id sid tid token lemma pos cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 1 key key JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 2 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 3 cord-264532-xfb94lq8 cord-264532-xfb94lq8 NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 4 authors author NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 5 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 6 Bull Bull NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 8 James James NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 9 J J NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 10 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 11 Ebert Ebert NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 13 Dieter Dieter NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 14 title title NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 15 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 16 Invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 17 thresholds threshold NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 18 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 20 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 21 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 22 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 23 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 24 date date NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 25 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 26 2008 2008 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 27 - - SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 28 01 01 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 29 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 30 09 09 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 31 journal journal NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 1 32 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 1 Evol Evol NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 2 Appl Appl NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 3 DOI DOI NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 4 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 5 10.1111 10.1111 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 6 / / SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 7 j.1752 j.1752 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 8 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 9 4571.2007.00003.x 4571.2007.00003.x CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 10 sha sha NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 2 11 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 3 1 d086f62864fb6b39416bad3b5a969668b1791acb d086f62864fb6b39416bad3b5a969668b1791acb NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 3 2 doc_id doc_id NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 3 3 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 3 4 264532 264532 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 3 5 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 3 6 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 4 1 xfb94lq8 xfb94lq8 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 2 enterprise enterprise NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 4 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 5 management management NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 6 attempts attempt NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 7 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 8 predict predict VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 9 how how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 10 social social JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 11 practices practice NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 12 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 13 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 14 factors factor NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 15 affect affect VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 17 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 19 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 20 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 5 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 1 These these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 2 predictions prediction NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 3 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 4 often often RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 5 based base VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 6 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 7 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 8 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 9 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 10 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 11 equilibria equilibrium NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 12 derived derive VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 13 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 14 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 16 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 17 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 18 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 19 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 6 20 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 1 Yet yet CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 2 even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 3 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 4 such such JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 5 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 6 accurately accurately RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 7 capture capture VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 9 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 10 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 12 newly newly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 13 invading invade VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 14 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 15 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 16 typically typically RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 17 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 18 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 19 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 21 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 7 22 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 1 Here here RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 3 show show VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 4 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 5 parasite parasite JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 6 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 8 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 9 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 10 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 11 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 12 occur occur VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 13 despite despite IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 14 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 15 nonoptimal nonoptimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 16 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 8 17 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 1 Fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 2 improvements improvement NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 3 soon soon RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 4 after after IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 5 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 6 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 7 proceed proceed VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 8 through through IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 9 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 10 steps step NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 11 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 12 wide wide JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 13 changes change NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 14 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 15 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 17 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 18 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 19 depends depend VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 20 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 21 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 22 as as RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 23 well well RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 24 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 25 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 26 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 27 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 28 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 29 improvements improvement NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 30 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 31 overwhelm overwhelm VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 32 nonoptimal nonoptimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 33 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 9 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 2 process process NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 4 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 5 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 6 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 7 mutation mutation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 8 supply supply NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 11 strength strength NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 12 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 13 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 10 14 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 1 Importantly importantly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 4 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 5 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 6 principle principle NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 7 applies apply VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 8 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 10 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 11 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 12 established establish VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 13 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 15 whenever whenever WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 16 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 17 arise arise VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 18 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 19 overcome overcome VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 20 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 21 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 22 / / SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 23 resistance resistance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 11 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 2 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 3 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 4 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 5 consequently consequently RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 6 experience experience VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 7 repeated repeat VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 8 invasions invasion NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 10 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 11 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 12 variants variant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 13 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 14 possible possible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 15 large large JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 16 shifts shift NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 17 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 18 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 19 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 21 evolves evolve VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 22 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 23 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 24 arms arm NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 25 race race NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 26 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 28 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 12 29 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 1 An an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 2 experimental experimental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 3 study study NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 5 phage phage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 6 lysis lysis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 7 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 9 examples example NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 11 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 12 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 13 matching match VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 14 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 16 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 17 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 18 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 19 reviewed review VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 13 20 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 1 Virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 2 management management NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 4 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 5 modern modern JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 6 field field NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 7 whose whose WP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 8 goal goal NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 9 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 10 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 11 predict predict VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 13 consequences consequence NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 15 social social JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 16 practices practice NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 17 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 19 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 20 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 21 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 22 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 14 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 1 By by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 2 understanding understand VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 3 how how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 4 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 6 expected expect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 7 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 8 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 9 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 11 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 12 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 13 possible possible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 14 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 15 encourage encourage VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 16 social social JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 17 practices practice NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 18 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 19 indirectly indirectly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 20 select select VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 21 lower low JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 22 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 15 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 1 Of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 2 special special JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 3 concern concern NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 4 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 5 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 6 management management NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 7 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 8 environments environment NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 9 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 10 might may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 11 favor favor VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 12 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 13 increases increase NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 14 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 15 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 17 such such JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 18 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 19 leaky leaky JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 20 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 21 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 22 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 23 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 24 densities density NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 26 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 27 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 28 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 29 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 30 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 31 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 16 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 17 1 2001 2001 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 18 1 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 18 2 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 18 3 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 18 4 . . NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 18 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 18 6 2003 2003 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 18 7 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 1 Typically typically RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 4 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 6 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 7 management management NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 8 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 9 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 19 10 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 2 consider consider VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 3 how how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 4 natural natural JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 5 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 7 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 8 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 9 expected expect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 10 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 11 shape shape VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 13 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 15 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 16 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 17 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 18 traits trait NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 19 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 20 states state NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 21 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 22 maximize maximize VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 23 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 24 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 25 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 26 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 27 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 20 28 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 2 argument argument NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 3 put put VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 4 forth forth RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 5 here here RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 6 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 7 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 8 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 9 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 10 optimality optimality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 11 ' ' '' cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 12 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 14 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 15 always always RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 16 suitable suitable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 17 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 18 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 20 assumes assume VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 21 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 22 conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 23 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 24 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 25 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 26 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 27 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 28 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 29 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 30 slow slow JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 31 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 32 attain attain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 21 33 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 1 Even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 2 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 3 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 4 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 5 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 6 able able JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 7 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 8 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 9 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 10 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 11 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 13 once once RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 14 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 15 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 16 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 17 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 18 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 19 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 20 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 21 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 22 immune immune NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 23 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 24 recovered recover VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 25 individuals individual NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 26 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 27 then then RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 28 that that DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 29 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 30 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 31 remains remain VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 32 vulnerable vulnerable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 33 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 34 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 35 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 36 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 37 genotypes genotype NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 38 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 39 escape escape VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 40 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 22 41 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 1 During during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 2 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 3 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 4 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 5 much much RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 6 wider wide JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 7 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 9 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 10 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 11 spread spread VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 13 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 14 least least JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 15 temporarily temporarily RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 17 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 18 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 19 evident evident JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 20 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 21 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 22 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 23 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 2 frequency frequency NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 4 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 5 invasions invasion NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 6 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 8 rapidity rapidity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 9 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 10 which which WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 11 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 12 evolve evolve VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 13 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 14 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 15 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 16 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 17 dictate dictate VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 18 how how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 19 often often RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 21 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 22 experiences experience VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 23 nonoptimal nonoptimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 24 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 25 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 24 26 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 2 develop develop VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 3 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 4 argument argument NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 5 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 7 context context NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 9 framework framework NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 11 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 12 standard standard JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 13 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 14 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 16 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 18 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 19 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 20 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 21 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 22 address address VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 23 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 24 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 25 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 26 1 Two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 26 2 standard standard JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 26 3 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 26 4 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 26 5 reviewed review VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 26 6 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 2 differ differ VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 3 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 5 state state NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 7 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 8 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 9 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 10 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 11 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 13 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 14 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 15 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 16 calculated calculate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 17 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 18 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 19 they -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 20 both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 21 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 22 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 23 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 24 general general JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 25 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 27 26 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 28 1 Those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 28 2 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 28 3 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 28 4 then then RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 28 5 extended extend VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 28 6 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 28 7 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 28 8 conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 28 9 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 2 use use NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 4 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 5 simplistic simplistic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 6 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 7 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 8 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 9 ease ease NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 11 illustration illustration NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 12 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 13 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 14 familiar familiar JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 15 context context NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 29 16 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 2 neglect neglect NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 4 more more RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 5 complicated complicated JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 6 processes process NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 8 such such JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 9 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 10 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 11 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 12 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 13 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 15 Ball Ball NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 16 et et FW cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 17 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 18 . . NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 19 2007 2007 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 21 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 22 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 23 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 24 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 25 combined combine VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 26 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 27 betweenhost betweenhost NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 28 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 30 Gilchrist Gilchrist NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 31 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 32 Coombs Coombs NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 33 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 35 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 36 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 37 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 38 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 39 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 40 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 41 lack lack VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 42 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 44 Dieckmann Dieckmann NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 45 2002 2002 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 47 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 48 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 49 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 50 deny deny VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 51 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 52 importance importance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 53 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 54 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 55 alternatives alternative NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 30 56 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 4 concept concept NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 7 delayed delay VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 8 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 9 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 10 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 11 conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 12 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 13 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 14 applied apply VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 15 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 16 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 18 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 19 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 20 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 21 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 23 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 31 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 4 process process NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 6 describe describe VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 7 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 8 fully fully RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 10 properly properly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 11 encompassed encompass VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 12 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 14 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 15 formalism formalism NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 17 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 19 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 21 2007 2007 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 23 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 24 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 25 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 26 Proulx Proulx NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 28 2004 2004 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 30 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 31 albeit albeit IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 32 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 33 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 34 formalism formalism NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 35 encompasses encompass VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 36 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 37 far far RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 38 wider wide JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 39 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 40 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 41 possibilities possibility NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 42 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 43 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 44 ones one NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 45 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 46 emphasize emphasize VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 32 47 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 33 1 Optimal optimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 33 2 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 33 3 theories theory NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 33 4 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 33 5 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 33 6 perspective perspective NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 2 now now RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 3 conventional conventional JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 4 method method NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 5 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 6 considering consider VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 8 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 11 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 12 about about RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 13 three three CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 14 decades decade NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 15 old old JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 16 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 17 1979 1979 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 19 1982 1982 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 34 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 2 assumes assume VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 3 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 5 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 6 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 7 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 8 gone go VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 9 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 11 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 12 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 15 endemic endemic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 16 phase phase NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 19 such such JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 20 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 22 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 23 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 24 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 25 no no RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 26 longer long RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 27 spreading spread VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 28 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 30 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 31 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 35 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 2 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 3 identifies identify VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 5 combination combination NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 7 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 9 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 10 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 11 leads lead VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 12 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 13 highest high JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 14 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 15 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 36 16 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 2 result result NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 4 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 5 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 6 maximizes maximize VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 8 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 9 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 10 number number NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 12 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 13 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 15 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 16 more more RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 17 properly properly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 19 maximizes maximize VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 20 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 21 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 22 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 23 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 24 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 25 2007 2007 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 37 27 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 1 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 2 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 4 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 5 dimensionless dimensionless JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 6 number number NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 7 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 8 equals equal VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 10 number number NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 11 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 12 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 13 infections infection NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 14 started start VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 15 during during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 17 lifetime lifetime NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 20 first first JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 21 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 22 individual individual NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 23 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 24 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 25 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 38 26 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 2 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 5 number number NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 7 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 8 infections infection NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 9 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 10 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 11 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 12 individual individual NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 13 once once IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 15 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 16 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 17 established establish VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 18 itself -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 19 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 21 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 22 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 39 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 2 formula formula NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 3 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 4 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 5 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 6 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 7 simply simply RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 9 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 10 fecundity fecundity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 11 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 12 times time NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 14 average average JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 15 lifetime lifetime NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 18 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 40 19 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 1 Although although IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 2 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 3 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 4 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 5 defined define VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 6 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 8 first first JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 9 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 10 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 11 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 12 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 13 naive naive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 14 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 16 what what WP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 17 maximizes maximize VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 18 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 19 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 20 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 21 maximizes maximize VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 22 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 23 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 24 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 25 only only JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 26 difference difference NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 27 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 28 them -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 29 lies lie VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 30 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 31 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 32 value value NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 33 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 34 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 36 Ebert Ebert NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 37 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 38 Herre Herre NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 39 1996 1996 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 41 40 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 1 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 2 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 3 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 4 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 5 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 6 Gilchrist Gilchrist NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 7 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 8 Coombs Coombs NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 9 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 42 11 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 2 result result NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 3 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 4 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 5 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 7 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 8 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 9 favors favor VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 10 maximization maximization NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 11 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 12 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 13 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 14 parallels parallel VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 16 usual usual JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 17 demographic demographic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 18 result result NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 19 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 20 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 21 favors favor VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 22 maximal maximal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 23 lifetime lifetime NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 24 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 25 output output NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 26 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 27 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 28 stable stable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 29 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 31 Wilson Wilson NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 32 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 33 Bossert Bossert NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 34 1971 1971 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 35 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 36 Charlesworth Charlesworth NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 37 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 43 39 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 2 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 3 expand expand VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 4 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 6 implications implication NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 8 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 9 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 10 maximization maximization NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 11 below below RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 13 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 15 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 16 most most RBS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 17 informative informative JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 18 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 19 do do VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 20 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 21 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 22 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 23 broader broad JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 24 context context NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 25 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 26 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 27 second second JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 28 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 29 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 30 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 31 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 32 considered consider VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 33 next next RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 44 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 1 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 2 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 3 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 5 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 7 pointed point VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 8 out out RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 9 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 10 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 11 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 12 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 13 parameters parameter NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 14 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 15 different different JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 16 during during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 18 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 19 phase phase NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 20 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 21 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 22 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 23 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 24 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 25 maximizing maximize VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 26 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 27 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 28 no no RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 29 longer long RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 30 maximized maximize VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 31 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 32 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 34 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 35 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 36 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 37 expanding expand VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 45 38 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 1 Again again RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 2 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 3 demography demography NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 5 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 6 favors favor VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 7 early early JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 8 births birth NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 9 over over IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 10 late late JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 11 ones one NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 12 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 13 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 14 growing grow VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 15 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 17 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 18 during during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 20 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 21 phase phase NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 22 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 23 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 24 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 25 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 26 benefit benefit NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 27 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 28 early early JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 29 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 30 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 31 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 32 consequent consequent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 33 shorter short JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 34 generation generation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 35 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 36 even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 37 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 38 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 39 lowers lower VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 40 life life NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 41 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 42 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 43 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 44 success success NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 45 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 46 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 47 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 46 48 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 1 In in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 2 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 3 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 5 earlier early JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 6 reproduction reproduction NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 7 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 8 achieved achieve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 9 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 10 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 11 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 12 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 13 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 15 which which WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 16 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 17 most most JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 18 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 19 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 20 results result VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 21 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 22 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 23 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 24 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 25 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 26 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 27 assumed assumed JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 28 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 29 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 30 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 31 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 32 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 33 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 34 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 47 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 2 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 3 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 4 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 5 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 6 lays lay VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 8 foundation foundation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 9 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 11 argument argument NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 13 develop develop VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 14 here here RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 16 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 17 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 18 offer offer VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 19 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 20 simple simple JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 21 version version NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 22 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 24 form form NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 25 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 26 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 27 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 28 SI SI NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 29 ' ' '' cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 30 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 48 31 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 1 For for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 2 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 3 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 4 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 6 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 7 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 9 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 12 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 13 absence absence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 15 genetic genetic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 16 variation variation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 17 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 18 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 19 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 20 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 21 parameters parameter NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 22 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 24 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 25 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 26 characterized characterize VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 27 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 28 one one CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 29 equation equation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 30 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 31 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 32 change change NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 33 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 34 abundance abundance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 35 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 36 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 37 individuals individual NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 38 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 39 I -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 40 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 41 where where WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 42 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 43 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 44 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 45 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 46 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 47 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 48 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 49 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 50 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 51 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 52 combined combine VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 53 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 54 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 55 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 56 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 57 individuals individual NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 58 [ [ -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 59 d d NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 60 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 61 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 62 sum sum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 63 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 64 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 65 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 66 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 67 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 68 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 69 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 70 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 71 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 72 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 73 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 74 parasiteinduced parasiteinduced JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 75 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 76 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 77 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 78 aside aside RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 79 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 80 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 81 difference difference NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 82 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 83 equation equation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 84 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 85 1a 1a NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 86 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 87 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 88 otherwise otherwise RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 89 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 90 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 91 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 92 equation equation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 93 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 94 2 2 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 95 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 96 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 97 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 98 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 99 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 100 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 101 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 102 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 103 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 104 Gilchrist Gilchrist NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 105 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 106 Coombs Coombs NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 107 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 108 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 109 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 110 ] ] -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 49 111 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 2 total total JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 3 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 4 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 6 simply simply RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 7 N n NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 8 = = SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 9 S s NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 50 10 + + CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 1 I. I. NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 2 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 3 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 4 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 6 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 7 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 8 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 9 reasonable reasonable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 10 whenever whenever WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 11 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 12 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 14 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 15 rare rare JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 16 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 17 most most JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 18 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 19 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 20 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 21 yet yet RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 22 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 23 infected infect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 51 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 2 per per IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 3 capita capita NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 4 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 6 pathogen pathogen NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 7 spread spread NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 8 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 9 then then RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 10 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 11 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 12 quantity quantity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 14 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 15 measure measure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 17 parasite parasite JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 18 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 19 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 21 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 23 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 24 type type NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 25 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 26 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 27 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 28 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 29 Metz Metz NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 30 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 31 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 32 . . NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 33 1992 1992 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 35 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 36 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 37 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 38 defines define VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 39 how how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 40 rapidly rapidly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 41 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 42 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 43 spreads spread VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 44 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 45 indeed indeed RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 46 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 47 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 48 quantity quantity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 49 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 50 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 51 right right NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 52 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 53 equality equality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 55 1b 1b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 57 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 58 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 59 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 60 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 61 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 62 increase increase NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 63 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 52 64 I. i. NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 2 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 4 spread spread NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 7 function function NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 9 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 10 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 12 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 14 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 16 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 17 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 19 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 20 individuals individual NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 22 d d NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 24 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 25 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 26 parameters parameter NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 27 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 28 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 29 typically typically RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 30 assumed assume VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 31 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 32 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 33 subject subject JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 34 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 35 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 36 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 37 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 38 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 53 39 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 3 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 4 1 1 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 5 top top NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 6 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 7 Ebert Ebert NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 9 Bull Bull NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 10 2003 2003 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 54 12 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 2 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 3 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 4 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 5 means mean VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 6 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 8 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 9 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 10 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 11 increase increase VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 12 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 13 without without IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 14 incurring incur VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 15 increasing increase VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 16 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 17 rates rate NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 19 d d NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 21 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 22 although although IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 23 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 24 more more RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 25 stringent stringent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 26 criterion criterion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 27 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 28 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 29 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 30 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 31 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 32 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 33 such such JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 34 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 35 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 36 concavity concavity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 37 used use VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 38 here here RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 39 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 40 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 41 required require VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 42 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 43 select select VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 44 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 45 levels level NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 46 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 47 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 49 Sasaki Sasaki NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 50 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 51 Iwasa Iwasa NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 52 1991 1991 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 55 54 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 1 Following follow VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 2 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 3 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 4 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 6 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 8 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 9 now now RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 11 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 12 let let VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 13 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 14 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 16 sum sum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 18 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 19 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 20 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 21 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 22 plus plus CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 23 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 24 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 25 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 26 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 27 refer refer VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 28 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 29 d d NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 30 as as RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 31 simply simply RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 32 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 33 without without IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 34 loss loss NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 35 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 36 generality generality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 56 37 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 1 Given give VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 2 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 4 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 6 confined confine VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 7 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 8 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 9 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 10 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 11 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 12 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 14 allowed allow VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 15 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 16 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 17 along along IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 19 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 20 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 21 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 22 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 24 combination combination NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 25 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 26 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 27 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 28 d d XX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 29 maximizing maximize VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 30 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 31 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 32 during during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 33 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 34 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 35 given give VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 36 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 37 which which WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 38 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 39 graphically graphically RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 40 represented represent VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 41 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 42 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 43 dot dot NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 44 along along IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 45 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 46 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 47 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 48 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 49 function function NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 50 whose whose WP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 51 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 52 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 53 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 55 Fig Fig NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 56 . . NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 57 1 1 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 58 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 59 bottom bottom NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 60 ; ; , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 61 shown show VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 62 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 63 comparison comparison NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 64 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 65 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 66 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 67 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 68 maximum maximum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 69 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 57 70 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 1 In in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 2 prior prior JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 3 work work NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 6 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 7 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 8 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 9 ' ' '' cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 10 found find VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 11 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 12 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 13 way way NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 14 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 15 usually usually RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 16 regarded regard VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 17 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 19 phenotype phenotype NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 20 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 22 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 23 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 24 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 25 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 27 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 28 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 29 ultimately ultimately RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 30 attain attain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 31 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 32 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 34 environment environment NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 35 does do VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 36 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 37 change change VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 58 39 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 1 As as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 2 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 3 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 4 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 5 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 6 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 8 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 11 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 12 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 13 changes change NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 14 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 16 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 18 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 19 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 20 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 21 reduced reduce VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 22 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 24 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 25 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 26 ultimately ultimately RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 27 coinciding coincide VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 28 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 30 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 31 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 32 maximization maximization NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 34 Fig fig NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 36 1 1 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 59 38 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 4 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 5 stops stop VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 6 changing change VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 7 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 9 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 10 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 11 over over RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 12 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 14 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 15 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 16 reached reach VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 17 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 18 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 19 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 20 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 21 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 22 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 24 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 25 parasite parasite JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 26 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 27 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 28 optimal optimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 60 30 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 1 Both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 2 prior prior JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 3 perspectives perspective NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 4 essentially essentially RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 5 restrict restrict VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 6 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 7 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 9 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 10 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 11 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 12 function function NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 14 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 15 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 16 emphasis emphasis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 17 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 18 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 61 19 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 1 In in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 2 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 3 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 4 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 5 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 6 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 9 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 10 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 11 temporary temporary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 13 changing change VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 14 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 16 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 18 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 19 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 20 changes change NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 62 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 1 Both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 2 prior prior JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 3 perspectives perspective NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 4 differ differ VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 5 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 7 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 8 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 9 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 10 incorporates incorporate VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 11 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 13 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 14 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 15 genetics genetic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 16 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 18 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 19 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 20 Proulx Proulx NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 21 2004 2004 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 22 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 23 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 24 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 25 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 26 2007 2007 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 63 28 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 2 latter latter JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 3 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 4 allows allow VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 6 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 7 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 8 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 9 parameters parameter NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 10 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 11 vary vary VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 12 anywhere anywhere RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 13 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 15 zone zone NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 17 attainable attainable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 18 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 19 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 20 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 22 maps map VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 23 changes change NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 24 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 25 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 26 mean mean JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 27 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 28 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 29 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 30 function function NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 31 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 32 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 33 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 34 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 35 genetic genetic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 36 covariances covariance NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 37 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 38 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 39 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 40 traits trait NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 64 41 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 2 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 3 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 4 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 5 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 6 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 7 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 8 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 9 altered alter VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 11 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 13 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 14 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 15 extended extend VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 16 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 17 include include VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 19 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 20 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 21 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 22 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 65 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 66 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 66 2 newer new JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 66 3 method method NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 66 4 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 66 5 subsumes subsume VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 66 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 66 7 former former JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 66 8 ones one NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 66 9 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 2 goal goal NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 4 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 5 recognize recognize VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 7 possible possible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 8 feature feature NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 11 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 12 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 13 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 14 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 15 newly newly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 16 invade invade VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 17 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 18 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 19 species specie NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 67 20 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 1 More more RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 2 importantly importantly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 3 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 5 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 6 feature feature NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 7 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 8 apply apply VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 9 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 10 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 11 established establish VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 12 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 13 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 14 evolves evolve VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 15 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 16 overcome overcome VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 17 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 18 resistance resistance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 19 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 20 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 68 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 2 method method NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 4 use use VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 5 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 6 developing develop VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 7 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 8 argument argument NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 9 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 10 compatible compatible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 11 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 12 that that DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 13 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 14 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 15 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 16 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 18 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 21 although although IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 22 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 23 arguments argument NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 24 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 25 presented present VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 26 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 27 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 28 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 29 proceeds proceed VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 30 via via IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 31 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 32 succession succession NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 33 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 34 successful successful JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 35 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 36 rather rather RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 37 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 38 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 39 obeying obey VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 40 covariances covariance NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 41 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 42 variation variation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 43 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 44 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 45 already already RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 46 present present JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 69 47 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 1 Either either DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 2 type type NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 4 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 5 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 6 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 7 used use VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 8 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 9 make make VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 11 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 12 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 14 however however RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 70 15 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 71 1 Invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 71 2 criteria criterion NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 71 3 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 71 4 permissive permissive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 1 An an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 2 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 4 best well RBS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 5 regarded regard VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 6 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 7 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 8 long long JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 9 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 10 term term NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 11 endpoint endpoint NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 12 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 13 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 72 14 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 1 Prior prior RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 2 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 3 attaining attain VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 4 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 5 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 6 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 7 however however RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 10 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 11 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 12 apply apply VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 14 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 15 codified codify VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 16 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 17 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 18 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 19 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 20 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 21 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 22 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 23 example example NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 73 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 1 Even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 2 before before IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 3 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 4 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 5 relevant relevant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 6 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 8 issue issue NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 9 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 10 merely merely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 11 what what WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 12 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 13 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 14 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 15 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 16 / / SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 17 genotypes genotype NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 18 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 19 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 21 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 22 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 74 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 2 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 3 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 4 provides provide VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 6 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 7 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 9 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 11 parameters parameter NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 12 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 13 allows allow VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 14 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 75 15 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 2 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 4 set set NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 6 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 8 mutant mutant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 10 parameter parameter NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 11 combinations combination NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 12 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 13 which which WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 15 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 16 neither neither CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 17 invades invade VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 18 nor nor CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 19 goes go VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 20 extinct extinct JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 76 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 3 parameter parameter NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 4 values value NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 5 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 6 one one CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 7 side side NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 10 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 11 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 12 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 13 allow allow VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 14 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 16 whereas whereas IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 17 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 18 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 20 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 21 side side NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 22 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 23 lead lead VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 24 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 25 loss loss NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 26 / / SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 27 extinction extinction NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 28 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 77 29 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 1 Death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 2 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 4 divided divide VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 5 into into IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 6 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 7 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 8 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 9 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 10 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 11 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 12 -parasite -parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 13 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 14 induced induce VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 15 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 16 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 17 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 78 18 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 2 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 3 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 4 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 5 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 6 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 7 assumed assume VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 8 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 9 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 10 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 12 so so IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 14 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 15 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 16 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 17 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 18 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 19 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 21 dashed dash VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 22 curve curve NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 24 emanates emanate VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 25 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 26 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 27 axis axis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 28 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 29 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 30 value value NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 31 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 32 increases increase NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 33 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 34 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 35 increases increase NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 79 36 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 2 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 3 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 4 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 5 gives give VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 7 minimum minimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 8 total total JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 9 parasite parasite JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 10 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 11 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 13 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 15 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 16 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 17 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 18 achieved achieve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 19 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 20 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 21 given give VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 22 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 23 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 25 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 27 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 28 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 29 only only JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 30 points point NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 31 on on RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 32 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 33 above above IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 34 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 35 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 36 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 37 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 38 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 39 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 40 attainable attainable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 41 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 42 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 43 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 45 shaded shade VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 80 47 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 1 For for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 2 simplicity simplicity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 3 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 5 henceforth henceforth RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 6 refer refer VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 7 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 8 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 9 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 12 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 13 acknowledge acknowledge VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 14 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 16 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 18 sum sum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 19 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 20 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 21 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 22 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 23 plus plus IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 24 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 81 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 2 Bottom bottom NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 4 Optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 5 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 7 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 8 invading invade VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 9 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 10 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 11 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 13 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 15 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 16 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 17 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 18 remains remain VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 19 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 20 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 82 21 S. S. NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 1 During during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 2 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 3 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 4 phase phase NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 7 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 8 's 's POS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 9 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 10 lies lie NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 11 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 13 dashed dash VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 14 tradeoff tradeoff NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 15 function function NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 16 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 17 satisfies satisfy VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 19 condition condition NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 20 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 22 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 23 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 24 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 25 tangent tangent NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 26 along along IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 28 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 29 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 30 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 31 function function NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 32 equals equal VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 34 current current JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 35 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 36 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 37 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 38 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 39 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 41 upper upper JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 42 arrow arrow NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 83 44 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 1 As as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 2 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 3 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 4 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 5 reduces reduce VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 7 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 9 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 10 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 13 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 14 shifts shift NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 15 progressively progressively RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 16 further further RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 17 down down IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 19 tradeoff tradeoff NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 20 curve curve NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 21 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 22 until until IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 23 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 24 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 25 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 26 reached reach VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 27 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 28 whereby whereby WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 29 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 30 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 31 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 32 densities density NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 33 remain remain VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 34 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 84 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 1 In in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 2 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 3 state state NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 6 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 7 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 8 maximizes maximize VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 9 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 10 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 11 = = SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 12 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 13 / / SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 14 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 16 given give VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 17 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 19 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 20 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 21 which which WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 22 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 23 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 24 through through IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 25 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 26 origin origin NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 27 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 28 tangent tangent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 29 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 30 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 31 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 32 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 33 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 34 function function NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 36 lower low JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 37 arrow arrow NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 85 39 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 1 In in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 2 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 3 paper paper NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 6 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 7 concerned concerned JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 8 chiefly chiefly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 9 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 10 conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 11 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 12 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 13 shortly shortly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 14 after after IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 16 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 18 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 19 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 20 before before IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 22 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 23 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 24 reached reach VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 25 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 26 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 86 27 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 2 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 3 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 4 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 5 easily easily RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 6 found find VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 7 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 8 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 9 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 87 10 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 1 Extending extend VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 2 result result NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 4 1b 1b LS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 6 above above RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 9 pathogen pathogen NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 10 invades invade VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 11 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 12 dI/ dI/ NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 13 dt dt XX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 14 > > XX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 15 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 17 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 18 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 19 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 20 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 21 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 22 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 23 found find VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 24 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 25 replacing replace VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 26 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 27 inequality inequality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 28 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 29 equation equation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 31 3 3 LS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 33 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 34 equality equality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 88 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 2 set set NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 4 parameters parameter NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 5 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 6 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 8 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 9 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 10 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 11 whose whose WP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 12 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 14 S s NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 15 * * NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 16 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 17 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 18 represented represent VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 19 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 20 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 21 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 22 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 23 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 24 coordinate coordinate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 25 system system NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 26 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 28 points point NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 29 falling fall VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 30 below below IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 31 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 32 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 33 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 34 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 35 S s NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 36 * * NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 37 passing pass VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 38 through through IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 39 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 40 origin origin NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 42 Fig Fig NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 43 . . NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 44 2 2 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 45 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 46 top top NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 48 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 49 above above IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 50 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 51 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 52 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 53 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 54 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 89 55 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 2 graph graph NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 3 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 4 why why WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 6 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 7 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 8 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 9 state state NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 11 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 13 d d LS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 15 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 16 maximizes maximize VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 17 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 18 gives give VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 19 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 20 inadequate inadequate JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 21 picture picture NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 24 levels level NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 25 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 26 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 27 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 28 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 29 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 30 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 31 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 90 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 1 Any any DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 2 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 3 inside inside IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 5 region region NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 6 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 8 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 9 boundary boundary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 10 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 13 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 14 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 15 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 16 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 17 represents represent VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 18 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 19 pair pair NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 20 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 21 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 22 values value NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 24 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 25 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 26 d d LS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 28 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 29 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 30 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 91 31 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 4 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 6 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 7 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 8 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 9 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 10 far far RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 11 more more RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 12 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 13 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 14 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 15 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 16 far far RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 17 less less RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 18 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 19 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 20 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 21 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 22 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 24 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 25 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 26 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 27 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 28 made make VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 29 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 30 Andre Andre NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 31 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 32 Hochberg Hochberg NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 34 2005 2005 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 92 36 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 1 Although although IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 2 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 3 values value NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 4 below below IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 6 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 7 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 8 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 9 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 10 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 11 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 12 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 14 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 15 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 17 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 18 further further JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 19 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 20 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 21 expected expect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 22 whenever whenever WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 24 invading invade VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 25 genotype genotype NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 26 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 27 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 28 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 30 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 93 31 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 1 Evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 2 following follow VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 3 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 4 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 5 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 6 slow slow JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 7 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 8 attain attain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 10 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 11 Following Following NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 12 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 13 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 14 Proulx Proulx NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 16 2004 2004 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 19 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 21 invading invade VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 22 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 23 persists persist VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 24 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 25 becomes become VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 26 established establish VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 27 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 29 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 30 expected expect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 31 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 32 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 33 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 34 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 35 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 36 begin begin VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 37 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 38 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 39 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 40 values value NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 41 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 42 improve improve VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 43 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 44 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 94 45 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 3 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 4 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 5 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 7 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 8 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 9 fast fast JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 10 enough enough RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 13 duration duration NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 15 nonoptimal nonoptimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 16 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 17 behavior behavior NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 18 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 19 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 20 ignored ignore VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 95 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 1 Yet yet RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 4 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 5 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 6 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 7 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 8 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 9 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 10 slow slow JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 11 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 12 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 13 few few JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 14 reasons reason NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 96 15 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 2 i i NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 5 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 6 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 7 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 8 changing change VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 10 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 12 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 13 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 97 15 , , . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 2 ii ii LS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 4 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 5 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 6 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 7 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 8 influenced influence VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 9 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 11 genetic genetic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 12 covariance covariance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 13 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 14 mutational mutational JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 15 properties property NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 16 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 17 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 18 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 19 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 21 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 22 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 23 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 24 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 26 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 27 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 28 Conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 29 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 30 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 31 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 32 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 33 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 34 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 35 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 36 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 37 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 38 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 39 * * NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 40 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 41 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 42 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 43 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 44 parameters parameter NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 46 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 47 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 48 b b LS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 50 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 51 S s NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 52 * * NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 98 53 > > XX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 1 d d NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 2 / / SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 3 b b NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 5 where where WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 6 d d NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 7 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 8 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 10 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 11 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 13 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 14 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 99 15 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 100 1 Points point NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 100 2 satisfying satisfy VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 100 3 S s NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 1 * * NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 2 = = SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 3 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 4 / / SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 5 b b NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 6 lie lie VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 7 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 8 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 9 radiating radiate VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 10 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 11 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 12 origin origin NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 15 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 16 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 17 * * NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 19 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 20 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 21 radii radii JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 22 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 23 progressively progressively RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 24 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 25 slopes slope NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 26 represent represent VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 27 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 28 parameters parameter NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 29 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 30 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 31 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 32 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 33 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 34 progressively progressively RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 35 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 36 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 37 densities density NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 101 38 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 1 All all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 2 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 3 whose whose WP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 4 values value NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 5 fall fall VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 6 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 8 darker darker RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 9 shaded shaded JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 10 region region NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 11 below below IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 13 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 15 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 16 S s NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 102 17 * * NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 1 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 2 above above IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 4 dashed dash VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 5 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 6 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 7 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 8 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 9 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 10 attainable attainable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 12 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 13 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 15 whereas whereas IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 17 lightshaded lightshaded JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 18 region region NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 19 above above IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 21 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 22 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 23 represents represent VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 24 values value NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 25 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 26 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 27 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 28 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 29 attain attain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 30 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 31 do do VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 32 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 33 allow allow VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 34 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 36 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 37 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 38 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 39 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 40 * * NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 103 42 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 2 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 3 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 4 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 5 eventually eventually RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 6 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 7 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 9 dot dot NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 10 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 11 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 12 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 13 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 14 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 15 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 17 arrows arrow NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 19 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 20 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 22 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 23 create create VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 24 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 25 potentially potentially RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 26 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 27 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 28 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 29 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 30 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 31 start start NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 32 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 34 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 35 until until IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 36 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 37 evolutionarily evolutionarily RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 38 equilibrium equilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 39 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 40 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 41 attained attain VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 104 42 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 105 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 105 2 Bottom bottom NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 105 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 1 Evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 2 following follow VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 3 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 4 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 5 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 6 slow slow JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 7 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 8 approach approach VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 9 optimal optimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 106 11 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 2 rightmost rightmost JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 3 oblique oblique JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 4 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 7 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 8 isocline isocline NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 11 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 12 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 13 * * NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 16 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 17 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 18 points point NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 19 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 21 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 22 equal equal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 23 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 24 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 25 superior superior JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 26 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 28 fitnesses fitness NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 29 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 30 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 31 points point NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 32 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 33 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 34 left left NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 107 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 1 Evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 2 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 3 tend tend VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 4 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 5 move move VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 6 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 7 progressively progressively RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 8 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 9 right right RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 10 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 11 most most JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 12 isoclines isocline NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 14 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 15 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 16 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 17 mutant mutant NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 18 's 's POS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 19 relative relative JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 20 position position NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 21 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 22 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 23 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 24 isocline isocline NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 25 does do VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 26 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 27 affect affect VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 28 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 29 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 30 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 31 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 32 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 33 each each DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 34 step step NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 35 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 36 move move VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 37 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 38 further far RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 39 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 40 closer close RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 41 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 42 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 43 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 45 solid solid JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 46 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 48 until until IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 49 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 50 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 51 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 52 approached approach VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 53 closely closely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 108 54 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 2 input input NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 4 mutations mutation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 6 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 7 genetic genetic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 8 covariance covariance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 9 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 10 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 12 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 14 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 15 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 16 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 17 major major JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 18 impact impact NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 19 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 21 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 23 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 24 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 25 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 26 early early JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 27 stages stage NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 29 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 30 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 31 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 32 2007 2007 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 109 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 1 Improved improved JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 2 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 3 need need VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 4 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 5 greatly greatly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 6 restrict restrict VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 8 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 11 values value NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 12 allowed allow VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 14 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 15 indeed indeed RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 17 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 18 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 19 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 20 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 21 deviate deviate VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 22 further further RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 23 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 24 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 25 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 26 during during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 27 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 28 stages stage NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 29 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 30 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 31 adaptation adaptation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 110 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 1 These these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 2 arguments argument NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 3 apply apply VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 4 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 5 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 6 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 7 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 10 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 11 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 12 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 13 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 14 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 15 declining decline VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 18 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 19 isoclines isocline NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 20 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 21 have have VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 22 progressively progressively RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 23 shallower shallow JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 24 slopes slope NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 111 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 2 iii iii LS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 4 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 5 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 6 simply simply RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 7 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 8 little little JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 9 genetic genetic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 10 variation variation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 12 see see VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 13 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 14 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 15 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 16 Proulx Proulx NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 17 2004 2004 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 112 19 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 1 As as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 2 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 3 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 4 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 6 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 8 pointed point VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 9 out out RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 12 i i NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 15 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 16 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 17 shift shift VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 18 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 19 progressively progressively RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 20 lower low JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 21 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 22 values value NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 23 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 24 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 25 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 26 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 28 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 29 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 30 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 31 reduced reduce VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 32 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 34 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 113 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 2 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 3 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 4 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 5 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 6 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 7 static static JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 11 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 12 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 13 do do VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 14 no no RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 15 better well JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 16 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 17 adapt adapt VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 18 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 20 current current JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 21 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 114 22 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 1 Even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 2 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 4 absence absence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 6 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 7 effect effect NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 9 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 10 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 11 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 12 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 13 slow slow JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 14 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 15 reach reach VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 17 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 18 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 19 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 21 ii ii NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 23 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 24 pleiotropy pleiotropy NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 25 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 26 genetic genetic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 27 covariances covariance NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 115 28 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 1 Selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 2 favors favor VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 3 mutations mutation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 4 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 5 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 6 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 7 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 8 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 10 currently currently RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 11 dominant dominant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 12 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 116 13 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 1 These these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 2 mutations mutation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 3 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 4 improve improve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 5 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 6 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 7 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 8 result result VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 9 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 11 further far RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 12 away away RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 13 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 14 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 15 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 117 16 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 1 Fig Fig NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 2 . . NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 3 2 2 LS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 5 bottom bottom NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 7 shows show VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 8 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 9 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 10 isoclines isocline NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 11 run run VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 12 parallel parallel RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 13 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 15 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 16 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 118 17 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 1 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 2 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 3 points point NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 4 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 5 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 6 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 7 isocline isocline NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 8 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 10 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 11 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 13 assuming assume VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 14 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 15 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 16 remains remain VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 17 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 119 18 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 1 As as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 2 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 3 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 4 seen see VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 5 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 7 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 8 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 9 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 10 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 11 drawn draw VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 13 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 14 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 15 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 16 wide wide JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 17 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 19 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 20 associated associate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 21 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 22 each each DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 23 step step NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 24 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 25 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 26 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 28 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 29 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 30 until until IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 31 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 32 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 33 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 34 neared near VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 36 depending depend VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 37 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 38 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 39 shape shape NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 40 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 41 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 42 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 43 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 44 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 120 46 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 3 particularly particularly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 4 during during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 6 initial initial JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 7 phases phase NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 9 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 11 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 12 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 13 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 14 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 15 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 16 need nee MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 17 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 18 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 19 accompanied accompany VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 20 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 21 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 22 change change NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 23 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 24 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 121 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 1 Of of RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 2 course course RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 3 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 4 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 5 factors factor NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 6 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 7 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 8 slow slow VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 10 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 11 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 12 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 14 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 15 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 16 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 17 follow follow VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 18 directly directly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 19 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 20 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 21 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 122 22 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 2 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 3 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 4 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 5 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 6 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 7 presented present VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 8 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 9 though though IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 11 only only JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 12 outcome outcome NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 13 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 14 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 15 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 16 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 17 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 123 18 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 1 In in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 2 such such PDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 3 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 4 system system NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 7 initial initial JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 8 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 9 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 10 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 11 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 12 followed follow VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 13 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 14 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 15 reduction reduction NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 16 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 17 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 18 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 19 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 21 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 22 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 23 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 24 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 25 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 26 resulting result VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 27 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 28 absolute absolute JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 29 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 30 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 31 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 32 greatly greatly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 33 limit limit VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 34 opportunities opportunity NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 35 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 36 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 37 re re NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 38 - - NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 39 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 40 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 41 any any DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 42 parasite parasite JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 43 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 44 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 45 had have VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 46 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 47 even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 48 more more RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 49 devastating devastating JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 50 impact impact NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 51 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 52 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 53 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 124 54 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 1 Yet yet RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 3 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 4 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 6 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 8 only only JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 9 outcome outcome NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 11 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 125 12 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 1 Recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 2 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 3 consequent consequent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 4 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 6 typical typical JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 8 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 9 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 11 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 12 necessarily necessarily RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 13 precluding preclude VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 15 death death NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 17 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 18 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 19 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 126 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 127 1 How how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 127 2 does do VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 127 3 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 127 4 affect affect VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 127 5 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 127 6 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 127 7 ? ? . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 1 Here here RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 4 restrict restrict VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 5 ourselves -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 6 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 8 extreme extreme JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 9 case case NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 10 that that DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 11 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 12 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 13 complete complete JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 15 so so IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 16 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 17 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 18 recovered recover VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 19 individual individual NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 20 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 21 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 22 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 23 reinfected reinfecte VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 24 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 25 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 26 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 27 strain strain NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 29 see see VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 30 van van NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 31 Baalen Baalen NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 32 1998 1998 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 33 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 34 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 35 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 36 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 37 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 38 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 39 partial partial JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 40 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 128 42 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 1 Most most RBS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 2 basically basically RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 3 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 4 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 5 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 6 large large JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 7 fraction fraction NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 10 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 11 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 12 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 13 immune immune JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 15 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 16 large large JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 17 advantage advantage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 18 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 19 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 20 gained gain VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 21 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 22 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 23 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 24 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 25 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 26 overcome overcome VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 28 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 29 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 30 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 31 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 32 retain retain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 34 ability ability NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 35 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 36 infect infect VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 37 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 38 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 40 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 129 42 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 1 Those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 2 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 3 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 4 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 5 own own JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 6 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 7 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 10 depending depend VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 11 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 13 parameters parameter NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 15 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 16 constraints constraint NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 17 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 18 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 19 much much RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 20 more more RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 21 lenient lenient JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 22 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 24 constraints constraint NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 25 applying apply VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 26 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 27 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 28 unable unable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 29 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 30 escape escape VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 31 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 32 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 34 Fig Fig NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 36 3 3 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 130 38 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 3 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 4 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 5 engender engender VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 6 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 7 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 8 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 10 potential potential NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 11 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 12 cause cause VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 13 repeated repeat VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 14 invasions invasion NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 16 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 17 potential potential JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 18 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 19 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 20 devastating devastating JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 21 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 22 each each DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 23 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 131 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 2 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 4 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 5 process process NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 6 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 7 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 8 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 10 nature nature NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 11 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 12 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 13 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 14 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 15 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 17 however however RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 132 18 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 2 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 3 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 4 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 6 most most JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 7 infections infection NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 8 lethal lethal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 10 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 11 reaches reach VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 12 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 13 abundance abundance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 14 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 16 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 17 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 18 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 19 crash crash VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 21 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 22 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 23 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 24 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 25 leave leave VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 26 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 27 recovered recover VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 28 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 29 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 30 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 31 least least JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 32 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 34 short short JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 35 term term NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 133 36 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 1 Until until IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 2 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 3 numbers number NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 4 rebound rebound VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 6 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 7 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 8 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 9 little little JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 10 opportunity opportunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 11 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 12 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 13 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 14 invasions invasion NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 15 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 18 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 19 absolute absolute JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 20 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 21 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 22 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 134 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 1 If if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 2 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 3 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 4 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 5 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 6 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 7 instead instead RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 8 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 9 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 12 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 13 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 15 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 16 necessarily necessarily RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 17 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 19 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 21 parasite parasite JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 22 impact impact NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 23 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 24 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 25 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 26 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 27 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 28 slight slight JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 135 29 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 1 In in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 2 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 3 latter latter JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 4 case case NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 7 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 8 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 9 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 10 soon soon RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 11 prone prone JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 12 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 13 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 15 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 16 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 17 escape escape VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 18 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 136 19 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 2 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 3 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 4 kill kill VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 5 large large JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 6 numbers number NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 8 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 9 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 10 experience experience VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 11 longer long RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 12 lags lag VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 13 before before IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 14 possible possible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 15 reinvasion reinvasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 16 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 17 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 18 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 19 do do VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 20 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 21 kill kill VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 22 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 23 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 137 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 2 addition addition NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 4 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 5 does do VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 6 change change VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 8 interpretation interpretation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 11 preceding precede VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 12 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 13 somewhat somewhat RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 138 14 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 2 derivations derivation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 3 above above RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 4 remain remain VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 6 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 8 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 10 d d NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 11 term term NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 13 now now RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 14 denoted denote VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 15 d¢ d¢ NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 139 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 140 1 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 140 2 no no RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 140 3 longer long RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 140 4 just just RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 140 5 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 140 6 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 140 7 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 1 Instead instead RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 4 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 5 terms term NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 6 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 7 replaced replace VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 8 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 9 d¢ d¢ NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 11 where where WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 12 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 13 q q NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 14 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 16 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 17 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 19 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 20 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 22 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 23 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 24 state state NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 25 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 26 which which WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 27 they -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 28 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 29 no no RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 30 longer longer RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 31 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 32 infected infect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 141 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 3 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 4 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 5 Figure figure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 6 3 3 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 7 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 8 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 9 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 10 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 11 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 12 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 13 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 14 recovered recovered JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 15 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 16 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 17 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 18 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 19 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 20 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 21 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 22 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 23 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 142 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 1 Once once RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 2 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 3 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 4 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 5 evolved evolve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 6 close close JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 7 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 8 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 9 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 10 along along IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 11 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 12 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 13 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 14 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 15 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 17 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 18 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 19 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 20 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 21 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 22 small small JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 23 set set NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 24 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 25 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 26 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 27 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 28 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 29 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 30 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 31 they -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 32 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 33 all all RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 34 subject subject JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 35 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 36 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 37 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 38 constraints constraint NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 39 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 40 provided provide VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 41 they -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 42 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 43 infect infect VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 44 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 45 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 46 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 47 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 48 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 49 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 50 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 51 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 52 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 53 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 54 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 55 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 56 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 57 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 58 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 59 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 60 S s NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 61 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 62 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 63 rightmost rightmost JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 64 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 65 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 143 66 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 2 mutant mutant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 3 capable capable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 5 infecting infect VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 6 both both CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 7 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 9 recovered recovered JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 10 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 11 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 12 have have VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 13 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 14 much much RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 15 larger large JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 16 set set NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 18 possible possible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 19 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 20 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 21 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 22 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 24 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 25 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 26 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 27 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 28 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 29 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 30 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 31 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 32 S+R S+R NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 33 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 34 where where WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 35 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 36 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 37 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 38 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 39 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 40 recovered recovered JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 41 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 42 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 43 hence hence RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 44 lies lie VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 45 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 46 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 47 left left NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 48 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 49 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 50 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 51 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 52 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 53 S S NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 55 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 56 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 57 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 58 greater great JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 59 potential potential NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 60 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 61 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 62 nonoptimal nonoptimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 63 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 144 64 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 2 graph graph NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 5 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 6 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 7 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 8 previous previous JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 9 figures figure NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 11 except except IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 12 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 14 vertical vertical JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 15 axis axis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 17 d¢ d¢ NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 19 now now RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 20 includes include VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 22 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 23 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 24 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 25 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 26 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 27 as as RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 28 well well RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 29 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 30 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 31 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 34 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 35 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 36 previous previous JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 37 figures figure NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 38 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 39 just just RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 40 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 41 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 145 43 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 1 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 2 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 4 allowed allow VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 7 derivations derivation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 9 figures figure NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 10 above above IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 11 merely merely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 12 substitute substitute VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 13 d¢ d¢ NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 14 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 15 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 17 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 19 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 20 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 21 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 22 functions function NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 23 now now RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 24 combine combine VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 25 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 26 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 27 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 28 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 29 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 30 shown show VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 31 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 32 Fig Fig NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 146 33 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 147 1 3 3 LS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 147 2 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 1 On on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 2 intuitive intuitive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 3 grounds ground NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 5 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 6 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 7 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 8 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 9 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 11 loss loss NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 12 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 13 infected infected JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 14 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 16 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 18 does do VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 19 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 20 matter matter VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 21 whether whether IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 22 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 23 infections infection NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 24 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 25 lost lose VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 26 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 28 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 29 died die VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 30 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 31 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 32 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 33 recovered recover VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 148 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 2 main main JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 3 implication implication NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 5 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 6 change change NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 7 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 8 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 11 theories theory NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 12 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 13 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 14 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 16 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 17 d¢ d¢ NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 18 no no RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 19 longer long RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 20 implies imply VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 21 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 23 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 24 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 149 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 1 Without without IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 2 specifying specify VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 4 relationship relationship NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 5 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 6 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 7 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 8 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 9 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 10 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 11 d¢ d¢ NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 12 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 13 mean mean VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 14 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 15 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 16 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 17 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 19 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 20 no no DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 21 change change NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 22 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 23 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 24 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 25 even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 26 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 27 decline decline NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 28 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 29 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 31 Fig Fig NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 33 4 4 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 150 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 2 indeterminacy indeterminacy NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 3 applies apply VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 4 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 5 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 6 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 8 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 9 theories theory NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 14 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 15 otherwise otherwise RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 16 possible possible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 17 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 18 predict predict VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 19 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 20 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 21 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 22 per per FW cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 23 se se FW cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 24 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 25 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 26 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 27 involved involve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 28 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 30 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 31 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 32 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 33 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 34 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 151 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 2 indeterminacy indeterminacy NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 3 poses pose VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 4 little little JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 5 problem problem NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 6 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 8 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 9 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 10 perspective perspective NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 12 however however RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 13 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 15 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 16 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 17 perspective perspective NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 18 merely merely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 19 specifies specify VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 20 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 21 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 23 possible possible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 24 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 25 levels level NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 26 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 27 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 28 potentially potentially RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 29 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 152 30 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 2 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 3 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 4 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 5 reduced reduce VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 6 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 8 inclusion inclusion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 10 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 12 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 14 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 15 always always RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 16 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 17 wider wide JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 18 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 20 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 21 spanned span VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 22 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 24 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 153 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 1 Before before IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 2 proceeding proceed VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 3 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 4 empirical empirical JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 5 examples example NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 6 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 8 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 9 useful useful JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 10 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 11 consider consider VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 13 distinction distinction NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 14 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 16 standard standard JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 17 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 18 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 19 maximization maximization NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 20 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 21 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 22 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 23 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 24 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 25 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 26 's 's POS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 28 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 30 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 31 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 32 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 33 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 34 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 35 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 36 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 37 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 38 alternative alternative JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 39 perspectives perspective NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 40 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 41 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 42 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 43 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 44 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 154 45 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 1 There there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 2 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 3 obvious obvious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 4 overlap overlap NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 5 among among IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 6 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 7 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 10 both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 11 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 12 nicely nicely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 13 subsumed subsume VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 14 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 16 covariance covariance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 17 method method NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 19 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 20 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 21 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 22 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 24 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 25 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 26 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 27 emphases emphasis NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 28 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 29 them -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 30 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 31 differed differ VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 155 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 2 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 3 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 4 maximization maximization NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 5 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 6 offers offer VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 7 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 8 single single JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 9 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 11 albeit albeit IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 12 one one CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 13 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 14 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 15 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 16 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 17 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 18 environmental environmental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 19 conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 156 20 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 2 assumes assume VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 3 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 4 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 5 exists exist VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 6 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 7 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 9 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 11 hence hence RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 12 does do VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 13 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 14 apply apply VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 15 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 16 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 17 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 18 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 19 invade invade VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 157 20 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 2 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 3 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 4 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 6 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 7 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 8 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 9 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 10 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 13 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 14 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 16 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 17 similar similar JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 18 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 19 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 20 both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 21 apply apply VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 22 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 23 invasions invasion NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 158 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 2 only only JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 3 difference difference NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 4 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 5 that that DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 6 one one PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 7 emphasizes emphasize VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 9 change change NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 11 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 12 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 13 during during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 15 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 18 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 19 addresses address VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 21 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 23 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 24 values value NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 25 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 26 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 27 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 28 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 30 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 31 states state NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 32 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 33 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 34 persist persist VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 35 after after IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 36 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 159 37 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 1 Without without IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 2 knowing know VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 4 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 7 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 8 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 9 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 10 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 11 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 12 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 13 perspectives perspective NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 14 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 15 difficult difficult JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 16 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 17 distinguish distinguish VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 19 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 20 either either DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 21 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 22 both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 23 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 24 obtain obtain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 25 across across IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 26 repeated repeat VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 27 invasions invasion NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 160 28 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 1 However however RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 3 observing observe VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 5 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 7 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 8 increase increase NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 9 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 12 instead instead RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 13 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 14 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 15 decrease decrease NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 17 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 19 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 20 matures mature VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 21 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 22 support support VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 24 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 25 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 26 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 27 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 28 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 29 initial initial JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 30 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 31 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 32 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 34 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 35 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 36 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 37 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 38 shift shift NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 39 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 40 decreasing decrease VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 41 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 42 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 43 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 44 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 45 matures mature VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 161 46 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 1 Likewise likewise RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 3 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 4 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 5 merely merely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 6 die die VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 7 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 9 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 10 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 11 do do VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 12 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 13 recover recover VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 15 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 16 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 17 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 18 resistant resistant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 21 then then RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 22 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 23 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 24 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 25 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 26 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 27 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 28 possibly possibly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 29 apply apply VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 30 after after IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 31 dynamical dynamical JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 32 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 33 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 34 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 35 reached reach VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 36 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 37 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 38 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 39 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 40 no no DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 41 reservoir reservoir NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 42 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 43 immune immune JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 44 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 45 resistant resistant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 46 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 47 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 48 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 49 exploited exploit VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 50 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 51 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 52 mutant mutant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 53 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 162 54 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 1 For for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 2 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 3 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 5 evolvability evolvability NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 6 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 7 escape escape VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 8 existing exist VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 9 immune immune NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 10 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 11 resistance resistance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 12 profiles profile NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 14 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 15 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 163 16 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 1 Longterm longterm JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 2 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 3 success success NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 4 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 5 depend depend VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 6 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 7 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 8 much much JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 9 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 11 ability ability NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 12 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 13 achieve achieve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 14 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 15 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 17 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 18 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 20 classic classic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 21 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 22 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 23 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 24 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 25 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 26 rather rather RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 27 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 28 keep keep VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 29 changing change VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 30 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 31 staying stay VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 32 ahead ahead RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 33 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 34 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 35 defenses defense NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 36 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 37 continually continually RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 38 jumping jump VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 39 outside outside IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 40 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 41 parameter parameter NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 42 space space NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 43 confining confine VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 44 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 45 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 46 's 's POS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 47 recent recent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 48 ancestors ancestor NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 164 49 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 1 Such such PDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 2 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 3 process process NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 4 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 5 ensure ensure VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 6 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 8 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 9 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 10 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 11 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 12 relevant relevant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 13 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 14 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 15 episodes episode NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 16 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 18 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 19 's 's POS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 20 history history NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 165 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 2 applicability applicability NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 5 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 6 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 7 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 8 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 9 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 10 times time NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 11 does do VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 12 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 13 exclude exclude VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 14 attainment attainment JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 16 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 17 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 18 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 19 times time NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 166 20 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 3 over over IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 5 course course NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 7 history history NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 9 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 10 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 11 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 12 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 13 cycling cycling NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 14 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 15 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 17 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 18 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 19 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 20 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 22 perhaps perhaps RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 23 indirectly indirectly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 25 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 26 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 27 maintenance maintenance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 28 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 29 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 30 optimal optimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 31 state state NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 167 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 2 relative relative JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 3 importance importance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 5 Figure figure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 6 4 4 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 7 Indeterminacy indeterminacy NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 9 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 11 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 12 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 13 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 168 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 1 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 2 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 3 recover recover VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 4 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 5 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 6 immune immune JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 7 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 8 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 9 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 169 10 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 1 When when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 2 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 4 allowed allow VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 5 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 7 component component NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 9 d d NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 10 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 11 equation equation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 13 1 1 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 16 such such JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 17 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 170 18 d¢ d¢ NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 171 1 = = NFP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 171 2 d d NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 1 + + CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 2 q q NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 3 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 4 substituted substitute VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 5 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 6 d d NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 9 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 11 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 12 d¢ d¢ NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 13 no no RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 14 longer long RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 15 implies imply VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 17 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 19 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 20 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 172 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 2 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 3 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 4 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 5 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 7 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 8 d¢ d¢ NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 10 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 12 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 13 given give VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 14 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 16 black black JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 17 line line NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 18 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 20 upper upper JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 21 boundary boundary NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 24 gray gray JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 25 area area NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 26 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 27 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 29 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 30 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 31 seen see VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 32 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 34 shift shift NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 35 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 36 left leave VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 37 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 38 right right JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 39 graphs graph NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 40 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 41 d¢ d¢ NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 42 increases increase VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 43 somewhat somewhat RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 44 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 45 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 46 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 47 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 48 decreases decrease NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 173 49 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 2 sizes size NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 5 gray gray JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 6 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 7 clear clear JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 8 areas area NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 9 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 10 drawn draw VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 11 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 12 illustration illustration NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 13 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 14 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 15 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 16 based base VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 17 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 18 data datum NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 174 19 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 1 each each DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 2 phase phase NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 3 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 4 depend depend VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 5 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 6 details detail NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 9 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 10 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 11 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 175 12 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 2 offer offer VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 4 caveat caveat NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 5 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 7 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 8 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 9 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 10 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 11 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 13 only only JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 14 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 15 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 16 nonoptimal nonoptimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 17 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 19 Dieckmann Dieckmann NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 20 2002 2002 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 176 22 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 1 If if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 2 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 3 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 4 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 5 populations population NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 6 cycle cycle NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 8 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 9 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 10 environmental environmental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 11 factors factor NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 12 cause cause VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 13 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 14 populations population NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 15 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 16 fluctuate fluctuate VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 17 profoundly profoundly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 19 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 20 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 21 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 22 no no DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 23 single single JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 24 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 25 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 26 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 27 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 28 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 29 best good JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 30 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 31 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 32 might may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 33 do do VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 34 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 35 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 36 track track VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 37 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 38 moving move VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 39 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 40 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 41 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 42 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 43 2007 2007 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 177 45 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 1 Likewise likewise RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 3 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 4 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 5 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 6 infected infect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 7 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 8 multiple multiple JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 9 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 11 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 13 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 14 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 15 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 16 competition competition NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 17 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 18 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 19 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 20 often often RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 21 lead lead VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 22 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 23 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 24 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 25 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 27 Frank Frank NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 28 1996 1996 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 29 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 30 Bull Bull NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 31 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 32 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 33 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 34 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 178 36 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 2 should should MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 3 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 4 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 5 noted note VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 6 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 7 different different JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 8 mathematical mathematical JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 9 definitions definition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 11 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 12 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 13 different different JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 14 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 15 consequences consequence NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 17 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 18 2002 2002 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 21 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 22 again again RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 23 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 24 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 25 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 26 about about IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 27 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 28 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 29 should should MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 30 hold hold VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 31 under under IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 32 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 33 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 34 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 35 alternatives alternative NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 179 36 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 2 general general JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 3 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 6 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 7 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 8 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 9 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 10 optimality optimality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 11 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 12 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 13 phenotype phenotype NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 14 involved involve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 15 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 16 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 17 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 18 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 19 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 20 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 21 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 22 evolved evolve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 23 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 24 slowly slowly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 25 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 26 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 27 specific specific JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 28 context context NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 29 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 30 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 180 31 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 1 There there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 2 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 3 no no DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 4 absolute absolute JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 5 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 6 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 7 rejection rejection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 9 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 10 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 12 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 13 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 14 subjective subjective JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 15 one one CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 17 whether whether IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 18 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 19 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 21 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 22 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 23 fast fast JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 24 enough enough RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 25 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 26 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 27 period period NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 28 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 29 meaningful meaningful JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 30 deviation deviation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 31 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 32 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 33 neglected neglect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 181 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 2 quantification quantification NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 4 nonoptimality nonoptimality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 5 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 6 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 7 provided provide VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 8 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 10 experimental experimental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 11 adaptation adaptation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 12 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 13 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 14 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 15 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 16 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 17 known know VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 18 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 19 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 20 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 22 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 23 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 24 that that DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 25 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 26 measured measure VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 27 over over IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 28 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 182 29 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 2 test test NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 3 satisfying satisfy VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 4 several several JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 6 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 7 criteria criterion NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 8 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 9 carried carry VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 10 out out RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 11 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 12 bacteriophage bacteriophage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 13 lysis lysis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 14 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 16 analogous analogous JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 17 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 18 phage phage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 19 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 21 Heineman Heineman NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 22 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 23 Bull Bull NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 24 2007 2007 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 183 26 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 2 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 3 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 4 predicted predict VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 5 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 6 assuming assume VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 7 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 8 linear linear JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 9 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 10 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 11 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 12 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 13 lysis lysis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 14 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 15 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 16 number number NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 18 progeny progeny NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 19 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 20 lysis lysis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 21 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 22 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 24 linearity linearity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 25 extended extend VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 26 well well RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 27 beyond beyond IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 28 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 29 normal normal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 30 lysis lysis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 31 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 184 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 1 Adaptation adaptation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 2 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 3 phage phage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 4 T7 T7 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 5 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 6 performed perform VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 7 under under IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 8 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 9 environmental environmental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 10 conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 11 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 12 both both CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 13 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 14 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 15 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 16 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 17 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 18 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 19 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 20 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 21 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 22 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 23 provided provide VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 24 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 25 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 26 fixed fixed JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 27 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 28 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 29 matches match VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 30 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 31 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 32 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 33 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 34 paper paper NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 185 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 1 At at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 2 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 3 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 4 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 6 T7 T7 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 7 attained attain VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 8 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 9 lysis lysis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 10 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 11 close close JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 12 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 14 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 15 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 16 150 150 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 17 generations generation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 19 adaptation adaptation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 21 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 22 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 23 phage phage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 24 failed fail VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 25 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 26 approach approach VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 28 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 29 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 30 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 31 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 32 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 33 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 34 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 35 separate separate JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 36 adaptations adaptation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 37 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 38 $ $ $ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 39 300 300 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 40 generations generation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 41 each each DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 186 42 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 1 One one CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 2 failure failure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 3 stemmed stem VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 4 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 5 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 6 lack lack NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 8 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 9 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 10 likely likely JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 11 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 12 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 13 small small JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 14 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 15 size size NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 187 16 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 1 In in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 2 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 3 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 4 case case NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 6 molecular molecular JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 7 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 8 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 9 observed observe VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 13 failure failure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 14 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 15 attain attain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 17 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 18 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 19 interpreted interpret VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 20 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 21 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 22 failure failure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 23 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 24 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 25 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 26 used use VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 27 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 28 calculate calculate VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 30 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 32 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 34 assumed assumed JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 35 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 36 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 37 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 38 did do VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 39 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 40 match match VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 41 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 42 T7 T7 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 43 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 44 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 45 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 188 47 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 2 failure failure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 3 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 4 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 7 special special JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 8 case case NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 10 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 11 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 12 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 14 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 15 presumably presumably RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 18 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 19 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 20 have have VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 21 evolved evolve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 22 after after IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 23 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 24 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 189 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 2 failure failure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 3 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 4 attain attain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 6 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 7 despite despite IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 8 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 9 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 11 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 12 replicate replicate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 14 presumably presumably RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 15 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 16 failure failure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 17 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 18 calculate calculate VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 20 true true JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 21 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 22 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 23 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 24 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 25 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 26 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 27 illustration illustration NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 28 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 29 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 30 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 31 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 32 unless unless IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 33 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 34 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 35 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 36 shown show VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 37 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 38 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 39 predicted predict VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 40 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 41 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 42 eventually eventually RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 43 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 44 obtained obtain VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 45 given give VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 46 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 47 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 190 48 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 1 Overall overall RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 3 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 4 experimental experimental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 5 study study NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 6 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 7 how how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 9 measurement measurement NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 11 deviation deviation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 12 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 13 optimality optimality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 14 reflects reflect VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 15 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 17 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 18 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 19 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 20 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 21 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 22 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 24 basis basis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 25 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 26 nonoptimality nonoptimality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 27 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 28 understood understand VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 191 29 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 2 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 3 no no DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 4 doubt doubt RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 5 rare rare JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 6 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 7 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 8 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 9 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 10 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 11 known know VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 12 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 13 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 14 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 15 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 17 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 18 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 19 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 20 observed observe VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 21 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 22 repetition repetition NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 23 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 24 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 25 phage phage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 26 experiment experiment NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 27 seems seem VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 28 especially especially RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 29 difficult difficult JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 30 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 31 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 32 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 33 multicellular multicellular JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 34 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 192 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 2 bacteriophage bacteriophage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 3 study study NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 4 benefited benefit VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 5 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 7 fact fact NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 8 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 10 optimality optimality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 11 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 12 required require VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 13 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 14 linearity linearity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 17 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 18 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 19 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 21 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 22 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 24 slope slope NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 25 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 26 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 27 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 28 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 29 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 30 did do VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 31 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 32 affect affect VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 34 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 36 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 37 even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 38 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 39 assumption assumption NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 40 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 41 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 42 generality generality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 43 appears appear VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 44 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 45 have have VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 46 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 47 wrong wrong JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 193 49 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 1 Such such JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 2 generality generality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 3 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 4 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 5 rare rare JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 6 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 7 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 8 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 9 knowledge knowledge NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 11 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 12 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 13 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 14 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 15 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 16 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 17 necessary necessary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 18 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 19 predict predict VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 21 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 22 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 23 most most JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 24 systems system NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 194 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 1 Even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 2 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 3 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 4 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 5 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 6 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 7 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 8 calculated calculate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 9 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 10 priori priori FW cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 13 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 14 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 15 determined determine VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 16 empirically empirically RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 17 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 18 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 19 experiment experiment NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 21 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 22 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 23 long long JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 24 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 25 term term NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 26 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 27 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 28 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 29 attained attain VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 30 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 31 maintained maintain VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 195 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 3 approach approach NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 4 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 5 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 6 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 7 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 8 different different JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 9 starting starting NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 10 points point NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 11 then then RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 12 provides provide VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 13 insight insight NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 14 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 16 dynamical dynamical JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 17 behavior behavior NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 18 relevant relevant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 19 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 21 perspective perspective NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 22 given give VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 23 here here RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 196 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 1 Insight Insight NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 2 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 3 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 4 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 5 gained gain VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 6 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 7 observations observation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 9 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 10 under under IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 11 natural natural JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 12 conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 197 13 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 1 Some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 2 basic basic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 3 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 4 predispose predispose VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 5 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 6 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 7 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 8 delayed delay VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 9 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 10 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 11 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 13 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 15 following follow VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 16 examples example NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 18 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 19 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 21 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 22 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 24 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 25 how how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 26 one one PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 27 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 28 begin begin VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 29 looking look VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 30 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 31 candidates candidate NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 198 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 1 These these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 2 examples example NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 3 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 4 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 5 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 6 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 7 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 8 exhibit exhibit VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 9 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 10 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 12 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 13 even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 14 among among IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 15 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 16 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 17 do do VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 20 frequency frequency NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 21 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 22 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 23 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 24 varies vary VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 25 considerably considerably RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 199 26 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 2 primary primary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 3 criterion criterion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 4 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 5 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 6 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 7 used use VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 8 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 9 considering consider VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 11 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 12 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 13 perspective perspective NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 14 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 15 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 16 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 17 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 18 experiences experience VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 19 periodic periodic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 20 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 21 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 22 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 23 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 24 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 200 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 1 As as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 2 noted note VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 3 above above RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 5 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 6 criterion criterion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 7 does do VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 8 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 9 rule rule VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 10 out out RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 11 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 12 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 13 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 14 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 16 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 18 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 201 19 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 3 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 4 second second JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 5 important important JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 6 question question NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 8 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 9 one one NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 10 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 11 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 12 rarely rarely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 13 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 14 answered answer VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 16 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 17 whether whether IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 19 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 20 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 21 far far RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 22 off off IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 24 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 202 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 2 start start VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 3 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 4 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 6 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 7 elicit elicit VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 8 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 9 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 10 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 11 clearly clearly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 12 do do VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 13 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 14 exhibit exhibit VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 15 repeated repeat VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 16 invasions invasion NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 17 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 18 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 19 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 20 escape escape VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 21 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 203 22 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 1 Humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 2 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 4 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 5 known know VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 6 natural natural JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 7 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 8 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 9 measles measle NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 10 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 11 polio polio NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 12 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 204 13 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 1 Successful successful JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 2 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 3 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 4 greatly greatly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 5 reduced reduce VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 7 incidence incidence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 9 both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 10 infections infection NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 12 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 14 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 15 derived derive VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 16 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 17 decades decade NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 18 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 19 old old JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 20 isolates isolate NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 21 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 22 remained remain VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 23 effective effective JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 24 without without IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 25 apparent apparent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 26 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 27 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 28 novel novel JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 29 antigens antigen NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 30 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 31 escape escape VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 32 vaccine vaccine NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 33 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 34 induced induce VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 35 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 37 Schrag Schrag NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 38 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 39 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 205 40 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 206 1 1999 1999 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 206 2 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 206 3 Macadam Macadam NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 206 4 et et FW cord-264532-xfb94lq8 206 5 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 206 6 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 206 7 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 206 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 206 9 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 1 Both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 2 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 3 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 4 therefore therefore RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 6 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 7 good good JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 8 candidates candidate NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 9 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 11 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 12 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 13 maximization maximization NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 14 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 16 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 18 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 19 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 20 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 21 difficult difficult JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 22 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 23 establish establish VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 24 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 25 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 26 alternatives alternative NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 27 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 28 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 29 R r NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 30 0 0 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 31 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 32 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 33 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 34 proposed propose VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 35 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 36 least least JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 37 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 38 polio polio NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 40 Levin Levin NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 41 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 42 Bull Bull NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 43 1994 1994 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 44 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 45 Frank Frank NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 46 1996 1996 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 207 48 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 1 In in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 2 addition addition NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 3 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 5 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 7 measles measle NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 8 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 9 notoriously notoriously RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 10 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 11 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 12 host host VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 13 nutritional nutritional JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 14 status status NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 16 so so CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 18 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 19 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 20 clear clear JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 21 what what WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 22 level level NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 23 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 24 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 25 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 26 apply apply VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 27 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 28 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 29 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 208 30 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 1 Even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 2 without without IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 3 knowing know VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 4 whether whether IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 5 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 6 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 7 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 8 achieved achieve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 9 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 10 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 11 level level NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 12 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 13 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 15 both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 16 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 17 appear appear VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 18 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 19 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 20 good good JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 21 candidates candidate NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 22 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 23 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 24 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 25 violate violate VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 26 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 27 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 28 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 29 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 31 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 32 least least JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 33 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 34 contemporary contemporary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 35 populations population NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 37 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 38 virtue virtue NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 39 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 40 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 41 failure failure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 42 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 43 generate generate VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 44 escape escape NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 45 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 209 46 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 1 As as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 2 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 3 aside aside NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 6 lack lack NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 8 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 9 escape escape NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 10 ' ' '' cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 11 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 12 capable capable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 13 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 14 infecting infect VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 15 immune immune JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 16 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 17 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 18 puzzling puzzle VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 19 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 20 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 21 both both DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 22 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 23 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 25 genomes genome NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 26 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 27 which which WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 28 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 29 thought think VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 30 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 31 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 32 prone prone JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 33 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 34 rapid rapid JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 35 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 210 36 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 3 three three CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 4 antigenically antigenically RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 5 distinct distinct JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 6 polioviruses poliovirus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 7 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 8 known know VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 10 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 11 each each DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 12 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 13 included include VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 14 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 16 vaccine vaccine NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 19 yet yet CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 20 no no DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 21 others other NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 22 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 23 evolved evolve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 24 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 25 response response NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 26 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 27 vaccine vaccine NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 28 pressure pressure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 30 Macadam Macadam NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 31 et et FW cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 32 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 33 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 34 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 211 36 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 1 These these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 2 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 3 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 4 highlight highlight VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 6 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 7 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 9 contrary contrary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 10 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 11 common common JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 12 perception perception NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 14 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 15 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 16 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 17 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 18 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 19 able able JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 20 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 21 adapt adapt VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 22 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 23 altered alter VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 24 environmental environmental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 25 conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 212 26 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 2 flu flu NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 3 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 4 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 5 notorious notorious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 6 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 7 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 8 recurrent recurrent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 9 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 10 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 11 humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 13 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 14 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 15 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 16 arise arise VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 17 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 18 various various JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 19 forms form NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 20 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 21 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 22 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 23 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 24 escape escape VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 25 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 26 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 213 27 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 1 Flu flu NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 2 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 3 exhibits exhibit VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 4 one one CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 7 main main JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 8 features feature NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 11 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 12 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 13 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 214 14 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 1 There there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 2 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 3 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 4 documented document VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 5 variation variation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 6 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 7 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 9 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 11 highest high JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 12 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 13 associated associate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 14 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 15 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 18 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 19 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 21 see see VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 22 below below RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 215 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 1 Flu flu NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 2 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 3 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 4 governed govern VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 5 largely largely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 6 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 8 interaction interaction NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 9 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 10 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 11 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 12 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 13 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 14 surface surface NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 15 antigens antigen NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 16 as as RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 17 well well RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 18 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 19 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 20 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 22 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 23 antigens antigen NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 25 Webster Webster NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 26 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 27 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 28 . . NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 29 1992 1992 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 216 31 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 1 Influenza influenza NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 2 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 3 typed type VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 4 according accord VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 5 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 6 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 7 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 8 antigens antigen NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 9 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 11 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 13 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 14 H h NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 15 ' ' '' cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 16 type type NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 18 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 19 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 21 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 22 N n NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 23 ' ' CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 24 type type NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 26 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 27 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 28 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 29 limit limit VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 30 ourselves -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 31 here here RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 32 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 34 different different JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 35 H h NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 36 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 217 37 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 1 There there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 2 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 3 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 4 wide wide JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 5 variety variety NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 7 H h NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 8 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 9 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 10 nature nature NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 12 due due JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 13 partly partly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 14 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 16 fact fact NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 17 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 18 different different JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 19 influenza influenza NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 20 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 21 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 22 span span VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 23 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 24 wide wide JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 25 variety variety NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 26 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 27 warmblooded warmblooded JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 28 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 218 29 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 1 Currently currently RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 3 H1 H1 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 4 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 5 H3 H3 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 6 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 7 circulating circulate VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 8 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 9 humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 11 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 12 H2 H2 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 13 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 14 abundant abundant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 15 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 17 past past NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 219 18 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 1 There there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 2 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 3 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 4 classes class NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 6 H h NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 7 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 8 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 9 invade invade VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 10 humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 220 11 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 1 One one CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 2 class class NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 3 consists consist VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 5 simple simple JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 6 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 7 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 9 existing exist VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 10 H h NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 11 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 13 referred refer VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 14 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 15 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 16 subtypes subtype NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 17 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 18 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 19 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 20 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 21 process process NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 22 known know VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 23 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 24 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 25 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 26 drift drift NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 27 ' ' '' cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 221 29 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 1 Most Most JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 2 annual annual JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 3 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 4 consist consist VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 6 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 7 subtype subtype NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 8 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 9 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 10 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 11 subtype subtype NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 12 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 14 substantial substantial JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 15 enough enough RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 16 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 17 largely largely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 18 overcome overcome VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 19 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 20 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 22 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 23 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 24 type type NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 25 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 26 several several JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 27 years year NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 28 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 222 30 past past NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 223 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 223 2 Ferguson Ferguson NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 223 3 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 223 4 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 223 5 . . NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 223 6 2003 2003 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 223 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 223 8 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 2 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 3 class class NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 4 consists consist VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 6 H h NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 7 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 8 introduced introduce VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 9 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 10 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 11 species specie NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 13 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 14 process process NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 16 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 17 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 18 shift shift NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 19 ' ' '' cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 224 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 1 Flu flu NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 2 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 3 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 4 novel novel NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 5 H h NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 6 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 7 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 8 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 9 profound profound JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 10 advantage advantage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 11 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 12 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 13 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 14 no no DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 15 prevailing prevail VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 16 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 17 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 18 humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 19 against against IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 20 those those DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 21 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 225 22 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 1 Three three CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 2 world world NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 3 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 4 wide wide JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 5 flu flu NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 6 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 9 1900s 1900s CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 10 were be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 11 notorious notorious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 12 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 13 causing cause VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 14 large large JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 15 numbers number NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 17 infections infection NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 18 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 19 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 20 large large JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 21 numbers number NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 23 deaths death NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 24 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 25 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 26 were be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 27 due due JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 28 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 29 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 30 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 31 had have VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 32 acquired acquire VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 33 H h NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 34 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 35 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 36 humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 37 had have VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 38 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 39 previously previously RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 40 experienced experience VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 226 41 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 1 Not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 2 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 3 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 4 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 5 novel novel NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 6 H h NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 7 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 8 readily readily RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 9 spread spread VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 10 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 11 humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 13 however however RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 15 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 16 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 18 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 19 introductions introduction NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 20 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 21 simply simply RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 22 died die VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 23 out out RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 227 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 2 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 3 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 4 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 5 reasonable reasonable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 6 understanding understanding NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 8 what what WP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 9 types type NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 12 variation variation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 13 enable enable VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 14 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 15 flu flu NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 16 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 17 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 18 escape escape VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 19 prevailing prevail VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 20 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 21 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 22 although although IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 23 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 24 advantage advantage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 25 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 26 itself -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 27 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 28 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 29 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 30 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 31 enable enable VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 32 spread spread VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 33 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 34 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 35 human human JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 36 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 228 37 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 2 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 4 influenza influenza NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 5 variants variant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 6 varies vary VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 7 somewhat somewhat RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 9 although although IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 11 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 12 difficult difficult JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 13 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 14 apportion apportion VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 15 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 16 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 18 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 21 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 22 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 24 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 25 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 26 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 28 whether whether IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 29 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 30 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 31 any any DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 32 prevailing prevail VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 33 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 34 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 35 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 36 strain strain NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 229 38 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 2 case case NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 3 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 4 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 7 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 8 1918 1918 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 9 flu flu NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 10 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 11 killed kill VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 12 20 20 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 13 - - SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 14 40 40 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 15 million million CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 16 people people NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 17 worldwide worldwide RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 18 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 19 reported report VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 20 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 21 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 22 about about RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 23 1 1 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 24 % % NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 25 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 26 somewhat somewhat RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 27 more more JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 28 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 29 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 30 10-fold 10-fold JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 31 excess excess NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 32 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 34 typical typical JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 35 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 36 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 37 per per IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 38 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 39 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 40 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 41 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 42 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 230 43 today today NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 231 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 231 2 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 231 3 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 231 4 Morens Morens NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 231 5 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 231 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 231 7 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 2 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 4 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 5 strain strain NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 6 appeared appear VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 7 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 8 wane wane VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 9 over over IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 10 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 11 few few JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 12 years year NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 232 13 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 1 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 2 disappeared disappear VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 3 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 5 1950s 1950 NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 6 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 7 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 8 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 9 accidental accidental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 10 reintroduction reintroduction NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 11 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 12 1977 1977 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 13 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 14 naive naive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 15 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 16 did do VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 17 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 18 lead lead VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 19 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 21 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 22 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 23 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 24 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 25 1918 1918 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 26 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 27 so so CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 29 appears appear VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 30 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 31 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 32 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 33 per per FW cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 34 se se FW cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 35 evolved evolve VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 36 downward downward RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 38 Kilbourne Kilbourne NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 39 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 233 41 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 1 Although although IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 2 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 3 rates rate NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 6 usual usual JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 7 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 8 shift shift NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 9 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 10 remain remain VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 11 relatively relatively RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 12 constant constant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 14 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 15 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 16 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 17 exceptions exception NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 18 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 19 known know VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 21 e.g. e.g. RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 22 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 23 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 24 H3N2 H3N2 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 25 strain strain NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 26 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 27 1997 1997 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 234 28 ; ; . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 235 1 O'Donnell O'Donnell NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 235 2 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 235 3 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 235 4 . . NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 235 5 2003 2003 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 235 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 235 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 235 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 1 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 2 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 3 well well RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 4 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 5 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 6 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 7 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 8 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 9 variants variant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 10 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 11 go go VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 12 unnoticed unnoticed JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 236 13 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 1 However however RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 4 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 5 strain strain NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 7 bird bird NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 8 flu flu NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 10 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 11 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 12 circulating circulate VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 13 widely widely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 14 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 237 15 birds bird NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 1 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 2 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 3 case case NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 4 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 5 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 6 exceeding exceed VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 7 50 50 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 8 % % NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 9 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 10 humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 12 far far RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 13 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 14 excess excess NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 17 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 18 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 19 observed observe VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 20 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 21 any any DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 22 strain strain NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 23 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 24 established establish VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 25 itself -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 26 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 27 humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 29 Webster Webster NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 30 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 31 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 33 2006 2006 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 238 35 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 1 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 2 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 3 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 4 established establish VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 5 itself -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 6 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 7 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 8 human human JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 9 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 11 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 13 obvious obvious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 14 fear fear NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 15 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 16 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 18 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 19 do do VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 20 so so RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 21 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 22 maintain maintain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 23 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 24 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 25 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 26 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 27 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 28 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 29 least least JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 30 during during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 31 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 32 first first JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 33 round round NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 34 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 35 global global JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 36 spread spread NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 239 37 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 2 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 3 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 4 perspective perspective NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 6 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 7 especially especially RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 8 relevant relevant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 9 here here RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 240 10 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 1 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 2 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 3 used use VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 5 public public JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 6 media medium NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 7 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 8 argue argue VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 9 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 11 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 12 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 13 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 14 will will MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 15 quickly quickly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 16 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 17 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 18 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 19 levels level NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 21 should should MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 23 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 25 Orent Orent NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 26 2005 2005 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 28 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 29 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 30 view view NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 31 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 32 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 33 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 34 widely widely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 35 accepted accept VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 37 Normile Normile NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 38 2005 2005 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 40 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 41 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 42 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 43 perspective perspective NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 44 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 45 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 46 paper paper NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 47 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 48 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 49 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 50 even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 51 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 52 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 53 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 54 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 55 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 56 humans human NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 57 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 58 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 59 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 60 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 61 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 62 epidemic epidemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 63 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 64 have have VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 65 devastating devastating JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 66 effects effect NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 67 before before IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 68 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 69 neared near VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 70 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 71 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 72 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 241 73 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 1 Feline feline JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 2 calicivirus calicivirus NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 4 FCV FCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 6 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 7 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 9 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 11 domestic domestic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 12 cats cat NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 242 13 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 2 large large JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 3 variety variety NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 5 FCV FCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 6 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 7 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 8 known know VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 9 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 10 circulate circulate VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 11 concurrently concurrently RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 13 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 14 sequence sequence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 15 divergence divergence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 16 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 18 variable variable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 19 region region NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 20 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 22 capsid capsid JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 23 protein protein NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 24 gene gene NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 25 ranging range VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 26 as as RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 27 much much JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 28 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 29 50 50 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 30 % % NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 31 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 32 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 243 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 1 Virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 2 varies vary VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 3 among among IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 4 isolates isolate NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 6 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 7 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 8 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 9 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 10 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 13 latter latter JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 14 being be VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 15 as as RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 16 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 17 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 18 50 50 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 19 % % NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 20 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 22 termed term VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 23 VSD VSD NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 24 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 25 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 26 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 27 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 28 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 29 systemic systemic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 30 disease disease NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 31 ' ' '' cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 244 33 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 1 Multiple multiple JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 2 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 3 often often RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 4 circulate circulate VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 5 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 7 local local JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 8 cat cat NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 9 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 245 10 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 1 Vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 2 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 3 available available JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 5 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 6 vaccination vaccination NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 7 neither neither CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 8 prevents prevent VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 9 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 10 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 11 nor nor CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 12 prevents prevent VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 13 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 14 replication replication NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 15 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 16 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 17 cat cat NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 19 so so CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 21 appears appear VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 22 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 23 cross cross NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 24 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 25 among among IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 26 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 27 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 28 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 29 partial partial JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 246 30 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 1 Consistent consistent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 2 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 4 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 5 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 6 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 8 nearly nearly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 9 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 10 dozen dozen NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 11 separate separate JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 12 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 13 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 14 VSD VSD NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 15 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 16 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 17 reported report VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 247 18 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 1 When when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 2 subjected subject VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 3 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 4 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 5 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 6 analysis analysis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 9 different different JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 10 VSD vsd NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 11 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 12 appear appear VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 13 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 14 have have VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 15 independent independent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 16 origins origin NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 17 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 18 less less RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 19 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 20 ancestors ancestor NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 248 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 3 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 4 VSD VSD NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 5 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 6 appear appear VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 7 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 8 have have VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 9 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 10 terminated terminate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 11 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 12 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 13 extinctions extinction NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 15 possibly possibly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 16 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 17 reducing reduce VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 19 local local JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 20 cat cat NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 21 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 249 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 2 die die NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 3 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 4 outs out NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 5 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 6 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 7 interpreted interpret VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 8 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 10 failure failure NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 11 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 12 evolve evolve VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 13 optimal optimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 14 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 16 consistent consistent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 17 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 19 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 20 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 21 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 23 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 24 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 25 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 26 evidence evidence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 27 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 28 near near JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 29 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 30 optimal optimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 31 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 32 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 33 replacing replace VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 34 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 35 VSD VSD NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 36 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 37 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 38 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 39 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 40 wanes wane VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 42 consistent consistent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 43 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 44 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 45 Lenski Lenski NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 46 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 47 May May NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 48 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 250 50 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 1 Most Most JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 2 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 3 animals animal NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 4 used use VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 5 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 6 food food NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 7 sources source NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 9 such such JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 10 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 11 pigs pig NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 13 chickens chicken NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 15 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 16 cattle cattle NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 17 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 18 housed house VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 19 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 20 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 21 densities density NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 22 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 23 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 24 conditions condition NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 25 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 26 stress stress NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 27 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 28 facilitate facilitate VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 30 spread spread NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 31 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 32 infectious infectious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 33 diseases disease NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 251 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 1 Even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 2 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 3 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 4 farm farm NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 5 's 's POS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 6 livestock livestock NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 7 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 8 wiped wipe VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 9 out out RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 10 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 11 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 12 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 14 new new JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 15 animals animal NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 16 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 17 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 18 brought bring VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 19 in in RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 20 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 21 maintained maintain VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 22 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 23 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 24 densities density NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 25 again again RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 252 26 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 2 artificial artificial JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 3 maintenance maintenance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 5 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 6 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 7 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 8 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 9 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 10 contrast contrast NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 11 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 13 usual usual JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 14 pattern pattern NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 15 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 16 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 17 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 18 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 19 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 20 regulate regulate VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 22 densities density NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 23 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 24 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 25 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 253 26 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 1 These these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 2 enforced enforce VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 3 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 4 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 5 densities density NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 6 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 7 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 8 suggested suggest VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 9 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 10 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 11 especially especially RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 12 prone prone JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 13 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 15 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 17 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 18 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 19 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 21 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 22 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 23 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 24 do do VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 25 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 26 die die VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 27 out out RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 28 even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 29 when when WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 30 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 31 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 32 do do VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 254 33 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 1 Although although IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 2 cleanups cleanup NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 3 following follow VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 4 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 5 outbreak outbreak NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 6 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 7 usually usually RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 8 attempted attempt VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 9 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 11 same same JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 12 buildings building NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 13 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 14 grounds ground NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 15 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 16 often often RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 17 used use VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 18 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 19 restocking restocking NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 20 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 21 allowing allow VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 22 any any DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 23 remaining remain VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 24 environmental environmental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 25 source source NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 26 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 27 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 28 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 29 reinvade reinvade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 255 30 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 2 difficulty difficulty NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 4 applying apply VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 5 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 6 theory theory NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 7 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 8 these these DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 9 situations situation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 10 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 11 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 12 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 14 pig pig NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 15 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 16 transmissible transmissible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 17 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 18 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 20 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 256 22 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 1 Historically historically RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 3 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 4 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 5 lethal lethal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 6 gut gut NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 7 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 9 piglets piglet NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 10 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 11 pig pig NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 12 farms farm NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 14 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 15 mutant mutant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 16 form form NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 17 evolved evolve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 19 porcine porcine JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 20 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 21 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 22 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 23 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 24 PRCV PRCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 26 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 27 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 28 only only RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 29 had have VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 30 altered alter VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 31 tissue tissue NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 32 tropism tropism NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 33 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 34 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 35 apparently apparently RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 36 lower low JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 37 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 39 Kim Kim NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 40 et et NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 41 al al NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 42 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 43 2000 2000 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 257 45 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 1 PRCV PRCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 2 differs differ VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 3 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 4 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 5 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 6 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 7 small small JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 8 deletion deletion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 10 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 11 couple couple NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 12 point point NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 13 mutations mutation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 15 yet yet CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 17 infects infect VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 19 pig pig NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 20 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 21 system system NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 22 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 23 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 24 often often RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 25 much much RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 26 less less RBR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 27 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 28 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 29 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 258 30 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 1 There there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 2 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 3 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 4 antibody antibody NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 5 cross cross NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 6 reactivity reactivity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 7 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 8 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 10 PRCV PRCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 12 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 14 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 16 one one CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 17 form form NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 19 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 20 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 21 interferes interfere VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 22 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 24 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 25 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 26 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 27 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 28 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 29 suspected suspect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 30 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 31 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 32 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 33 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 34 PRCV PRCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 35 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 36 responsible responsible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 37 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 38 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 39 disappearance disappearance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 40 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 41 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 42 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 43 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 44 pig pig NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 45 farm farm NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 46 areas area NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 259 47 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 1 PRCV PRCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 2 now now RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 3 exists exist VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 4 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 5 forms form NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 7 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 9 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 10 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 260 11 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 2 example example NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 3 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 4 represents represent VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 5 what what WP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 6 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 7 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 8 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 9 single single JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 10 mutant mutant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 11 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 12 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 14 recent recent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 15 history history NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 17 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 261 18 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 1 To to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 2 what what WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 3 extent extent NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 4 PRCV PRCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 5 spread spread VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 6 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 8 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 9 overcome overcome VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 10 prevailing prevail VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 11 immunity immunity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 13 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 14 assumed assume VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 15 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 16 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 17 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 18 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 19 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 21 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 22 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 24 had have VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 25 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 26 advantages advantage NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 27 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 28 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 29 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 30 clear clear JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 262 31 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 1 Another another DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 2 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 3 scourge scourge NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 5 agriculture agriculture NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 6 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 7 Marek Marek NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 8 's 's POS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 9 disease disease NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 10 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 12 MDV MDV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 15 chickens chicken NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 17 Hirai Hirai NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 18 2001 2001 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 19 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 20 Davison Davison NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 21 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 22 Nair Nair NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 23 2004 2004 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 263 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 1 MDV MDV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 2 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 3 shown show VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 4 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 5 progressive progressive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 6 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 7 toward toward IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 8 increasing increase VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 9 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 10 over over IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 11 four four CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 12 decades decade NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 14 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 15 again again RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 17 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 18 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 19 circulate circulate VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 20 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 21 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 22 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 23 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 24 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 264 25 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 1 Live live JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 2 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 3 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 4 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 5 used use VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 6 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 7 three three CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 8 decades decade NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 9 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 10 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 11 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 12 used use VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 13 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 14 them -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 15 having have VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 16 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 17 changed change VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 18 twice twice RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 265 19 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 1 As as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 2 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 3 FCV FCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 4 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 6 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 7 do do VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 8 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 9 prevent prevent VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 10 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 12 replication replication NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 13 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 14 other other JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 15 strains strain NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 16 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 17 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 19 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 20 widely widely RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 21 suspected suspect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 22 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 23 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 24 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 25 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 26 have have VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 27 fostered foster VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 28 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 29 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 30 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 31 progressively progressively RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 32 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 33 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 35 references reference NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 36 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 37 Davison Davison NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 38 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 39 Nair Nair NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 40 2004 2004 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 41 ; ; : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 42 Hirai Hirai NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 43 2001 2001 CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 266 45 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 2 We -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 3 lack lack VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 4 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 5 control control NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 7 viral viral JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 8 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 9 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 10 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 11 chicken chicken NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 12 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 13 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 15 absence absence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 17 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 18 vaccine vaccine NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 19 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 20 have have VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 21 any any DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 22 confidence confidence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 23 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 24 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 25 vaccine vaccine NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 26 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 27 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 28 cause cause NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 29 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 30 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 31 higher high JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 32 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 33 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 267 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 1 With with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 2 MDV MDV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 3 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 4 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 5 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 6 considerable considerable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 7 ambiguity ambiguity NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 8 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 9 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 10 causes cause NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 11 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 12 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 13 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 14 as as RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 15 well well RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 16 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 17 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 18 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 19 spectrum spectrum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 20 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 21 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 22 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 23 itself -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 268 24 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 2 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 3 well well RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 4 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 5 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 6 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 7 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 8 selected select VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 9 escape escape NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 10 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 11 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 12 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 13 again again RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 269 14 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 1 Whether whether IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 2 escape escape NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 3 mutants mutant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 4 retained retain VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 5 near near IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 6 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 7 optimal optimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 8 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 9 or or CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 10 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 11 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 12 difficult difficult JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 13 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 14 establish establish VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 15 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 16 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 17 there there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 18 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 19 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 20 strong strong JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 21 ascertainment ascertainment NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 270 22 bias bias NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 271 1 -avirulent -avirulent NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 271 2 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 271 3 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 271 4 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 271 5 noticed notice VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 271 6 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 271 7 chicken chicken NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 271 8 farmers farmer NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 271 9 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 3 without without IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 4 understanding understand VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 6 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 8 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 9 levels level NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 10 that that WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 11 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 12 evolved evolve VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 13 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 15 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 16 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 17 practical practical JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 18 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 19 discriminate discriminate VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 20 among among IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 21 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 22 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 272 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 1 Such such JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 2 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 3 system system NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 4 seems seem VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 5 ripe ripe JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 6 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 7 testing test VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 9 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 11 however however RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 273 12 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 1 There there EX cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 2 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 3 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 4 evidence evidence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 5 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 6 suggest suggest VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 7 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 9 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 10 threshold threshold NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 11 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 12 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 13 relevant relevant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 14 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 16 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 18 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 19 infectious infectious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 20 agents agent NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 21 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 22 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 23 little little JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 24 evidence evidence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 25 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 26 suggest suggest VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 27 how how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 28 often often RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 29 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 30 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 31 important important JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 274 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 1 Recommendations recommendation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 2 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 3 use use NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 5 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 6 perspective perspective NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 7 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 8 thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 9 accordingly accordingly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 10 muted mute VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 275 11 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 1 Certainly certainly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 4 seems seem VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 5 wise wise JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 6 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 7 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 8 management management NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 9 efforts effort NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 10 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 11 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 12 aware aware JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 13 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 14 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 15 broader broad JJR cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 16 range range NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 17 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 18 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 19 might may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 20 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 21 than than IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 22 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 23 optimal optimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 24 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 25 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 26 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 27 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 28 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 29 optimum optimum JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 30 may may MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 31 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 32 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 33 rapid rapid JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 276 34 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 2 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 3 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 4 obvious obvious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 5 folly folly NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 6 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 7 ignore ignore VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 8 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 9 case case NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 10 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 11 which which WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 12 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 13 predicted predict VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 14 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 15 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 16 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 17 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 18 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 19 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 20 which which WDT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 21 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 22 highly highly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 23 virulent virulent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 24 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 25 could could MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 26 invade invade VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 27 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 28 persist persist VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 277 29 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 1 If if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 2 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 3 perspective perspective NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 4 offered offer VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 5 here here RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 6 proves prove VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 7 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 8 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 9 broadly broadly RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 10 relevant relevant JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 12 then then RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 13 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 14 impact impact NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 15 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 16 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 17 support support VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 18 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 19 even even RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 20 bolster bolster VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 21 any any DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 22 concerns concern NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 23 about about IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 24 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 25 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 26 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 27 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 28 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 29 but but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 30 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 31 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 32 raise raise VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 33 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 34 specter specter NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 35 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 36 temporary temporary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 37 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 38 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 39 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 40 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 41 expected expect VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 42 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 43 equilibrate equilibrate VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 44 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 45 low low JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 46 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 278 47 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 2 most most RBS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 3 useful useful JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 4 work work NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 5 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 6 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 7 stage stage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 8 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 9 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 10 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 11 contrast contrast VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 12 predicted predict VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 13 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 14 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 15 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 16 actual actual JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 17 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 18 levels level NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 19 over over IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 20 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 279 21 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 1 Calculating calculate VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 2 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 3 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 4 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 5 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 6 met meet VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 7 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 8 much much JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 9 success success NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 11 however however RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 13 likely likely JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 14 because because IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 16 optimum optimum NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 17 invariably invariably RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 18 depends depend VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 19 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 20 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 21 unknown unknown JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 22 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 23 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 24 off off NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 25 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 26 potentially potentially RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 27 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 28 many many JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 29 environmental environmental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 30 factors factor NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 280 31 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 1 Thus thus RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 3 most most JJS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 4 tests test NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 6 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 7 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 8 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 9 have have VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 10 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 11 relative relative JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 12 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 13 i.e. i.e. FW cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 14 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 15 correlating correlate VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 16 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 17 level level NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 18 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 19 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 20 environmental environmental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 21 characteristic characteristic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 22 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 23 determining determine VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 24 if if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 25 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 26 correlation correlation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 27 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 28 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 30 right right JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 31 direction direction NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 281 32 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 1 Direct direct JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 2 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 3 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 4 tests test NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 6 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 7 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 8 are be VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 9 rare rare JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 10 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 11 nonexistent nonexistent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 12 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 13 human human JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 14 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 282 15 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 1 If if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 2 optima optima NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 3 can can MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 4 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 5 be be VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 6 calculated calculate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 7 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 8 then then RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 10 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 11 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 12 course course NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 13 difficult difficult JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 14 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 15 test test VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 16 any any DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 17 nonequilibrium nonequilibrium JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 18 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 19 against against IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 20 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 21 optimality optimality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 22 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 283 23 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 1 But but CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 2 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 3 alternative alternative NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 4 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 5 testing test VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 6 whether whether IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 7 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 8 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 9 optimal optimal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 10 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 11 to to TO cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 12 observe observe VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 13 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 14 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 16 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 17 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 284 18 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 1 If if IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 2 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 3 does do VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 4 not not RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 5 change change VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 6 over over IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 7 long long JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 8 periods period NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 9 after after IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 10 invasion invasion NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 11 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 12 despite despite IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 13 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 14 dropping drop VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 15 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 16 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 17 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 18 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 19 then then RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 21 would would MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 22 seem seem VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 23 that that IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 24 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 25 has have VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 26 been be VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 27 nonoptimal nonoptimal VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 28 during during IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 29 much much JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 30 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 31 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 32 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 285 33 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 1 Coevolution coevolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 2 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 3 hosts host NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 4 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 5 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 6 Population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 7 biology biology NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 9 infectious infectious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 10 diseases disease NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 11 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 12 part part NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 13 I -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 14 Virulence Virulence NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 15 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 16 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 17 emerging emerge VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 18 infectious infectious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 19 diseases disease NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 20 Coevolution Coevolution NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 21 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 22 recovery recovery NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 23 ability ability NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 24 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 25 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 26 Modeling model VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 27 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 28 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 29 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 30 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 31 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 32 HIV HIV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 33 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 34 mutation mutation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 35 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 36 competition competition NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 37 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 38 strain strain VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 39 replacement replacement NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 40 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 41 feedback feedback NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 42 mediated mediate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 43 through through IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 44 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 45 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 46 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 47 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 48 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 49 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 50 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 51 chemostats chemostats NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 52 Evolution Evolution NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 53 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 54 Age Age NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 55 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 56 Structured Structured NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 286 57 Populations Populations NNPS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 2 longitudinal longitudinal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 3 molecular molecular JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 4 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 5 analysis analysis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 6 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 7 feline feline JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 8 calicivirus calicivirus JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 9 infection infection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 10 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 11 an an DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 12 animal animal NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 13 shelter shelter NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 14 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 15 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 16 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 17 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 18 investigating investigate VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 19 calicivirus calicivirus JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 20 transmission transmission NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 21 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 22 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 23 density density NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 24 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 25 high high JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 26 turnover turnover NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 27 populations population NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 28 On on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 29 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 30 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 31 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 32 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 33 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 34 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 35 relationship relationship NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 36 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 37 various various JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 38 measures measure NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 39 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 40 mortality mortality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 41 Applying apply VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 42 population population NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 43 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 44 genetic genetic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 45 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 46 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 47 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 48 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 49 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 50 Insights Insights NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 51 from from IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 52 Price Price NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 53 's 's POS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 54 equation equation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 55 into into IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 56 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 287 57 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 2 general general JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 3 theory theory NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 4 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 6 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 7 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 9 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 10 Adaptive adaptive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 11 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 12 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 13 pathogen pathogen NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 14 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 15 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 16 interactions interaction NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 17 Adaptive adaptive JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 18 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 19 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 20 infectious infectious JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 288 21 diseases disease NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 1 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 2 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 3 pursuit pursuit NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 4 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 5 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 6 management management NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 7 Challenging challenge VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 8 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 9 trade trade NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 10 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 11 off off RP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 12 model model NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 13 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 14 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 15 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 16 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 17 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 18 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 19 is be VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 20 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 21 management management NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 22 feasible feasible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 289 23 ? ? . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 2 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 4 parasitic parasitic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 5 diseases disease NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 6 Evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 7 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 8 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 9 Disease Disease NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 10 Ecological ecological JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 11 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 12 immunological immunological JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 13 determinants determinant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 15 influenza influenza NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 16 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 17 Models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 18 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 19 parasite parasite NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 20 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 21 Imperfect imperfect JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 22 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 23 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 24 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 25 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 26 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 27 pathogen pathogen NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 28 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 29 Imperfect imperfect JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 30 vaccination vaccination NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 31 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 32 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 33 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 34 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 35 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 36 consequences consequence NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 37 Evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 38 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 39 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 40 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 41 interdependence interdependence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 42 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 43 constraints constraint NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 44 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 45 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 46 selection selection NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 47 using use VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 48 nested nest VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 49 models model NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 50 Testing test VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 51 optimality optimality NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 52 with with IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 53 experimental experimental JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 54 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 55 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 56 lysis lysis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 57 time time NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 58 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 59 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 60 bacteriophage bacteriophage NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 290 61 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 1 Evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 2 Marek Marek NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 3 's 's POS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 4 Disease Disease NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 5 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 6 Current current JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 7 Topics topic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 8 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 9 Microbiology Microbiology NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 10 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 11 Immunology Immunology NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 12 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 13 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 14 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 15 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 16 20th 20th JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 17 century century NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 18 Molecular molecular JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 19 characterization characterization NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 20 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 21 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 23 transmissible transmissible JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 24 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 25 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 27 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 29 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 30 porcine porcine JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 31 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 291 32 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 2 PRCV PRCV NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 4 field field NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 5 isolates isolate NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 6 co co NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 7 - - NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 8 circulating circulate VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 9 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 10 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 11 swine swine NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 292 12 herd herd NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 1 The the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 2 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 4 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 5 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 6 parasites parasite NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 7 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 8 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 9 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 10 reconciliation reconciliation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 11 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 12 two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 13 competing compete VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 14 hypotheses hypothesis NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 15 Short short JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 16 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 17 sighted sighted JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 18 evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 19 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 20 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 21 virulence virulence NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 22 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 23 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 24 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 25 Rational rational JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 26 design design NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 27 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 28 genetically genetically RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 29 stable stable JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 30 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 31 live live RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 32 - - HYPH cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 33 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 34 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 35 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 36 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 37 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 38 three three CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 39 serotypes serotype NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 40 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 41 relevance relevance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 42 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 43 poliomyelitis poliomyelitis NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 293 44 eradication eradication NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 1 How how WRB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 2 should should MD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 4 define define VB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 5 ' ' `` cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 6 fitness fitness NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 7 ' ' '' cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 8 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 9 general general JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 10 ecological ecological JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 294 11 scenarios scenario NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 295 1 Avian avian JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 295 2 influenza influenza NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 295 3 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 1 Pandemic pandemic NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 2 skeptics skeptic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 3 warn warn VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 4 against against IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 5 crying cry VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 6 wolf wolf NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 7 Epidemiology Epidemiology NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 8 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 9 molecular molecular JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 10 characterization characterization NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 11 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 12 co co NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 13 - - JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 14 circulating circulating JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 15 influenza influenza NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 16 A a NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 17 / / SYM cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 18 H3N2 H3N2 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 19 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 20 variants variant NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 21 in in IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 296 22 children child NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 1 Chicken chicken NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 2 little little JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 3 Feline feline JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 4 calicivirus calicivirus NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 5 Optimal Optimal NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 6 growth growth NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 7 schedule schedule NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 8 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 9 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 10 within within IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 11 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 12 host host NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 297 13 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 1 switching switch VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 2 between between IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 3 lytic lytic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 4 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 5 latent latent JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 6 cycles cycle NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 7 Spontaneous spontaneous JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 8 mutation mutation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 9 rate rate NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 10 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 11 measles measle NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 12 virus virus NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 13 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 14 direct direct JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 15 estimation estimation NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 16 based base VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 17 on on IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 18 mutations mutation NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 19 conferring confer VBG cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 20 monoclonal monoclonal JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 21 antibody antibody NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 22 resistance resistance NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 23 Influenza influenza NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 24 : : : cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 25 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 26 mother mother NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 27 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 28 all all DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 29 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 30 Evolution evolution NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 31 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 32 ecology ecology NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 33 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 34 influenza influenza NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 35 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 298 36 viruses virus NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 299 1 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 299 2 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 299 3 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 299 4 enzootic enzootic JJ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 299 5 influenza influenza NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 300 1 A a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 300 2 Primer Primer NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 300 3 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 300 4 Population Population NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 300 5 Biology Biology NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 2 thank thank VBP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 3 Troy Troy NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 4 Day Day NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 5 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 6 Carl Carl NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 7 Bergstrom Bergstrom NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 8 , , , cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 9 and and CC cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 10 Robin Robin NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 11 Bush Bush NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 12 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 13 comments comment NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 301 14 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 1 Two two CD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 2 reviewers reviewer NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 3 essentially essentially RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 4 did do VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 6 literature literature NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 7 work work NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 8 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 9 this this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 10 paper paper NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 302 11 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 2 choice choice NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 3 for for IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 4 some some DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 5 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 7 examples example NNS cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 8 reviewed review VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 9 above above RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 10 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 11 inspired inspire VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 12 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 13 a a DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 14 seminar seminar NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 15 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 16 A. A. NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 17 Read Read NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 303 18 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 1 This this DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 2 work work NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 3 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 4 supported support VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 5 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 6 NIH NIH NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 7 GM57756 GM57756 NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 8 to to IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 9 JB JB NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 304 10 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 1 JB JB NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 2 also also RB cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 3 receives receive VBZ cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 4 support support NN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 5 as as IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 6 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 7 Miescher Miescher NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 8 Regents Regents NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 9 Professor Professor NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 10 at at IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 11 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 12 University University NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 13 of of IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 14 Texas Texas NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 305 15 . . . cord-264532-xfb94lq8 306 1 DE DE NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 306 2 was be VBD cord-264532-xfb94lq8 306 3 supported support VBN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 306 4 by by IN cord-264532-xfb94lq8 306 5 the the DT cord-264532-xfb94lq8 306 6 Swiss Swiss NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 306 7 National National NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 306 8 Fonds Fonds NNP cord-264532-xfb94lq8 306 9 . . .