 Clayton Clayton NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 216 39 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 216 40 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 216 41 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 217 1 2003a 2003a CD cord-270604-u62437dh 217 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 217 3 Perlman Perlman NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 217 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 217 5 Jaenike Jaenike NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 217 6 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 217 7 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 217 8 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 217 9 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 217 10 Mouillot Mouillot NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 217 11 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 217 12 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 217 13 Krasnov Krasnov NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 217 14 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 217 15 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 217 16 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 218 1 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 218 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 218 3 Percy Percy NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 218 4 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 218 5 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 218 6 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 219 1 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 219 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 219 3 Sorenson Sorenson NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 219 4 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 219 5 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 219 6 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 220 1 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 220 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 220 3 Tinsley Tinsley NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 220 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 220 5 Majerus Majerus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 220 6 2007 2007 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 220 7 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 220 8 Longdon Longdon NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 220 9 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 220 10 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 220 11 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 220 12 2011 2011 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 220 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 220 14 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 221 1 Third third RB cord-270604-u62437dh 221 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 221 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 221 4 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 221 5 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 221 6 suggested suggest VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 221 7 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 221 8 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 221 9 switches switch VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 221 10 over over IN cord-270604-u62437dh 221 11 very very RB cord-270604-u62437dh 221 12 large large JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 221 13 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 221 14 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 221 15 are be VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 221 16 comparatively comparatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 221 17 rare rare JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 221 18 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 222 1 For for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 222 2 example example NN cord-270604-u62437dh 222 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 222 4 few few JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 222 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 222 6 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 222 7 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 222 8 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 222 9 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 222 10 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 222 11 difference difference NN cord-270604-u62437dh 222 12 orders order NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 222 13 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 222 14 classes class NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 223 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 223 2 Gifford Gifford NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 223 3 et et NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 223 4 al al NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 223 5 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 224 1 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 224 2 ; ; : cord-270604-u62437dh 224 3 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 224 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 224 5 Gowtage Gowtage NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 224 6 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 224 7 Sequeria Sequeria NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 224 8 2005 2005 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 224 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 224 10 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 224 11 very very RB cord-270604-u62437dh 224 12 few few JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 224 13 infect infect VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 224 14 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 224 15 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 224 16 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 224 17 phyla phylum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 224 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 224 19 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 224 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 224 21 Mouillot Mouillot NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 224 22 2003 2003 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 224 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 224 24 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 225 1 Although although IN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 2 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 225 3 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 225 4 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 5 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 225 6 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 225 7 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 8 had have VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 225 9 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 225 10 highest high JJS cord-270604-u62437dh 225 11 posterior posterior JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 225 12 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 225 14 compared compare VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 15 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 225 17 exponential exponential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 225 18 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 225 20 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 21 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 225 22 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 225 23 studied study VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 24 orders order NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 225 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 225 26 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 225 27 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 225 28 consistent consistent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 225 29 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 30 previous previous JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 225 31 suggestions suggestion NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 225 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 225 33 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 34 described describe VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 35 above above IN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 225 37 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 225 38 Bayes Bayes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 225 39 factor factor NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 40 support support NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 41 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 225 42 weaker weak JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 225 43 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 44 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 225 45 smaller small JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 225 46 carnivore carnivore NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 47 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 225 48 ungulate ungulate NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 49 datasets dataset NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 225 50 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 51 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 52 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 225 53 larger large JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 225 54 primate primate NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 55 dataset dataset NN cord-270604-u62437dh 225 56 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 226 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 226 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 226 3 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 226 5 generality generality NN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 226 8 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 226 9 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 10 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 226 11 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 12 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 13 should should MD cord-270604-u62437dh 226 14 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 226 15 corroborated corroborate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 16 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 17 more more JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 226 18 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 19 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 226 20 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 21 association association NN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 22 data data NN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 23 becomes become VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 226 24 available available JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 226 25 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 26 nonprimate nonprimate NN cord-270604-u62437dh 226 27 groups group NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 226 28 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 227 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 227 2 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 227 3 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 4 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 5 supported support VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 227 6 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 227 7 relatively relatively RB cord-270604-u62437dh 227 8 low low JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 227 9 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 227 12 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 13 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 14 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 15 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 227 16 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 227 17 scales scale VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 227 18 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 227 19 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 20 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 21 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 22 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 23 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 24 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 25 increasing increase VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 227 26 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 227 27 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 28 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 227 29 current current JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 227 30 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 227 31 potential potential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 227 32 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 227 33 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 228 1 Increasing increase VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 228 2 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 228 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 228 4 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 228 5 indicate indicate VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 228 6 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 228 7 declining decline VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 228 8 effect effect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 228 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 228 10 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 228 11 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 228 12 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 229 1 However however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 229 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 229 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 229 4 average average JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 229 5 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 6 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 7 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 8 modeled model VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 9 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 10 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 229 11 particular particular JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 229 12 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 13 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 14 depends depend VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 229 15 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 229 17 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 18 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 19 branch branch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 20 lengths length NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 229 21 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 22 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 229 23 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 229 24 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 230 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 230 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 230 3 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 230 4 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 230 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 230 6 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 231 1 Thus thus RB cord-270604-u62437dh 231 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 231 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 231 4 significant significant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 231 5 point point NN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 6 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 231 7 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 231 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 231 9 selected select VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 10 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 12 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 231 13 β β XX cord-270604-u62437dh 231 14 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 15 per per FW cord-270604-u62437dh 231 16 se se FW cord-270604-u62437dh 231 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 231 18 but but CC cord-270604-u62437dh 231 19 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 20 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 231 21 value value NN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 22 supported support VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 23 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 24 each each DT cord-270604-u62437dh 231 25 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 26 falls fall VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 231 27 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 28 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 231 29 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 30 where where WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 231 31 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 231 32 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 33 strongly strongly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 231 34 affects affect VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 231 35 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 231 36 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 37 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 38 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 231 39 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 231 40 switches switch NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 231 41 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 232 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 232 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 232 3 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 232 5 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 232 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 8 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 232 9 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 10 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 232 12 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 232 13 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 232 14 been be VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 15 strongly strongly RB cord-270604-u62437dh 232 16 affected affect VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 17 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 18 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 19 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 232 20 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 233 1 Although although IN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 233 3 analysis analysis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 4 focused focus VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 233 5 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 6 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 233 7 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 8 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 9 β β XX cord-270604-u62437dh 233 10 describing describe VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 233 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 233 12 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 14 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 233 15 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 233 16 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 17 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 18 at at IN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 19 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 233 20 given give VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 21 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 233 22 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 23 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 233 24 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 233 25 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 233 26 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 27 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 28 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 29 also also RB cord-270604-u62437dh 233 30 contain contain VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 233 31 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 233 32 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 33 γ γ NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 34 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 233 35 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 233 36 represents represent VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 233 37 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 233 38 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 39 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 40 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 41 within within IN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 42 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 233 43 original original JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 233 44 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 45 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 233 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 233 47 Engelstädter Engelstädter NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 233 48 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 233 49 Hurst Hurst NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 233 50 2006 2006 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 233 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 233 52 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 234 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 234 2 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 234 3 procedure procedure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 4 could could MD cord-270604-u62437dh 234 5 perhaps perhaps RB cord-270604-u62437dh 234 6 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 234 7 extended extend VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 8 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 234 9 incorporate incorporate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 234 10 estimates estimate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 234 11 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 12 γ γ NN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 234 14 based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 15 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 16 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 234 17 describing describe VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 234 18 intrahost intrahost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 19 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 20 infectivity infectivity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 234 22 e.g. e.g. RB cord-270604-u62437dh 234 23 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 234 24 see see VB cord-270604-u62437dh 234 25 Tinsley Tinsley NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 234 26 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 234 27 Majerus Majerus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 234 28 2007 2007 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 234 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 234 30 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 234 31 though though IN cord-270604-u62437dh 234 32 it -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 234 33 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 234 34 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 234 35 yet yet RB cord-270604-u62437dh 234 36 clear clear JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 234 37 how how WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 234 38 informative informative JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 234 39 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 234 40 would would MD cord-270604-u62437dh 234 41 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 234 42 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 235 1 Here here RB cord-270604-u62437dh 235 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 235 3 have have VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 235 4 tested test VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 235 5 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 235 6 simple simple JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 235 7 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 235 8 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 235 9 could could MD cord-270604-u62437dh 235 10 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 235 11 compared compare VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 235 12 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 235 13 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 235 14 available available JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 235 15 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 235 16 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 236 1 Of of RB cord-270604-u62437dh 236 2 course course RB cord-270604-u62437dh 236 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 236 4 simply simply RB cord-270604-u62437dh 236 5 finding find VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 236 6 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 7 one one CD cord-270604-u62437dh 236 8 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 9 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 236 10 better well RBR cord-270604-u62437dh 236 11 supported support VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 12 than than IN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 13 another another DT cord-270604-u62437dh 236 14 does do VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 236 15 not not RB cord-270604-u62437dh 236 16 mean mean VB cord-270604-u62437dh 236 17 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 18 that that DT cord-270604-u62437dh 236 19 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 20 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 236 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 236 22 correct correct JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 236 23 one one NN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 24 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 25 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 236 26 cases case NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 236 27 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 236 28 however however RB cord-270604-u62437dh 236 29 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 236 30 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 236 31 regard regard VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 236 32 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 236 33 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 34 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 236 35 important important JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 236 36 first first JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 236 37 step step NN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 38 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 39 understanding understand VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 236 40 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 236 41 general general JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 236 42 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 236 43 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 44 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 45 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 236 46 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 236 47 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 236 48 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 236 49 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 237 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-270604-u62437dh 237 2 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 237 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 237 4 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 237 5 methods method NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 237 6 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 237 7 here here RB cord-270604-u62437dh 237 8 could could MD cord-270604-u62437dh 237 9 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 237 10 applied apply VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 237 11 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 237 12 other other JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 237 13 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 237 14 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 237 15 they -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 237 16 arise arise VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 237 17 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 238 1 In in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 2 summary summary NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 3 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 238 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 238 5 present present VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 238 6 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 238 7 novel novel JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 238 8 empirical empirical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 238 9 test test NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 11 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 238 12 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 238 13 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 238 14 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 15 preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 238 16 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 17 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 18 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 238 19 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 238 20 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 21 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 22 that that WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 238 23 scales scale VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 238 24 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 238 25 predicted predict VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 26 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 27 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 28 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 29 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 30 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 238 31 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 239 1 Comparison comparison NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 2 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 3 observed observed JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 239 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 239 5 computer computer NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 6 simulated simulate VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 239 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 8 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 239 9 distributions distribution NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 239 10 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 11 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 239 13 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 239 14 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 239 15 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 239 16 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 239 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 239 18 supports support VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 239 19 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 239 20 strong strong JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 239 21 sigmoidal sigmoidal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 239 22 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 23 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 24 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 239 25 probability probability NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 26 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 27 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 239 28 successful successful JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 239 29 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 30 switch switch NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 31 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 32 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 239 33 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 34 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 35 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 239 36 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 37 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 239 38 increases increase VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 239 39 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 240 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 240 2 same same JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 240 3 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 240 4 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 240 5 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 240 6 similar similar JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 240 7 decay decay NN cord-270604-u62437dh 240 8 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 240 9 values value NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 240 10 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 240 11 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 240 12 supported support VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 240 13 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 240 14 all all DT cord-270604-u62437dh 240 15 three three CD cord-270604-u62437dh 240 16 studied study VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 240 17 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 240 18 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 240 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 240 20 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 240 21 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 240 22 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 240 23 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 240 24 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 240 25 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 240 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 240 27 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 241 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 241 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 241 3 that that IN cord-270604-u62437dh 241 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 241 5 supported supported JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 241 6 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 241 7 is be VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 241 8 applicable applicable JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 241 9 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 241 10 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 241 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 241 12 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 241 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 241 14 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 241 15 may may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 241 16 generalize generalize VB cord-270604-u62437dh 241 17 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 241 18 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 241 19 wider wide JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 241 20 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 241 21 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 241 22 coevolutionary coevolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 241 23 systems system NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 241 24 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 242 1 These these DT cord-270604-u62437dh 242 2 findings finding NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 242 3 provide provide VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 242 4 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 242 5 insight insight NN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 6 into into IN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 242 8 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 242 9 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 10 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 11 switching switching NN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 12 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 242 13 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 242 14 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 242 15 factor factor NN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 16 thought think VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 17 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 242 18 responsible responsible JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 242 19 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 20 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 242 21 majority majority NN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 242 23 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 242 24 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 242 25 Rambaut Rambaut NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 242 26 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 242 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 242 28 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 29 emerging emerge VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 242 30 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 242 31 re re VB cord-270604-u62437dh 242 32 - - JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 242 33 emerging emerge VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 242 34 infectious infectious JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 242 35 disease disease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 242 36 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 243 1 This this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 243 2 work work NN cord-270604-u62437dh 243 3 was be VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 243 4 supported support VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 243 5 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 243 6 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 243 7 Australian Australian NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 243 8 Research Research NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 243 9 Council Council NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 243 10 Grant Grant NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 243 11 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 243 12 DP1094891 DP1094891 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 243 13 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 243 14 which which WDT cord-270604-u62437dh 243 15 we -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 243 16 gratefully gratefully RB cord-270604-u62437dh 243 17 acknowledge acknowledge VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 243 18 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 244 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 244 2 also also RB cord-270604-u62437dh 244 3 thank thank VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 244 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 244 5 curators curator NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 244 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 244 7 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 244 8 10kTrees 10ktrees CD cord-270604-u62437dh 244 9 project project NN cord-270604-u62437dh 244 10 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 244 11 granting grant VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 244 12 us -PRON- PRP cord-270604-u62437dh 244 13 early early JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 244 14 access access NN cord-270604-u62437dh 244 15 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 244 16 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 244 17 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 244 18 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 244 19 Carnivora Carnivora NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 244 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 244 21 Cetartiodactyla Cetartiodactyla NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 244 22 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 245 1 Associate Associate NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 245 2 Editor Editor NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 245 3 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 246 1 S. S. NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 246 2 Remold remold VB cord-270604-u62437dh 246 3 Additional additional JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 246 4 Supporting support VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 246 5 information information NN cord-270604-u62437dh 246 6 may may MD cord-270604-u62437dh 246 7 be be VB cord-270604-u62437dh 246 8 found find VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 246 9 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 246 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 246 11 online online JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 246 12 version version NN cord-270604-u62437dh 246 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 246 14 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 246 15 article article NN cord-270604-u62437dh 246 16 at at IN cord-270604-u62437dh 246 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 246 18 publisher publisher NN cord-270604-u62437dh 246 19 's 's POS cord-270604-u62437dh 246 20 website website NN cord-270604-u62437dh 246 21 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 246 22 Table Table NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 246 23 S1 S1 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 246 24 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 247 1 Recorded record VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 247 2 mammal mammal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 247 3 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 247 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 247 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 247 6 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 247 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 247 8 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 247 9 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 247 10 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 247 11 this this DT cord-270604-u62437dh 247 12 study study NN cord-270604-u62437dh 247 13 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 248 1 Text Text NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 248 2 S1 S1 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 248 3 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 249 1 Matlab Matlab NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 249 2 program program NN cord-270604-u62437dh 249 3 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 249 4 data datum NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 249 5 simulation simulation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 249 6 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 250 1 Figure figure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 250 2 S1 s1 NN cord-270604-u62437dh 250 3 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 251 1 Variance variance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 251 2 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 251 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 251 4 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 251 5 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 251 6 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 251 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 251 8 otherwise otherwise RB cord-270604-u62437dh 251 9 annotated annotate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 251 10 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 251 11 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 251 12 Figure figure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 251 13 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 251 14 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 252 1 Figure figure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 252 2 S2 s2 NN cord-270604-u62437dh 252 3 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 253 1 Skewness skewness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 253 2 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 253 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 253 4 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 253 5 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 253 6 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 253 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 253 8 otherwise otherwise RB cord-270604-u62437dh 253 9 annotated annotate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 253 10 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 253 11 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 253 12 Figure figure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 253 13 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 253 14 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 254 1 Figure figure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 254 2 S3 S3 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 254 3 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 255 1 Kurtosis kurtosis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 255 2 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 255 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 255 4 simulated simulated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 255 5 HSD HSD NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 255 6 statistics statistic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 255 7 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 255 8 otherwise otherwise RB cord-270604-u62437dh 255 9 annotated annotate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 255 10 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 255 11 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 255 12 Figure figure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 255 13 2 2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 255 14 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 256 1 Figure figure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 256 2 S4 s4 NN cord-270604-u62437dh 256 3 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 257 1 Prediction prediction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 2 error error NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 3 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 4 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 5 parameter parameter NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 6 β β NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 8 eq eq NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 257 9 . . NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 257 10 2 2 LS cord-270604-u62437dh 257 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 12 determined determine VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 257 13 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 257 14 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 257 15 approximate approximate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 257 16 Bayesian Bayesian NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 257 17 computation computation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 18 cross cross NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 19 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 20 validation validation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 21 procedure procedure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 23 Csilléry Csilléry NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 257 24 2012 2012 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 257 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 26 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 27 simulated simulate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 28 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 29 switches switch NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 257 30 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 31 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 257 32 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 257 33 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 34 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 257 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 36 A a NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 38 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 257 39 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 257 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 41 B b NN cord-270604-u62437dh 257 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 43 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 257 44 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 257 45 ungulates ungulate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 257 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 47 C C NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 257 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 257 49 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 258 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 258 2 10kTrees 10ktrees CD cord-270604-u62437dh 258 3 website website NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 4 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 258 5 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 258 6 new new JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 7 online online JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 8 resource resource NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 9 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 10 primate primate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 11 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 12 Evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 258 14 dispersal dispersal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 16 St. St. NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 258 17 Louis Louis NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 258 18 encephalitis encephalitis RB cord-270604-u62437dh 258 19 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 20 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 258 22 Americas Americas NNPS cord-270604-u62437dh 258 23 Host Host NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 258 24 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 25 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 258 26 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 27 specificity specificity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 28 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 258 29 hypothesized hypothesize VBD cord-270604-u62437dh 258 30 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 31 shift shift NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 32 events event NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 258 33 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 34 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 258 35 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 36 lower low JJR cord-270604-u62437dh 258 37 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 258 38 Multi multi JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 39 - - JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 40 host host JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 41 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 42 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 258 43 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 44 cophylogenetic cophylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 45 studies study NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 258 46 Evolutionary Evolutionary NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 258 47 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 258 48 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 258 49 spatial spatial JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 50 genetic genetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 51 structure structure NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 52 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 53 epizootic epizootic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 54 hemorrhagic hemorrhagic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 55 disease disease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 56 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 57 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 258 58 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 258 59 eastern eastern JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 258 60 United United NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 258 61 States States NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 259 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 259 2 role role NN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 4 body body NN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 5 size size NN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 6 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 8 specificity specificity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 9 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 259 10 reciprocal reciprocal JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 259 11 transfer transfer NN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 12 experiments experiment NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 259 13 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 14 feather feather NN cord-270604-u62437dh 259 15 lice lice NN cord-270604-u62437dh 260 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 260 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 260 3 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 260 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 260 5 bluetongue bluetongue NN cord-270604-u62437dh 260 6 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 260 7 Flaviviruses Flaviviruses NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 261 1 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 261 2 general general JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 261 3 features feature VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 261 4 Preferential preferential JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 261 5 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 261 6 switching switch VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 261 7 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 261 8 primate primate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 261 9 lentiviruses lentiviruse NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 261 10 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 261 11 account account VB cord-270604-u62437dh 261 12 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 261 13 phlyogenetic phlyogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 261 14 similarity similarity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 261 15 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 261 16 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 261 17 primate primate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 261 18 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 261 19 Host Host NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 261 20 defense defense NN cord-270604-u62437dh 262 1 reinforces reinforce VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 262 2 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 262 3 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 262 4 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 262 5 coevolution coevolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 263 2 ecological ecological JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 3 basis basis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 5 coevolutionary coevolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 6 history history NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 7 Diseases disease NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 263 8 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 9 humans human NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 263 10 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 263 11 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 12 domestic domestic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 13 mammals mammal NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 263 14 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 263 15 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 16 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 263 17 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 263 18 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 19 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 263 21 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 263 22 risk risk NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 23 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 24 emergence emergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 25 Identification identification NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 26 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 27 simian simian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 28 agent agent NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 29 10 10 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 263 30 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 31 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 32 parainfluenza parainfluenza NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 263 33 virus virus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 263 34 type type NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 263 35 3 3 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 263 36 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 37 transmission transmission NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 38 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 39 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 263 40 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 41 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 42 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 43 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 263 44 African african JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 45 monkey monkey NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 46 Jane Jane NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 263 47 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 263 48 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 263 49 new new JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 50 tool tool NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 51 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 52 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 263 53 cophylogeny cophylogeny NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 263 54 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 55 problem problem NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 56 abc abc NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 263 57 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 263 58 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 263 59 R r NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 60 package package NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 61 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 62 approximate approximate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 63 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 263 64 computation computation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 263 65 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 263 66 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 263 67 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 264 1 Approximate approximate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 2 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 3 computation computation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 264 5 ABC ABC NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 264 7 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 8 practice practice NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 9 Anthropogenic anthropogenic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 10 environmental environmental JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 11 change change NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 12 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 264 13 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 264 14 emergence emergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 16 infectious infectious JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 17 diseases disease NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 264 18 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 19 wildlife wildlife NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 20 Phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 21 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 264 22 geography geography NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 23 predict predict VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 24 pathogen pathogen NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 25 community community NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 26 similarity similarity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 27 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 28 wild wild JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 29 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 264 30 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 264 31 humans human NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 264 32 Fever Fever NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 33 outbreak outbreak NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 34 affecting affect VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 264 35 Alouatta Alouatta NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 36 populations population NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 264 37 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 38 southern southern JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 39 Brazil Brazil NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 40 Measles Measles NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 41 studies study NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 264 42 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 43 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 264 44 Macaque Macaque NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 45 model model NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 46 CD46 CD46 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 47 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 264 48 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 264 49 primate primate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 50 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 264 51 specific specific JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 52 receptor receptor NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 53 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 54 measles measle NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 264 55 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 56 Phylogenomic Phylogenomic NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 57 datasets dataset NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 264 58 provide provide VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 59 both both CC cord-270604-u62437dh 264 60 precision precision NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 61 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 264 62 accuracy accuracy NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 63 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 64 estimating estimate VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 264 65 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 264 66 timescale timescale NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 67 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 68 placental placental JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 69 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 70 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 71 Bayesian bayesian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 72 statistical statistical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 73 data data NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 74 assimilation assimilation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 75 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 76 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-270604-u62437dh 264 77 models model NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 264 78 using use VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 264 79 Markov Markov NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 80 Chain Chain NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 81 Monte Monte NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 82 Carlo Carlo NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 83 Bats Bats NNPS cord-270604-u62437dh 264 84 host host VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 264 85 major major JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 86 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 264 87 paramyxoviruses paramyxovirus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 265 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 265 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 265 3 genetics genetic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 265 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 265 5 emergence emergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 265 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 265 7 avian avian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 265 8 influenza influenza NN cord-270604-u62437dh 265 9 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 265 10 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 265 11 wild wild JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 265 12 birds bird NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 2 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 4 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 5 incidence incidence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 6 across across IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 8 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 9 Tracing trace VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 266 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 11 origin origin NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 12 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 266 13 co co NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 14 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 15 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 16 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 18 caliciviruses caliciviruse NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 19 Genome Genome NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 20 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 266 21 scale scale NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 22 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 23 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 24 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 25 Alphavirus Alphavirus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 26 genus genus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 27 suggests suggest VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 28 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 29 marine marine JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 30 origin origin NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 31 Origin Origin NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 32 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 33 measles measles NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 34 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 35 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 266 36 divergence divergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 37 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 38 rinderpest rinderpest NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 39 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 40 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 41 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 42 11 11 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 266 43 th th XX cord-270604-u62437dh 266 44 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 266 45 12 12 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 266 46 th th XX cord-270604-u62437dh 266 47 centuries century NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 48 Receptor receptor NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 49 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 266 50 binding bind VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 266 51 profiles profile NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 52 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 53 H7 H7 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 54 subtype subtype NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 55 influenza influenza NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 56 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 57 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 58 different different JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 59 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 60 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 61 Molecular molecular JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 62 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 63 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 266 64 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 65 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 66 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 67 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 68 syncytial syncytial JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 69 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 70 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 266 71 human human NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 72 metapneumovirus metapneumovirus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 73 Full full JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 74 genomic genomic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 75 analysis analysis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 76 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 77 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 78 simian simian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 79 SA11-like SA11-like NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 80 G3P[2 g3p[2 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 266 81 ] ] -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 266 82 rotavirus rotavirus JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 83 strain strain NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 84 isolated isolate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 85 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 86 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 87 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 88 infant infant NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 89 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 266 90 identification identification NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 91 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 92 novel novel NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 93 VP1 vp1 NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 94 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 266 95 VP6 VP6 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 96 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 266 97 NSP4 NSP4 NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 98 genotypes genotype NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 99 Evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 100 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 266 101 distribution distribution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 102 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 103 class class NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 104 II ii NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 105 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 266 106 related relate VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 107 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 108 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 109 Genomics genomic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 110 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 266 111 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 112 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 113 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 114 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 115 Understanding understand VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 266 116 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 117 alphaviruses alphavirus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 118 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 266 119 recent recent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 120 research research NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 121 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 122 important important JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 123 emerging emerge VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 266 124 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 125 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 266 126 progress progress NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 127 towards towards IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 128 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 129 control control NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 130 Emergence emergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 131 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 132 divergent divergent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 133 Zaire Zaire NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 134 ebola ebola NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 135 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 136 strains strain VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 137 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 138 Democratic Democratic NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 139 Republic Republic NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 140 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 141 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 142 Congo Congo NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 143 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 144 Genetic genetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 145 characterization characterization NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 146 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 147 Zika Zika NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 266 148 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 149 strains strain NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 266 150 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 266 151 geographic geographic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 152 expansion expansion NN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 153 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 266 154 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 266 155 Asian asian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 266 156 lineage lineage NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 267 2 matrix matrix NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 3 protein protein NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 4 gene gene NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 5 sequence sequence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 6 analysis analysis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 7 reveals reveal VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 267 8 close close JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 267 9 relationship relationship NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 10 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 11 peste peste NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 267 12 des des FW cord-270604-u62437dh 267 13 petits petits NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 267 14 ruminants ruminant NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 267 15 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 267 17 PPRV PPRV NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 267 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 267 19 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 267 20 dolphin dolphin VB cord-270604-u62437dh 267 21 morbillivirus morbillivirus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 267 22 Canine canine JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 267 23 distemper distemper NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 24 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 25 - - : cord-270604-u62437dh 267 26 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 267 27 morbillivirus morbillivirus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 267 28 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 29 search search NN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 30 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 267 31 new new JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 267 32 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 267 33 ? ? . cord-270604-u62437dh 268 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 268 2 history history NN cord-270604-u62437dh 268 3 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 268 4 phylogeography phylogeography NN cord-270604-u62437dh 268 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 268 6 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 268 7 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 269 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 269 2 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 269 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 269 4 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 269 5 viral viral JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 269 6 elements element NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 269 7 Viral viral JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 269 8 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 269 9 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 269 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 269 11 emergence emergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 269 12 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 270 2 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 3 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 270 4 cophylogenetic cophylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 270 5 perspective perspective NN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 7 RNA rna NN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 8 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 270 9 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 10 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 11 Evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 12 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 13 insect insect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 14 / / SYM cord-270604-u62437dh 270 15 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 16 plant plant NN cord-270604-u62437dh 270 17 relationships relationship NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 271 1 When when WRB cord-270604-u62437dh 271 2 do do VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 271 3 parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 271 4 fail fail VB cord-270604-u62437dh 271 5 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 271 6 speciate speciate VB cord-270604-u62437dh 271 7 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 271 8 response response NN cord-270604-u62437dh 271 9 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 271 10 host host VB cord-270604-u62437dh 271 11 speciation speciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 271 12 ? ? . cord-270604-u62437dh 272 1 Global global JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 272 2 trends trend NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 272 3 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 272 4 emerging emerge VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 272 5 infectious infectious JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 272 6 diseases disease NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 273 1 Bayes Bayes NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 273 2 factors factor NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 273 3 Pandemic Pandemic NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 273 4 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 273 5 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 273 6 cause cause VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 273 7 decline decline NN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 8 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 9 endangered endanger VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 10 great great JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 273 11 apes ape NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 273 12 Relationship relationship NN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 13 between between IN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 14 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 15 abundance abundance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 16 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 273 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 273 18 taxonomic taxonomic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 273 19 distance distance NN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 20 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 21 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 273 22 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 23 's 's POS cord-270604-u62437dh 273 24 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 25 species species NN cord-270604-u62437dh 273 26 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 274 1 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 274 2 example example NN cord-270604-u62437dh 274 3 with with IN cord-270604-u62437dh 274 4 fleas flea NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 274 5 parasitic parasitic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 274 6 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 274 7 small small JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 274 8 mammals mammal NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 275 1 Molecular molecular JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 275 2 characterization characterization NN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 4 medically medically RB cord-270604-u62437dh 275 5 imoprtant imoprtant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 275 6 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 275 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 275 9 genus genus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 10 Orthobunyavirus Orthobunyavirus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 275 11 Host Host NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 275 12 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 13 determines determine VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 275 14 viral viral JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 275 15 persistence persistence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 16 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 275 17 replication replication NN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 18 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 19 novel novel JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 275 20 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 275 21 Management Management NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 275 22 measures measure NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 275 23 to to TO cord-270604-u62437dh 275 24 control control VB cord-270604-u62437dh 275 25 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 275 26 feline feline JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 275 27 leukemia leukemia NN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 28 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 29 outbreak outbreak NN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 30 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 31 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 275 32 endangered endanger VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 275 33 Iberian iberian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 275 34 lynx lynx NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 1 Re Re NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 276 2 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 3 emergence emergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 5 bluetongue bluetongue NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 6 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 276 7 African african JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 276 8 horse horse NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 9 sickness sickness NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 10 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 276 11 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 276 12 other other JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 276 13 Orbivirus Orbivirus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 276 14 diseases disease NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 276 15 Phylogeography Phylogeography NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 276 16 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 17 West West NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 276 18 Nile Nile NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 276 19 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 20 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 276 21 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 22 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 276 23 cradle cradle NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 24 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 25 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 26 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 27 Africa Africa NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 276 28 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 29 Eurasia Eurasia NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 276 30 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 276 31 Australia Australia NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 276 32 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 276 33 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 276 34 Americas Americas NNPS cord-270604-u62437dh 276 35 Pattern Pattern NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 276 36 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 276 37 process process NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 38 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 39 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 276 40 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 41 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 42 insect insect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 43 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 276 44 plant plant NN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 45 associations association NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 276 46 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 276 47 Yponomeuta Yponomeuta NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 276 48 as as IN cord-270604-u62437dh 276 49 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 276 50 example example NN cord-270604-u62437dh 277 1 Overview overview NN cord-270604-u62437dh 277 2 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 278 1 Japanese japanese JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 278 2 encephalitis encephalitis RB cord-270604-u62437dh 279 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 279 2 Global Global NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 279 3 Mammal Mammal NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 279 4 Parasite Parasite NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 279 5 Database database NN cord-270604-u62437dh 279 6 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 279 7 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 279 8 online online JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 279 9 resource resource NN cord-270604-u62437dh 279 10 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 279 11 infectious infectious JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 279 12 disease disease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 279 13 records record NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 279 14 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 279 15 wild wild JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 279 16 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 279 17 Gittleman Gittleman NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 279 18 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 280 1 2004 2004 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 280 2 . . . cord-270604-u62437dh 281 1 Parasites parasite NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 281 2 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 281 3 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 281 4 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 5 diversification diversification NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 6 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 7 primate primate JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 8 clades clade NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 281 9 Host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 10 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 281 11 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 12 specificity specificity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 13 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 14 morbilliviruses morbilliviruse NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 281 15 predicted predict VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 16 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 17 structural structural JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 18 modeling modeling NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 20 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 281 21 marine marine JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 22 mammal mammal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 23 SLAM SLAM NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 281 24 , , , cord-270604-u62437dh 281 25 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 281 26 receptor receptor NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 27 Plant plant NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 28 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 281 29 insect insect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 30 interactions interaction NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 281 31 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 281 32 double double JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 33 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 281 34 dating dating NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 35 associated associated JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 36 insect insect NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 37 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 281 38 plant plant NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 39 lineages lineage NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 281 40 reveals reveal VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 41 asynchronous asynchronous JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 42 radiations radiation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 281 43 Infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 44 success success NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 45 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 46 novel novel JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 47 hosts host NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 281 48 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 281 49 an an DT cord-270604-u62437dh 281 50 experimental experimental JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 51 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 281 52 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 53 study study NN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 54 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 281 55 Drosophila Drosophila NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 281 56 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 281 57 parasitic parasitic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 281 58 nematodes nematode NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 282 1 Relative relative JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 282 2 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 282 3 levels level NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 282 4 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 282 5 taxonomic taxonomic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 282 6 distances distance NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 282 7 among among IN cord-270604-u62437dh 282 8 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 282 9 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 282 10 species specie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 282 11 used use VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 282 12 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 282 13 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 282 14 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 282 15 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 283 1 insights insight NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 283 2 into into IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 3 parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 4 specialization specialization NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 5 Parasite parasite NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 6 specialization specialization NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 7 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 8 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 283 9 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 10 perspective perspective NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 11 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 283 12 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 283 13 new new JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 14 index index NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 16 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 17 specificity specificity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 18 Host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 19 specificity specificity NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 20 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 21 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 22 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 283 23 geographic geographic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 24 space space NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 25 Climate Climate NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 283 26 change change NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 27 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 283 28 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 283 29 recent recent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 30 emergence emergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 31 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 32 bluetongue bluetongue NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 33 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 34 Europe Europe NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 283 35 Pathological pathological JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 36 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 283 37 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 38 feline feline JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 39 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 40 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 283 42 FIV fiv NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 283 44 infection infection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 45 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 46 wild wild JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 47 African african JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 48 lions lion NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 283 49 Calicivirus Calicivirus NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 283 50 emergence emergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 51 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 52 ocean ocean NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 53 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 283 54 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 283 55 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 56 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 283 57 interspecies interspecie NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 283 58 movements movement NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 283 59 Clade clade NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 60 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 283 61 limited limit VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 62 colonization colonization NN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 63 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 283 64 brood brood JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 65 parasitic parasitic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 283 66 finches finch NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 284 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 284 2 Vidua Vidua NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 284 3 spp spp NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 285 1 Ancient ancient JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 2 co co NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 3 - - NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 4 speciation speciation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 5 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 6 simian simian JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 7 foamy foamy NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 8 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 285 9 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 285 10 primates primate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 285 11 Ancient ancient JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 12 origin origin NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 285 14 molecular molecular JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 15 features feature NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 285 16 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 17 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 285 18 novel novel JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 19 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 20 T T NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 285 21 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 285 22 lymphotropic lymphotropic NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 285 23 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 24 type type NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 25 3 3 CD cord-270604-u62437dh 285 26 revealed reveal VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 27 by by IN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 28 complete complete JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 29 genome genome NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 30 analysis analysis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 31 Risk risk NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 32 factors factor NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 285 33 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 34 human human JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 35 disease disease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 36 emergence emergence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 37 Small small JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 38 steps step NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 285 39 or or CC cord-270604-u62437dh 285 40 giant giant JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 285 41 leaps leap NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 285 42 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 43 male male NN cord-270604-u62437dh 285 44 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 285 45 killers killer NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 285 46 ? ? . cord-270604-u62437dh 286 1 Phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 286 2 constraints constraint NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 286 3 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 286 4 male male JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 286 5 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 286 6 killer killer NN cord-270604-u62437dh 286 7 host host NN cord-270604-u62437dh 286 8 shifts shift VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 286 9 Antibodies Antibodies NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 286 10 against against IN cord-270604-u62437dh 286 11 orthopoxviruses orthopoxviruse NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 286 12 in in IN cord-270604-u62437dh 286 13 wild wild JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 286 14 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 286 15 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 286 16 Fennoscandia Fennoscandia NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 287 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 287 2 tale tale NN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 4 a a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 287 5 modern modern JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 287 6 animal animal NN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 7 plague plague NN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 8 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 287 9 tracing trace VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 287 10 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 287 11 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 287 12 history history NN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 287 14 determining determine VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 287 15 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 287 16 time time NN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 17 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 287 18 scale scale NN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 19 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 20 foot foot NN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 21 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 287 22 mouth mouth NN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 23 disease disease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 287 24 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 1 The the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 288 2 discovery discovery NN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 3 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 4 two two CD cord-270604-u62437dh 288 5 new new JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 288 6 divergent divergent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 288 7 STLVs stlv NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 288 8 has have VBZ cord-270604-u62437dh 288 9 implications implication NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 288 10 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 11 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 288 12 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 288 14 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 15 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 16 HTLVs HTLVs NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 288 17 Genetics genetics NN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 18 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 288 19 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 20 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 288 21 infectious infectious JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 288 22 diseases disease NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 289 1 Genomescale genomescale JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 2 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 3 analyses analysis NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 289 4 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 5 Chikungunya Chikungunya NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 289 6 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 7 reveal reveal VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 289 8 independent independent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 9 emergences emergence NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 289 10 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 11 recent recent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 12 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 289 13 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 289 14 various various JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 15 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 16 rates rate NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 289 17 Molecular molecular JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 18 evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 19 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 20 dengue dengue NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 21 viruses virus NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 289 22 : : : cord-270604-u62437dh 289 23 contributions contribution NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 289 24 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 25 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 289 26 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 27 understanding understand VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 289 28 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 289 29 history history NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 30 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 289 31 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 32 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 33 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 289 34 preeminent preeminent JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 35 arboviral arboviral NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 289 36 disease disease NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 37 Evolution evolution NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 38 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 289 39 ecology ecology NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 40 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 41 influenza influenza NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 42 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 289 43 virus virus NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 44 Purifying purifying NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 45 selection selection NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 46 can can MD cord-270604-u62437dh 289 47 obscure obscure VB cord-270604-u62437dh 289 48 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 289 49 ancient ancient JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 50 age age NN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 51 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 289 52 viral viral JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 289 53 lineages lineage NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 290 1 A a DT cord-270604-u62437dh 290 2 challenge challenge NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 3 to to IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 4 the the DT cord-270604-u62437dh 290 5 ancient ancient JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 290 6 origin origin NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 7 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 8 SIVagm SIVagm NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 290 9 based base VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 10 on on IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 11 African african JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 290 12 green green JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 290 13 monkey monkey NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 14 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 15 genomes genome NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 290 16 Host host VBP cord-270604-u62437dh 290 17 range range NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 18 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 290 19 emerging emerge VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 290 20 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 290 21 reemerging reemerge VBG cord-270604-u62437dh 290 22 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 290 23 Population population NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 24 biology biology NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 25 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 26 multihost multihost NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 27 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 290 28 Use Use NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 290 29 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 30 cotton cotton NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 31 rats rat NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 290 32 for for IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 33 preclinical preclinical JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 290 34 evaluation evaluation NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 35 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 36 measles measle NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 290 37 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 290 38 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 290 39 history history NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 40 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 290 41 phylodynamics phylodynamic NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 290 42 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 43 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 290 44 A A NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 290 45 and and CC cord-270604-u62437dh 290 46 B B NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 290 47 neuroaminidase neuroaminidase NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 290 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 290 49 NA NA NNP cord-270604-u62437dh 290 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-270604-u62437dh 290 51 genes gene NNS cord-270604-u62437dh 290 52 inferred infer VBN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 53 from from IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 54 large large JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 290 55 - - HYPH cord-270604-u62437dh 290 56 scale scale NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 57 sequence sequence NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 58 analysis analysis NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 59 Molecular molecular JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 290 60 characterization characterization NN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 61 of of IN cord-270604-u62437dh 290 62 African african JJ cord-270604-u62437dh 290 63 orthobunyaviruses orthobunyaviruse NNS