id sid tid token lemma pos cord-017008-c7skxte0 1 1 key key JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 1 2 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 1 3 cord-017008-c7skxte0 cord-017008-c7skxte0 ADD cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 1 authors author NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 2 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 3 Méthot Méthot NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 5 Pierre Pierre NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 6 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 7 Olivier Olivier NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 8 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 9 Alizon Alizon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 11 Samuel Samuel NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 12 title title NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 13 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 14 Emerging Emerging NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 15 Disease Disease NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 18 Evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 20 Virulence Virulence NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 21 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 22 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 23 Case Case NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 26 1918–1919 1918–1919 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 27 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 28 Pandemic Pandemic NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 29 date date NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 30 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 31 2014 2014 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 32 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 33 08 08 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 34 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 35 22 22 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 36 journal journal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 37 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 38 Classification Classification NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 40 Disease Disease NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 41 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 2 42 Evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 3 1 DOI DOI NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 3 2 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 3 3 10.1007/978 10.1007/978 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 3 4 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 3 5 94 94 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 3 6 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 3 7 017 017 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 3 8 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 3 9 8887 8887 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 4 1 -8_5 -8_5 . cord-017008-c7skxte0 5 1 sha sha NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 5 2 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 5 3 c8092cc2eac8542e04678321190ba5ed4e91cd3d c8092cc2eac8542e04678321190ba5ed4e91cd3d NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 6 1 doc_id doc_id CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 6 2 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 6 3 17008 17008 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 6 4 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 6 5 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 6 6 c7skxte0 c7skxte0 VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 1 “ " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 2 Why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 3 do do VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 4 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 5 harm harm VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 6 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 7 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 8 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 9 ” " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 12 recurrent recurrent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 13 question question NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 15 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 16 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 18 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 21 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 22 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 23 implications implication NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 24 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 26 biomedical biomedical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 27 sciences science NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 29 particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 30 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 31 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 33 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 7 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 1 Contrasting contrast VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 3 meaning(s meaning(s NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 7 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 9 “ " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 10 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 11 ” " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 13 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 14 pathology pathology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 16 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 17 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 19 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 20 review review VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 21 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 22 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 23 proposed propose VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 24 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 25 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 26 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 29 under under IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 30 what what WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 31 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 33 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 34 cause cause VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 35 harm harm NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 36 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 37 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 38 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 39 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 40 whereas whereas IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 42 former former JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 43 uses use VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 44 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 45 techniques technique NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 46 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 47 concepts concept NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 48 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 49 explain explain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 50 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 51 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 52 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 53 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 54 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 55 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 56 seen see VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 57 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 58 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 59 categorical categorical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 60 trait trait NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 61 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 62 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 63 latter latter NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 64 conceptualizes conceptualize VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 65 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 66 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 67 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 68 phenotypic phenotypic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 69 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 70 trait trait NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 71 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 72 usually usually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 73 related relate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 74 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 75 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 76 reduction reduction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 77 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 78 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 79 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 80 ’s ’s POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 81 fitness fitness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 82 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 8 83 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 1 After after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 2 describing describe VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 4 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 6 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 7 influenza influenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 8 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 10 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 11 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 13 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 16 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 17 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 18 provide provide VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 19 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 21 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 22 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 24 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 27 1918–19 1918–19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 28 influenza influenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 29 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 9 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 2 suggest suggest VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 4 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 6 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 8 necessary necessary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 10 understand understand VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 12 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 14 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 15 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 16 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 17 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 19 broader broad JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 20 understanding understanding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 22 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 23 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 24 ultimately ultimately RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 25 benefit benefit VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 26 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 27 articulating articulate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 29 integrating integrate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 31 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 32 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 33 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 34 cellular cellular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 35 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 37 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 10 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 1 Both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 2 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 4 functional functional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 5 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 6 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 7 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 8 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 9 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 10 ’ ' '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 11 interactions interaction NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 12 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 13 required require VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 15 answer answer VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 17 opening opening NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 18 question question NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 19 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 20 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 21 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 22 devise devise VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 23 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 24 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 25 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 26 care care NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 27 measures measure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 28 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 29 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 30 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 31 prevent prevent VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 34 predict predict VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 35 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 11 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 12 1 future future JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 12 2 influenza influenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 12 3 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 12 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 12 5 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 12 6 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 12 7 threats threat NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 12 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 1 Finally finally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 4 difficult difficult JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 5 co co NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 6 - - NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 7 existence existence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 9 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 10 explanatory explanatory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 11 frameworks framework NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 12 reflects reflect VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 14 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 15 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 16 scientists scientist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 17 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 18 work work VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 19 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 20 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 21 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 22 problem problem NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 23 using use VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 24 various various JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 25 methodologies methodology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 26 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 27 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 28 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 29 highlights highlight VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 31 enduring enduring JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 32 tension tension NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 33 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 34 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 35 scientific scientific JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 36 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 38 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 39 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 40 biomedicine biomedicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 13 41 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 2 question question NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 3 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 4 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 5 do do VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 6 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 7 harm harm VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 9 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 10 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 11 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 12 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 13 recurrent recurrent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 15 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 16 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 18 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 21 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 22 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 23 implications implication NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 24 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 26 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 27 sciences science NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 29 particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 30 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 31 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 33 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 14 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 15 1 1 1 LS cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 2 question question NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 3 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 4 perplexing perplexing JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 5 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 7 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 8 paradoxical paradoxical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 9 aspect aspect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 16 10 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 3 one one NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 4 wonders wonder NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 5 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 6 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 7 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 8 favours favour VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 9 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 10 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 11 if if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 12 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 13 inevitably inevitably RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 14 results result VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 16 both both CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 18 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 21 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 22 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 23 deaths death NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 17 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 1 Should Should MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 2 n't not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 3 host host VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 6 2 2 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 7 peacefully peacefully RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 8 coevolve coevolve JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 11 thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 12 maximize maximize VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 13 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 14 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 15 chances chance NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 17 survival survival NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 19 instead instead RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 21 engaging engage VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 23 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 24 near near JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 25 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 26 infi infi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 27 nite nite NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 28 arms arm NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 29 race race NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 18 30 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 1 Very very RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 2 much much RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 3 along along IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 4 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 5 lines line NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 7 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 8 Lives life NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 10 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 11 Cell cell NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 13 1974 1974 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 15 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 16 American american JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 17 physician physician NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 18 Lewis Lewis NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 19 Thomas Thomas NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 20 refl refl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 21 ected ecte VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 23 conviction conviction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 24 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 25 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 26 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 27 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 28 nothing nothing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 29 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 30 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 31 gained gain VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 34 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 35 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 36 sense sense NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 37 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 38 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 40 capacity capacity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 41 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 42 cause cause VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 43 illness illness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 44 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 45 death death NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 46 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 48 Thomas Thomas NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 49 1974 1974 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 50 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 51 77 77 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 19 53 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 1 Thomas Thomas NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 2 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 3 views view NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 4 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 6 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 8 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 9 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 10 once once RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 11 widely widely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 12 accepted accept VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 13 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 14 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 15 scientists scientist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 16 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 18 past past JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 19 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 20 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 21 1 3 3 LS cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 2 possibility possibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 4 eradicating eradicate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 5 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 6 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 7 smallpox smallpox NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 9 combined combine VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 10 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 12 belief belief NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 13 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 14 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 15 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 16 going go VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 17 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 18 naturally naturally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 19 wipe wipe VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 20 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 21 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 23 worked work VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 24 together together RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 26 supporting support VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 28 idea idea NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 31 end end NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 33 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 34 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 36 Levins Levins NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 37 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 22 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 1 Physician physician NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 2 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 3 epidemiologist epidemiologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 4 Aidan Aidan NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 5 Cockburn Cockburn NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 7 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 8 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 10 stated state VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 11 confi confi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 12 dently dently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 13 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 14 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 16 seems seem VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 17 reasonable reasonable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 18 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 19 anticipate anticipate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 20 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 21 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 22 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 23 measurable measurable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 24 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 26 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 27 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 28 100 100 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 29 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 31 all all PDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 33 major major JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 34 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 35 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 36 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 37 disappeared disappear VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 38 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 40 Cockburn Cockburn NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 41 1963 1963 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 42 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 43 150 150 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 23 45 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 1 Following follow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 3 improved improved JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 4 control control NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 5 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 6 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 7 provided provide VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 8 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 9 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 11 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 14 chemotherapy chemotherapy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 16 biomedical biomedical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 17 authorities authority NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 20 1950s 1950 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 22 1960s 1960 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 24 particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 27 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 29 ceased cease VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 30 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 31 regard regard VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 32 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 33 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 34 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 35 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 38 major major JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 39 causes cause NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 41 death death NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 42 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 43 morbidity morbidity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 44 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 45 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 46 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 47 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 48 furthermore furthermore RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 49 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 50 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 51 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 52 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 53 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 54 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 55 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 56 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 57 halted halt VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 58 altogether altogether RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 60 Burnet Burnet NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 61 1953 1953 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 62 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 63 Fantini Fantini NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 64 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 24 65 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 2 perspective perspective NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 3 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 4 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 5 refl refl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 6 ected ecte VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 7 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 9 political political JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 11 economic economic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 12 levels level NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 25 13 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 1 After after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 3 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 4 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 5 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 6 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 7 cancer cancer NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 9 cardio cardio JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 10 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 11 vascular vascular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 12 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 13 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 14 declared declare VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 17 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 18 1970s 1970 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 20 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 21 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 24 budget budget NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 27 National National NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 28 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 30 Health Health NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 32 NIH NIH NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 34 doubled double VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 35 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 36 5 5 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 37 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 38 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 39 while while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 40 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 41 funding funding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 42 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 43 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 44 National National NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 45 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 46 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 47 Allergy Allergy NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 48 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 49 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 50 Diseases Diseases NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 52 NIAID NIAID NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 54 grew grow VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 55 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 56 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 57 20 20 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 58 % % NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 60 Krause Krause NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 61 1998 1998 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 62 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 63 3 3 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 26 65 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 2 belief belief NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 3 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 5 power power NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 7 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 8 technology technology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 10 conquer conquer VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 11 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 12 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 13 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 14 newly newly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 15 developed develop VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 16 drugs drug NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 17 resulted result VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 20 idea idea NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 21 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 22 given give VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 23 suffi suffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 24 cient cient NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 25 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 26 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 28 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 29 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 30 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 31 naturally naturally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 32 decline decline VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 33 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 34 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 35 result result NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 38 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 39 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 40 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 41 govern govern VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 42 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 43 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 44 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 45 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 46 relation relation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 47 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 48 lead lead VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 49 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 50 lower low JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 51 levels level NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 52 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 53 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 54 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 55 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 56 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 57 Méthot Méthot NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 58 2012a 2012a CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 59 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 60 Snowden Snowden NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 61 2008 2008 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 62 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 27 63 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 2 return return NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 4 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 5 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 6 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 8 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 9 1980s 1980 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 10 onwards onwards RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 11 turned turn VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 12 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 13 perspective perspective NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 14 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 15 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 16 head head NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 18 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 20 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 22 responses response NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 24 modern modern JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 25 medicine medicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 26 seemed seem VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 27 no no RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 28 longer long RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 29 adequate adequate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 30 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 32 face face NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 35 steep steep JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 36 rise rise NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 38 nosocomial nosocomial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 39 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 40 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 42 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 43 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 44 drug drug NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 45 resistance resistance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 46 worldwide worldwide RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 28 47 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 1 Particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 4 acute acute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 5 sense sense NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 7 control control NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 8 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 9 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 10 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 11 felt feel VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 12 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 13 many many JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 14 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 15 thrown throw VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 16 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 17 disarray disarray NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 18 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 20 onset onset NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 23 HIV HIV NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 24 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 26 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 27 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 28 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 29 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 30 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 31 Ebola Ebola NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 32 fever fever NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 34 SARS SARS NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 35 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 37 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 38 recently recently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 39 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 40 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 41 return return NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 42 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 43 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 44 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 45 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 29 46 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 30 1 Partly partly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 30 2 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 30 3 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 30 4 many many JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 30 5 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 30 6 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 30 7 nd nd NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 1 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 2 diffi diffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 3 cult cult NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 4 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 5 accommodate accommodate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 7 reality reality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 8 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 9 Nature Nature NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 11 far far RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 12 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 13 benign benign JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 31 14 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 2 Lederberg Lederberg NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 3 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 5 3 3 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 9 rationale rationale NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 12 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 13 conventional conventional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 14 wisdom wisdom NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 15 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 17 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 18 named name VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 19 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 20 May May NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 22 Anderson Anderson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 23 1983 1983 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 32 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 33 1 -namely -namely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 1 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 2 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 4 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 5 should should MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 6 coevolve coevolve VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 7 towards towards IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 9 state state NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 11 harmlessness harmlessness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 12 -was -was : cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 13 promoted promote VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 14 far far RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 15 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 17 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 18 half half NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 21 twentieth twentieth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 22 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 24 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 25 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 26 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 27 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 28 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 29 review review NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 34 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 1 An an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 2 additional additional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 3 reason reason NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 4 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 6 success success NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 8 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 9 avirulence avirulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 10 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 12 besides besides IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 13 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 14 intuitive intuitive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 15 soundness soundness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 17 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 19 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 20 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 21 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 22 serious serious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 23 alternatives alternative NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 24 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 26 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 27 introduced introduce VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 28 before before IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 30 late late JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 31 1970s 1970 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 33 Alizon Alizon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 34 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 35 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 36 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 37 2009 2009 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 40 even even RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 41 though though IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 42 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 43 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 44 zoologist zoologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 45 Gordon Gordon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 46 Ball Ball NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 48 1943 1943 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 50 did do VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 51 raise raise VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 52 important important JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 53 objections objection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 54 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 55 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 56 conventional conventional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 57 wisdom wisdom NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 35 58 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 2 thesis thesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 5 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 6 decline decline NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 9 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 11 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 12 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 13 postulated postulate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 14 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 15 earlier early JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 16 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 17 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 18 led lead VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 19 models model NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 20 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 21 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 22 challenged challenge VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 23 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 24 both both CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 25 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 27 experimental experimental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 28 grounds ground NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 31 last last JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 32 30 30 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 33 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 36 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 1 Empirical empirical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 2 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 4 advances advance NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 6 modelling modelling NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 9 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 11 e.g. e.g. IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 13 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 14 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 15 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 16 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 18 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 19 shown show VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 21 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 22 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 24 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 26 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 28 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 30 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 31 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 32 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 33 commensal commensal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 34 state state NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 35 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 36 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 38 vanishing vanish VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 40 obligate obligate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 41 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 42 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 43 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 44 once once RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 45 held hold VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 46 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 47 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 48 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 49 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 50 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 51 rather rather RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 52 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 53 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 54 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 55 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 56 possible possible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 57 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 37 58 outcomes outcome NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 2 Anderson Anderson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 4 May May NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 5 1982 1982 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 6 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 7 Levin Levin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 9 Pimentel Pimentel NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 10 1981 1981 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 11 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 12 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 13 1983 1983 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 14 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 15 reviewed review VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 17 Alizon Alizon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 18 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 19 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 20 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 21 2009 2009 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 38 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 2 biologist biologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 3 Carl Carl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 4 Bergstrom Bergstrom NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 5 recently recently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 6 stressed stress VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 7 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 10 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 11 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 12 count count VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 13 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 14 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 15 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 16 do do VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 17 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 18 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 19 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 20 us -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 21 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 23 Bergstrom Bergstrom NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 24 2008 2008 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 26 261 261 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 39 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 1 Selective selective JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 2 pressures pressure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 4 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 6 contrary contrary NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 8 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 9 drive drive VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 11 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 13 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 14 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 16 Antia Antia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 17 et et FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 18 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 19 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 20 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 40 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 1 And and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 2 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 3 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 4 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 5 argued argue VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 7 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 8 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 9 well well RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 10 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 12 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 13 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 14 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 15 greatest great JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 16 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 17 force force NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 18 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 20 Palumbi Palumbi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 21 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 23 behind behind IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 25 increased increase VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 26 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 28 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 41 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 1 Through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 2 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 3 social social JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 5 cultural cultural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 6 practices practice NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 8 open open VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 9 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 10 up up RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 11 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 12 routes route NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 13 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 14 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 15 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 16 traffi traffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 17 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 18 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 20 e.g. e.g. IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 21 blood blood NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 22 transfusions transfusion NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 24 organ organ NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 25 transplants transplant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 28 foster foster JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 29 behavioural behavioural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 30 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 31 facilitating facilitate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 32 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 33 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 34 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 36 e.g. e.g. IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 37 air air NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 38 travel travel NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 40 migrations migration NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 41 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 42 sexual sexual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 43 practices practice NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 44 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 45 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 46 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 47 drugs drug NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 48 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 49 etc etc FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 50 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 52 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 53 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 54 introduce introduce VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 55 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 56 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 57 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 58 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 59 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 60 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 61 parts part NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 62 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 63 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 64 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 65 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 66 immunologically immunologically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 67 naive naive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 68 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 69 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 70 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 71 1991 1991 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 72 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 73 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 74 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 75 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 76 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 77 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 78 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 79 1995 1995 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 42 80 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 2 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 3 course course NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 4 adds add VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 5 up up RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 6 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 8 continuing continue VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 9 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 11 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 13 through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 14 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 43 15 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 44 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 44 2 Wolfe Wolfe NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 44 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 44 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 44 5 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 44 6 2007 2007 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 44 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 44 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 1 Infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 2 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 3 continue continue VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 4 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 5 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 7 serious serious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 8 threat threat NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 9 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 10 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 11 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 14 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 15 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 16 once once RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 17 believed believe VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 18 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 19 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 20 eradicated eradicate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 21 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 22 return return VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 45 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 1 Between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 2 1940 1940 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 4 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 6 335 335 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 7 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 8 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 9 emerged emerge VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 11 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 12 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 15 majority majority NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 17 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 18 appearing appear VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 19 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 21 1980s 1980 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 22 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 23 rapid rapid JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 24 increase increase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 26 drug drug NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 27 resistance resistance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 28 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 46 29 detected detect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 47 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 47 2 Jones Jones NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 47 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 47 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 47 5 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 47 6 2008 2008 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 47 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 47 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 1 Despite despite IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 3 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 4 steep steep JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 5 rise rise NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 7 chronic chronic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 9 degenerative degenerative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 10 illnesses illness NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 12 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 13 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 14 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 15 still still RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 17 global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 18 challenge challenge NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 19 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 20 twenty twenty CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 21 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 22 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 23 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 24 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 25 biomedicine biomedicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 27 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 28 continue continue VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 29 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 30 claim claim VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 31 15 15 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 32 million million CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 33 lives life NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 48 34 annually annually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 49 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 49 2 Morens Morens NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 49 3 et et FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 49 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 49 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 50 1 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 50 2 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 50 3 Fauci Fauci NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 50 4 2000 2000 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 50 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 50 6 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 1 Following follow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 3 resurgence resurgence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 5 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 6 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 7 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 9 leading leading JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 10 cause cause NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 12 death death NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 14 morbidity morbidity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 18 detection detection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 20 previously previously RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 21 unknown unknown JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 22 diseasecausing diseasecausing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 23 entities entity NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 26 idea idea NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 27 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 28 newly newly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 29 emerged emerge VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 30 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 31 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 32 thrown throw VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 34 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 35 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 36 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 37 out out IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 38 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 39 balance balance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 40 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 42 Garrett Garrett NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 43 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 45 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 46 garnered garner VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 47 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 48 signifi signifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 49 ca can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 50 nt not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 51 amount amount VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 52 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 53 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 54 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 55 attention attention NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 56 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 57 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 58 led lead VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 59 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 60 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 61 adoption adoption NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 62 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 63 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 64 international international JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 65 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 66 regulations regulation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 67 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 68 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 69 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 70 monitor monitor VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 71 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 72 limit limit VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 73 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 74 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 75 control control VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 76 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 77 spread spread NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 78 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 79 communicable communicable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 80 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 81 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 82 Castillo Castillo NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 83 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 84 Salgado Salgado NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 85 2010 2010 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 86 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 51 87 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 1 Here here RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 4 explore explore VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 5 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 9 what what WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 10 contexts contexts NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 12 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 14 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 17 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 20 knowledge knowledge NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 21 claims claim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 22 about about IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 23 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 24 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 26 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 27 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 28 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 29 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 30 made make VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 31 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 32 justifi justifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 33 ed ed NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 34 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 36 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 37 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 38 specifi specifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 39 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 40 example example NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 41 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 42 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 43 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 44 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 45 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 46 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 47 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 48 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 52 49 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 1 Emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 2 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 3 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 4 usually usually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 5 defi defi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 6 ned ned NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 7 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 8 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 9 whose whose WP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 10 incidence incidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 11 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 12 signifi signifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 13 cantly cantly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 14 increased increase VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 15 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 17 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 18 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 20 defi defi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 21 nite nite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 22 period period NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 24 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 26 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 27 1995 1995 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 53 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 54 1 4 4 LS cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 2 Weir Weir NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 4 Mykhalovski Mykhalovski NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 6 2010 2010 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 8 recently recently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 9 observed observe VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 11 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 14 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 15 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 16 uential uential JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 17 books book NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 18 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 19 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 20 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 21 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 23 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 55 24 1990s 1990 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 2 Lederberg Lederberg NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 3 et et FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 5 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 6 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 7 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 8 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 9 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 11 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 12 stressed stress VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 14 need need NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 15 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 16 investigate investigate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 17 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 18 driving drive VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 19 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 20 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 21 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 22 both both CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 23 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 24 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 26 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 27 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 28 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 29 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 30 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 31 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 32 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 56 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 1 Both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 2 books book NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 3 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 4 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 6 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 9 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 12 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 15 addition addition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 16 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 18 complex complex JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 19 interactions interaction NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 21 changing change VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 22 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 24 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 25 contexts context NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 27 must must MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 28 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 29 carefully carefully RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 30 considered consider VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 31 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 32 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 33 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 34 devise devise VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 35 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 36 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 37 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 38 measures measure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 57 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 2 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 4 though though RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 6 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 7 remains remain VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 9 challenging challenging JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 10 task task NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 12 integrate integrate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 13 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 14 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 58 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 4 starting starting NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 5 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 8 current current JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 9 gap gap NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 10 -and -and : cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 11 lack lack NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 13 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 14 -in -in . cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 16 literature literature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 17 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 18 studies study NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 20 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 21 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 22 applied apply VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 23 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 24 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 25 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 26 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 28 biomedical biomedical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 29 sciences science NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 30 broadly broadly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 31 understood understand VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 34 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 35 pathology pathology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 37 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 38 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 39 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 40 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 59 41 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 1 Integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 4 multi multi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 5 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 6 faceted faceted JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 7 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 8 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 9 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 10 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 11 promoted promote VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 12 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 13 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 14 promising promising JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 15 goal goal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 17 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 18 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 19 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 60 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 2 discussed discuss VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 3 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 4 philosophers philosopher NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 6 science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 8 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 10 science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 11 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 12 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 13 complex complex JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 14 process process NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 15 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 16 encompasses encompass VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 17 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 18 activities activity NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 19 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 20 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 21 methodological methodological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 22 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 24 data datum NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 25 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 27 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 28 explanatory explanatory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 29 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 31 O'Malley O'Malley NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 33 Soyer Soyer NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 34 2012 2012 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 35 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 36 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 37 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 38 Mitchell Mitchell NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 39 2008 2008 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 41 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 42 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 43 others other NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 61 44 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 1 5 5 LS cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 2 More more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 3 rarely rarely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 6 possibility possibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 8 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 9 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 10 fail fail VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 11 discussed discuss VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 13 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 15 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 16 O'Malley O'Malley NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 18 2013 2013 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 20 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 21 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 22 example example NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 24 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 62 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 3 chapter chapter NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 4 exemplifi exemplifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 5 es es NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 7 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 9 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 10 methodologies methodology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 11 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 12 yet yet RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 13 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 14 come come VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 15 together together RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 16 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 17 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 19 broader broad JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 20 picture picture NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 22 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 23 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 24 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 26 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 27 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 63 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 1 Here here RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 4 focus focus VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 5 particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 6 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 7 experimental experimental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 9 modelling modelling NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 10 practices practice NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 11 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 12 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 13 biomedicine biomedicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 15 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 16 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 18 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 20 respective respective JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 21 explanatory explanatory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 22 limitations limitation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 64 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 1 Very very RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 2 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 4 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 7 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 10 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 11 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 12 constructed construct VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 13 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 14 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 15 alternative alternative NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 16 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 17 knowing know VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 19 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 20 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 23 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 24 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 25 that that DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 28 environmental environmental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 29 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 30 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 31 facilitate facilitate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 32 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 33 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 65 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 2 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 3 consider consider VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 5 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 8 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 9 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 10 part part NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 13 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 14 process process NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 16 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 19 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 20 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 21 branch branch NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 24 alternative alternative NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 25 alone alone RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 26 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 27 considered consider VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 28 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 30 right right NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 32 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 33 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 34 least least JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 35 suffi suffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 36 cient cient NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 38 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 39 while while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 40 attention attention NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 41 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 42 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 43 explanatory explanatory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 44 schemes scheme NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 45 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 46 scant scant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 66 47 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 1 Using use VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 3 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 4 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 5 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 6 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 7 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 9 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 10 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 11 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 12 study study NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 15 particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 16 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 17 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 18 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 20 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 21 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 23 enduring endure VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 24 persistence persistence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 26 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 27 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 28 scientifi scientifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 29 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 30 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 31 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 32 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 35 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 36 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 38 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 39 studies study NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 67 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 1 Beginning begin VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 2 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 4 discussion discussion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 7 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 9 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 10 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 11 seen see VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 12 through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 14 lens lens NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 16 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 18 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 19 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 21 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 23 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 24 show show VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 25 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 26 each each DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 28 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 29 conceptualizes conceptualize VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 30 both both CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 32 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 34 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 35 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 36 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 37 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 38 quite quite RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 39 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 40 ways way NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 68 41 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 1 Next next RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 4 describe describe VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 6 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 8 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 9 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 10 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 11 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 12 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 13 focus focus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 14 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 16 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 17 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 18 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 19 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 21 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 22 move move VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 23 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 24 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 26 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 27 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 28 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 29 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 30 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 31 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 32 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 33 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 34 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 35 paying pay VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 36 attention attention NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 37 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 39 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 40 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 41 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 42 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 43 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 44 before before IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 45 turning turn VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 46 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 47 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 69 48 4 4 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 1 On on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 3 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 5 epistemology epistemology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 8 social social JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 9 aspects aspect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 12 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 14 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 15 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 16 see see VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 17 Grmek Grmek NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 19 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 21 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 22 Farmer Farmer NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 24 1996 1996 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 27 King King NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 29 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 31 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 33 Weir Weir NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 34 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 35 Mykhalovski Mykhalovski NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 37 2010 2010 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 70 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 71 1 5 5 LS cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 1 See see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 3 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 4 special special JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 5 issue issue NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 6 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 7 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 9 Studies Studies NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 11 History history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 13 Philosophy philosophy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 16 Biological Biological NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 18 Biomedical Biomedical NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 19 Sciences Sciences NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 21 2013 2013 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 72 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 73 1 pathology pathology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 73 2 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 2 argue argue VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 4 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 6 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 8 necessary necessary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 10 understand understand VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 12 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 14 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 15 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 17 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 18 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 19 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 20 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 21 broader broad JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 22 understanding understanding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 24 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 25 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 26 ultimately ultimately RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 27 benefi benefi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 28 t t NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 29 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 30 articulating articulate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 32 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 33 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 34 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 35 cellular cellular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 36 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 38 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 74 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 2 sum sum NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 4 both both CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 5 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 7 functional functional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 8 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 9 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 10 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 11 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 13 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 14 interactions interaction NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 15 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 16 required require VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 17 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 18 answer answer VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 20 opening open VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 21 question question NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 23 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 24 essay essay NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 25 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 26 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 27 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 28 devise devise VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 29 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 30 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 31 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 32 care care NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 33 measures measure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 34 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 35 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 36 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 37 prevent prevent VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 39 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 40 predict predict VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 41 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 75 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 76 1 future future JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 76 2 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 76 3 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 76 4 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 76 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 76 6 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 76 7 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 76 8 threats threat NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 76 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 2 diffi diffi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 3 cult cult NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 4 co co NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 5 - - NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 6 existence existence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 8 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 9 explanatory explanatory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 10 frameworks framework NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 11 refl refl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 12 ects ects NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 14 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 15 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 16 scientists scientist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 17 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 18 work work VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 19 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 20 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 21 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 22 problem problem NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 23 using use VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 24 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 25 methodologies methodology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 27 Godfrey Godfrey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 28 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 29 Smith Smith NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 30 2006 2006 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 77 32 , , . cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 1 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 3 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 4 highlights highlight VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 6 enduring enduring JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 7 tension tension NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 8 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 9 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 10 scientifi scientifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 11 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 12 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 14 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 16 biomedicine biomedicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 78 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 2 biologist biologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 3 Ernst Ernst NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 4 Mayr Mayr NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 5 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 6 long long RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 7 suggested suggest VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 8 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 9 functional functional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 11 proximate proximate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 14 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 16 ultimate ultimate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 18 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 20 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 21 lack lack VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 22 unifi unifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 23 cation cation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 25 Mayr Mayr NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 26 1961 1961 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 27 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 28 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 29 Morange Morange NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 30 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 79 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 1 More more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 2 recently recently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 4 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 5 ecologists ecologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 6 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 7 argued argue VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 10 direction direction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 12 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 13 better well JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 14 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 16 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 17 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 19 Frank Frank NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 21 Schmid Schmid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 22 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 23 Hempel Hempel NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 24 2008 2008 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 80 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 2 Mayr Mayr NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 3 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 4 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 5 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 6 proximate proximate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 8 ultimate ultimate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 9 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 10 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 11 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 12 alternatives alternative NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 13 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 14 sound sound JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 16 developmental developmental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 17 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 18 advocates advocate NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 20 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 21 others other NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 23 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 24 persuasively persuasively RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 25 argued argue VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 26 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 27 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 28 questions question NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 29 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 30 relevant relevant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 31 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 32 understanding understand VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 33 developmental developmental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 34 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 35 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 37 vice vice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 38 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 39 versa versa RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 41 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 42 Laland Laland NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 43 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 44 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 81 45 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 82 1 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 82 2 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 82 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 82 4 review review NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 82 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 82 6 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 1 Today today NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 3 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 6 perhaps perhaps RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 7 equally equally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 8 signifi signifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 9 ca can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 10 nt not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 11 divide divide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 13 seems seem VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 15 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 16 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 17 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 18 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 20 functional functional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 22 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 23 proximate proximate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 25 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 26 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 27 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 28 systems system NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 30 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 31 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 83 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 3 show show VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 5 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 7 call call VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 8 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 10 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 11 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 12 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 13 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 14 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 15 make make VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 16 knowledge knowledge NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 17 claims claim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 18 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 20 sometimes sometimes RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 21 loosely loosely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 23 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 24 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 25 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 27 although although IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 28 each each DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 30 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 31 invokes invoke VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 32 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 33 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 34 aspect aspect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 35 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 36 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 37 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 84 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 85 1 6 6 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 3 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 5 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 6 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 8 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 9 focuses focus VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 10 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 11 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 13 e.g. e.g. IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 14 selective selective JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 15 pressures pressure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 17 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 18 density density NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 20 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 22 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 23 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 24 competition competition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 27 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 28 on on RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 30 acting act VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 31 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 33 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 34 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 36 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 37 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 39 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 41 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 42 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 44 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 45 traces trace VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 46 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 47 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 48 pathway pathway NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 49 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 50 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 51 patterns pattern NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 52 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 53 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 54 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 55 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 56 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 57 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 58 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 59 animal(s animal(s NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 61 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 62 man man VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 63 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 64 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 65 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 66 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 67 constructing construct VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 68 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 69 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 70 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 71 identifi identifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 72 es es NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 73 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 74 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 75 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 76 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 77 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 78 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 79 sites site NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 80 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 81 lineages lineage NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 86 82 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 87 1 7 7 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 2 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 3 words word NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 6 former former JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 7 analyses analysis NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 8 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 11 main main JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 12 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 14 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 16 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 17 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 18 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 22 latter latter JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 23 describe describe VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 25 path path NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 27 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 29 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 30 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 31 construct construct VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 32 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 35 Ruse ruse NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 36 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 88 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 2 construction construction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 4 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 5 phylogenetic phylogenetic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 6 trees tree NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 7 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 8 6 6 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 9 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 10 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 13 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 15 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 16 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 17 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 19 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 20 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 21 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 22 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 23 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 24 inspired inspire VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 25 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 27 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 29 historian historian NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 30 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 31 science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 32 Ton Ton NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 33 van van NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 34 Helvoort Helvoort NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 36 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 89 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 2 turn turn NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 4 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 5 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 7 indebted indebte VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 9 Polish polish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 10 immunologist immunologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 12 epistemologist epistemologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 13 Ludwik Ludwik NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 14 Fleck Fleck NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 16 1979 1979 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 90 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 91 1 7 7 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 91 2 Patterns pattern NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 91 3 derive derive VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 91 4 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 91 5 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 91 6 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 2 former former JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 3 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 4 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 5 described describe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 6 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 9 study study NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 11 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 13 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 14 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 15 while while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 17 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 18 refers refer VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 19 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 20 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 21 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 22 generating generate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 24 maintaining maintain VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 25 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 26 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 27 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 29 Chapleau Chapleau NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 31 Johansen Johansen NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 34 Williamson Williamson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 35 1988 1988 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 36 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 37 136 136 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 92 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 1 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 2 pathologists pathologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 3 refl refl VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 4 ects ects NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 6 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 7 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 8 data data NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 9 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 10 driven drive VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 11 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 12 trend trend NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 13 itself -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 14 supported support VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 15 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 16 genomics genomic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 18 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 19 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 23 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 25 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 26 throughput throughput NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 27 technologies technology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 93 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 2 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 4 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 5 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 6 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 7 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 8 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 9 pathologists pathologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 12 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 14 secondary secondary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 15 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 16 fi fi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 17 nding nde VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 18 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 19 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 20 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 21 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 23 thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 24 explaining explain VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 25 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 26 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 27 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 28 mechanistically mechanistically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 94 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 1 Each each DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 2 perspective perspective NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 3 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 4 provides provide VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 6 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 7 way way NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 9 thinking think VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 10 about about IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 11 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 12 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 95 13 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 1 Briefl Briefl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 2 y y NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 5 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 6 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 7 describes describe VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 8 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 9 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 11 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 12 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 13 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 14 transformed transform VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 15 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 16 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 18 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 19 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 20 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 21 gaining gain VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 22 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 24 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 25 material material NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 26 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 27 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 29 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 30 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 32 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 33 polysaccharide polysaccharide NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 34 capsule capsule NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 35 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 36 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 37 large large JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 38 plasmid plasmid NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 40 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 41 set set NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 42 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 43 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 44 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 45 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 46 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 47 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 48 islands island NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 50 Friesen Friesen NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 51 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 52 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 53 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 54 2006 2006 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 96 56 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 1 These these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 2 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 3 similar similar JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 4 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 5 ndings nding NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 6 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 7 led lead VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 8 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 10 claim claim VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 11 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 13 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 14 evolve evolve VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 16 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 17 quantum quantum JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 18 leap leap NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 19 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 21 Groisman Groisman NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 23 Ochman Ochman NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 24 1996 1996 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 97 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 1 Point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 2 mutations mutation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 3 allowing allow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 5 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 6 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 7 bind bind VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 10 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 11 receptor receptor NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 12 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 13 belong belong VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 14 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 15 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 16 category category NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 98 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 3 capacity capacity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 4 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 5 cause cause VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 6 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 7 due due IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 9 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 10 sets set NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 12 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 13 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 15 crucial crucial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 16 aspect aspect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 18 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 19 organisms organism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 20 become become VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 21 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 23 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 24 capacity capacity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 25 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 26 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 27 occasionally occasionally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 28 result result VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 29 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 30 genomic genomic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 31 deletion deletion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 33 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 34 loss loss NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 36 Maurelli Maurelli NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 37 2006 2006 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 99 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 2 sum sum NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 4 acquisition acquisition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 6 novel novel NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 7 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 8 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 9 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 10 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 12 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 13 deletion deletion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 15 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 16 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 17 elements element NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 19 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 20 rapidly rapidly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 21 lead lead VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 22 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 24 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 26 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 27 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 28 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 29 enhanced enhance VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 30 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 31 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 32 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 33 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 100 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 3 pathologists pathologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 5 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 7 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 8 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 9 similar similar JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 10 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 12 traditional traditional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 13 defi defi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 14 nition nition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 16 plant plant NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 17 pathologists pathologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 19 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 21 infectivity infectivity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 22 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 23 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 24 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 25 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 26 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 27 if if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 29 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 30 able able JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 31 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 32 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 33 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 34 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 101 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 102 1 8 8 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 2 defi defi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 3 nition nition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 4 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 5 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 6 traced trace VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 7 back back RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 10 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 12 Pasteur Pasteur NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 14 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 15 whom whom WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 16 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 17 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 18 cultures culture NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 19 killed kill VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 21 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 22 ones one NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 23 did do VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 24 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 103 25 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 2 Mendelsohn Mendelsohn NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 3 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 5 3 3 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 6 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 7 26 26 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 9 p. p. NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 10 5 5 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 104 12 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 2 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 3 classical classical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 4 defi defi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 5 nition nition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 8 ability ability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 10 generate generate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 11 symptoms symptom NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 105 12 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 2 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 3 cases case NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 5 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 7 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 8 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 9 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 10 nothing nothing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 11 trait trait NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 12 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 14 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 15 qualitative qualitative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 17 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 18 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 106 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 1 Note note VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 2 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 3 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 4 defi defi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 5 nitions nition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 6 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 8 advantage advantage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 9 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 10 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 11 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 12 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 13 translated translate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 14 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 15 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 16 levels level NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 18 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 19 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 20 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 22 cellular cellular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 23 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 25 where where WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 26 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 27 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 28 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 30 ability ability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 31 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 32 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 33 cells cell NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 107 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 2 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 3 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 4 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 5 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 6 adopts adopt VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 7 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 8 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 9 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 10 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 11 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 13 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 16 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 108 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 1 Often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 2 described describe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 3 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 5 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 6 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 7 step step NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 8 process process NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 10 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 11 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 12 requires require VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 14 introduction introduction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 17 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 18 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 20 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 21 followed follow VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 22 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 23 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 24 successful successful JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 25 dissemination dissemination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 27 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 28 1991 1991 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 29 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 30 392 392 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 31 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 32 3 3 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 109 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 2 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 3 rules rule NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 5 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 6 traffi traffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 7 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 8 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 10 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 11 1991 1991 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 13 dictate dictate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 14 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 15 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 16 steps step NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 17 usually usually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 18 result result VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 19 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 20 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 21 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 22 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 23 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 24 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 26 environment environment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 28 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 29 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 30 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 31 modifi modifi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 32 cation cation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 35 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 36 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 39 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 110 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 2 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 5 1976 1976 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 7 change change NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 10 air air NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 11 conditioning conditioning NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 12 system system NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 15 hotel hotel NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 17 Philadelphia Philadelphia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 18 facilitated facilitate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 20 spread spread NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 22 Legionellosis Legionellosis NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 24 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 25 bacterium bacterium NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 26 usually usually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 27 commensal commensal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 28 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 29 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 31 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 32 caused cause VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 33 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 34 outbreak outbreak NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 35 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 36 fever fever NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 37 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 38 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 39 now now RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 40 known know VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 41 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 42 Legionnaire Legionnaire NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 43 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 44 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 111 45 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 3 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 4 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 5 cases case NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 6 supporting support VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 7 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 8 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 9 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 11 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 13 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 14 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 15 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 17 maladapted maladapted JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 18 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 19 mutates mutate VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 20 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 21 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 22 well well RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 23 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 24 adapted adapt VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 25 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 26 before before IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 27 going go VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 112 28 extinct extinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 113 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 113 2 Antia Antia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 113 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 113 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 113 5 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 113 6 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 113 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 113 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 2 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 3 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 4 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 5 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 6 developed develop VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 7 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 8 Robert Robert NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 9 May May NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 11 Roy Roy NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 12 Anderson Anderson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 15 independently independently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 16 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 17 Paul Paul NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 18 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 22 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 23 8 8 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 24 Note note NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 25 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 27 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 28 historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 29 reasons reason NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 31 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 33 phytopathology phytopathology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 34 literature literature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 36 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 37 used use VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 38 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 39 refer refer VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 40 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 42 ability ability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 43 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 45 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 46 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 47 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 48 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 49 plant plant NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 51 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 52 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 53 qualitative qualitative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 54 trait trait NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 114 56 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 1 Since since IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 2 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 4 American American NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 5 Phytopathological Phytopathological NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 6 Society Society NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 7 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 8 decided decide VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 10 use use VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 12 term term NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 13 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 15 refer refer VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 16 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 18 damage damage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 19 done do VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 20 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 22 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 25 term term NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 26 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 27 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 29 ability ability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 30 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 31 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 33 plant plant NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 34 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 35 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 36 researchers researcher NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 37 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 38 adopted adopt VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 39 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 115 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 3 way way NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 6 debate debate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 7 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 8 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 9 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 10 elds elds NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 12 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 13 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 15 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 16 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 18 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 19 already already RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 20 happened happen VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 21 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 22 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 25 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 26 elds elds NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 28 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 29 Shapiro Shapiro NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 30 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 31 Ilan Ilan NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 32 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 33 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 116 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 1 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 2 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 3 Thomas Thomas NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 5 Elkinton Elkinton NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 6 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 7 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 8 Shaner Shaner NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 9 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 10 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 11 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 12 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 117 14 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 1 1980s 1980 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 2 currently currently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 3 underpins underpin VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 5 bulk bulk NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 8 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 9 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 10 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 11 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 12 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 13 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 14 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 15 interactions interaction NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 17 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 18 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 118 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 119 1 9 9 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 1 Put put VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 2 simply simply RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 5 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 6 postulates postulate VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 8 existence existence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 10 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 11 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 12 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 13 offs off NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 14 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 15 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 16 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 18 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 19 variables variable NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 120 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 3 consequence consequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 6 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 8 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 9 becomes become VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 10 linked link VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 11 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 12 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 13 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 14 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 15 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 16 resistance resistance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 18 recovery recovery NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 19 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 21 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 22 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 23 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 26 timing timing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 28 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 29 lifehistory lifehistory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 30 events event NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 31 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 32 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 33 density density NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 34 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 35 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 36 others other NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 121 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 2 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 3 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 4 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 5 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 6 permits permit VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 8 investigation investigation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 11 role role NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 13 environmental environmental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 14 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 15 broadly broadly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 16 conceived conceive VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 18 including include VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 19 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 21 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 22 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 23 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 26 selective selective JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 27 pressures pressure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 28 acting act VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 29 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 30 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 31 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 34 thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 35 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 36 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 37 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 38 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 39 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 41 Alizon Alizon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 42 2014 2014 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 122 44 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 3 geneticists geneticist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 4 quickly quickly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 5 adopted adopt VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 7 concepts concept NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 9 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 10 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 12 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 13 islands island NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 15 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 16 ecologists ecologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 17 working work VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 18 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 20 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 21 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 22 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 23 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 24 continued continue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 25 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 26 regard regard VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 27 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 28 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 29 suspicion suspicion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 31 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 32 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 34 Combes Combes NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 35 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 123 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 124 1 10 10 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 2 think think VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 3 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 4 suspicion suspicion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 5 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 6 probably probably RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 7 due due JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 10 way way NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 11 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 12 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 13 defi defi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 14 ned ned NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 125 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 3 biologists biologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 5 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 6 typically typically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 9 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 10 trait trait NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 11 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 12 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 13 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 14 measured measure VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 126 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 3 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 4 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 5 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 6 suffi suffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 7 cient cient NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 8 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 9 render render VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 10 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 11 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 12 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 14 essentially essentially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 15 act act VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 16 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 17 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 18 qualitative qualitative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 19 trait trait NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 20 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 21 diffi diffi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 22 cult cult NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 23 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 24 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 25 t t NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 26 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 28 picture picture NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 127 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 3 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 5 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 6 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 7 thing thing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 8 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 9 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 10 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 11 alone alone JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 13 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 128 14 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 1 Virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 3 typically typically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 5 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 7 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 8 shared share VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 9 trait trait NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 10 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 11 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 12 results result VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 13 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 15 interaction interaction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 16 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 17 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 18 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 19 genotype genotype NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 21 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 22 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 23 genotype genotype NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 25 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 26 environment environment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 129 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 2 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 3 words word NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 5 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 6 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 7 genotypes genotype NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 8 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 9 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 10 cause cause VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 11 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 12 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 14 infect infect VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 15 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 16 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 17 genotypes genotype NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 18 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 19 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 20 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 21 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 22 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 23 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 24 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 25 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 26 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 27 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 28 certain certain JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 29 contexts context NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 31 e.g. e.g. RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 32 starvation starvation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 130 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 3 biologists biologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 5 ecologists ecologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 7 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 8 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 10 harm harm NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 12 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 13 does do VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 14 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 15 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 16 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 18 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 20 reduction reduction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 21 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 22 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 23 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 24 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 25 due due IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 26 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 28 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 30 Read read VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 31 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 131 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 1 Fitness fitness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 3 notoriously notoriously RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 4 diffi diffi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 5 cult cult NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 6 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 7 evaluate evaluate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 8 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 9 arguably arguably RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 11 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 12 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 13 common common JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 14 measures measure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 15 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 16 lifespan lifespan NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 18 fecundity fecundity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 132 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 1 11 11 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 2 One one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 3 problem problem NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 5 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 7 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 8 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 9 described describe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 10 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 11 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 12 very very RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 13 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 15 vitro vitro FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 16 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 17 turn turn VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 18 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 19 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 20 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 21 mild mild JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 23 vivo vivo NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 26 vice vice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 27 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 28 versa versa RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 133 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 3 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 4 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 5 shows show VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 6 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 7 levels level NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 9 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 10 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 11 actually actually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 12 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 14 result result NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 17 immune immune JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 18 system system NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 19 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 20 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 21 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 22 response response NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 23 itself -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 25 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 26 Graham Graham NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 27 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 28 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 134 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 135 1 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 135 2 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 135 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 135 4 review review NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 135 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 135 6 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 3 end end NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 6 ecologists ecologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 7 focus focus VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 8 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 10 combination combination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 12 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 13 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 14 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 15 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 16 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 18 refer refer VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 19 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 20 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 136 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 1 Importantly importantly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 3 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 4 does do VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 5 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 6 mean mean VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 8 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 9 disregard disregard VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 12 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 13 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 14 lead lead VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 15 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 16 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 137 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 2 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 4 studies study NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 5 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 6 shown show VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 8 immune immune JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 9 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 10 pathology pathology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 11 contributions contribution NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 12 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 13 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 14 lead lead VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 15 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 17 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 18 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 19 outcome outcome NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 20 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 21 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 22 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 23 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 24 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 25 produced produce VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 26 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 27 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 29 Alizon Alizon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 31 van van NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 32 Baalen Baalen NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 33 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 138 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 1 Recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 2 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 3 advanced advanced JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 4 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 5 account account VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 6 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 8 rapid rapid JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 9 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 11 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 12 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 14 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 15 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 16 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 17 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 18 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 19 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 20 refl refl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 21 ect ect NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 23 polarity polarity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 24 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 25 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 27 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 28 explicative explicative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 29 strategies strategy NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 139 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 1 Applying apply VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 3 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 4 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 5 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 6 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 7 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 9 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 10 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 11 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 12 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 14 Paul Paul NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 15 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 16 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 17 argued argue VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 18 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 20 proximity proximity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 22 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 23 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 25 trenches trench NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 28 hospitals hospital NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 29 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 31 transport transport NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 35 military military JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 36 camps camp NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 37 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 38 World World NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 39 War War NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 40 I -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 41 greatly greatly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 42 facilitated facilitate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 43 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 44 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 45 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 46 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 47 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 48 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 49 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 50 host host VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 140 51 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 1 High high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 2 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 3 replication replication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 4 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 5 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 6 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 7 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 8 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 9 therefore therefore RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 10 favoured favour VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 12 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 13 resulted result VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 15 exceptionally exceptionally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 16 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 17 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 20 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 21 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 23 mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 26 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 28 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 29 1991 1991 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 31 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 33 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 35 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 36 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 37 1996 1996 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 141 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 1 But but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 2 since since IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 4 late late JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 5 1990s 1990 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 7 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 8 pathology pathology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 9 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 10 provided provide VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 11 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 12 alternative alternative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 13 viewpoint viewpoint NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 14 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 16 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 18 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 21 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 142 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 2 identifi identifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 3 cation cation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 6 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 8 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 9 frozen frozen JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 10 bodies body NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 12 wax wax NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 13 blocks block NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 16 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 18 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 19 further further JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 20 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 21 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 22 led lead VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 23 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 24 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 25 renewed renew VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 26 emphasis emphasis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 27 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 28 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 30 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 31 determinants determinant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 34 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 35 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 36 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 38 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 39 important important JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 40 cause cause NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 41 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 42 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 43 dramatic dramatic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 44 event event NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 46 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 47 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 48 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 143 50 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 1 According accord VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 2 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 3 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 4 pathologist pathologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 5 Jeffrey Jeffrey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 6 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 8 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 11 leading lead VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 12 scientists scientist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 13 involved involve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 15 reviving revive VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 17 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 18 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 19 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 20 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 22 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 24 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 25 possible possible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 26 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 27 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 28 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 29 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 30 reassortment reassortment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 31 occurred occur VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 32 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 34 late late JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 35 summer summer NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 37 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 38 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 39 resulting result VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 40 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 41 signifi signifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 42 cantly cantly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 43 enhanced enhance VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 44 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 45 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 47 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 48 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 49 90 90 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 144 51 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 1 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 2 believes believe VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 4 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 5 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 6 unique unique JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 7 feature feature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 8 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 11 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 12 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 13 -its -its : cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 14 extreme extreme JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 15 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 16 -"could -"could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 17 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 18 revealed reveal VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 22 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 24 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 25 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 27 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 29 90 90 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 145 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 1 Both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 2 approaches approach VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 3 -the -the : cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 4 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 7 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 8 -evolved -evolved NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 9 along along IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 10 parallel parallel JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 11 lines line NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 12 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 13 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 16 twentieth twentieth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 17 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 20 though though IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 22 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 24 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 25 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 26 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 27 brought bring VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 28 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 29 closer close RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 30 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 31 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 32 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 35 1990s 1990 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 36 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 37 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 38 show show VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 39 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 40 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 41 remain remain VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 42 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 43 tension tension NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 45 Méthot Méthot NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 46 2012b 2012b CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 146 48 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 1 Before before IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 2 describing describe VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 3 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 4 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 5 details detail NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 7 potentials potential NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 9 limits limit NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 11 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 12 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 13 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 14 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 15 fi fi VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 16 rst rst NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 17 describe describe VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 18 significant significant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 19 aspects aspect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 22 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 24 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 25 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 26 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 147 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 148 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 148 2 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 148 3 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 148 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 148 5 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 148 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 148 7 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 148 8 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 2 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 3 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 4 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 5 extensively extensively RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 6 studied study VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 8 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 9 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 11 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 149 13 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 150 1 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 150 2 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 150 3 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 150 4 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 151 1 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 151 2 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 151 3 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 151 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 151 5 Rott Rott NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 151 6 1987 1987 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 151 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 151 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 2 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 3 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 4 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 5 reservoir reservoir NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 8 wild wild JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 9 waterfowl waterfowl NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 11 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 12 supported support VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 13 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 15 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 16 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 17 species specie NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 19 wild wild JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 20 duck duck NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 21 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 22 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 23 affected affect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 24 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 26 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 27 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 28 remain remain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 29 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 30 healthy healthy JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 31 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 152 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 2 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 3 replicates replicate VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 4 inside inside IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 6 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 8 mostly mostly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 11 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 12 tract tract NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 16 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 17 washed wash VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 18 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 20 ponds pond NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 21 where where WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 22 ducks duck NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 23 live live VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 25 breed breed VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 27 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 28 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 153 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 2 relative relative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 3 harmlessness harmlessness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 5 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 6 relationship relationship NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 8 similar similar JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 9 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 11 way way NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 12 myxoma myxoma NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 13 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 14 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 15 adapted adapt VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 16 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 17 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 18 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 19 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 22 South south JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 23 American american JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 24 rabbit rabbit NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 26 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 27 Fenner Fenner NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 29 Fantini Fantini NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 30 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 154 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 2 family family NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 3 tree tree NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 5 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 6 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 7 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 8 contains contain VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 9 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 10 genera genus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 11 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 12 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 13 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 14 includes include VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 15 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 16 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 17 A A NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 19 B b NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 20 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 23 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 24 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 25 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 26 C C NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 27 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 155 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 2 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 3 genera genus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 4 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 5 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 7 terms term NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 9 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 10 range range NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 12 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 13 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 156 14 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 1 Type type NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 2 A a NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 3 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 5 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 6 common common JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 8 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 11 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 12 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 13 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 14 wide wide JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 15 range range NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 17 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 19 including include VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 21 pigs pig NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 23 horses horse NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 25 seals seal NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 27 whales whale NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 29 birds bird NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 157 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 2 type type NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 4 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 5 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 6 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 8 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 9 redoubtable redoubtable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 10 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 12 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 14 potential potential NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 15 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 16 cause cause VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 17 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 158 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 1 Type type NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 2 B B NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 3 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 4 believed believe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 5 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 6 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 7 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 8 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 10 especially especially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 11 young young JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 12 children child NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 15 Type Type NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 16 C C NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 18 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 19 genus genus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 21 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 22 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 23 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 24 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 26 swine swine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 159 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 3 sense sense NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 4 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 5 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 6 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 7 hardly hardly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 8 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 9 regarded regard VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 10 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 12 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 13 single single JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 14 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 15 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 17 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 18 2006 2006 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 20 10 10 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 160 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 1 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 2 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 3 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 4 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 5 enveloped envelop VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 6 negative negative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 7 strand strand NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 9 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 11 belong belong VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 12 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 14 genus genus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 15 Orthomyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 17 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 18 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 161 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 2 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 5 Spanish Spanish NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 6 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 7 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 9 belongs belong VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 10 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 12 type type NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 13 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 14 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 15 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 17 known know VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 18 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 19 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 162 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 1 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 2 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 3 A A NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 5 B b NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 6 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 7 contain contain VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 8 eight eight CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 9 discrete discrete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 10 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 11 segments segment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 13 coding code VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 14 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 15 at at RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 16 least least RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 17 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 18 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 163 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 2 surface surface NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 4 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 5 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 6 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 7 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 8 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 9 covered cover VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 10 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 11 three three CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 12 types type NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 14 proteins protein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 15 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 17 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 20 neuraminidases neuraminidases FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 22 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 25 matrix matrix NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 26 2 2 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 28 M2 M2 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 164 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 2 structural structural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 3 confi confi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 4 guration guration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 6 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 7 proteins protein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 8 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 9 that that DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 12 triangular triangular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 13 spike spike NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 165 14 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 1 These these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 2 spikes spike NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 3 allow allow VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 5 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 6 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 7 bind bind VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 9 red red JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 10 blood blood NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 11 cells cell NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 12 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 13 causing cause VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 15 latter latter JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 16 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 17 agglutinate agglutinate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 19 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 20 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 166 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 2 facilitate facilitate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 3 entrance entrance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 4 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 6 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 8 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 9 trigger trigger VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 11 infective infective JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 12 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 167 13 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 1 Once once IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 3 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 5 over over RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 7 antibodies antibody NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 8 responding respond VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 9 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 10 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 11 spikes spike NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 12 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 13 formed form VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 15 allowing allow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 17 immune immune JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 18 system system NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 19 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 20 recognize recognize VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 22 signature signature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 25 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 26 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 27 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 28 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 30 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 31 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 32 episode episode NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 168 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 2 contrast contrast NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 4 neuraminidases neuraminidases FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 6 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 8 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 9 form form VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 10 spikes spike NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 11 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 13 surface surface NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 14 coat coat NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 17 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 18 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 20 function function NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 21 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 22 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 23 cleave cleave VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 24 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 25 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 26 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 27 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 28 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 29 facilitate facilitate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 31 propagation propagation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 34 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 35 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 36 cell cell NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 37 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 38 cell cell NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 169 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 1 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 2 proteins protein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 3 open open VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 4 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 5 up up RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 6 cells cell NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 7 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 8 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 10 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 12 speak speak VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 170 13 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 1 Antiviral antiviral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 2 drugs drug NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 3 target target VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 4 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 6 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 7 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 8 block block VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 10 exit exit NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 13 antibodies antibody NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 14 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 15 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 16 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 17 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 18 produced produce VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 19 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 21 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 171 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 172 1 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 172 2 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 2 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 3 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 4 further further RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 5 subdivided subdivide VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 6 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 7 serological serological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 8 types type NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 10 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 11 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 13 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 14 characterization characterization NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 17 surface surface NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 18 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 19 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 21 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 173 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 1 16 16 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 2 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 4 9 9 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 5 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 6 proteins protein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 7 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 8 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 9 described describe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 10 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 11 date date NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 174 12 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 175 1 These these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 175 2 surface surface NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 175 3 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 175 4 defi defi XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 1 ne ne NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 3 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 4 ' ' '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 5 identity identity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 7 terms term NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 9 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 11 immune immune JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 12 system system NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 13 detects detect VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 15 attacks attack NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 176 16 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 2 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 3 major major JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 4 families family NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 6 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 7 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 8 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 9 combinations combination NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 12 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 14 hence hence RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 16 designation designation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 17 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 18 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 19 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 20 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 22 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 23 threat threat NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 177 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 178 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 178 2 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 178 3 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 178 4 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 178 5 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 178 6 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 2 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 3 coding code VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 4 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 5 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 6 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 7 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 8 reassort reassort VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 10 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 11 reshuffl reshuffl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 12 e e NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 14 due due IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 15 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 16 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 17 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 18 known know VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 19 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 20 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 21 drift drift NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 23 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 24 shift shift NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 179 25 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 2 former former JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 3 consists consist VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 6 accumulation accumulation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 8 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 9 mutations mutation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 12 genome genome NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 15 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 17 modifying modify VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 18 both both CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 20 shape shape NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 23 electric electric JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 24 charge charge NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 26 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 27 surface surface NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 28 antigens antigen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 30 preventing prevent VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 31 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 32 recognition recognition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 33 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 35 antibodies antibody NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 38 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 39 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 40 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 41 developed develop VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 42 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 43 reaction reaction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 44 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 45 previous previous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 46 exposures exposure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 47 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 48 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 49 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 180 50 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 2 need need NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 3 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 4 update update VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 6 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 7 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 8 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 9 every every DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 10 year year NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 11 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 13 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 14 success success NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 16 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 17 drift drift NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 181 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 2 contrast contrast NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 4 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 5 shifts shift NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 6 refer refer VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 7 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 9 introduction introduction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 11 whole whole NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 12 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 13 part part NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 15 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 16 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 17 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 18 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 19 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 20 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 21 circulate circulate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 22 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 23 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 24 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 182 25 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 2 form form NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 4 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 5 reassortment reassortment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 6 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 7 reshuffl reshuffl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 8 ing ing NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 9 occurs occur VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 10 especially especially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 11 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 12 swine swine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 13 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 14 act act VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 15 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 16 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 17 mixing mix VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 18 vessels vessel NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 19 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 20 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 22 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 23 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 25 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 26 considered consider VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 28 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 29 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 30 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 31 birds bird NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 33 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 35 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 37 Kawaoka Kawaoka NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 38 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 183 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 2 introduction introduction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 5 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 6 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 7 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 9 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 11 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 12 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 13 hailed hail VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 14 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 16 responsible responsible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 17 factor factor NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 18 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 19 increased increase VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 20 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 22 Bush Bush NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 23 2007 2007 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 184 25 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 2 fast fast JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 3 reassortment reassortment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 5 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 8 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 9 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 11 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 13 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 14 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 15 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 16 result result VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 18 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 19 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 20 posing pose VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 21 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 22 continual continual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 23 threat threat NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 24 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 25 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 27 animal animal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 28 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 185 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 3 result result NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 5 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 6 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 8 regarded regard VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 9 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 10 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 12 continually continually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 13 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 14 re re IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 15 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 16 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 17 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 18 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 20 Webby Webby NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 22 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 23 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 24 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 25 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 27 Kawaoka Kawaoka NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 28 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 31 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 32 international international JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 33 efforts effort NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 34 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 35 made make VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 36 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 37 understand understand VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 38 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 40 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 41 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 42 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 43 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 44 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 45 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 46 exceptionally exceptionally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 47 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 186 48 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 2 motivation motivation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 3 behind behind IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 4 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 5 global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 6 efforts effort NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 8 gaining gain VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 10 better well JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 11 understanding understanding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 13 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 14 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 16 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 17 draw draw VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 18 lessons lesson NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 19 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 21 past past NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 23 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 24 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 25 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 26 better well RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 27 prepared prepare VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 28 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 30 rise rise NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 31 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 32 future future JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 33 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 34 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 35 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 36 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 37 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 38 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 187 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 1 Recorded record VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 2 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 3 suggests suggest VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 4 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 6 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 7 rst rst FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 8 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 9 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 10 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 11 occurred occur VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 13 1580 1580 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 188 14 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 1 Beginning begin VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 2 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 3 Asia Asia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 6 rapidly rapidly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 7 spread spread VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 9 Africa Africa NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 11 America America NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 13 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 14 Europe Europe NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 189 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 1 Between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 3 eighteenth eighteenth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 6 nineteenth nineteenth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 7 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 9 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 10 historians historian NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 11 identifi identifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 12 ed ed NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 14 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 15 least least JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 17 8 8 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 18 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 19 out out IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 21 25 25 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 22 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 24 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 25 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 26 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 27 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 29 Beveridge Beveridge NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 30 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 190 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 2 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 3 devastating devastating JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 4 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 6 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 8 occurred occur VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 10 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 11 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 191 12 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 192 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 192 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 192 3 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 192 4 1 1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 192 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 192 6 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 193 1 12 12 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 2 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 4 12 12 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 5 On on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 7 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 10 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 11 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 12 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 13 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 15 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 16 Barry Barry NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 18 2004a 2004a CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 21 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 23 Mueller Mueller NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 25 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 28 van van NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 29 Helvoort Helvoort NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 31 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 34 Crosby Crosby NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 36 1989 1989 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 38 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 39 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 40 Burnet Burnet NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 41 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 42 Clark Clark NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 44 1942 1942 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 194 46 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 3 short short JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 4 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 5 informative informative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 6 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 7 chronicle chronicle NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 8 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 10 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 11 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 12 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 14 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 15 Beveridge Beveridge NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 17 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 21 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 22 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 23 detailed detailed JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 24 scientifi scientifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 25 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 26 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 29 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 30 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 31 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 32 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 33 see see VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 34 Stuart Stuart NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 35 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 36 Harris Harris NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 38 1953 1953 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 195 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 1 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 3 misnamed misname VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 5 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 6 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 7 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 8 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 9 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 10 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 12 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 13 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 14 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 17 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 18 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 21 three three CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 22 major major JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 23 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 24 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 25 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 26 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 27 occurred occur VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 28 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 30 past past JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 196 31 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 1 -and -and : cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 3 regarded regard VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 4 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 5 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 8 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 9 devastating devastating JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 10 episodes episode NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 11 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 12 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 13 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 15 McNeill McNeill NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 16 1976 1976 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 197 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 198 1 13 13 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 1 Once once RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 2 described describe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 3 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 4 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 6 biggest big JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 7 unsolved unsolved JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 8 problem problem NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 10 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 11 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 13 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 14 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 15 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 16 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 18 Burnet Burnet NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 20 Clark Clark NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 21 1942 1942 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 24 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 25 consequences consequence NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 26 rendered render VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 27 many many JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 28 wary wary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 29 about about IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 31 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 33 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 34 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 35 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 36 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 37 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 38 near near JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 39 future future NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 41 Webby Webby NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 42 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 43 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 44 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 199 46 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 2 addition addition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 3 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 5 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 6 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 7 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 10 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 11 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 12 major major JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 13 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 14 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 15 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 16 occurred occur VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 18 1957 1957 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 19 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 20 58 58 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 22 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 23 Asian asian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 24 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 25 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 26 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 28 H2N2 H2N2 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 31 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 32 1968 1968 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 34 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 35 Hong Hong NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 36 Kong Kong NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 37 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 38 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 39 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 40 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 41 H3N2 H3N2 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 200 43 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 2 death death NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 4 David David NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 5 Lewis Lewis NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 7 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 8 soldier soldier NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 9 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 11 military military JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 12 camp camp NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 14 Fort Fort NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 15 Dix Dix NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 18 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 22 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 24 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 25 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 26 hundreds hundred NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 28 others other NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 30 1976 1976 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 31 led lead VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 32 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 33 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 34 authorities authority NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 35 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 36 believe believe VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 37 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 38 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 39 facing face VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 40 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 41 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 42 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 43 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 44 epidemic epidemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 201 45 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 1 Amidst amidst IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 2 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 3 scepticism scepticism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 5 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 6 against against IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 7 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 8 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 9 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 10 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 11 quickly quickly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 12 stockpiled stockpile VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 13 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 14 President President NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 15 Ford Ford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 16 gave give VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 18 green green JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 19 light light NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 20 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 21 mass mass JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 22 vaccination vaccination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 202 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 3 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 4 epidemic epidemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 5 occurred occur VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 6 while while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 7 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 8 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 10 vaccinated vaccinate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 11 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 12 came come VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 13 down down RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 14 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 15 Guillain Guillain NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 16 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 17 Barré Barré NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 18 syndrome syndrome NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 20 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 21 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 22 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 24 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 25 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 26 weeks week NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 27 later later RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 29 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 30 Krause Krause NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 31 1998 1998 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 203 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 1 One one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 2 year year NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 3 later later RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 6 1977 1977 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 9 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 10 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 12 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 13 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 14 disappeared disappear VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 16 1957 1957 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 18 reappeared reappear VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 21 socalled socalled JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 22 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 23 Russian russian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 24 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 25 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 26 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 28 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 30 Soviet Soviet NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 31 Union Union NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 33 spread spread VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 34 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 35 Taiwan Taiwan NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 36 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 38 Philippines Philippines NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 40 Singapore Singapore NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 41 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 42 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 43 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 44 10 10 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 45 months month NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 46 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 47 reached reach VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 48 South South NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 49 America America NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 50 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 51 New New NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 52 Zealand Zealand NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 204 53 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 2 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 3 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 4 similar similar JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 5 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 7 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 8 isolated isolate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 11 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 13 1950 1950 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 14 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 15 Fort Fort NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 16 Warren Warren NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 18 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 19 perhaps perhaps RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 20 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 21 accidentally accidentally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 22 released release VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 23 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 24 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 25 laboratory laboratory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 26 located locate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 27 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 29 former former JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 30 13 13 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 31 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 32 reference reference NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 33 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 34 Spain Spain NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 35 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 36 due due JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 37 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 39 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 40 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 41 publication publication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 42 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 43 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 44 reports report NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 45 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 46 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 47 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 48 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 49 authorized authorize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 50 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 51 Spain Spain NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 52 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 53 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 54 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 55 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 56 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 57 contrast contrast NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 58 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 59 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 60 countries country NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 61 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 62 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 205 63 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 3 consequence consequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 6 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 7 became become VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 8 associated associate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 9 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 10 Spain Spain NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 11 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 12 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 13 subsequently subsequently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 14 blamed blame VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 15 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 18 considered consider VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 19 responsible responsible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 206 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 1 One one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 2 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 4 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 5 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 6 papers paper NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 7 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 8 appear appear VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 10 London London NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 11 Times Times NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 13 June June NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 14 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 16 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 17 titled title VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 18 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 19 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 20 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 21 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 22 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 23 -a -a HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 24 sufferer sufferer NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 25 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 26 symptoms symptom NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 27 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 30 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 31 2006 2006 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 33 37 37 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 207 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 1 Like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 2 syphilis syphili NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 5 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 6 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 7 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 8 received receive VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 9 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 10 names name NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 11 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 12 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 13 countries country NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 15 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 208 16 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 2 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 5 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 6 called call VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 9 Swiss Swiss NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 10 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 11 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 12 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 14 France France NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 209 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 210 1 Soviet Soviet NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 210 2 Union Union NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 210 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 210 4 Berche Berche NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 210 5 2012 2012 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 210 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 210 7 127 127 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 210 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 210 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 1 Affecting affect VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 2 mostly mostly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 3 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 4 born bear VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 5 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 6 1957 1957 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 8 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 9 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 10 coexisted coexist VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 11 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 13 H3N2 H3N2 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 14 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 15 until until IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 16 2009 2009 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 18 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 20 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 21 variant variant NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 23 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 24 emerged emerge VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 27 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 28 Swine Swine NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 29 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 30 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 31 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 33 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 34 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 36 latest late JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 37 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 39 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 40 replaced replace VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 42 1977 1977 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 43 variant variant NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 211 44 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 2 comparison comparison NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 3 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 5 Spanish Spanish NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 6 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 7 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 10 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 13 Hong Hong NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 14 Kong Kong NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 17 Asian asian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 18 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 19 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 20 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 21 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 22 benign benign JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 23 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 26 former former JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 27 causing cause VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 28 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 29 1.5 1.5 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 31 2 2 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 32 million million CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 33 deaths death NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 34 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 35 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 36 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 37 latter latter JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 38 1 1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 39 million million CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 212 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 2 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 3 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 4 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 5 caused cause VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 7 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 8 deaths death NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 9 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 10 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 11 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 13 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 15 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 16 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 18 87 87 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 213 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 1 Despite despite IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 4 crucial crucial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 6 facts fact NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 8 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 9 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 10 available available JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 11 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 13 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 14 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 15 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 18 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 19 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 20 care care NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 21 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 22 signifi signifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 23 cantly cantly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 24 improved improve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 26 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 27 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 28 effi effi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 29 cient cient NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 30 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 31 1950 1950 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 33 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 34 raises raise VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 36 question question NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 37 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 38 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 39 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 40 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 41 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 42 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 43 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 44 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 45 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 46 deadly deadly JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 47 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 48 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 214 49 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 2 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 3 rst rst FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 4 important important JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 5 aspect aspect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 8 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 9 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 10 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 11 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 12 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 13 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 14 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 15 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 16 likely likely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 17 Western western JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 18 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 215 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 2 part part NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 3 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 5 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 6 extensive extensive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 7 pig pig NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 8 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 9 duck duck NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 10 farming farming NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 11 industry industry NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 13 China China NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 14 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 15 previously previously RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 16 singled single VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 17 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 18 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 20 possible possible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 21 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 23 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 24 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 25 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 26 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 216 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 3 whereas whereas IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 4 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 5 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 6 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 7 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 8 befallen befall VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 9 man man NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 10 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 11 come come VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 12 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 13 China China NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 15 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 16 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 18 17 17 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 21 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 22 Spanish Spanish NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 23 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 24 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 25 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 26 originated originate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 28 likely likely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 30 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 31 France France NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 32 as as RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 33 early early RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 34 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 35 1916 1916 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 36 causing cause VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 37 acute acute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 38 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 39 symptoms symptom NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 40 closely closely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 41 resembling resemble VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 42 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 43 phenotype phenotype NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 44 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 45 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 46 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 47 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 48 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 49 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 50 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 51 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 52 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 53 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 54 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 56 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 57 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 58 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 217 59 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 218 1 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 218 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 218 3 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 218 4 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 218 5 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 218 6 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 218 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 218 8 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 218 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 1 Some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 2 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 3 recently recently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 4 argued argue VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 5 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 6 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 7 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 8 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 9 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 10 wave wave NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 12 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 13 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 15 New New NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 16 York York NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 17 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 18 February February NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 20 April April NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 219 21 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 220 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 220 2 Olson Olson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 220 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 220 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 220 5 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 220 6 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 220 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 220 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 2 precise precise JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 3 geographical geographical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 4 origins origin NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 7 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 9 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 10 still still RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 12 matter matter NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 14 debate debate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 16 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 221 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 222 1 14 14 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 2 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 3 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 4 deadliest deadly JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 5 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 6 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 7 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 8 kicked kick VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 9 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 11 October October NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 12 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 15 just just RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 17 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 18 months month NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 21 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 22 killed kill VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 23 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 24 30 30 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 26 40 40 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 27 million million CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 28 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 30 Philips Philips NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 31 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 32 Killingray Killingray NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 33 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 34 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 35 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 37 Mueller Mueller NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 38 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 39 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 40 Crosby Crosby NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 41 1989 1989 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 42 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 43 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 44 estimate estimate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 45 deaths death NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 46 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 47 number number VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 48 about about RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 49 50 50 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 50 million million CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 51 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 52 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 53 McNeil McNeil NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 54 1976 1976 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 223 56 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 1 According accord VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 2 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 4 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 5 three three CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 6 waves wave NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 7 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 8 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 10 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 11 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 12 swept sweep VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 13 through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 14 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 15 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 16 ve ve VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 17 continents continent NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 19 three three CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 20 recurrences recurrence NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 224 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 2 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 3 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 4 wave wave NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 6 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 9 spring spring NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 10 wave wave NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 11 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 15 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 16 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 17 started start VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 19 March March NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 225 22 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 2 Mid Mid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 3 West West NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 5 before before IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 6 moving move VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 7 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 8 Europe Europe NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 10 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 11 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 12 Asia Asia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 14 North North NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 15 Africa Africa NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 16 before before IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 17 reaching reach VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 18 Australia Australia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 20 July July NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 21 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 226 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 2 morbidity morbidity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 3 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 4 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 6 mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 7 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 8 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 9 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 10 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 12 habitual habitual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 227 13 norm norm NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 228 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 228 2 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 228 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 228 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 228 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 229 1 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 229 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 229 3 81 81 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 229 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 229 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 2 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 3 wave wave NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 5 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 6 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 7 fall fall VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 8 wave wave NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 9 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 12 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 14 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 15 highly highly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 16 devastating devastating JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 18 rapidly rapidly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 19 went go VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 20 extinct extinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 21 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 22 causing cause VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 23 millions million NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 25 deaths death NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 26 worldwide worldwide RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 28 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 29 peaks peak NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 30 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 31 October October NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 33 November November NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 230 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 2 started start VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 3 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 4 late late JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 5 August August NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 6 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 8 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 9 1 1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 10 week week NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 11 reports report NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 14 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 15 came come VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 16 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 17 distant distant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 18 cities city NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 20 including include VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 21 Boston Boston NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 23 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 26 Freetown Freetown NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 28 Africa Africa NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 31 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 32 Brest Brest NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 34 France France NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 231 36 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 1 On on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 2 many many JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 3 accounts account NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 5 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 6 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 7 wave wave NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 8 lasted last VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 9 until until IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 10 November November NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 232 11 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 2 speed speed NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 3 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 4 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 6 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 7 circulated circulate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 8 makes make VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 10 diffi diffi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 11 cult cult NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 12 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 13 pinpoint pinpoint VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 14 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 15 specifi specifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 16 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 17 location location NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 18 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 19 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 20 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 22 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 23 source source NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 26 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 27 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 28 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 29 Western western JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 30 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 31 appears appear VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 32 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 33 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 35 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 36 plausible plausible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 37 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 38 according accord VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 39 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 40 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 41 available available JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 42 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 233 43 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 1 Reports report NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 2 indicated indicate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 4 further further JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 5 third third JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 6 wave wave NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 7 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 8 hit hit VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 11 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 12 rst rst NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 13 months month NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 15 1919 1919 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 16 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 17 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 18 much much RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 19 less less RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 20 severe severe JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 22 Burnet Burnet NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 24 Clark Clark NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 25 1942 1942 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 26 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 27 Barry Barry NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 28 2004a 2004a CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 234 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 4 three three CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 5 waves wave NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 6 pattern pattern NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 9 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 11 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 12 uniformly uniformly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 13 applicable applicable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 14 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 15 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 16 countries country NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 17 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 18 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 19 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 20 Australia Australia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 21 experienced experience VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 22 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 23 single single JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 24 occurrence occurrence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 27 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 28 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 29 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 31 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 33 Mueller Mueller NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 34 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 35 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 235 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 2 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 4 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 5 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 6 attack attack NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 8 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 9 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 10 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 11 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 12 died die VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 14 secondary secondary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 15 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 16 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 17 death death NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 18 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 19 resulted result VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 20 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 21 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 22 invading invade VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 24 lungs lung NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 26 immunocompromised immunocompromised JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 27 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 29 Burnet Burnet NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 31 Clark Clark NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 32 1942 1942 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 236 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 1 Symptoms symptom NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 2 lasted last VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 3 generally generally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 4 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 5 2 2 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 7 4 4 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 8 days day NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 10 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 12 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 13 rarely rarely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 15 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 16 extended extend VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 17 up up IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 18 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 19 2 2 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 20 weeks week NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 237 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 2 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 3 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 4 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 5 characterized characterize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 6 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 7 fever fever NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 9 body body NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 10 pain pain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 13 severe severe JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 14 headaches headache NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 238 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 1 Without without IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 3 possibility possibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 5 treating treat VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 6 patients patient NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 7 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 8 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 10 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 11 turned turn VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 12 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 13 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 14 vital vital JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 15 organs organ NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 17 lungs lung NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 19 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 20 sacks sack NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 22 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 23 uids uid NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 25 … … NFP cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 27 effectively effectively RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 28 drowning drown VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 30 patient patient NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 31 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 33 Philips Philips NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 34 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 35 Killingray Killingray NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 36 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 37 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 38 5 5 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 239 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 1 People People NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 2 therefore therefore RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 3 died die VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 4 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 5 just just RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 7 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 8 days day NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 10 hemorrhagic hemorrhagic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 11 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 12 oedema oedema NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 14 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 15 lung lung NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 16 affl affl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 17 ictions ictions NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 19 Bush Bush NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 20 2007 2007 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 21 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 22 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 23 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 24 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 25 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 26 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 28 2000 2000 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 240 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 1 Related relate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 2 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 3 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 6 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 7 striking striking JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 8 aspect aspect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 11 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 12 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 13 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 14 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 17 young young JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 18 age age NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 21 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 23 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 24 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 25 qualitatively qualitatively RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 26 distinctive distinctive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 27 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 28 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 30 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 31 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 32 men man NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 34 supposedly supposedly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 35 healthy healthy JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 36 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 38 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 39 20 20 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 40 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 41 40 40 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 42 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 43 old old JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 45 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 46 say say VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 47 25 25 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 48 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 49 35 35 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 51 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 52 irrespective irrespective RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 53 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 54 whether whether IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 55 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 56 country country NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 57 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 58 involved involve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 59 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 60 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 61 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 62 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 63 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 241 64 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 1 Instead instead RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 2 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 3 forming form VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 5 U U NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 6 shaped shape VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 7 mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 8 curve curve NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 11 shape shape NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 14 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 15 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 16 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 17 W W NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 18 shaped shape VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 242 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 1 An an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 2 additional additional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 3 peak peak NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 6 central central JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 7 peak peak NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 10 W w NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 12 represents represent VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 14 male male JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 15 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 18 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 19 u. u. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 20 Figure Figure NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 21 2 2 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 23 above above RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 25 shows show VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 27 U U NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 28 shaped shape VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 29 curve curve NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 30 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 31 1917 1917 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 34 W w NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 35 shaped shape VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 36 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 38 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 243 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 2 distribution distribution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 4 deaths death NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 5 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 6 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 7 curve curve NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 8 refl refl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 9 ects ect VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 11 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 14 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 16 underlines underline VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 18 pattern pattern NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 20 mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 22 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 23 group group NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 24 usually usually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 25 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 26 affected affect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 27 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 28 seasonal seasonal NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 29 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 30 u. u. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 244 31 _SP cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 1 Finally finally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 4 third third JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 6 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 7 signifi signifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 8 ca can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 9 nt not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 10 feature feature VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 13 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 14 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 15 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 17 lethality lethality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 18 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 20 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 21 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 23 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 24 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 26 estimates estimate NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 27 suggest suggest VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 28 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 30 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 31 claimed claim VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 32 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 33 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 34 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 36 First First NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 37 World World NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 38 War War NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 40 McNeil McNeil NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 41 1976 1976 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 245 43 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 2 central central JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 3 aspect aspect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 4 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 5 almost almost RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 6 universally universally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 7 recognized recognize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 8 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 9 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 10 somewhat somewhat RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 11 unusual unusual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 13 very very RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 14 specifi specifi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 15 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 16 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 18 although although IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 20 estimates estimate NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 22 fatalities fatality NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 23 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 25 twentieth twentieth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 26 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 27 vary vary VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 28 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 29 20 20 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 31 50 50 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 32 million million CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 33 deaths death NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 35 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 37 Mueller Mueller NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 38 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 246 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 1 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 2 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 3 type type NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 4 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 5 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 6 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 7 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 8 at at RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 9 all all RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 10 uncommon uncommon JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 13 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 14 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 15 circulated circulate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 17 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 18 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 19 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 20 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 21 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 22 centuries century NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 23 before before RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 24 since since IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 25 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 26 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 27 centuries century NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 28 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 30 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 31 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 32 broke break VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 33 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 247 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 3 United United NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 4 States States NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 5 alone alone RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 6 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 8 annual annual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 9 death death NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 10 tolls toll NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 11 related relate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 12 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 13 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 14 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 15 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 16 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 17 estimated estimate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 18 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 19 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 20 about about RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 21 30,000 30,000 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 22 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 24 Thompson Thompson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 25 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 26 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 27 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 28 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 248 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 1 Seasonal seasonal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 2 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 4 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 5 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 6 normally normally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 7 last last VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 9 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 10 weeks week NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 12 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 13 disappear disappear VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 14 abruptly abruptly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 15 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 16 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 17 result result VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 18 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 19 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 20 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 21 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 22 present present JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 23 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 24 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 25 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 26 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 27 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 28 able able JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 29 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 30 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 31 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 32 due due JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 33 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 34 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 35 drift drift NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 249 36 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 1 On on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 2 occasions occasion NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 4 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 7 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 8 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 9 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 10 up up IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 12 40 40 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 13 % % NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 16 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 17 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 250 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 1 During during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 2 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 3 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 4 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 7 contrast contrast NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 10 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 12 deaths death NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 13 rises rise VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 14 way way NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 15 above above IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 17 average average NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 19 claiming claim VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 20 millions million NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 22 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 23 all all RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 24 around around IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 26 globe globe NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 251 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 3 course course NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 5 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 6 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 7 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 9 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 10 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 11 type type NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 12 A a NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 14 B b NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 15 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 16 sometimes sometimes RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 17 coexist coexist VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 19 if if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 20 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 21 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 22 frequencies frequency NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 23 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 24 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 252 25 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 1 So so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 2 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 3 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 5 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 6 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 7 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 8 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 9 devastating devastating JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 253 10 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 1 Recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 2 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 3 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 4 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 5 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 6 argues argue VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 9 waves wave NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 10 pattern pattern VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 13 group group NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 14 mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 18 clinical clinical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 19 course course NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 22 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 23 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 24 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 25 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 26 nd nd NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 27 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 28 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 30 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 31 features feature NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 34 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 35 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 36 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 38 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 39 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 40 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 254 41 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 255 1 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 255 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 255 3 86 86 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 255 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 255 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 1 Others other NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 3 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 5 defend defend VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 7 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 8 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 10 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 11 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 12 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 13 result result NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 14 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 15 signifi signifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 16 ca can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 17 nt not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 18 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 21 wider wide JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 22 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 23 context context NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 24 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 25 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 27 outbreak outbreak NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 28 occurred occur VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 30 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 31 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 256 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 3 next next JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 4 sections section NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 7 review review VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 8 both both CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 9 ecologicalenvironmental ecologicalenvironmental NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 12 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 13 led lead VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 14 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 15 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 16 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 17 problem problem NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 19 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 20 indicate indicate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 21 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 24 limitations limitation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 26 each each DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 27 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 28 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 29 suggest suggest VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 30 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 31 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 32 better well JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 33 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 34 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 35 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 36 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 37 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 38 lead lead VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 39 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 40 positive positive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 41 outcomes outcome NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 42 regarding regard VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 43 prediction prediction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 44 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 45 prevention prevention NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 46 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 47 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 48 preparedness preparedness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 49 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 50 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 51 face face NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 52 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 53 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 54 similar similar JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 55 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 56 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 57 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 58 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 59 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 60 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 61 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 62 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 257 63 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 1 From from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 2 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 3 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 4 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 6 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 8 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 10 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 12 emerge emerge VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 15 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 17 basic basic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 18 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 19 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 22 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 24 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 25 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 27 must must MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 28 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 29 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 30 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 31 1 1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 33 where where WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 34 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 35 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 36 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 38 average average JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 39 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 41 secondary secondary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 42 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 43 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 44 follow follow VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 45 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 46 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 47 infected infect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 48 individual individual NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 49 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 50 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 51 wholly wholly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 52 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 53 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 55 Anderson Anderson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 56 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 57 May May NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 58 1991 1991 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 258 60 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 2 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 3 words word NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 6 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 7 must must MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 8 cause cause VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 9 at at RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 10 least least RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 11 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 12 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 13 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 15 persist persist VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 18 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 19 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 259 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 2 classical classical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 3 formula formula NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 4 used use VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 5 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 6 capture capture VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 8 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 9 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 10 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 11 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 12 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 13 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 14 follows follow VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 15 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 16 where where WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 17 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 18 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 19 serves serve VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 20 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 21 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 22 measure measure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 24 Darwinian darwinian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 25 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 26 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 29 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 30 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 32 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 33 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 260 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 3 denominator denominator NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 4 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 5 α α NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 8 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 9 mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 10 due due IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 11 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 13 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 15 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 17 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 20 μ μ NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 23 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 25 microparasite microparasite NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 26 independent independent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 27 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 28 mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 30 γ γ NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 31 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 33 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 34 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 35 recovery recovery NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 38 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 261 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 2 inverse inverse NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 4 μ μ NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 5 + + CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 6 α α NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 7 + + CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 8 γ γ NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 9 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 11 average average JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 12 duration duration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 15 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 262 16 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 3 numerator numerator NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 6 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 7 β β NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 10 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 11 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 14 S S NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 17 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 18 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 19 size size NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 263 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 1 Importantly importantly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 3 one one PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 4 should should MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 5 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 6 confuse confuse VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 7 β β NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 9 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 12 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 14 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 16 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 17 per per IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 18 unit unit NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 20 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 22 per per IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 23 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 24 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 27 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 30 R R NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 31 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 33 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 34 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 35 roughly roughly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 36 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 37 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 38 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 39 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 40 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 41 infected infect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 42 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 43 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 44 whole whole JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 45 duration duration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 46 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 47 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 48 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 264 49 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 1 Overall overall RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 3 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 4 expression expression NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 5 indicates indicate VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 6 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 7 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 8 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 9 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 12 product product NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 13 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 15 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 17 secondary secondary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 18 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 19 generated generate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 20 per per IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 21 unit unit NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 23 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 26 duration duration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 29 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 265 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 1 Any any DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 2 animal animal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 3 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 4 produces produce VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 5 less less JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 6 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 7 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 8 offspring offspring NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 9 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 11 lifetime lifetime NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 12 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 13 generating generate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 14 less less JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 15 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 16 1 1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 17 secondary secondary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 18 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 19 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 20 eventually eventually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 21 become become VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 22 extinct extinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 24 die die VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 25 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 266 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 2 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 3 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 4 > > SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 5 1 1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 6 threshold threshold NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 9 course course NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 10 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 11 simplifi simplifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 12 cation cation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 267 13 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 2 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 6 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 7 stages stage NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 9 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 10 outbreak outbreak NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 12 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 13 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 14 infect infect VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 15 very very RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 16 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 17 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 18 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 19 means mean VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 20 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 22 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 23 particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 24 prone prone JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 25 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 26 extinction extinction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 27 going go VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 28 extinct extinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 29 due due IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 30 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 31 stochastic stochastic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 32 effects effect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 268 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 2 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 5 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 6 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 7 shown show VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 8 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 10 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 11 ideal ideal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 12 situation situation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 13 where where WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 14 all all PDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 16 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 17 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 18 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 19 identical identical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 22 probability probability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 24 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 26 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 27 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 28 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 29 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 30 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 31 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 32 strictly strictly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 33 greater great JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 34 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 35 unity unity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 36 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 37 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 38 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 39 1 1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 40 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 41 1/ 1/ CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 42 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 43 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 44 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 45 due due IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 46 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 47 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 48 stochastic stochastic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 49 effects effect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 51 Diekmann Diekmann NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 52 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 53 Heesterbeek Heesterbeek NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 54 2000 2000 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 269 56 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 1 Conversely conversely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 3 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 4 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 5 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 6 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 7 < < XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 8 1 1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 9 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 10 nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 11 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 12 dangerous dangerous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 13 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 15 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 16 persist persist VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 19 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 20 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 21 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 22 while while NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 23 stochastically stochastically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 25 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 26 leaves leave VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 27 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 28 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 29 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 30 variant variant NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 31 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 32 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 33 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 34 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 35 > > XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 36 1 1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 37 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 38 evolve evolve VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 270 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 271 1 Antia Antia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 271 2 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 271 3 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 271 4 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 271 5 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 271 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 271 7 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 2 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 3 words word NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 6 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 7 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 8 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 11 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 12 cases case NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 13 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 15 must must MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 16 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 17 effective effective JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 18 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 19 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 20 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 21 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 22 occur occur VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 272 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 1 Historically historically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 4 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 5 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 6 example example NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 9 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 10 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 11 off off NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 12 came come VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 13 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 15 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 17 myxoma myxoma NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 18 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 19 infecting infect VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 20 rabbits rabbit NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 22 Anderson Anderson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 24 May May NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 25 1982 1982 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 26 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 27 Fenner Fenner NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 29 Fantini Fantini NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 30 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 273 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 3 since since IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 4 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 6 clearer clear JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 7 examples example NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 8 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 9 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 10 worked work VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 11 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 274 12 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 275 1 Fraser Fraser NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 275 2 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 275 3 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 275 4 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 2 2007 2007 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 5 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 6 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 8 combined combine VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 9 data datum NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 10 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 11 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 12 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 13 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 14 Amsterdam Amsterdam NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 15 cohort cohort NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 17 data datum NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 18 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 19 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 20 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 21 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 22 discordant discordant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 23 HIV HIV NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 24 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 25 infected infect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 26 couples couple NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 27 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 28 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 29 Rakai Rakai NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 30 cohort cohort NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 31 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 32 show show VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 33 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 34 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 35 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 36 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 37 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 38 set set NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 39 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 40 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 41 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 42 load load NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 44 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 45 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 46 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 47 load load NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 48 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 49 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 50 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 51 stage stage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 52 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 53 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 54 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 55 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 56 property property NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 57 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 58 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 59 remain remain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 60 constant constant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 61 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 62 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 63 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 65 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 66 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 67 shorter short JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 68 lifespan lifespan NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 69 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 70 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 71 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 72 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 73 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 276 74 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 1 When when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 2 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 3 combined combine VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 4 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 5 lifespan lifespan NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 7 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 8 together together RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 10 obtain obtain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 12 measure measure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 14 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 15 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 16 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 18 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 19 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 20 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 23 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 24 found find VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 25 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 26 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 27 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 28 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 29 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 30 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 31 load load NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 32 achieved achieve VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 34 highest high JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 35 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 36 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 277 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 2 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 3 show show VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 5 observed observed JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 6 abundance abundance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 8 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 9 loads load NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 12 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 13 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 14 follows follow VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 16 distribution distribution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 17 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 18 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 19 tnesses tnesse NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 278 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 2 classic classic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 3 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 4 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 5 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 6 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 7 focuses focus VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 8 primarily primarily RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 9 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 10 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 11 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 14 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 279 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 2 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 3 ignores ignore VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 4 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 5 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 6 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 7 generation generation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 8 times time NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 9 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 10 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 12 here here RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 14 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 16 tend tend VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 17 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 18 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 19 much much RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 20 longer long JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 22 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 23 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 24 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 26 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 27 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 28 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 29 likely likely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 30 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 31 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 32 slow slow JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 280 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 1 From from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 3 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 4 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 5 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 6 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 7 perspective perspective NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 9 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 10 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 11 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 13 replication replication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 14 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 15 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 16 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 18 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 19 usually usually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 20 increases increase VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 22 probability probability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 24 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 25 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 26 transmitted transmit VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 27 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 28 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 29 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 30 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 32 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 33 balanced balance VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 34 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 35 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 36 negative negative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 37 effect effect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 38 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 40 duration duration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 41 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 42 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 43 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 44 period period NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 46 May May NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 47 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 48 Anderson Anderson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 49 1983 1983 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 281 51 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 1 If if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 3 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 5 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 6 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 9 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 10 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 12 reach reach VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 13 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 14 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 15 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 16 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 282 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 1 Conversely conversely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 4 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 5 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 6 replicates replicate VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 7 intensively intensively RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 10 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 11 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 12 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 13 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 14 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 15 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 16 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 17 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 18 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 20 shorter short JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 21 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 22 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 23 rapid rapid JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 24 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 25 exploitation exploitation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 26 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 27 means mean VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 28 shorter short JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 29 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 30 lifespan lifespan NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 283 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 2 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 3 Achilles Achilles NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 4 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 6 according accord VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 7 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 8 Homer Homer NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 10 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 12 choose choose VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 13 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 15 short short JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 17 glorious glorious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 18 life life NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 19 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 20 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 21 long long JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 22 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 23 dull dull JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 24 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 27 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 28 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 29 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 30 evolve evolve VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 31 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 32 strategy strategy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 33 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 34 causing cause VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 35 long long JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 37 mild mild JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 38 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 39 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 40 short short JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 41 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 42 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 43 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 45 Alizon Alizon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 46 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 47 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 48 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 49 2009 2009 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 284 51 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 1 If if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 2 such such PDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 4 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 5 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 6 off off NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 8 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 9 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 11 external external JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 12 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 13 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 14 affect affect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 15 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 16 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 19 predictable predictable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 20 way way NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 285 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 2 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 5 lower low JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 7 baseline baseline JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 8 mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 11 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 13 independently independently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 16 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 19 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 21 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 23 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 24 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 25 should should MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 26 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 286 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 3 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 4 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 6 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 7 period period NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 8 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 9 reduced reduce VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 12 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 13 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 15 use use VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 16 up up RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 18 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 19 resources resource NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 21 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 22 shorter short JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 23 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 287 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 1 There there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 3 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 5 growing grow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 6 interest interest NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 9 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 10 reaction reaction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 11 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 12 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 13 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 15 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 16 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 17 broadly broadly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 18 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 19 split split VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 20 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 21 resistance resistance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 23 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 24 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 25 ghting ghte VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 27 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 29 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 30 decreases decrease VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 31 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 32 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 34 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 36 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 37 tolerance tolerance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 38 phenomena phenomenon NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 40 decreasing decrease VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 41 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 42 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 43 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 44 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 45 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 46 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 47 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 48 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 50 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 51 affect affect VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 52 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 53 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 55 Raberg Raberg NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 56 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 57 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 58 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 59 2009 2009 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 60 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 61 Boots Boots NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 62 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 63 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 64 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 65 2009 2009 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 66 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 288 67 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 2 density density NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 4 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 5 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 6 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 7 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 8 affect affect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 9 short short JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 10 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 11 term term NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 12 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 13 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 15 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 17 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 18 clearly clearly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 19 shown show VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 20 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 21 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 22 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 23 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 24 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 25 framework framework NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 26 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 27 combines combine VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 28 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 30 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 31 genetics genetic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 33 Day Day NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 34 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 35 Proulx Proulx NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 36 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 289 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 3 early early RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 4 on on RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 5 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 7 course course NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 9 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 10 epidemic epidemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 12 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 15 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 16 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 17 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 18 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 19 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 20 so so IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 21 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 22 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 23 acts act VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 24 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 25 favour favour VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 26 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 27 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 28 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 29 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 30 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 31 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 33 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 34 happen happen VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 35 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 36 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 37 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 38 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 39 according accord VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 40 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 42 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 43 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 44 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 45 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 290 47 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 1 Once once IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 3 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 4 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 5 reached reach VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 6 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 7 endemic endemic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 8 stage stage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 11 pool pool NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 13 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 14 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 16 smaller small JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 18 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 19 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 20 either either RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 21 already already RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 22 infected infect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 24 dead dead JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 26 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 27 immunised immunise VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 30 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 31 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 32 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 33 acts act VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 34 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 35 favour favour VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 36 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 37 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 38 cause cause VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 39 longer long JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 40 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 291 41 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 2 conclusion conclusion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 4 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 5 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 6 thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 7 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 8 expected expect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 10 vary vary VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 11 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 13 course course NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 15 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 16 epidemic epidemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 17 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 18 rapidly rapidly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 19 evolving evolve VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 20 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 292 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 1 Another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 2 dimension dimension NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 5 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 9 does do VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 10 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 11 concern concern VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 12 itself -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 13 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 14 morbidity morbidity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 16 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 17 least least JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 18 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 19 explicitly explicitly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 293 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 1 Thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 3 symptoms symptom NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 4 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 5 pain pain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 6 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 7 injuries injury NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 8 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 9 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 10 taken take VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 11 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 12 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 13 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 15 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 16 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 17 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 18 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 20 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 21 implicitly implicitly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 22 integrated integrate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 23 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 24 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 25 variables variable NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 26 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 27 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 28 recovery recovery NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 30 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 31 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 33 Levin Levin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 34 1996 1996 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 294 36 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 2 assumption assumption NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 3 impacts impact VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 4 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 6 ways way NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 8 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 9 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 10 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 11 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 12 measured measure VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 14 operationalized operationalize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 295 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 2 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 3 doctors doctor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 4 morbidity morbidity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 6 illness illness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 8 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 10 key key JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 11 feature feature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 13 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 15 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 16 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 17 biologists biologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 18 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 19 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 20 biologists biologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 21 host host VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 22 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 23 pathological pathological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 24 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 25 do do VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 26 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 27 need need VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 28 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 29 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 30 taken take VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 31 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 32 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 33 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 34 measuring measure VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 35 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 36 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 37 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 38 matters matter NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 39 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 40 effects effect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 41 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 42 modify modify VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 43 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 44 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 45 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 46 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 47 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 49 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 50 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 51 appear appear VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 52 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 53 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 54 expression expression NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 55 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 56 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 57 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 296 59 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 2 sum sum NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 5 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 6 rests rest VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 7 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 9 idea idea NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 10 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 12 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 13 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 14 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 15 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 16 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 17 increase increase VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 18 beyond beyond IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 20 certain certain JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 21 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 22 without without IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 23 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 25 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 26 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 27 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 28 icting icting NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 29 damage damage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 30 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 32 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 33 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 34 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 35 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 36 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 37 turn turn NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 38 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 39 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 40 harmful harmful JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 41 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 42 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 43 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 44 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 45 decreasing decrease VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 46 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 47 duration duration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 48 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 49 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 50 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 297 51 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 1 What what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 2 matters matter VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 3 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 4 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 6 biologist biologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 9 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 10 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 12 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 13 individual individual NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 14 where where WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 16 fi fi XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 17 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 20 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 21 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 22 typically typically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 23 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 24 given give VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 25 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 27 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 28 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 29 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 30 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 32 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 34 secondary secondary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 35 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 298 36 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 2 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 3 words word NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 5 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 7 given give VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 8 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 9 species specie NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 11 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 12 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 13 favours favour VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 14 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 15 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 17 highest high JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 18 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 19 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 299 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 2 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 3 explain explain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 4 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 6 highest high JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 7 possible possible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 8 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 10 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 11 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 12 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 13 always always RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 15 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 16 stable stable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 18 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 19 optimal optimal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 20 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 22 strategy strategy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 23 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 24 increase increase VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 25 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 26 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 27 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 28 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 29 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 30 increased increase VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 31 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 32 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 33 indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 34 increase increase VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 35 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 36 component component NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 38 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 39 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 40 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 41 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 42 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 45 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 46 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 48 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 49 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 50 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 51 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 52 decrease decrease VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 53 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 54 component component NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 55 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 56 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 57 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 58 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 59 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 60 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 61 duration duration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 62 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 63 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 64 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 65 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 66 through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 67 increased increase VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 68 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 69 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 70 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 71 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 72 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 73 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 74 likely likely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 75 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 76 die die VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 77 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 78 rapidly rapidly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 79 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 80 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 81 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 300 82 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 2 balance balance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 3 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 5 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 6 selective selective JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 7 pressures pressure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 9 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 10 favouring favour VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 11 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 12 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 14 duration duration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 16 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 17 favouring favour VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 18 lower low JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 19 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 21 determines determine VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 23 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 24 stable stable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 25 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 27 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 301 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 1 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 2 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 3 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 4 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 5 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 6 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 7 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 8 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 10 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 11 developed develop VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 12 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 13 verbal verbal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 14 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 15 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 17 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 18 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 19 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 20 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 21 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 22 comparing compare VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 23 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 24 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 25 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 26 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 27 routes route NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 29 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 30 1983 1983 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 302 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 1 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 2 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 3 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 4 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 5 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 7 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 9 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 10 cultural cultural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 11 vectors vector NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 12 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 14 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 16 assumption assumption NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 17 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 18 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 19 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 20 do do VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 21 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 22 rely rely VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 23 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 24 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 25 mobility mobility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 26 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 27 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 28 should should MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 29 evolve evolve VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 30 towards towards IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 31 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 32 levels level NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 34 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 303 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 2 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 3 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 4 terminology terminology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 7 cultural cultural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 8 vector vector NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 9 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 10 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 12 set set NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 14 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 15 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 16 allow allow VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 17 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 18 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 19 immobilized immobilized JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 20 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 21 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 22 susceptible susceptible VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 23 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 24 at at RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 25 least least RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 26 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 29 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 30 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 31 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 32 aspects aspect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 34 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 35 cultures culture NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 36 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 38 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 39 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 40 68 68 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 41 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 42 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 43 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 44 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 45 1988 1988 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 304 47 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 3 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 5 waterborne waterborne JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 6 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 8 cultural cultural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 9 vectors vector NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 10 include include VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 11 contaminated contaminate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 12 bed bed NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 13 sheets sheet NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 15 hospitals hospital NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 17 sewage sewage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 18 systems system NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 19 carrying carry VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 21 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 23 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 24 staff staff NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 25 disposing dispose VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 28 contaminated contaminated JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 29 water water NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 30 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 31 water water NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 32 supplies supply NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 34 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 35 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 36 on on RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 305 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 1 Waterborne waterborne JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 2 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 3 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 4 become become VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 5 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 6 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 7 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 8 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 9 do do VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 10 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 11 rely rely VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 12 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 13 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 14 mobility mobility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 15 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 16 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 18 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 19 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 20 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 22 69 69 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 25 that that RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 26 is is RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 29 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 30 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 31 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 32 isolated isolate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 34 still still RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 35 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 36 highly highly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 37 contagious contagious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 38 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 39 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 40 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 41 healthy healthy JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 42 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 43 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 44 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 45 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 46 needed need VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 47 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 48 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 50 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 51 contrast contrast NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 52 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 53 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 54 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 55 postulated postulate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 56 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 57 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 58 conventional conventional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 59 wisdom wisdom NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 306 61 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 1 Note note VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 2 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 3 implicit implicit NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 5 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 6 reasoning reasoning NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 9 idea idea NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 10 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 11 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 12 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 13 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 14 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 15 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 16 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 17 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 18 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 19 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 20 produce produce VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 21 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 22 spores spore NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 307 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 1 Applying apply VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 3 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 4 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 5 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 6 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 7 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 9 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 12 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 13 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 15 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 16 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 17 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 18 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 19 proximity proximity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 21 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 22 density density NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 23 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 24 key key JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 25 elements element NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 26 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 27 enhancing enhance VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 28 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 308 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 1 More more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 2 precisely precisely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 4 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 5 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 6 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 8 exceptionally exceptionally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 9 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 10 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 11 resulted result VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 12 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 13 rapid rapid JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 14 passages passage NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 17 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 19 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 21 recruits recruit NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 23 wounded wound VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 24 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 26 hospitals hospital NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 27 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 29 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 309 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 1 Though though IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 3 similar similar JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 4 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 5 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 6 already already RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 7 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 8 heralded herald VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 11 1930s-1940s 1930s-1940s CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 14 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 15 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 16 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 17 supplemented supplement VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 18 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 19 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 20 essential essential JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 21 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 22 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 23 mechanism mechanism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 24 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 25 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 27 classical classical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 28 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 29 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 30 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 31 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 33 analogy analogy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 34 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 35 rapid rapid JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 36 passages passage NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 38 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 39 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 40 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 41 through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 42 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 43 series series NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 44 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 45 animals animal NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 47 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 48 guinea guinea NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 49 pigs pig NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 51 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 52 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 53 laboratory laboratory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 54 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 55 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 56 enhance enhance VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 57 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 58 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 59 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 60 Pasteur Pasteur NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 61 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 62 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 310 63 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 311 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 311 2 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 311 3 Pasteur Pasteur NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 311 4 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 311 5 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 311 6 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 3 1881 1881 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 5 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 6 experimentally experimentally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 7 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 9 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 10 Mendelsohn Mendelsohn NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 12 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 312 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 1 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 2 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 3 argument argument NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 5 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 7 just just RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 8 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 9 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 10 vectors vector NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 12 cultural cultural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 13 vectors vector NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 14 enhance enhance VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 15 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 16 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 17 facilitating facilitate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 18 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 313 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 2 central central JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 3 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 4 about about IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 6 serial serial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 7 passages passage NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 8 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 9 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 11 removes remove VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 13 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 14 requirement requirement NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 15 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 16 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 17 be be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 18 mobile mobile JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 19 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 20 transmit transmit VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 21 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 22 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 23 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 25 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 26 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 28 115 115 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 314 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 1 Once once RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 3 obstacle obstacle NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 5 lifted lift VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 6 nothing nothing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 8 a a FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 9 priori priori FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 11 stands stand VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 14 way way NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 17 steep steep JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 18 increase increase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 20 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 315 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 3 laboratory laboratory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 4 context context NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 6 experimenters experimenter NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 7 inoculate inoculate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 8 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 9 animals animal NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 10 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 11 artifi artifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 12 cially cially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 13 selected select VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 14 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 15 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 16 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 19 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 20 eld eld NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 22 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 23 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 24 process process NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 25 results result VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 26 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 27 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 28 cultural cultural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 29 vector vector NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 31 namely namely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 33 warfare warfare NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 34 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 316 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 3 trenches trench NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 5 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 7 Great Great NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 8 War War NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 10 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 11 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 12 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 13 that that DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 14 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 15 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 16 maximized maximize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 18 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 22 observed observed JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 23 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 25 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 317 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 2 postulated postulate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 3 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 5 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 6 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 7 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 8 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 11 density density NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 14 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 16 S S NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 18 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 19 uences uence VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 21 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 23 observed observed JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 24 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 26 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 27 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 28 system system NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 30 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 31 least least JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 32 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 33 short short JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 34 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 35 term term NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 36 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 37 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 318 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 3 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 6 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 7 density density NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 8 resulted result VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 9 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 11 proximity proximity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 14 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 17 trenches trench NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 20 hospitals hospital NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 22 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 23 trains train NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 24 bringing bring VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 25 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 26 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 28 front front NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 29 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 31 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 32 military military JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 33 camps camp NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 319 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 2 turn turn NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 4 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 5 resulted result VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 8 unusual unusual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 9 situation situation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 10 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 11 immobilized immobilize VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 12 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 13 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 14 normally normally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 15 should should MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 16 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 17 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 18 able able JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 19 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 20 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 21 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 22 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 24 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 25 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 26 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 27 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 28 isolated isolate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 30 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 31 hospital hospital NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 33 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 34 now now RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 35 easily easily RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 36 able able JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 37 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 38 transmit transmit VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 40 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 320 41 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 3 removing remove VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 4 wounded wound VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 5 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 6 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 8 trenches trench NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 10 bringing bring VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 11 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 12 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 13 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 14 hospitals hospital NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 15 facilitated facilitate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 16 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 321 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 2 constant constant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 3 arrival arrival NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 5 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 6 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 7 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 8 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 10 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 11 through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 12 transport transport NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 13 networks network NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 14 resulted result VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 16 maintaining maintain VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 17 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 18 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 19 density density NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 21 infected infected JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 22 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 23 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 25 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 26 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 27 consequence consequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 29 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 30 equally equally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 31 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 32 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 34 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 322 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 1 Related relate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 2 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 3 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 6 idea idea NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 8 spatial spatial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 9 structure structure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 12 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 13 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 14 affects affect VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 15 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 16 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 323 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 1 If if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 2 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 3 tend tend VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 4 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 5 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 6 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 7 contacts contact NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 8 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 9 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 11 e.g. e.g. RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 12 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 14 live live VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 16 isolation isolation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 19 technical technical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 20 term term NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 21 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 22 describe describe VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 23 such such PDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 24 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 25 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 26 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 27 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 28 viscous viscous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 29 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 32 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 33 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 34 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 35 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 36 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 37 keep keep VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 38 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 39 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 40 alive alive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 41 suffi suffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 42 ciently ciently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 43 long long RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 44 enough enough RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 45 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 46 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 47 transmitted transmit VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 324 48 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 1 On on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 3 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 4 hand hand NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 6 if if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 8 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 9 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 10 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 11 well well RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 12 mixed mixed JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 13 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 15 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 16 encounter encounter NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 17 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 18 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 19 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 20 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 21 issue issue NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 325 22 -as -as ADD cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 1 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 3 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 4 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 5 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 6 example example NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 7 -and -and : cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 8 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 9 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 10 afford afford VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 12 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 13 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 14 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 16 Boots boot NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 18 Sasaki Sasaki NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 19 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 326 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 1 Despite despite IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 2 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 3 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 4 appeal appeal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 6 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 7 detected detect VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 9 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 11 problems problem NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 14 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 15 advanced advance VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 16 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 17 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 19 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 21 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 22 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 23 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 24 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 26 general general JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 327 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 2 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 3 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 4 ecologists ecologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 6 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 7 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 8 cost cost NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 9 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 10 benefi benefi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 11 t t NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 12 argument argument NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 13 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 14 too too RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 15 adaptationist adaptationist JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 16 -i.e -i.e ADD cord-017008-c7skxte0 328 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 1 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 3 depicted depict VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 4 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 5 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 6 always always RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 7 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 8 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 10 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 329 11 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 3 consequence consequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 5 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 6 alternatives alternative NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 7 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 8 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 9 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 10 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 11 non non JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 12 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 13 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 15 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 16 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 17 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 19 consequence consequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 21 short short JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 22 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 23 sighted sighted JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 25 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 26 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 27 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 28 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 31 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 32 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 33 ignored ignore VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 34 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 36 Bull Bull NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 37 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 38 Levin Levin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 39 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 40 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 41 1470 1470 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 330 43 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 2 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 3 states state VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 4 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 5 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 6 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 7 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 8 directly directly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 9 selected select VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 10 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 12 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 13 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 14 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 15 coincidental coincidental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 16 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 17 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 18 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 19 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 20 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 21 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 23 Levin Levin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 25 Edén Edén NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 26 1990 1990 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 30 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 31 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 32 cases case NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 33 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 34 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 35 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 36 potentially potentially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 37 maladaptive maladaptive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 331 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 2 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 3 connects connect VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 4 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 5 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 8 usual usual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 9 critiques critique NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 10 levered lever VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 11 against against IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 13 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 14 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 15 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 16 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 18 namely namely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 19 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 21 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 22 very very RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 23 verbal verbal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 25 lacks lack VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 26 empirical empirical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 27 support support NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 29 Levin Levin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 31 Bull Bull NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 32 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 33 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 34 Lipsitch Lipsitch NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 35 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 36 Moxon Moxon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 37 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 332 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 4 lack lack NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 6 support support NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 7 largely largely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 8 comes come VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 9 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 11 diffi diffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 12 culty culty FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 14 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 15 nding nde VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 16 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 17 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 18 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 19 system system NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 20 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 21 arguably arguably RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 23 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 24 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 25 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 26 looked look VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 27 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 28 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 29 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 30 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 31 off off NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 32 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 33 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 34 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 35 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 36 system system NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 37 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 38 satisfi satisfi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 39 es es XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 40 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 41 assumptions assumption NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 42 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 43 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 44 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 45 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 46 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 47 found find VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 48 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 50 Alizon Alizon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 51 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 52 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 53 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 54 2009 2009 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 333 56 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 1 There there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 3 actually actually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 5 tendency tendency NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 6 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 7 challenge challenge VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 9 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 10 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 11 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 12 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 13 using use VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 14 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 15 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 16 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 17 systems system NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 18 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 19 do do VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 20 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 21 fi fi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 22 t t NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 24 underlying underlying JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 25 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 27 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 28 Alizon Alizon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 30 Michalakis Michalakis NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 32 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 34 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 35 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 36 illustration illustration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 334 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 2 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 3 problem problem NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 4 stems stem VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 5 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 7 low low JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 8 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 10 transmissibility transmissibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 11 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 12 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 13 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 14 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 16 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 18 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 19 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 20 reproduction reproduction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 335 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 1 When when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 2 taken take VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 3 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 4 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 6 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 7 concern concern NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 8 weakens weaken VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 10 claim claim NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 11 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 12 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 13 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 16 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 19 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 20 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 21 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 22 favoured favour VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 23 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 24 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 25 because because IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 26 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 27 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 28 lower low JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 29 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 30 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 31 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 32 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 33 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 336 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 1 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 2 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 3 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 4 typically typically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 5 variable variable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 6 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 7 given give VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 8 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 9 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 10 argument argument NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 12 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 13 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 14 expected expect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 15 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 16 fi fi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 17 nd nd NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 19 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 20 transmissibility transmissibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 21 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 22 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 24 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 26 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 27 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 337 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 2 turn turn NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 4 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 5 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 6 support support VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 8 claim claim NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 9 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 10 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 11 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 12 acted act VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 13 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 14 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 16 ways way NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 17 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 18 increased increase VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 20 overall overall JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 21 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 23 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 338 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 4 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 5 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 6 off off NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 7 assumes assume VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 9 homogeneous homogeneous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 10 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 12 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 13 developed develop VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 14 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 15 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 16 transmitted transmit VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 17 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 18 contact contact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 19 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 20 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 21 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 339 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 4 comparison comparison NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 6 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 7 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 8 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 10 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 11 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 12 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 13 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 14 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 15 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 16 major major JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 17 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 18 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 20 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 21 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 23 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 24 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 25 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 26 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 27 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 28 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 29 general general JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 31 does do VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 32 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 33 reveal reveal VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 34 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 35 signifi signifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 36 cantly cantly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 37 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 38 transmissibility transmissibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 39 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 40 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 41 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 42 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 43 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 44 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 45 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 46 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 340 47 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 1 Calculations calculation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 2 suggest suggest VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 5 basic basic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 6 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 7 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 9 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 10 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 11 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 12 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 13 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 14 ranges range VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 15 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 16 2 2 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 18 3 3 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 20 Mills Mills NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 21 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 22 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 24 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 341 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 2 comparison comparison NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 5 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 6 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 7 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 8 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 9 outbreak outbreak NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 11 measles measle NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 13 England England NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 15 1947 1947 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 16 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 17 1950 1950 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 18 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 19 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 20 13 13 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 22 14 14 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 23 secondary secondary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 24 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 25 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 26 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 27 pertussis pertussis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 28 outbreak outbreak NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 30 Maryland Maryland NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 32 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 34 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 35 1913 1913 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 36 yielded yield VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 37 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 38 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 39 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 40 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 41 7 7 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 42 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 43 8 8 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 44 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 45 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 46 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 47 mumps mumps NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 48 outbreak outbreak NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 49 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 50 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 51 Netherlands Netherlands NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 52 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 53 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 54 1970s 1970 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 55 produced produce VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 56 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 57 11 11 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 58 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 59 14 14 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 60 secondary secondary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 61 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 62 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 63 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 64 wholly wholly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 65 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 66 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 67 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 68 Anderson Anderson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 69 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 70 May May NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 71 1991 1991 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 72 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 73 70 70 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 74 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 342 75 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 3 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 6 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 7 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 9 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 10 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 11 calculations calculation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 12 suggest suggest VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 13 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 14 R r NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 15 0 0 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 16 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 17 perhaps perhaps RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 18 equal equal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 19 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 20 2 2 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 22 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 23 2007 2007 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 25 7314 7314 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 343 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 1 Finally finally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 4 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 5 article article NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 6 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 8 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 10 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 11 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 13 households household NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 14 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 16 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 18 Fraser Fraser NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 19 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 20 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 21 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 22 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 24 used use VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 25 historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 26 data datum NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 27 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 28 mathematical mathematical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 29 models model NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 30 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 31 study study VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 33 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 34 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 35 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 344 36 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 2 authors author NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 3 found find VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 5 relatively relatively RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 6 low low JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 7 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 9 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 10 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 11 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 13 suggest suggest VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 14 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 15 prior prior JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 16 immunity immunity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 17 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 19 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 20 should should MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 21 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 22 considered consider VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 345 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 1 Though though IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 2 transmissibility transmissibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 3 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 5 theoretically theoretically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 7 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 8 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 9 fostered foster VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 10 so so IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 11 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 13 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 14 reached reach VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 15 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 16 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 19 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 20 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 21 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 22 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 23 alone alone RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 24 does do VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 25 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 26 fully fully RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 27 explain explain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 28 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 29 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 30 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 31 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 32 deadly deadly JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 346 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 2 third third JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 3 issue issue NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 6 lack lack NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 8 empirical empirical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 9 details detail NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 11 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 12 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 13 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 16 steep steep JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 17 increase increase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 19 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 20 circa circa NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 21 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 22 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 23 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 347 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 1 To to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 2 make make VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 3 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 4 argument argument NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 5 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 6 compelling compelling JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 8 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 9 needs need VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 10 additional additional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 11 data datum NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 12 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 13 accurately accurately RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 15 empirically empirically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 16 describe describe VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 18 environmental environmental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 19 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 22 trenches trench NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 348 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 349 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 349 2 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 349 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 349 4 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 349 5 close close JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 349 6 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 349 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 349 8 troops troop NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 349 9 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 350 1 How how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 350 2 many many JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 350 3 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 350 4 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 350 5 there there RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 350 6 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 1 And and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 2 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 3 importantly importantly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 5 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 6 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 8 rate rate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 10 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 11 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 12 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 351 13 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 352 1 If if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 352 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 352 3 similar similar JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 352 4 study study NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 352 5 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 352 6 Fraser Fraser NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 352 7 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 352 8 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 352 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 2 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 4 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 5 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 6 conducted conduct VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 7 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 8 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 9 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 12 trenches trench NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 14 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 15 perhaps perhaps RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 16 yield yield VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 17 interesting interesting JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 18 insights insight NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 19 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 21 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 23 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 353 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 1 To to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 2 date date NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 4 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 5 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 6 data data NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 7 exists exist VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 8 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 9 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 10 serve serve VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 11 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 12 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 13 basis basis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 15 model model VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 17 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 18 patterns pattern NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 20 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 354 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 1 Though Though NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 2 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 3 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 4 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 5 seems seem VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 6 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 7 suffer suffer VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 8 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 10 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 12 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 14 empirical empirical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 15 problems problem NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 18 nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 19 supports support VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 21 argument argument NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 22 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 23 properties property NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 24 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 25 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 26 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 29 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 30 need need VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 31 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 32 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 33 taken take VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 34 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 35 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 37 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 38 without without IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 39 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 40 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 41 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 42 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 43 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 44 able able JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 45 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 46 fully fully RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 47 understand understand VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 48 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 49 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 50 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 51 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 52 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 53 occurred occur VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 355 54 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 2 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 3 remarked remark VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 5 progress progress NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 6 towards towards IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 8 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 10 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 11 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 12 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 13 largely largely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 14 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 15 limited limit VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 16 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 17 improve improve VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 18 understanding understanding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 21 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 22 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 24 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 25 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 28 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 29 uences uence NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 30 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 31 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 32 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 34 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 35 immunity immunity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 36 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 38 occurrence occurrence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 39 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 40 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 41 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 43 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 44 1991 1991 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 45 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 46 15 15 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 356 48 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 2 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 3 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 5 microbiologist microbiologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 6 John John NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 7 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 8 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 9 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 11 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 12 call call VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 14 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 15 War War NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 16 Hypothesis Hypothesis NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 17 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 18 reinforces reinforce VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 19 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 20 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 21 conclusion conclusion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 22 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 23 feeding feed VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 24 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 25 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 28 missing miss VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 29 empirical empirical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 31 historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 32 data datum NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 357 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 2 many many JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 3 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 4 agree agree VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 5 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 7 Great Great NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 8 War War NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 9 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 10 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 11 variable variable NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 12 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 13 must must MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 14 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 15 included include VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 18 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 19 way way NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 20 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 21 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 23 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 25 broader broad JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 26 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 29 steep steep JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 30 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 31 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 32 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 35 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 36 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 37 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 38 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 40 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 41 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 42 convinced convince VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 43 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 45 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 46 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 47 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 48 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 49 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 50 caused cause VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 51 evolutionarily evolutionarily RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 52 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 53 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 54 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 55 rather rather RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 56 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 57 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 58 just just RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 59 coincidental coincidental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 60 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 61 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 62 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 63 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 64 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 65 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 66 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 67 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 68 115 115 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 69 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 358 70 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 2 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 3 War War NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 4 Hypothesis Hypothesis NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 5 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 7 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 9 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 10 call call VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 13 received receive VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 14 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 15 support support NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 16 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 17 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 19 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 20 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 21 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 22 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 23 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 359 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 1 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 2 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 3 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 4 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 5 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 6 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 7 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 9 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 10 does do VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 11 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 12 claim claim VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 13 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 15 Great Great NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 16 War War NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 17 caused cause VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 19 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 21 evolutionarily evolutionarily RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 22 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 23 otherwise otherwise RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 360 24 , , . cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 1 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 2 instead instead RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 5 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 6 created create VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 8 right right JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 9 environment environment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 10 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 12 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 13 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 14 become become VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 15 extremely extremely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 16 deadly deadly JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 361 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 1 When when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 3 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 4 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 5 broke break VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 6 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 7 air air NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 8 travel travel NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 9 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 10 minimal minimal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 12 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 13 suggests suggest VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 15 according accord VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 16 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 17 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 19 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 20 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 21 earlier early JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 22 ' ' `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 23 seeding seeding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 24 ' ' '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 25 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 26 occurred occur VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 27 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 29 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 31 1857 1857 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 362 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 1 Taking take VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 2 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 3 environmentally environmentally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 4 oriented orient VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 5 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 6 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 8 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 10 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 12 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 14 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 15 colleagues colleague NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 16 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 17 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 19 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 20 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 21 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 22 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 23 originated originate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 24 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 25 France France NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 26 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 27 1916 1916 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 28 before before IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 29 going go VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 30 global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 31 2 2 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 32 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 33 later later RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 363 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 364 1 15 15 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 2 did do VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 3 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 4 postulate postulate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 6 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 7 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 10 mutant mutant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 365 11 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 1 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 2 rather rather RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 5 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 6 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 7 facilitated facilitate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 9 spread spread NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 12 pre pre JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 13 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 14 existing existing JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 15 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 16 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 17 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 366 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 1 Studying study VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 2 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 3 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 5 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 6 reports report NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 8 sporadic sporadic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 9 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 11 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 12 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 13 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 15 British british JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 16 base base NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 17 camp camp NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 20 town town NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 22 Etaples Etaples NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 23 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 24 Northern Northern NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 25 France France NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 26 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 27 1916 1916 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 29 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 30 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 31 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 33 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 34 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 35 clinical clinical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 36 picture picture NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 37 maps map NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 38 very very RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 39 precisely precisely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 40 onto onto IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 42 description description NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 43 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 45 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 46 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 47 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 48 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 49 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 50 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 51 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 52 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 53 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 54 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 55 1916 1916 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 56 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 57 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 58 extremely extremely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 59 deadly deadly JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 60 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 61 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 62 post post JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 63 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 64 mortem mortem JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 65 examination examination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 66 revealed reveal VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 67 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 68 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 69 cases case NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 70 clear clear JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 71 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 72 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 73 bronchopneumonia bronchopneumonia NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 74 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 75 histological histological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 76 analyses analysis NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 77 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 78 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 79 tissues tissue NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 80 indicated indicate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 81 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 82 acute acute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 83 purulent purulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 84 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 85 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 86 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 87 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 88 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 89 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 90 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 91 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 92 1857 1857 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 367 93 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 2 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 3 article article NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 4 published publish VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 6 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 7 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 8 later later RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 10 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 11 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 12 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 13 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 14 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 17 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 19 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 20 colleagues colleague NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 21 took take VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 23 examination examination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 26 situation situation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 27 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 28 step step NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 29 further far RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 368 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 1 Rejecting reject VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 3 possibility possibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 4 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 5 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 7 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 8 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 9 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 11 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 12 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 13 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 14 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 15 help help VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 16 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 17 identify identify VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 18 future future JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 19 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 22 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 23 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 24 surveillance surveillance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 26 detection detection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 28 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 29 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 30 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 31 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 32 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 33 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 34 best well RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 35 served serve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 36 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 37 understanding understand VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 39 contexts context NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 40 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 41 give give VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 42 rise rise NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 43 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 44 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 45 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 46 rather rather RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 47 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 48 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 49 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 50 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 51 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 52 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 53 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 54 alone alone RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 369 55 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 2 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 4 concerning concern VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 6 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 7 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 9 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 10 noted note VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 11 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 12 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 13 far far RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 14 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 15 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 16 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 17 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 18 clear clear JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 19 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 20 indication indication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 22 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 23 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 24 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 27 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 28 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 30 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 31 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 32 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 33 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 370 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 2 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 3 remarked remark VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 4 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 5 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 7 needed need VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 8 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 10 closer close JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 11 examination examination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 14 environmental environmental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 16 social social JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 17 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 20 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 21 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 22 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 23 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 24 upheavals upheaval NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 25 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 26 explain explain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 28 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 29 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 371 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 2 authors author NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 3 asked ask VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 4 specifi specifi NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 5 cally cally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 6 whether whether IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 7 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 9 special special JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 10 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 11 engendered engender VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 14 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 15 itself -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 16 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 17 allowed allow VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 18 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 19 caused cause VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 21 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 23 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 25 spread spread NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 27 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 28 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 29 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 30 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 32 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 33 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 34 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 372 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 373 1 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 373 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 373 3 941 941 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 373 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 373 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 2 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 5 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 6 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 7 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 8 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 11 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 13 Europe Europe NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 14 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 15 critical critical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 374 16 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 1 Back back RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 2 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 3 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 6 Front Front NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 7 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 9 landscape landscape NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 10 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 11 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 12 contaminated contaminate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 13 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 14 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 15 irritants irritant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 16 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 17 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 18 chlorine chlorine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 20 phosgene phosgene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 23 characterized characterize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 24 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 25 stress stress NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 27 overcrowding overcrowding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 30 partial partial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 31 starvation starvation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 33 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 34 civilians civilian NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 35 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 38 opportunity opportunity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 39 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 40 rapid rapid JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 41 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 42 passages passage NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 43 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 44 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 45 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 46 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 47 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 48 young young JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 49 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 50 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 51 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 52 provided provide VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 53 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 54 opportunity opportunity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 55 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 56 small small JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 57 mutational mutational JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 58 charges charge NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 59 throughout throughout IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 60 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 61 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 62 genome genome NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 63 [ [ -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 64 … … NFP cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 65 ] ] -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 66 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 67 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 68 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 69 important important JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 70 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 71 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 72 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 73 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 74 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 75 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 76 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 77 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 78 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 79 particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 80 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 81 form form NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 82 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 83 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 84 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 85 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 86 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 87 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 88 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 89 113 113 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 90 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 375 91 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 2 military military JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 3 camp camp NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 5 Etaples Etaples NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 7 France France NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 8 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 9 subject subject JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 10 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 11 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 12 traffi traffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 13 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 15 1916 1916 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 16 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 17 1917 1917 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 376 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 2 addition addition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 3 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 4 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 5 moving move VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 6 up up RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 7 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 9 Front Front NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 11 back back RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 13 230,000 230,000 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 14 sick sick JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 16 injured injure VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 17 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 18 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 21 hospitals hospital NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 22 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 23 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 24 any any DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 25 given give VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 26 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 27 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 29 making make VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 30 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 31 overcrowded overcrowded JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 33 allowing allow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 35 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 36 plenty plenty NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 38 opportunities opportunity NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 39 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 40 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 41 rapid rapid JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 42 passages passage NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 43 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 377 44 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 1 Overall overall RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 5 estimated estimate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 6 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 8 region region NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 10 Etaples Etaples NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 11 hosted host VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 12 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 13 million million CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 14 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 15 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 16 camped camp VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 17 there there RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 18 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 20 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 23 addition addition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 24 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 26 six six CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 27 million million CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 28 others other NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 29 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 30 occupied occupy VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 31 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 32 fought fight VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 35 trenches trench NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 36 system system NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 37 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 38 connected connect VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 40 English English NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 41 Channel Channel NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 42 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 378 43 Switzerland Switzerland NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 379 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 379 2 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 379 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 379 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 379 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 380 1 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 380 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 380 3 942 942 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 380 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 380 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 1 Secondly secondly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 3 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 5 camp camp NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 6 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 7 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 9 extensive extensive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 10 piggery piggery NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 11 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 13 villagers villager NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 14 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 15 buy buy VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 16 geese goose NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 18 ducks duck NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 21 chickens chicken NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 23 providing provide VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 24 ideal ideal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 25 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 26 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 28 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 29 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 30 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 31 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 32 undergo undergo VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 33 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 34 shift shift NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 381 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 1 Thirdly thirdly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 4 extensive extensive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 5 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 7 gases gas NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 8 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 10 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 12 estimated estimate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 13 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 14 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 15 hundred hundred CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 16 tons ton NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 19 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 21 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 22 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 23 mutagenic mutagenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 24 rendered render VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 26 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 27 immunocompromised immunocompromise VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 29 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 30 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 31 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 32 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 33 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 34 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 382 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 1 Finally finally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 3 demobilisation demobilisation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 4 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 6 war war NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 7 sent send VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 9 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 10 back back RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 11 home home RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 12 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 13 boat boat NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 14 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 15 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 16 train train NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 19 contributed contribute VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 20 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 22 spread spread NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 25 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 26 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 27 person person NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 28 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 29 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 30 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 31 person person NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 32 contact contact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 33 all all RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 34 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 36 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 38 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 39 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 40 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 41 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 42 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 383 44 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 1 Taken take VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 2 together together RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 4 all all PDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 5 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 6 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 8 overcrowding overcrowding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 10 being be VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 11 immunocompromised immunocompromised JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 13 pig pig NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 14 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 15 duck duck NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 16 farming farming NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 18 demobilisation demobilisation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 20 created create VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 21 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 22 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 23 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 25 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 26 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 27 go go VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 28 pandemic pandemic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 384 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 1 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 2 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 3 noted note VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 4 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 7 absence absence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 10 recreation recreation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 12 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 13 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 16 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 17 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 18 such such PDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 20 severe severe JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 21 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 22 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 23 happen happen VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 24 again again RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 385 25 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 1 What what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 2 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 4 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 5 colleagues colleague NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 6 emphasized emphasize VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 9 turn turn NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 11 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 13 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 14 response response NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 15 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 17 future future JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 18 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 19 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 20 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 21 rest rest VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 23 putative putative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 24 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 25 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 26 alone alone RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 27 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 28 one one PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 29 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 30 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 31 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 32 consider consider VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 34 context context NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 35 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 36 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 37 allow allow VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 39 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 40 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 41 spread spread VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 42 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 43 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 44 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 45 fashion fashion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 386 46 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 1 At at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 3 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 4 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 5 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 6 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 7 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 8 perspective perspective NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 9 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 10 developed develop VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 12 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 13 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 14 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 16 sources source NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 18 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 19 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 20 well well RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 21 underway underway JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 24 United United NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 25 States States NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 387 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 3 mid mid NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 4 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 5 twentieth twentieth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 6 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 8 leading lead VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 9 British british JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 10 bacteriologist bacteriologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 11 Wilson Wilson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 12 Smith Smith NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 14 co co NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 15 - - NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 16 discoverer discoverer NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 19 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 20 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 22 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 23 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 24 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 25 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 26 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 27 1933 1933 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 29 16 16 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 30 doubted doubt VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 31 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 33 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 34 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 35 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 36 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 37 linked link VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 38 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 39 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 40 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 41 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 42 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 43 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 44 structure structure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 45 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 46 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 47 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 48 alone alone RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 49 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 50 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 51 if if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 52 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 53 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 54 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 55 chance chance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 56 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 57 getting get VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 58 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 59 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 60 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 61 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 62 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 63 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 64 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 65 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 66 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 67 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 68 now now RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 69 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 70 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 71 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 72 said say VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 73 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 74 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 75 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 76 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 77 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 78 least least JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 79 conceivable conceivable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 80 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 81 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 82 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 83 comparing compare VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 84 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 85 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 86 Asian asian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 87 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 88 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 89 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 90 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 91 fi fi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 92 nd nd NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 93 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 94 difference difference NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 95 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 96 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 97 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 98 at at RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 99 all all RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 100 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 101 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 102 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 103 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 104 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 105 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 106 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 107 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 108 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 109 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 110 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 111 epidemic epidemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 112 periods period NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 113 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 114 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 115 affected affect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 116 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 117 degree degree NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 118 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 119 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 120 displayed display VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 121 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 122 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 123 possessed possess VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 124 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 125 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 126 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 127 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 128 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 129 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 130 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 131 1960 1960 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 132 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 133 77 77 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 134 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 388 135 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 1 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 2 comments comment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 3 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 4 intended intend VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 5 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 6 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 7 support support NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 10 paper paper NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 11 delivered deliver VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 12 earlier early RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 13 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 14 Edwin Edwin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 15 Kilbourne Kilbourne NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 17 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 18 American american JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 19 virologist virologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 20 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 21 specialised specialise VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 23 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 24 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 26 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 27 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 28 argued argue VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 29 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 31 greater great JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 32 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 35 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 36 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 37 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 38 due due JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 39 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 40 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 41 combination combination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 42 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 43 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 45 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 46 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 47 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 48 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 49 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 50 type type NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 51 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 52 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 53 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 54 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 55 little little JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 56 specifi specifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 57 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 58 immunity immunity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 59 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 60 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 61 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 62 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 63 dislocation dislocation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 64 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 65 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 66 crowding crowding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 67 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 68 wartime wartime NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 69 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 70 favoured favour VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 71 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 72 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 73 dissemination dissemination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 74 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 75 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 76 dosage dosage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 77 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 78 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 79 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 80 spread spread NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 81 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 82 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 83 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 84 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 85 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 86 unusual unusual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 87 degree degree NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 389 88 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 390 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 390 2 Kilbourne Kilbourne NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 390 3 1960 1960 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 390 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 390 5 74 74 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 390 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 390 7 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 1 Kilbourne Kilbourne NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 2 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 5 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 6 study study NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 9 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 11 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 12 environment environment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 13 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 14 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 15 crucial crucial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 16 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 18 interpretation interpretation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 20 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 21 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 22 laboratory laboratory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 23 study study NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 26 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 27 itself -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 28 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 30 1960 1960 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 32 71 71 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 391 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 1 Attempts attempt NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 2 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 3 locate locate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 5 cause cause NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 7 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 8 inside inside IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 9 specifi specifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 10 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 11 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 12 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 13 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 14 relate relate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 15 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 16 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 17 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 18 mobile mobile NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 20 structural structural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 21 elements element NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 23 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 24 plasmids plasmid NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 26 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 27 met meet VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 28 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 29 scepticism scepticism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 30 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 31 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 32 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 33 Wilson Wilson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 34 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 35 Kilbourne Kilbourne NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 36 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 37 16 16 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 38 Until until IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 40 late late JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 41 1920s 1920 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 42 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 43 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 44 1930s 1930 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 45 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 46 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 47 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 48 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 49 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 50 Olitsky Olitsky NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 51 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 52 Gates Gates NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 53 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 54 Richard Richard NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 55 Shope Shope NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 56 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 57 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 58 bacteriologists bacteriologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 59 believed believe VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 60 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 61 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 62 causative causative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 63 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 64 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 65 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 66 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 67 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 68 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 69 Gram Gram NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 70 negative negative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 71 Pfeiffer Pfeiffer NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 72 bacillus bacillus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 73 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 74 Haemophilius Haemophilius NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 75 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 76 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 77 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 78 isolated isolate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 79 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 80 German german JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 81 scientist scientist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 82 Richard Richard NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 83 Pfeiffer Pfeiffer NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 84 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 85 1892 1892 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 392 86 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 4 causal causal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 5 role role NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 7 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 8 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 10 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 11 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 12 aetiology aetiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 13 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 14 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 15 disputed dispute VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 17 particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 18 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 20 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 21 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 22 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 23 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 25 Witte Witte NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 26 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 393 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 2 discover discover NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 5 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 6 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 8 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 9 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 10 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 11 made make VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 12 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 13 Smith Smith NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 15 Andrewes Andrewes NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 18 Laidlaw Laidlaw NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 394 20 1933 1933 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 395 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 395 2 Smith Smith NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 395 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 395 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 395 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 395 6 1933 1933 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 395 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 395 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 1 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 2 Burnet Burnet NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 3 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 4 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 5 interested interested JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 7 large large JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 8 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 9 scale scale NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 10 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 11 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 15 formation formation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 17 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 18 equilibriums equilibrium NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 19 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 20 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 22 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 396 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 1 Ecologically ecologically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 2 minded minded JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 3 biologists biologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 4 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 5 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 6 reacting react VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 7 against against IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 9 growing grow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 10 place place NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 12 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 13 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 14 since since IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 16 1960s 1960 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 18 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 19 reductionist reductionist JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 20 vision vision NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 23 life life NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 24 process process NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 27 life life NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 28 sciences science NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 397 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 3 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 5 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 6 interpret interpret VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 7 Kilbourne Kilbourne NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 8 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 9 scornfully scornfully RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 10 remarked remark VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 11 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 12 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 13 ironically ironically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 15 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 16 era era NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 18 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 19 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 22 control control NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 24 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 25 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 26 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 27 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 28 yet yet RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 29 depended depend VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 30 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 31 understanding understand VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 32 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 33 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 34 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 35 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 37 1977 1977 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 38 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 39 1228 1228 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 398 41 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 3 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 4 1950s 1950 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 6 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 7 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 8 expeditions expedition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 9 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 10 organized organize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 12 discover discover VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 14 remains remain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 16 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 19 Spanish Spanish NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 20 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 21 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 24 hope hope NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 26 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 27 nding nding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 28 traces trace NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 31 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 399 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 1 One one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 2 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 4 expeditors expeditor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 5 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 6 John John NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 7 Hultin Hultin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 9 1925- 1925- NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 12 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 13 pathologist pathologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 14 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 15 Sweden Sweden NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 16 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 17 immigrated immigrate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 18 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 19 Iowa Iowa NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 21 1949 1949 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 22 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 23 study study VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 24 medicine medicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 400 25 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 2 part part NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 5 project project NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 6 funded fund VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 7 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 9 University University NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 11 Iowa Iowa NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 13 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 14 travelled travel VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 16 1951 1951 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 17 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 19 small small JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 20 Inuit inuit JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 21 village village NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 22 whose whose WP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 23 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 24 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 25 decimated decimate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 26 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 28 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 29 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 31 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 32 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 33 killed kill VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 34 70 70 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 35 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 36 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 37 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 38 week week NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 40 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 41 loss loss NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 42 amounting amount VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 43 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 44 85 85 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 45 % % NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 46 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 47 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 48 inhabitants inhabitant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 401 49 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 1 Hoping hope VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 2 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 3 fi fi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 4 nd nd NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 5 preserved preserve VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 6 corpses corpse NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 7 buried bury VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 10 permafrost permafrost NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 11 hosting hosting NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 12 traces trace NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 15 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 16 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 18 Hultin Hultin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 19 travelled travel VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 20 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 22 Seward Seward NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 23 Peninsular Peninsular NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 25 Alaska Alaska NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 26 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 27 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 28 village village NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 29 known know VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 30 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 31 Teller Teller NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 32 Mission Mission NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 34 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 35 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 402 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 1 He -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 2 extracted extract VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 3 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 4 tissue tissue NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 5 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 6 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 7 bodies body NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 8 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 9 exhumed exhume VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 10 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 12 village village NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 13 cemetery cemetery NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 15 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 16 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 17 attempts attempt NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 18 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 19 culture culture VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 20 remaining remain VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 21 traces trace NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 24 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 26 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 27 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 28 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 29 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 30 samples sample NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 31 failed fail VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 32 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 33 give give VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 34 any any DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 35 result result NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 403 36 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 1 Forty forty CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 2 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 3 later later RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 7 context context NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 10 Human Human NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 11 Genome Genome NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 12 Project Project NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 15 idea idea NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 17 resurrecting resurrect VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 19 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 20 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 21 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 22 surfaced surface VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 23 again again RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 25 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 26 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 27 powered power VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 28 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 29 genomic genomic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 30 technology technology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 404 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 1 Since since IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 3 late late JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 4 1990s 1990 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 7 renewed renew VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 8 emphasis emphasis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 9 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 10 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 11 placed place VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 12 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 14 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 16 internal internal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 17 constituents constituent NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 19 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 405 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 1 Newly newly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 2 developed developed JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 3 technology technology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 6 availability availability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 8 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 9 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 11 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 12 material material NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 13 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 14 facilitated facilitate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 16 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 18 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 19 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 20 towards towards IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 21 explaining explain VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 22 infectiousness infectiousness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 406 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 2 led lead VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 5 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 7 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 9 publication publication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 12 complete complete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 13 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 14 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 15 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 16 ' ' `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 17 genomic genomic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 18 map map NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 20 both both CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 21 Nature Nature NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 23 Science Science NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 407 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 1 Though though IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 2 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 3 samples sample NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 6 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 7 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 8 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 9 thought think VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 10 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 11 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 12 long long RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 13 extinct extinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 15 lost lose VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 17 bits bit NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 22 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 23 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 24 discovered discover VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 26 processed process VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 27 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 28 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 29 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 30 generate generate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 32 complete complete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 33 map map NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 34 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 35 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 36 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 37 structure structure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 408 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 1 After after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 3 discovery discovery NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 5 frozen frozen JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 6 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 7 killed kill VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 8 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 10 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 11 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 12 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 13 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 15 preserved preserve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 17 permafrost permafrost NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 19 scientists scientist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 20 worked work VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 21 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 23 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 24 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 25 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 26 possibly possibly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 27 enabled enable VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 29 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 30 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 31 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 32 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 33 achieve achieve VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 34 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 35 levels level NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 37 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 409 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 1 Microbiologist Microbiologist NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 2 Jeffrey Jeffrey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 3 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 6 National National NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 7 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 9 Allergies Allergies NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 11 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 12 Diseases Diseases NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 14 Washington Washington NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 15 led lead VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 16 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 17 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 18 together together RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 19 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 20 Terrence Terrence NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 21 Tumpey Tumpey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 22 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 24 Center Center NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 25 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 26 Disease Disease NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 27 Control Control NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 28 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 29 Atlanta Atlanta NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 410 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 2 now now RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 3 turn turn VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 4 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 5 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 6 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 7 technological technological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 8 success success NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 11 diffi diffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 12 culties cultie NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 14 pinpointing pinpoint VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 15 any any DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 16 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 17 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 18 feature feature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 21 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 22 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 23 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 25 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 26 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 27 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 28 account account VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 29 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 30 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 31 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 32 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 411 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 2 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 4 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 5 lab lab NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 6 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 7 group group NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 8 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 9 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 11 Armed Armed NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 12 Forces Forces NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 13 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 15 Pathology Pathology NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 17 Washington Washington NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 19 D.C. D.C. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 23 led lead VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 24 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 25 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 26 pathologist pathologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 27 Jeffrey Jeffrey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 28 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 29 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 30 published publish VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 31 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 32 piece piece NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 34 Science Science NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 35 titled title VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 36 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 37 Initial initial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 38 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 39 characterization characterization NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 42 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 43 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 44 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 45 ʻSpanish ʻSpanish NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 46 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 47 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 48 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 49 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 50 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 52 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 53 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 54 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 55 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 56 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 412 58 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 2 article article NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 3 provided provide VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 5 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 6 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 8 partial partial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 9 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 10 map map NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 13 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 14 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 15 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 16 archival archival JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 17 formalin formalin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 18 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 19 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 20 xed xed NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 413 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 1 paraffi paraffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 2 nembedded nembedde VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 3 autopsy autopsy JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 4 tissues tissue NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 6 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 7 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 8 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 9 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 10 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 12 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 13 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 15 42 42 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 414 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 2 examined examine VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 3 samples sample NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 4 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 5 kept keep VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 6 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 9 provided provide VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 10 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 13 National National NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 14 Tissue Tissue NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 15 Repository Repository NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 18 Armed Armed NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 19 Forces Forces NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 20 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 22 Pathology Pathology NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 415 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 2 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 3 mutations mutation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 5 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 7 especially especially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 8 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 9 cleavage cleavage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 10 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 11 sites site NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 13 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 14 contribute contribute VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 15 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 17 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 19 e.g. e.g. RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 20 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 21 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 22 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 23 subtypes subtype NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 24 H5 H5 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 26 H7 H7 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 28 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 29 increasing increase VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 31 tissue tissue NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 32 tropism tropism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 34 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 35 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 36 hoped hope VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 37 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 39 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 40 make make NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 41 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 42 up up NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 43 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 45 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 46 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 47 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 48 insights insight NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 49 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 50 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 51 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 52 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 53 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 54 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 55 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 56 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 57 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 58 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 416 59 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 2 goal goal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 5 project project NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 6 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 7 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 8 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 9 rst rst NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 12 discover discover VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 13 where where WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 15 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 16 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 17 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 18 came come VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 19 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 22 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 24 got get VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 25 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 26 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 29 second second RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 31 whether whether IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 32 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 33 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 34 any any DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 35 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 36 features feature NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 39 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 40 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 41 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 42 give give VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 43 insight insight NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 44 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 45 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 46 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 47 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 48 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 49 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 50 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 51 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 53 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 54 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 55 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 56 44 44 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 417 58 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 2 fi fi FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 3 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 4 publication publication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 7 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 8 describes describe VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 10 technique technique NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 11 used use VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 12 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 13 obtain obtain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 15 amplify amplify VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 17 PCR PCR NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 21 sequence sequence VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 23 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 24 material material NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 418 25 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 2 main main JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 3 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 4 nding nding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 7 paper paper NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 9 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 10 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 12 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 13 analyses analysis NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 15 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 16 segments segment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 18 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 19 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 21 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 22 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 23 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 24 caused cause VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 25 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 26 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 27 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 29 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 30 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 31 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 32 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 34 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 35 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 36 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 37 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 38 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 39 avian avian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 40 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 42 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 43 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 44 1795 1795 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 419 46 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 2 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 3 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 4 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 5 article article NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 7 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 8 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 9 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 420 10 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 1 randomly randomly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 2 selected select VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 3 28 28 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 4 cases case NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 6 paraffi paraffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 7 n n NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 8 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 9 embedded embed VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 10 tissues tissue NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 11 collected collect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 12 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 13 army army NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 14 servicemen serviceman NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 15 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 16 died die VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 17 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 19 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 20 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 21 pathological pathological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 22 review review NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 24 searching search VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 25 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 26 symptoms symptom NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 27 indicative indicative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 29 death death NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 30 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 31 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 32 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 421 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 1 Most Most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 2 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 4 individuals individual NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 5 examined examine VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 6 died die VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 8 secondary secondary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 9 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 10 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 12 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 13 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 15 common common JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 16 feature feature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 18 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 21 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 422 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 2 effect effect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 4 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 5 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 6 very very RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 7 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 8 works work VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 9 together together RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 10 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 12 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 13 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 14 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 16 delineating delineate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 18 clinical clinical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 19 picture picture NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 22 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 423 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 1 One one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 2 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 4 indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 6 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 7 case1 case1 NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 10 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 11 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 12 linked link VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 13 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 14 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 15 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 17 exhibited exhibit VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 18 symptoms symptom NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 20 acute acute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 21 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 24 left left JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 25 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 26 combined combine VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 27 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 28 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 29 acute acute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 30 form form NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 31 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 32 bronchiolitis bronchiolitis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 35 right right JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 36 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 37 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 38 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 39 pathological pathological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 40 characteristic characteristic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 41 typical typical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 42 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 43 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 44 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 45 primary primary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 46 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 47 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 48 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 424 49 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 1 Focusing focus VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 2 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 3 case1 case1 NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 5 researchers researcher NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 6 performed perform VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 7 control control NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 8 amplifi amplifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 9 cation cation NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 11 reversetranscribed reversetranscribed NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 12 genetics genetic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 15 nine nine CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 16 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 17 fragments fragment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 20 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 21 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 22 using use VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 24 technique technique NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 26 polymerase polymerase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 27 chain chain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 28 reaction reaction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 30 PCR PCR NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 425 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 2 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 3 carried carry VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 4 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 5 phylogenetic phylogenetic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 6 analyses analysis NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 7 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 8 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 10 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 11 sequences sequence NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 12 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 13 reconstruct reconstruct VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 15 genealogical genealogical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 16 relationships relationship NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 17 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 18 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 19 elements element NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 426 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 2 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 3 concluded conclude VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 4 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 6 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 7 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 9 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 10 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 11 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 12 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 13 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 14 every every DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 15 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 16 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 17 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 18 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 21 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 23 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 24 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 25 closely closely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 26 related relate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 27 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 28 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 29 found find VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 30 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 31 birds bird NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 32 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 427 34 mammals mammal NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 428 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 428 2 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 428 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 428 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 428 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 428 6 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 428 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 428 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 2 partial partial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 3 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 6 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 7 map map NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 9 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 10 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 11 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 12 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 13 soon soon RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 14 followed follow VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 15 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 17 complete complete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 18 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 21 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 22 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 24 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 429 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 1 -a -a : cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 2 gene gene NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 3 long long RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 4 believed believe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 5 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 6 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 7 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 8 pivotal pivotal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 9 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 12 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 14 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 15 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 16 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 17 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 19 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 21 Rott Rott NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 22 1987 1987 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 23 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 24 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 25 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 26 Cox Cox NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 27 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 28 Bender Bender NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 29 1995 1995 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 430 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 2 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 3 codes code VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 4 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 6 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 7 located locate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 8 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 10 surface surface NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 13 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 14 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 15 plays play VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 17 crucial crucial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 18 role role NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 20 allowing allow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 22 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 23 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 24 bind bind VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 25 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 26 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 27 cells cell NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 431 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 1 If if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 3 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 5 able able JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 6 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 7 spread spread VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 9 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 10 species species NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 11 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 12 means mean VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 14 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 15 somehow somehow RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 17 through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 18 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 19 drift drift NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 21 acquired acquire VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 22 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 23 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 24 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 25 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 26 enables enable VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 27 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 28 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 29 bind bind VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 30 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 31 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 32 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 33 receptor receptor NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 432 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 4 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 5 did do VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 6 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 7 identify identify VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 9 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 12 cleave cleave JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 13 site site NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 16 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 17 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 18 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 19 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 20 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 21 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 22 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 433 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 1 Two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 2 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 3 later later RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 6 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 7 published publish VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 8 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 9 article article NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 10 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 12 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 13 Origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 15 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 18 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 19 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 20 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 21 ' ' POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 22 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 23 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 24 virus virus NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 25 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 26 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 27 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 29 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 31 Fanning Fanning NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 33 Hultin Hultin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 34 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 35 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 36 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 37 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 434 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 1 Johan Johan NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 2 Hultin Hultin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 5 pathologist pathologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 6 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 7 attempted attempt VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 8 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 9 fi fi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 10 nd nd NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 11 traces trace NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 14 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 15 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 16 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 18 Alaska Alaska NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 21 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 22 1950s 1950 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 24 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 25 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 27 authors author NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 30 study study NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 435 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 1 After after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 2 reading read VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 4 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 5 Science Science NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 6 paper paper NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 8 Hultin Hultin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 9 wrote write VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 10 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 11 letter letter NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 12 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 13 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 14 offering offer VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 15 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 16 return return VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 17 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 18 Brevig Brevig NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 19 Mission Mission NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 20 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 21 look look VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 22 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 23 samples sample NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 25 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 26 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 27 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 28 died die VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 31 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 32 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 34 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 35 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 36 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 37 43 43 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 436 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 437 1 Against against IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 437 2 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 437 3 odds odd NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 437 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 437 5 Hultin Hultin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 437 6 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 437 7 successful successful JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 437 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 1 After after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 2 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 3 received receive VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 5 approval approval NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 7 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 8 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 9 set set VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 10 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 11 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 12 Alaska Alaska NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 13 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 15 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 16 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 19 August August NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 20 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 21 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 22 found find VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 23 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 24 situ situ NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 25 frozen frozen JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 26 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 27 biopsies biopsy NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 438 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 1 Once once RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 2 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 4 village village NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 6 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 7 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 8 granted grant VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 9 permission permission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 10 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 12 council council NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 13 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 14 dig dig VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 16 graveyard graveyard NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 17 again again RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 18 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 19 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 21 help help NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 23 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 24 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 25 villagers villager NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 27 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 28 4 4 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 29 days day NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 30 work work VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 32 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 33 unearthed unearth VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 35 body body NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 37 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 38 30 30 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 39 year year NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 40 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 41 old old JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 42 woman woman NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 43 whom whom WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 44 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 45 called call VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 46 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 47 Lucy Lucy NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 48 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 439 49 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 1 Opening open VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 2 up up RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 3 her -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 4 chest chest NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 5 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 6 found find VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 7 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 8 frozen frozen JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 9 lungs lung NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 10 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 11 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 12 immediately immediately RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 13 sent send VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 14 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 15 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 16 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 17 laboratory laboratory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 19 Washington Washington NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 21 along along IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 22 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 23 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 24 tissues tissue NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 25 taken take VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 26 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 27 three three CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 28 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 29 frozen frozen JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 30 corpses corpse NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 32 Berche Berche NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 33 2012 2012 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 440 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 441 1 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 441 2 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 441 3 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 441 4 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 2 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 4 reported report VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 5 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 7 full full JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 8 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 11 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 12 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 13 using use VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 15 fragments fragment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 16 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 17 case1 case1 NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 18 discussed discuss VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 21 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 22 rst rst NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 23 article article NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 442 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 2 investigated investigate VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 3 three three CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 4 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 5 histories history NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 6 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 7 fi fi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 8 nd nd NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 9 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 11 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 12 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 443 14 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 2 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 3 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 4 one one NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 5 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 7 21 21 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 8 year year NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 9 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 10 old old JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 11 man man NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 12 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 13 died die VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 14 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 15 Fort Fort NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 16 Jackson Jackson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 18 South South NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 19 Carolina Carolina NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 444 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 1 Pathological pathological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 2 records record NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 3 indicate indicate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 4 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 5 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 6 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 8 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 9 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 10 symptoms symptom NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 11 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 12 he -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 13 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 14 admitted admit VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 15 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 17 camp camp NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 18 hospital hospital NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 19 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 20 September September NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 21 20th 20th NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 22 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 24 died die VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 25 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 26 6 6 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 27 days day NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 445 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 2 autopsy autopsy JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 3 records record NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 4 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 5 show show VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 6 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 7 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 8 left left JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 9 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 10 suffered suffer VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 11 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 12 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 13 acute acute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 15 fatal fatal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 16 attack attack NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 18 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 20 whereas whereas IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 21 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 22 right right JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 23 one one NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 24 showed show VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 25 acute acute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 26 bronchiolitis bronchiolitis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 27 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 28 alveolitis alveolitis JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 29 -a -a HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 30 clear clear JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 31 sign sign NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 33 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 34 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 35 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 446 36 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 447 1 No no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 447 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 447 3 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 447 4 found find VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 447 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 447 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 447 7 left left JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 447 8 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 447 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 4 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 5 performed perform VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 7 minute minute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 8 microscopic microscopic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 9 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 10 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 12 paraffi paraffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 13 n n NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 14 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 15 embedded embed VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 16 tissue tissue NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 19 right right JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 20 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 22 tissues tissue NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 23 tested test VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 24 positive positive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 25 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 26 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 27 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 448 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 2 fragments fragment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 4 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 5 ve ve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 6 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 7 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 8 sequenced sequence VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 10 amplifi amplifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 11 ed ed NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 12 through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 13 PCR PCR NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 14 technique technique NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 16 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 17 determined determine VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 449 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 2 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 3 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 4 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 5 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 7 male male JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 8 soldier soldier NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 10 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 11 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 12 30 30 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 13 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 14 old old JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 16 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 17 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 18 Camp Camp NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 19 Upton Upton NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 22 State State NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 24 New New NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 25 York York NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 450 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 1 He -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 2 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 3 admitted admit VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 4 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 5 hospital hospital NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 6 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 7 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 9 died die VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 10 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 11 3 3 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 12 days day NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 13 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 15 23rd 23rd NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 17 September September NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 18 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 451 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 1 Microscopic microscopic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 2 examination examination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 4 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 5 lungs lung NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 6 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 7 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 9 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 10 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 11 revealed reveal VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 12 acute acute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 13 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 14 oedema oedema NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 16 acute acute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 17 bronchopneumonia bronchopneumonia NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 452 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 1 Formalin Formalin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 2 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 3 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 4 xed xed FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 6 paraffi paraffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 7 n n NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 8 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 9 embedded embed VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 10 samples sample NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 12 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 13 tissues tissue NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 14 tested test VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 15 positive positive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 16 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 17 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 18 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 22 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 24 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 25 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 26 no no RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 27 longer long JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 28 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 29 150 150 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 30 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 453 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 2 third third JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 3 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 4 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 5 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 7 one one NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 8 found find VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 9 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 10 Hultin Hultin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 11 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 12 Brevig Brevig NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 13 Mission Mission NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 15 Alaska Alaska NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 454 16 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 1 Using use VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 3 sequences sequence NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 5 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 6 three three CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 7 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 8 histories history NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 11 Washington Washington NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 12 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 13 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 14 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 15 worked work VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 16 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 18 genealogical genealogical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 19 relationships relationship NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 20 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 21 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 455 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 2 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 3 reasserted reassert VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 4 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 6 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 7 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 8 caused cause VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 10 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 11 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 12 avian avian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 14 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 16 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 18 entered enter VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 19 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 20 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 21 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 22 1900 1900 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 24 1915 1915 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 26 following follow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 28 modifi modifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 29 cation cation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 30 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 32 binding binding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 33 site site NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 34 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 36 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 37 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 456 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 2 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 4 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 6 Tumpey Tumpey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 7 published publish VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 8 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 9 separate separate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 10 articles article NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 11 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 12 Nature Nature NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 14 Science Science NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 15 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 17 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 18 rst rst NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 19 provided provide VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 21 complete complete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 22 genomic genomic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 23 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 26 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 27 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 28 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 29 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 32 second second NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 33 revealed reveal VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 35 methods method NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 36 used use VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 37 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 38 artifi artifi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 39 cially cially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 40 reconstruct reconstruct VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 41 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 457 42 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 1 Yet yet RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 3 even even RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 4 before before IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 6 complete complete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 7 genomic genomic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 8 map map NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 11 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 12 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 13 made make VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 14 available available JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 17 became become VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 18 unclear unclear JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 19 whether whether IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 21 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 24 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 25 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 26 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 27 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 28 indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 29 disclosed disclose VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 31 causes cause NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 33 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 34 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 35 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 37 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 38 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 39 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 40 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 41 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 42 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 458 44 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 4 argument argument NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 7 likely likely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 8 avian avian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 9 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 12 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 13 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 14 criticized criticize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 459 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 1 Efforts effort NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 2 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 3 sequence sequence VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 5 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 6 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 7 caused cause VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 9 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 10 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 11 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 12 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 13 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 14 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 15 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 16 motivated motivate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 17 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 19 possibility possibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 21 understanding understand VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 23 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 24 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 26 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 28 such such PDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 29 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 30 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 460 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 3 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 4 allowed allow VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 5 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 7 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 8 precise precise JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 9 characterization characterization NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 12 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 14 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 16 matrix matrix NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 19 nucleoprotein nucleoprotein NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 20 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 21 segments segment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 22 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 23 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 24 functional functional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 25 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 27 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 29 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 30 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 31 less less RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 32 clear clear JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 34 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 35 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 36 whether whether IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 38 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 39 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 40 goal goal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 41 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 42 achieved achieve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 461 43 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 2 effect effect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 5 Washington Washington NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 6 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 7 reported report VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 8 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 10 cleavage cleavage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 11 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 12 site site NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 13 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 14 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 16 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 17 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 18 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 19 played play VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 20 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 21 crucial crucial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 22 role role NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 23 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 25 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 28 Hong Hong NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 29 Kong Kong NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 30 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 31 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 32 1968 1968 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 33 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 34 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 35 found find VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 36 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 38 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 39 obtained obtain VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 40 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 42 South South NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 43 Carolina Carolina NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 44 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 462 45 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 1 Sequencing sequence VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 3 specifi specifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 4 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 5 cleavage cleavage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 6 site site NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 12 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 13 obtained obtain VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 14 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 16 Brevig Brevig NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 17 Mission Mission NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 18 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 20 New New NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 21 York York NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 22 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 23 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 24 confi confi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 25 rmed rmed NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 26 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 27 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 28 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 29 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 30 absent absent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 463 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 1 Inquiring inquire VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 2 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 3 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 4 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 5 site site NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 7 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 9 -understood -understood NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 10 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 12 key key JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 13 determinant determinant NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 15 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 16 -was -was : cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 17 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 18 central central JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 19 motivation motivation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 21 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 22 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 23 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 24 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 26 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 27 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 28 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 29 offered offer VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 30 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 31 appealing appealing JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 32 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 35 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 36 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 37 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 38 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 39 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 40 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 42 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 43 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 44 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 45 45 45 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 464 47 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 1 Yet yet CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 2 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 3 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 4 forced force VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 5 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 6 recognize recognize VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 10 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 11 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 13 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 14 confi confi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 15 rmed rme VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 16 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 17 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 18 three three CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 19 cases case NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 21 does do VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 22 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 23 possess possess VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 24 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 25 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 26 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 27 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 28 site site NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 29 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 31 Ibid Ibid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 33 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 34 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 35 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 36 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 37 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 38 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 465 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 466 1 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 466 2 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 466 3 Stevens Stevens NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 466 4 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 466 5 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 466 6 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 466 7 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 466 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 466 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 3 light light NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 5 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 6 conclusion conclusion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 8 virologist virologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 10 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 11 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 12 expert expert NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 13 Robert Robert NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 14 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 15 wrote write VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 16 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 18 secret secret NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 21 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 22 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 23 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 24 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 25 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 26 remain remain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 27 elusive elusive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 28 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 467 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 1 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 2 commented comment VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 4 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 5 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 6 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 7 properties property NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 8 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 10 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 11 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 13 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 14 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 15 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 16 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 17 resolved resolve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 18 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 20 suggested suggest VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 21 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 23 results result NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 26 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 27 project project NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 28 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 29 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 30 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 31 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 32 partial partial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 33 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 34 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 35 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 36 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 468 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 3 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 4 him -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 5 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 7 entire entire JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 8 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 9 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 11 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 12 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 13 reveal reveal VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 15 secret secret NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 18 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 19 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 22 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 23 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 24 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 25 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 27 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 28 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 30 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 32 1165 1165 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 469 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 2 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 3 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 4 paper paper NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 5 ends end VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 6 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 7 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 8 remarks remark NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 9 about about IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 11 complex complex JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 13 likely likely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 14 polygenic polygenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 16 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 18 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 19 determinants determinant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 21 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 22 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 23 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 26 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 27 concludes conclude VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 470 28 -contra -contra NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 471 1 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 471 2 -with -with . cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 1 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 2 hope hope NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 4 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 5 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 6 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 7 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 8 shed shed VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 9 additional additional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 10 light light NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 11 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 13 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 16 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 17 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 18 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 19 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 472 20 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 473 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 473 2 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 473 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 473 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 473 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 474 1 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 475 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 475 2 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 475 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 475 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 475 5 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 475 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 475 7 1656 1656 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 475 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 1 Another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 3 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 6 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 7 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 8 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 9 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 10 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 11 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 12 emerged emerge VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 14 1998 1998 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 15 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 16 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 17 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 18 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 476 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 1 Virologists Virologists NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 2 Hideo Hideo NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 3 Goto Goto NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 5 Yoshihiro Yoshihiro NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 6 Kawaoka Kawaoka NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 7 published publish VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 9 paper paper NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 12 Proceedings Proceedings NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 15 National National NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 16 Academy Academy NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 18 Science Science NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 19 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 20 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 21 novel novel JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 22 mechanism mechanism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 23 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 25 acquisition acquisition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 27 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 28 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 29 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 30 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 31 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 32 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 33 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 477 34 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 1 There there RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 4 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 5 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 6 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 7 change change NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 9 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 10 major major JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 11 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 12 -neuraminidase -neuraminidase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 13 -able -able JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 15 increase increase VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 17 cleavage cleavage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 19 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 20 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 21 bring bring VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 22 about about RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 23 higher high JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 24 levels level NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 26 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 478 27 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 2 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 4 Goto Goto NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 6 Kawaoka Kawaoka NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 7 even even RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 8 suggested suggest VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 9 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 10 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 11 change change NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 12 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 13 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 14 single single JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 15 amino amino NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 16 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 17 acid acid NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 18 sequestering sequestering NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 19 plasminogen plasminogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 20 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 21 facilitate facilitate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 23 cleavage cleavage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 25 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 479 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 2 authors author NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 3 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 4 cautious cautious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 6 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 8 stating state VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 9 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 10 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 11 do do VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 12 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 13 conclude conclude VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 14 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 15 single single JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 16 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 17 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 18 convert convert VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 19 nonplasminogen nonplasminogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 20 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 21 binding bind VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 22 NAs na NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 23 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 24 effi effi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 25 cient cient NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 26 plasminogen plasminogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 27 binders binder NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 29 thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 30 rendering render VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 32 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 33 highly highly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 34 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 35 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 37 1998 1998 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 38 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 39 10228 10228 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 480 41 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 1 Yet yet CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 4 acknowledged acknowledge VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 5 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 7 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 8 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 9 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 11 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 12 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 13 tempting tempting JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 15 speculate speculate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 16 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 18 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 19 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 20 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 22 … … NFP cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 24 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 25 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 26 acquired acquire VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 27 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 28 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 29 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 30 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 32 mechanism mechanism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 33 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 34 describe describe VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 35 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 37 Ibid Ibid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 481 39 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 1 But but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 2 such such PDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 4 change change NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 6 amino amino NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 7 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 8 acid acid NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 9 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 10 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 11 absent absent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 13 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 14 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 15 least least JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 16 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 17 observed observe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 21 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 22 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 23 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 25 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 26 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 28 45 45 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 29 ; ; SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 30 1988 1988 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 31 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 32 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 33 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 34 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 35 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 36 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 482 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 483 1 2000 2000 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 483 2 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 483 3 Kawaoka Kawaoka NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 483 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 483 5 Watanabe Watanabe NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 483 6 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 483 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 483 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 1 Also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 3 similar similar JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 4 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 5 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 7 Goto Goto NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 9 Kawaoka Kawaoka NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 10 concluded conclude VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 11 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 12 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 13 plea plea NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 14 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 15 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 16 further further JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 17 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 18 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 21 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 22 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 23 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 24 address address VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 26 issue issue NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 28 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 31 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 32 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 33 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 34 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 36 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 37 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 484 38 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 485 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 485 2 Goto Goto NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 485 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 485 4 Kawaoka Kawaoka NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 485 5 1998 1998 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 485 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 485 7 10228 10228 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 485 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 485 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 2 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 4 both both CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 5 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 7 Tumpey Tumpey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 8 acknowledged acknowledge VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 10 lack lack NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 12 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 13 provided provide VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 14 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 16 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 17 structure structure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 20 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 21 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 22 explain explain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 23 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 24 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 25 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 26 Sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 27 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 30 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 31 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 32 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 33 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 34 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 35 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 36 xed xed NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 37 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 38 frozen frozen JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 39 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 40 tissue tissue NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 41 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 42 provided provide VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 43 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 44 characterization characterization NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 45 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 46 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 47 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 48 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 49 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 50 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 486 51 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 2 complete complete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 3 coding coding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 4 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 7 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 8 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 10 NS NS NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 13 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 15 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 18 neuraminidase neuraminidase FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 20 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 24 matrix matrix NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 26 M M NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 28 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 29 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 30 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 31 determined determine VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 32 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 33 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 34 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 36 sequences sequence NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 38 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 39 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 40 did do VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 41 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 42 reveal reveal VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 43 features feature NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 44 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 45 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 46 account account VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 47 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 48 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 49 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 50 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 51 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 53 Tumpey Tumpey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 54 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 55 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 56 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 57 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 58 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 59 emphasis emphasis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 60 added add VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 61 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 487 62 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 1 And and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 2 yet yet RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 4 despite despite IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 5 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 6 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 7 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 8 absence absence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 10 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 11 seems seem VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 12 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 13 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 14 something something NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 15 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 16 about about IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 18 structure structure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 21 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 22 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 23 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 24 contributes contribute VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 25 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 26 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 27 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 28 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 30 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 32 Morange Morange NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 33 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 488 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 3 using use VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 5 mouse mouse NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 6 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 8 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 9 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 12 pathologists pathologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 14 Kobasa Kobasa NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 15 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 16 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 18 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 20 showed show VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 21 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 22 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 24 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 25 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 26 taken take VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 27 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 29 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 30 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 31 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 32 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 33 inserted insert VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 34 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 35 mice mouse NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 36 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 37 confers confer VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 38 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 39 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 40 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 41 facilitates facilitate VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 42 lung lung NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 43 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 489 44 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 2 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 4 infected infected JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 5 mice mouse NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 6 show show VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 7 39,000 39,000 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 8 times time NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 9 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 10 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 11 particles particle NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 12 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 13 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 14 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 16 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 17 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 18 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 19 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 20 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 21 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 22 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 23 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 25 Texas Texas NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 26 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 29 infected infected JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 30 mice mouse NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 31 died die VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 32 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 33 6 6 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 34 days day NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 35 following follow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 36 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 37 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 39 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 40 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 41 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 42 while while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 43 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 44 survived survive VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 45 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 46 infected infect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 47 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 48 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 49 Texas Texas NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 50 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 52 von von NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 53 Bubnoff Bubnoff NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 54 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 55 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 56 794 794 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 490 58 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 2 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 3 structure structure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 6 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 7 responsible responsible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 8 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 9 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 10 pathological pathological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 11 effect effect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 12 remains remain VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 13 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 14 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 15 found find VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 17 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 21 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 22 unclear unclear JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 23 whether whether IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 24 similar similar JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 25 effects effect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 26 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 27 hold hold VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 28 true true JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 30 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 31 as as RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 32 well well RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 491 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 3 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 4 described describe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 6 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 7 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 8 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 9 provided provide VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 11 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 12 rst rst NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 13 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 14 characterisation characterisation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 17 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 18 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 19 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 20 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 21 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 22 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 23 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 24 construction construction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 26 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 27 trees tree NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 29 9 9 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 30 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 32 11 11 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 33 RNA RNA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 34 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 35 polymerase polymerase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 36 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 39 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 40 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 41 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 42 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 44 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 45 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 492 47 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 2 authors author NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 4 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 5 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 6 project project NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 7 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 8 spanned span VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 9 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 10 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 11 concluded conclude VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 12 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 14 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 15 did do VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 16 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 17 originate originate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 18 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 19 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 20 reshuffl reshuffl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 21 ing ing NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 23 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 24 reassortment reassortment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 493 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 1 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 2 rather rather RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 5 jumped jump VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 6 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 7 birds bird NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 9 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 10 shortly shortly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 11 before before IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 13 onset onset NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 16 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 494 17 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 495 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 495 2 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 495 3 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 495 4 thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 495 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 495 6 avian avian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 495 7 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 495 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 4 interpretation interpretation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 7 similarity similarity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 8 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 9 descent descent NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 12 thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 15 genealogical genealogical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 16 relationships relationship NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 17 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 19 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 20 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 22 today today NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 23 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 24 avian avian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 25 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 26 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 27 disputed dispute VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 29 Gibbs Gibbs NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 31 Gibbs Gibbs NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 32 2006 2006 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 33 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 34 Antonovics Antonovics NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 35 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 36 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 38 2006 2006 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 496 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 3 current current JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 4 head head NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 7 Viral Viral NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 8 Pathogenesis Pathogenesis NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 10 Evolution Evolution NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 11 Section Section NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 12 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 14 National National NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 15 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 16 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 17 Allergy Allergy NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 19 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 20 Diseases Diseases NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 22 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 23 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 24 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 25 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 26 underpinned underpin VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 27 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 28 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 29 considerations consideration NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 497 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 1 But but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 2 what what WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 3 aspects aspect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 5 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 6 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 7 exactly exactly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 8 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 9 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 10 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 11 Darwinian darwinian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 498 12 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 1 Philosopher philosopher NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 2 Michael Michael NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 3 Ruse Ruse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 4 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 5 long long RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 6 pointed point VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 7 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 8 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 10 term term NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 11 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 12 Darwinism Darwinism NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 13 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 14 carries carry VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 15 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 16 broad broad JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 17 meanings meaning NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 499 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 2 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 3 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 4 used use VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 5 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 6 rstly rstly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 9 metaphysical metaphysical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 10 sense sense NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 12 characterize characterize VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 13 change change NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 15 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 17 transformation transformation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 20 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 21 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 500 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 3 sense sense NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 6 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 8 Darwinism Darwinism NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 9 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 10 older old JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 11 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 12 Darwin Darwin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 13 himself -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 501 14 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 502 1 Another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 502 2 sense sense NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 502 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 502 4 Darwinism Darwinism NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 502 5 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 502 6 important important JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 502 7 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 502 8 acknowledge acknowledge VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 502 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 3 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 4 sense sense NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 6 Darwinism Darwinism NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 9 scientifi scientifi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 10 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 11 notion notion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 12 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 13 emerges emerge VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 16 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 18 naturalist naturalist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 19 Charles Charles NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 20 Darwin Darwin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 22 refers refer VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 23 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 25 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 27 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 30 paths path NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 32 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 34 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 35 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 36 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 37 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 39 mechanism mechanism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 41 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 42 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 44 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 45 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 47 Ruse ruse NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 48 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 49 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 50 77 77 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 503 52 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 2 distinction distinction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 3 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 4 path path NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 6 mechanism mechanism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 7 maps map NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 8 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 10 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 11 traditional traditional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 12 distinction distinction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 13 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 14 patterns pattern NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 16 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 18 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 19 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 20 mentioned mention VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 21 above above RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 504 22 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 2 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 4 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 6 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 7 -and -and VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 8 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 9 generally generally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 10 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 11 pathology pathology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 13 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 14 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 505 15 -displays -displays RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 506 1 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 506 2 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 506 3 aspects aspect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 506 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 506 5 Darwinian darwinian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 506 6 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 506 7 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 1 Arguably arguably RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 3 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 4 accept accept VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 5 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 6 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 7 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 9 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 10 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 507 11 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 4 former former JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 5 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 6 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 7 interested interested JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 10 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 11 patterns pattern NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 12 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 14 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 16 uses use VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 17 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 18 thinking thinking NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 19 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 20 unravel unravel VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 22 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 24 including include VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 25 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 27 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 28 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 29 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 30 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 31 led lead VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 32 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 33 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 34 increase increase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 35 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 36 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 508 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 2 contrast contrast NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 4 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 5 focuses focus VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 6 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 9 process process NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 10 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 12 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 13 -natural -natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 14 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 509 15 -as -as ADD cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 1 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 2 occurred occur VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 3 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 4 various various JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 5 environments environment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 7 populations population NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 9 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 11 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 510 12 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 2 described describe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 3 above above RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 5 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 6 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 7 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 8 focuses focus VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 9 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 10 precise precise JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 12 minute minute JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 13 description description NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 16 small small JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 17 steps step NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 18 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 19 allow allow VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 20 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 21 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 22 infect infect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 23 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 24 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 25 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 26 species specie NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 27 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 28 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 29 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 30 painstakingly painstakingly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 31 tracks track VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 32 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 34 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 35 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 36 charts chart NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 38 genealogical genealogical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 39 relationships relationship NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 40 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 41 several several JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 42 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 43 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 44 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 45 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 511 46 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 1 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 2 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 3 Oxford Oxford NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 6 contrast contrast NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 8 take take VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 9 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 10 broader broad JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 11 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 13 ask ask VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 14 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 15 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 16 mutations mutation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 17 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 18 selected select VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 20 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 21 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 23 selective selective JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 24 pressures pressure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 25 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 26 drove drive VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 27 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 28 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 29 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 30 passed pass VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 31 on on RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 33 conserved conserve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 34 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 36 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 37 pool pool NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 38 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 39 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 40 especially especially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 41 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 42 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 43 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 45 role role NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 46 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 47 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 48 milieu milieu NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 49 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 50 largely largely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 51 understood understand VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 52 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 53 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 54 shaping shape VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 55 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 512 56 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 1 Though though IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 3 centrality centrality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 6 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 8 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 9 selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 11 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 12 really really RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 14 dispute dispute NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 15 here here RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 18 ways way NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 20 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 21 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 23 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 26 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 27 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 28 ecologists ecologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 30 understand understand VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 31 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 32 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 33 differs differ VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 34 signifi signifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 35 cantly cantly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 36 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 37 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 38 important important JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 39 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 40 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 41 whereas whereas IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 42 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 43 former former JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 44 describes describe VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 45 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 46 small small JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 47 incremental incremental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 48 steps step NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 49 leading lead VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 50 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 51 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 52 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 53 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 54 observable observable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 55 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 56 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 57 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 58 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 59 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 60 latter latter JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 61 looks look VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 62 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 63 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 64 plausible plausible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 65 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 66 eventually eventually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 67 testable testable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 68 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 69 scenario scenario NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 70 leading lead VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 71 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 72 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 73 accumulation accumulation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 74 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 75 conservation conservation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 76 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 77 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 78 small small JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 79 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 80 gradual gradual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 81 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 513 82 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 2 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 3 words word NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 6 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 7 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 10 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 11 one one NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 13 seeks seek VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 14 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 15 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 16 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 17 describe describe VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 18 organic organic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 19 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 20 leading lead VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 21 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 23 formation formation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 25 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 26 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 27 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 29 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 30 example example NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 32 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 33 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 34 attempts attempt VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 35 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 36 give give VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 37 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 38 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 39 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 40 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 41 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 42 value value NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 43 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 44 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 45 transformations transformation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 46 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 47 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 48 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 49 milieu milieu NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 50 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 51 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 52 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 53 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 54 lived live VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 55 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 56 reproduced reproduce VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 57 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 58 eventually eventually RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 59 died die VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 514 60 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 1 These these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 2 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 3 components component NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 6 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 7 -patterns -patterns : cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 9 processes process NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 10 -are -are : cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 11 well well RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 12 known know VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 15 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 17 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 515 18 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 2 ecologists ecologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 3 nowadays nowadays RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 4 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 5 want want VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 6 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 7 argue argue VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 8 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 9 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 11 primarily primarily RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 12 interested interested JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 14 constructing construct VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 16 comparing compare VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 17 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 18 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 19 trees tree NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 21 no no RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 22 matter matter RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 23 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 25 signifi signifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 26 cance cance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 28 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 30 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 32 relationship relationship NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 33 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 34 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 516 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 517 1 17 17 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 2 think think VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 5 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 6 aspects aspect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 9 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 10 discussed discuss VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 11 here here RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 13 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 15 refl refl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 16 ect ect RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 17 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 18 broadly broadly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 20 existence existence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 22 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 23 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 24 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 26 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 27 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 28 practices practice NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 30 biomedicine biomedicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 518 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 2 diffi diffi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 3 culty culty FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 5 addressing address VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 6 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 7 aspects aspect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 10 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 11 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 13 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 14 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 16 indicative indicative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 19 genuine genuine JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 20 tension tension NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 21 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 22 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 23 explanatory explanatory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 24 strategies strategy NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 25 where where WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 26 knowledge knowledge NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 27 claims claim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 28 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 29 made make VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 30 according accord VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 31 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 32 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 33 assumptions assumption NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 34 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 35 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 36 what what WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 37 counts count VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 38 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 39 explanatory explanatory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 519 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 1 Confronted confront VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 2 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 4 lack lack NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 6 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 7 supporting support VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 9 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 10 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 15 light light NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 18 limitations limitation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 21 environmental environmental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 22 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 23 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 24 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 26 one one PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 27 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 28 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 29 expected expect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 30 researchers researcher NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 31 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 32 seek seek VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 33 support support NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 34 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 35 each each DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 36 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 37 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 38 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 39 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 40 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 41 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 42 complement complement VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 43 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 44 researches research NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 45 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 46 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 47 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 48 move move VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 49 beyond beyond IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 50 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 51 limitations limitation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 52 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 53 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 54 own own JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 55 methodologies methodology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 56 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 57 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 58 paradigms paradigm NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 520 59 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 1 Yet yet CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 3 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 4 striking strike VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 5 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 6 note note VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 8 Reid Reid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 10 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 11 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 12 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 13 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 15 1999 1999 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 18 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 20 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 21 hand hand NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 24 Goto Goto NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 26 Kawaoka Kawaoka NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 28 1998 1998 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 31 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 33 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 34 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 35 reached reach VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 36 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 37 conclusion conclusion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 38 diametrically diametrically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 39 opposed opposed JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 40 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 41 that that DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 42 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 43 Webster Webster NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 44 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 45 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 46 Ewald Ewald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 47 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 48 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 49 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 50 former former JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 51 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 52 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 53 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 54 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 55 explain explain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 56 better well JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 57 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 58 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 59 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 60 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 61 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 62 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 63 genomic genomic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 64 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 65 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 66 needed need VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 521 67 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 1 Instead instead RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 2 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 3 considering consider VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 4 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 5 possible possible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 6 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 9 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 10 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 12 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 13 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 14 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 16 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 17 persist persist VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 20 attempt attempt NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 21 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 22 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 23 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 24 complete complete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 26 satisfying satisfying JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 27 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 28 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 29 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 30 single single JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 31 explanatory explanatory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 32 framework framework NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 522 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 1 At at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 3 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 6 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 7 remarks remark NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 8 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 10 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 523 11 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 1 Firstly firstly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 4 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 6 broad broad JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 7 sociological sociological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 8 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 10 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 12 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 13 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 14 just just RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 15 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 17 sign sign NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 19 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 20 times time NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 21 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 22 sequencing sequence VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 23 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 24 material material NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 25 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 26 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 27 effective effective JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 30 now now RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 31 rather rather RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 32 inexpensive inexpensive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 34 way way NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 35 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 36 obtaining obtain VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 37 prestigious prestigious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 38 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 39 grants grant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 524 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 1 Proposals proposal NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 2 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 3 genomics genomic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 5 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 6 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 9 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 10 cognate cognate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 11 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 12 elds elds NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 13 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 15 strong strong JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 16 engineering engineering NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 17 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 18 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 19 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 20 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 21 highlight highlight VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 22 potential potential JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 23 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 24 ndings nding NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 26 even even RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 27 future future JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 28 applications application NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 29 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 30 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 31 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 32 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 33 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 34 likely likely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 35 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 36 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 37 patentable patentable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 38 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 39 thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 40 rapidly rapidly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 41 rentable rentable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 42 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 43 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 44 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 45 nancial nancial NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 46 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 47 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 48 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 525 49 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 2 brief brief NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 4 promoting promote VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 5 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 6 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 8 likely likely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 10 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 11 additional additional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 12 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 13 money money NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 526 14 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 3 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 4 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 6 reason reason NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 7 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 8 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 9 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 10 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 11 value value NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 12 more more JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 13 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 14 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 15 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 16 reasons reason NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 19 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 20 epistemological epistemological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 22 historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 23 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 24 must must MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 25 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 26 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 27 envisaged envisage VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 527 28 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 2 second second JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 3 reason reason NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 4 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 5 consider consider VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 6 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 7 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 8 do do VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 9 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 10 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 11 historians historian NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 13 philosophers philosopher NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 15 science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 16 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 17 called call VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 19 scientifi scientifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 20 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 21 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 22 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 24 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 25 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 27 Keating Keating NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 29 Cambrosio Cambrosio NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 30 2007 2007 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 528 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 1 Derivative derivative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 2 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 3 Ian Ian NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 4 Hacking Hacking NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 5 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 6 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 9 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 11 reasoning reason VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 12 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 13 -itself -itself CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 14 inspired inspire VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 15 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 16 Alistair Alistair NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 17 Crombie Crombie NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 18 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 19 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 20 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 22 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 23 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 24 thinking thinking NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 27 European european JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 28 tradition"-(Hacking tradition"-(hacke VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 29 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 30 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 31 Crombie Crombie NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 32 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 34 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 36 notion notion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 38 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 39 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 40 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 41 typically typically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 42 refers refer VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 43 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 45 historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 46 formation formation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 47 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 48 distinctive distinctive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 49 practices practice NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 50 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 51 methodologies methodology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 52 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 53 science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 529 54 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 1 Styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 2 frame frame VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 3 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 4 counts count VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 5 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 6 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 8 relevant relevant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 9 questions question NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 10 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 11 ask ask VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 13 truth truth NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 14 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 15 value value NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 18 sound sound JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 19 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 21 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 22 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 23 and/or and/or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 24 cultural cultural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 25 contexts context NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 530 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 1 Alongside alongside IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 3 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 5 individual individual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 6 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 8 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 9 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 10 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 11 nds nd VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 13 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 15 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 16 standards standard NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 17 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 18 measurements measurement NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 20 objectivity objectivity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 22 proof proof NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 25 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 26 on on RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 28 Hacking hacking NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 29 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 531 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 1 Though though IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 2 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 3 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 4 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 5 exible exible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 6 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 7 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 8 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 9 loose loose JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 10 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 11 relativist relativist JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 12 categories category NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 13 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 15 admit admit VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 16 rules rule NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 18 systems system NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 20 norms norm NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 22 stabilization stabilization NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 23 techniques technique NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 26 methods method NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 28 justifi justifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 29 cation cation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 532 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 2 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 3 progressively progressively RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 4 become become VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 5 stabilised stabilise VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 6 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 7 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 9 entrenched entrench VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 10 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 11 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 12 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 13 activities activity NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 15 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 18 very very JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 19 existence existence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 21 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 22 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 23 reasoning reasoning NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 25 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 26 historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 27 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 28 become become VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 29 taken take VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 30 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 31 granted grant VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 533 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 3 notion notion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 5 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 7 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 8 employed employ VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 9 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 10 analyse analyse VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 11 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 12 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 13 controversies controversy NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 15 Amsterdamska Amsterdamska NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 16 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 17 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 18 Fujimura Fujimura NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 20 Chou Chou NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 21 1994 1994 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 25 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 26 interesting interesting JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 27 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 28 note note VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 29 here here RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 30 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 32 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 33 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 34 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 35 play play NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 36 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 38 present present JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 39 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 40 study study NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 41 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 42 grown grow VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 43 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 44 relative relative JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 45 ignorance ignorance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 46 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 47 each each DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 48 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 534 49 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 1 Going go VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 2 back back RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 3 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 5 missing miss VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 6 mutations mutation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 9 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 10 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 11 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 12 even even RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 13 though though IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 14 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 15 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 16 programme programme NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 17 did do VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 18 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 19 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 21 answers answer NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 23 sought seek VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 25 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 26 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 27 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 28 halted halt VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 29 hastily hastily RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 31 especially especially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 32 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 33 gathering gather VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 34 immense immense JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 35 publicity publicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 37 funding funding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 535 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 1 On on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 3 contrary contrary NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 7 expected expect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 8 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 9 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 10 scientists scientist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 12 working work VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 13 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 14 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 15 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 17 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 19 continue continue VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 20 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 21 do do VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 22 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 23 until until IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 24 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 25 possibilities possibility NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 27 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 28 nding nde VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 30 key key NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 31 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 33 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 34 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 35 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 36 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 37 looked look VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 38 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 39 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 40 examined examine VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 41 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 42 detail detail NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 536 43 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 1 From from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 2 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 3 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 5 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 8 persistence persistence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 10 seeking seek VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 12 complete complete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 13 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 14 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 15 makes make VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 16 sense sense NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 537 17 -even -even VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 1 if if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 3 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 5 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 6 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 8 biosecurity biosecurity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 9 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 11 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 14 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 15 raises raise VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 16 ethical ethical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 17 concerns concern NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 18 about about IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 20 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 22 dual dual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 23 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 24 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 25 technologies technology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 27 Rappert Rappert NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 28 2007 2007 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 538 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 4 results result NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 5 obtained obtain VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 6 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 8 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 10 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 11 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 12 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 13 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 16 methods method NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 17 developed develop VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 18 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 19 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 21 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 22 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 23 now now RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 24 enable enable VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 25 worldwide worldwide JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 26 researchers researcher NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 27 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 28 better better RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 29 understand understand VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 31 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 32 differences difference NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 33 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 34 various various JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 35 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 36 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 37 strains strain NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 539 38 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 1 What what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 2 appears appear VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 3 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 4 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 5 sign sign NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 7 determination determination NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 9 pursuing pursue VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 10 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 11 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 12 objective objective NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 13 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 14 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 15 refl refl VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 16 ect ect FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 17 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 18 lack lack NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 20 communication communication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 21 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 22 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 23 scientifi scientifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 24 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 25 communities community NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 28 problems problem NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 30 interdisciplinary interdisciplinary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 31 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 34 self self NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 35 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 36 containment containment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 38 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 39 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 40 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 41 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 42 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 43 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 44 and/or and/or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 45 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 46 resistance resistance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 47 offered offer VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 48 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 49 epistemological epistemological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 50 obstacles obstacle NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 540 51 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 2 current current JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 3 gap gap NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 4 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 5 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 7 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 8 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 10 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 12 emerged emerge VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 15 present present JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 16 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 18 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 19 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 20 due due JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 21 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 23 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 24 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 25 functional functional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 26 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 27 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 28 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 29 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 30 constructed construct VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 31 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 32 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 33 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 34 tend tend VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 35 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 36 appear appear VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 37 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 38 self self NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 39 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 40 suffi suffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 41 cient cient NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 42 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 43 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 44 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 45 historian historian NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 46 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 47 biologist biologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 48 Michel Michel NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 49 Morange Morange NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 50 recently recently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 51 put put VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 52 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 54 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 541 56 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 2 sort sort NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 4 epistemological epistemological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 5 obstacle obstacle NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 6 means mean VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 9 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 10 many many JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 12 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 13 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 14 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 16 obvious obvious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 18 need need VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 19 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 20 complement complement VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 21 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 22 explanations explanation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 23 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 24 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 25 considerations consideration NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 542 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 1 To to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 2 say say VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 3 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 4 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 5 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 6 mathematical mathematical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 7 modelling modelling NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 9 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 10 microbiological microbiological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 11 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 12 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 13 failed fail VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 15 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 16 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 17 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 18 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 19 going go VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 20 too too RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 21 far far RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 23 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 543 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 3 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 5 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 7 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 8 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 10 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 11 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 12 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 13 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 14 even even RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 15 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 16 seriously seriously RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 17 attempted attempt VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 18 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 19 far far RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 544 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 1 Also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 4 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 5 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 6 misleading mislead VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 7 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 8 suggest suggest VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 9 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 10 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 11 pathologists pathologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 12 wholly wholly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 13 ignore ignore VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 15 environmental environmental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 16 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 17 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 18 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 19 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 21 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 22 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 545 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 546 1 18 18 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 1 Yet yet RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 2 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 4 do do VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 5 take take VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 6 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 7 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 8 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 11 result result NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 12 does do VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 13 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 14 necessarily necessarily RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 15 amount amount VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 16 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 17 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 18 better well JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 19 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 21 data datum NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 23 theories theory NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 25 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 26 methods method NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 27 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 28 reveals reveal VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 29 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 30 instead instead RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 33 heights height NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 34 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 35 disciplinary disciplinary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 36 boundaries boundary NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 37 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 39 valuing valuing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 41 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 42 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 43 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 44 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 45 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 46 another another DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 547 47 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 2 example example NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 5 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 8 last last JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 9 publications publication NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 11 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 13 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 14 colleagues colleague NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 15 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 17 National National NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 18 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 20 Health Health NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 23 authors author NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 24 concluded conclude VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 25 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 27 diminution diminution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 29 severity severity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 30 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 31 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 32 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 33 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 34 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 35 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 36 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 37 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 38 surely surely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 39 due due JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 40 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 41 part part NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 42 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 43 advances advance NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 44 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 45 medicine medicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 46 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 47 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 48 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 49 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 50 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 51 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 52 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 53 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 54 refl refl VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 55 ect ect NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 56 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 57 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 58 choices choice NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 59 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 60 favor favor VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 61 optimal optimal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 62 transmissibility transmissibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 63 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 64 minimal minimal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 65 pathogenicitya pathogenicitya JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 66 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 67 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 68 kills kill VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 69 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 70 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 71 too too RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 72 fast fast RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 73 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 74 sends send VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 75 them -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 76 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 77 bed bed NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 78 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 79 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 80 optimally optimally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 81 transmissible transmissible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 548 82 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 2 Morens Morens NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 3 et et FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 5 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 6 2009 2009 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 8 229 229 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 9 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 10 emphasis emphasis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 11 added add VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 549 13 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 2 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 3 words word NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 6 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 7 interests interest NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 10 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 11 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 12 best best RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 13 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 14 served serve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 15 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 16 evolving evolve VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 17 lower low JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 18 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 19 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 20 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 21 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 22 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 23 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 24 facilitate facilitate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 25 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 26 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 27 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 28 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 29 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 30 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 31 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 32 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 33 rests rest VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 34 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 36 conventional conventional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 37 wisdom wisdom NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 38 rejected reject VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 39 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 40 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 41 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 42 ecologists ecologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 43 who who WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 44 advocate advocate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 45 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 46 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 47 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 48 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 49 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 550 50 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 551 1 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 551 2 that that DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 551 3 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 551 4 still still RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 551 5 defended defend VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 551 6 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 551 7 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 551 8 microbiologists microbiologist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 551 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 552 1 This this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 552 2 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 552 3 come come VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 552 4 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 552 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 552 6 surprise surprise NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 552 7 given give VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 552 8 that that DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 1 Anthony Anthony NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 2 Fauci Fauci NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 4 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 7 authors author NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 10 paper paper NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 11 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 13 current current JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 14 head head NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 17 National National NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 18 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 19 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 20 Allergy Allergy NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 22 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 23 Diseases Diseases NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 25 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 26 long long RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 27 criticized criticize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 28 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 29 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 31 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 32 Fauci Fauci NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 33 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 553 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 2 shows show VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 4 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 6 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 7 branches branch NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 9 sciences science NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 11 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 13 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 14 problem problem NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 16 addressed address VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 18 through through IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 19 distinct distinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 20 methodologies methodology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 22 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 23 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 24 surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 25 disconnected disconnect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 27 separated separate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 28 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 29 epistemic epistemic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 30 gaps gap NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 32 professional professional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 33 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 34 institutional institutional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 35 barriers barrier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 554 36 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 2 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 3 words word NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 5 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 7 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 8 easy easy JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 9 goal goal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 10 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 11 achieve achieve VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 555 12 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 1 Problems problem NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 2 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 4 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 5 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 7 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 9 however however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 11 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 12 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 13 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 14 epistemological epistemological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 15 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 16 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 17 ethical ethical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 19 social social JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 556 20 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 2 publication publication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 5 whole whole JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 6 sequence sequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 9 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 10 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 11 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 12 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 14 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 15 sparked spark VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 16 lively lively JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 17 debates debate NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 18 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 19 scientists scientist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 22 public public NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 23 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 25 raised raise VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 26 concerns concern NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 27 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 28 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 29 whether whether IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 30 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 31 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 32 safe safe JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 33 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 34 publish publish VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 36 methodology methodology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 37 used use VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 38 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 39 resurrect resurrect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 40 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 41 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 43 Rappert rappert NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 44 2007 2007 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 45 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 46 Selgelid Selgelid NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 47 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 557 49 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 1 What what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 2 if if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 3 someone someone NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 4 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 5 nefarious nefarious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 6 intentions intention NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 7 reconstructs reconstruct VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 9 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 558 10 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 1 How how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 2 likely likely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 3 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 5 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 6 this this DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 7 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 8 information information NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 9 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 10 used use VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 11 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 12 harmful harmful JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 13 purposes purpose NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 559 14 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 1 What what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 2 if if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 4 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 5 accident accident NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 6 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 7 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 10 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 11 escapes escape VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 12 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 14 environment environment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 560 15 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 1 For for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 2 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 4 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 5 biologist biologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 6 Richard Richard NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 7 H. H. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 8 Ebright Ebright NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 9 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 10 Rutgers Rutgers NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 11 University University NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 13 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 14 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 17 risk risk NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 19 verging verge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 20 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 21 inevitability inevitability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 24 accidental accidental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 25 release release NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 28 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 29 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 30 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 31 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 32 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 33 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 34 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 35 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 36 risk risk NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 37 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 38 deliberate deliberate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 39 release release NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 42 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 43 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 561 44 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 562 1 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 1 Yet yet CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 2 others other NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 3 argued argue VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 4 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 6 work work NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 8 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 10 Tumpey Tumpey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 11 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 12 entirely entirely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 13 legitimate legitimate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 15 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 16 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 17 applied apply VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 18 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 19 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 20 areas area NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 22 problems problem NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 23 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 24 virology virology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 25 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 26 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 28 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 29 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 31 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 32 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 33 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 34 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 35 immediate immediate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 36 impact impact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 37 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 38 helping help VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 39 scientists scientist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 40 focus focus VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 41 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 42 detecting detect VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 43 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 44 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 45 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 46 evolving evolve VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 47 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 48 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 49 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 50 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 51 make make VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 52 widespread widespread JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 53 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 54 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 55 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 56 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 57 likely likely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 58 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 563 59 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 564 1 20 20 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 2 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 5 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 6 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 7 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 9 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 10 today today NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 12 classical classical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 13 example example NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 15 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 16 technology technology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 17 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 18 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 20 potential potential NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 21 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 22 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 23 dual dual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 24 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 25 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 26 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 27 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 29 i.e. i.e. FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 30 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 31 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 32 help help VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 33 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 34 understand understand VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 36 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 37 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 38 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 565 39 ght ght NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 566 1 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 566 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 566 3 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 1 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 2 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 3 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 4 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 5 used use VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 6 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 7 disseminate disseminate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 9 further further RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 12 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 567 14 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 2 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 3 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 5 potential potential JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 6 dual dual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 7 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 8 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 9 consequences consequence NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 11 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 12 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 13 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 14 involving involve VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 15 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 16 group group NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 18 researchers researcher NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 19 led lead VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 20 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 21 Ron Ron NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 22 Fouchier Fouchier NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 23 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 25 Netherlands Netherlands NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 27 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 28 Yoshihiro Yoshihiro NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 29 Kawaoka Kawaoka NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 31 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 32 Madison Madison NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 34 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 36 U.S U.S NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 37 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 38 led lead VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 39 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 40 January January NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 41 2012 2012 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 42 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 43 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 44 60 60 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 45 day day NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 46 suspension suspension NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 47 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 48 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 49 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 50 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 51 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 52 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 53 virulent virulent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 54 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 55 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 56 following follow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 57 consensus consensus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 58 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 59 delay delay VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 60 publication publication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 568 61 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 569 1 21 21 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 1 Both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 2 teams team NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 3 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 4 submitted submit VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 6 paper paper NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 7 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 8 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 9 Science Science NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 11 Nature Nature NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 12 respectively respectively RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 13 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 14 describing describe VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 16 methodology methodology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 17 employed employ VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 18 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 19 artifi artifi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 20 cially cially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 21 render render VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 22 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 23 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 24 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 25 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 26 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 27 transmissible transmissible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 28 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 29 ferrets ferret NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 31 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 32 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 33 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 34 arguably arguably RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 35 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 36 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 37 reliable reliable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 38 indicator indicator NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 39 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 40 possible possible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 41 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 42 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 43 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 45 due due IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 46 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 47 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 48 mutation mutation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 49 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 50 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 51 hemmagglutinin hemmagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 52 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 570 53 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 571 1 Both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 571 2 studies study NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 571 3 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 571 4 now now RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 571 5 been be VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 571 6 published publish VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 572 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 572 2 Imai Imai NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 572 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 572 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 572 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 573 1 2012 2012 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 573 2 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 573 3 Herfst Herfst NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 573 4 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 573 5 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 573 6 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 573 7 2012 2012 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 573 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 573 9 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 2 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 3 aside aside NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 6 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 7 interesting interesting JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 8 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 9 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 10 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 11 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 12 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 13 studies study NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 15 although although IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 16 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 17 driven drive VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 18 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 19 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 20 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 21 questions question NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 23 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 24 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 25 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 26 classical classical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 27 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 28 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 29 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 30 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 31 known know VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 32 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 33 serial serial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 34 passage passage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 35 experiments experiment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 37 Ebert Ebert NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 38 1998 1998 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 574 40 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 3 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 4 1990s 1990 NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 7 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 9 Medicine Medicine NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 10 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 11 report report NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 12 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 13 Microbial Microbial NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 14 Threats Threats NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 16 Lederberg Lederberg NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 18 Shope Shope NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 21 Oaks Oaks NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 22 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 25 Stephen Stephen NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 26 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 27 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 28 Emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 29 Viruses Viruses NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 31 Morse Morse NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 32 1993 1993 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 34 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 35 emphasized emphasize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 36 how how WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 37 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 38 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 39 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 40 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 41 posing pose VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 42 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 43 renewed renew VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 44 threat threat NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 45 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 46 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 47 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 48 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 49 needs need VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 50 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 51 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 52 addressed address VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 53 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 54 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 55 global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 56 scale scale NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 57 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 58 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 59 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 60 combined combined JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 61 perspective perspective NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 62 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 63 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 64 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 65 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 66 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 575 67 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 2 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 4 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 5 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 6 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 7 helped help VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 8 focus focus VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 9 international international JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 10 efforts effort NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 11 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 12 contain contain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 13 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 14 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 15 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 16 well well RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 17 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 18 defi defi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 19 ned ned NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 20 geographical geographical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 22 temporal temporal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 23 limitations limitation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 576 24 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 1 With with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 4 re)creation re)creation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 7 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 8 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 9 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 10 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 11 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 12 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 14 others other NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 16 e.g. e.g. RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 17 Yersinia Yersinia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 18 pestis pestis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 20 polio polio NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 21 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 23 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 26 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 27 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 28 form form NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 30 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 31 threat threat NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 32 arises arise VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 34 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 35 requires require VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 36 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 37 political political JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 38 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 39 institutional institutional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 40 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 41 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 42 legal legal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 43 response response NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 44 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 577 45 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 3 while while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 5 threat threat NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 7 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 8 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 9 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 10 mostly mostly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 11 perceived perceive VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 12 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 13 coming come VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 14 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 15 outside outside JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 16 Northern northern JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 17 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 18 hemisphere hemisphere NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 19 countries country NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 22 now now RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 23 appears appear VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 24 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 25 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 26 growing grow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 27 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 28 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 30 heartland heartland NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 31 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 32 Western western JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 33 countries country NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 34 itself -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 578 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 1 Instead instead RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 2 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 3 stressing stress VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 4 possible possible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 5 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 6 invasions invasion NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 8 previously previously RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 9 unexposed unexposed JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 10 countries country NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 12 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 13 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 14 only only JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 15 low low JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 16 incidence incidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 19 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 20 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 23 recently recently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 24 developed develop VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 25 technologies technology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 26 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 27 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 28 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 30 genomics genomic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 31 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 32 opened open VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 33 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 34 up up RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 36 possibility possibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 37 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 38 artifi artifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 39 cially cially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 40 create create VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 41 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 42 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 43 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 44 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 45 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 46 resurrect resurrect VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 47 old old JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 48 ones one NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 49 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 50 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 51 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 52 plague plague NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 53 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 54 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 55 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 56 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 57 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 58 responsible responsible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 59 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 60 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 61 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 62 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 63 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 64 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 65 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 66 polio polio NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 67 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 68 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 69 Bos Bos NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 70 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 71 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 72 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 73 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 74 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 75 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 76 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 77 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 78 Tumpey Tumpey NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 79 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 80 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 81 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 82 2005 2005 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 83 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 84 Celo Celo NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 85 et et FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 86 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 87 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 88 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 89 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 90 Rosengard Rosengard NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 91 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 92 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 93 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 94 2002 2002 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 95 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 579 96 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 1 On on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 3 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 4 hand hand NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 6 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 7 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 8 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 9 argued argue VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 10 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 11 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 12 variants variant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 13 appear appear VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 14 constantly constantly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 17 risk risk NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 20 laboratory laboratory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 21 accident accident NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 22 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 23 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 24 comparable comparable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 25 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 26 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 27 happens happen VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 28 naturally naturally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 31 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 32 eld eld NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 580 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 3 while while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 4 dual dual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 5 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 6 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 9 characteristic characteristic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 11 most most JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 12 life life NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 13 sciences science NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 14 nowadays nowadays RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 16 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 17 2009 2009 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 20 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 21 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 22 small small JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 23 number number NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 25 experiments experiment NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 27 experimental experimental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 28 practices practice NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 29 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 31 overall overall JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 33 seen see VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 34 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 35 posing pose VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 36 real real JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 37 threats threat NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 38 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 39 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 40 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 41 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 42 global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 43 security security NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 45 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 46 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 47 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 48 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 49 see see VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 50 Aucouturier Aucouturier NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 51 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 581 52 ; ; . cord-017008-c7skxte0 582 1 Morens Morens NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 582 2 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 582 3 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 582 4 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 582 5 2012 2012 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 582 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 582 7 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 1 Finally finally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 4 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 5 worth worth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 6 noting note VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 8 dual dual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 9 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 10 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 11 technologies technology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 12 -like -like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 13 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 14 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 15 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 16 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 17 generally generally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 18 -are -are : cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 19 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 20 characterized characterize VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 21 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 22 unexpected unexpected JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 23 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 24 ndings nding NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 25 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 26 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 28 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 29 instance instance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 32 accidental accidental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 33 discovery discovery NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 34 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 35 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 36 modifi modifi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 37 ed ed NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 38 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 39 injected inject VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 40 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 41 mice mouse NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 42 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 43 lethal lethal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 44 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 45 otherwise otherwise RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 46 vaccinated vaccinate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 47 animals animal NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 49 Jackson Jackson NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 50 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 51 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 52 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 53 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 583 55 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 3 often often RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 5 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 7 science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 10 experimental experimental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 11 system system NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 12 designed design VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 13 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 14 answer answer VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 15 certain certain JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 16 questions question NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 17 opens open VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 18 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 19 up up RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 20 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 22 practical practical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 23 possibilities possibility NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 24 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 25 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 26 sometimes sometimes RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 27 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 28 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 29 envisaged envisage VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 30 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 32 outset outset NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 34 Rheinberger Rheinberger NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 35 1997 1997 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 584 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 1 If if IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 2 unpredictability unpredictability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 4 unforeseen unforeseen JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 5 results result NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 6 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 7 truly truly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 9 essence essence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 11 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 12 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 13 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 15 dual dual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 16 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 17 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 18 technologies technology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 19 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 20 then then RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 21 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 22 unavoidable unavoidable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 23 tradeoff tradeoff NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 24 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 25 deal deal VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 26 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 28 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 29 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 30 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 31 reinforces reinforce VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 33 need need NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 34 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 35 develop develop VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 36 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 37 governance governance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 38 responses response NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 39 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 40 biomedical biomedical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 41 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 42 programmes programme NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 43 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 44 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 45 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 46 potentially potentially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 47 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 48 organisms organism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 585 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 586 1 Méthot Méthot NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 586 2 2014 2014 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 586 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 586 4 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 1 More more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 2 generally generally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 4 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 5 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 6 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 7 avenues avenue NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 8 underline underline VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 10 need need NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 11 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 13 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 14 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 15 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 16 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 17 culture culture NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 19 responsibility responsibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 20 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 22 NSABB NSABB NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 23 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 27 life life NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 28 sciences science NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 29 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 30 that that RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 31 is is RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 32 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 33 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 34 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 35 ethos ethos NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 36 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 37 address address VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 38 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 39 balance balance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 40 questions question NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 41 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 42 biosecurity biosecurity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 43 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 44 risk risk NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 45 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 46 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 47 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 48 autonomy autonomy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 49 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 50 progress progress NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 51 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 52 among among IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 53 others other NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 587 54 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 2 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 3 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 4 important important JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 5 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 6 allowing allow VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 7 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 8 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 9 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 10 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 11 invade invade VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 12 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 588 13 tissues tissue NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 589 1 -hemmagglutinin -hemmagglutinin . cord-017008-c7skxte0 590 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 590 2 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 590 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 590 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 590 5 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 590 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 590 7 NA NA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 590 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 1 -were -were : cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 2 signifi signifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 3 ca can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 4 nt not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 5 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 6 determinants determinant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 9 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 11 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 12 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 13 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 15 1957 1957 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 17 1968 1968 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 18 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 20 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 21 yield yield VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 22 potentially potentially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 23 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 24 effects effect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 25 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 26 inserted insert VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 27 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 28 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 29 animal animal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 30 models model NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 591 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 1 Considerable considerable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 2 explanatory explanatory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 3 power power NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 4 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 5 placed place VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 6 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 7 these these DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 8 special special JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 9 proteins protein NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 10 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 11 seemed seem VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 12 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 13 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 15 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 16 rst rst JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 17 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 18 hand hand NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 20 adequate adequate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 22 simple simple JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 24 certainly certainly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 25 elegant elegant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 26 mechanism mechanism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 27 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 28 account account VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 29 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 31 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 32 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 35 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 36 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 592 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 4 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 5 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 6 popular popular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 7 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 8 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 9 was be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 10 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 12 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 13 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 14 had have VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 15 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 16 unique unique JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 17 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 18 properties property NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 20 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 21 likely likely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 22 encoded encode VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 23 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 25 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 26 protein protein NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 27 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 29 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 30 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 593 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 1 Identifying identify VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 3 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 5 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 6 basis basis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 8 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 9 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 10 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 11 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 12 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 13 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 14 window window NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 15 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 17 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 18 devastating devastating JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 19 epidemic epidemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 21 modern modern JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 22 times time NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 24 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 25 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 26 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 27 help help VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 28 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 29 prevent prevent VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 31 predict predict VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 32 those those DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 33 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 34 come come VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 594 35 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 595 1 Overall overall RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 595 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 595 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 595 4 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 595 5 technological technological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 595 6 success success NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 595 7 -i.e -i.e , cord-017008-c7skxte0 595 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 1 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 2 retrieving retrieving NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 4 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 7 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 8 avian avian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 9 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 10 -promised -promise VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 11 nothing nothing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 12 less less JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 13 than than IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 15 unlock unlock VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 16 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 19 oldest old JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 21 well well RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 22 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 23 kept keep VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 24 secrets secret NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 27 whole whole NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 29 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 30 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 596 31 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 3 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 4 sequencing sequence VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 6 genome genome NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 9 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 10 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 11 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 12 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 13 killed kill VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 14 perhaps perhaps RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 15 up up IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 16 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 17 40 40 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 18 million million CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 19 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 20 according accord VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 21 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 23 WHO WHO NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 24 estimates estimate VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 25 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 26 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 27 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 28 were be VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 29 found find VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 30 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 31 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 32 lacking lack VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 33 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 35 killer killer NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 36 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 597 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 1 One one PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 2 might may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 3 wonder wonder VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 4 about about IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 6 extent extent NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 7 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 8 which which WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 10 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 11 possible possible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 12 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 13 generalize generalize VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 14 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 16 example example NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 19 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 20 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 21 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 22 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 23 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 24 other other JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 25 cases case NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 598 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 1 Researchers researcher NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 2 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 3 ancient ancient JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 4 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 5 using use VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 6 high high JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 7 throughput throughput NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 8 technologies technology NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 9 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 10 recently recently RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 11 claimed claim VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 12 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 13 identify identify VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 15 causal causal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 16 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 19 Black Black NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 20 Death Death NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 22 Yersinia Yersinia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 23 pestis pestis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 27 fourteenth fourteenth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 28 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 31 sources source NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 33 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 34 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 35 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 36 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 37 form form NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 38 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 39 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 40 single single JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 41 plasmid plasmid NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 43 Schuenemann Schuenemann NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 44 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 45 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 46 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 47 2001 2001 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 599 49 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 1 However however RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 3 determining determine VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 4 why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 5 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 6 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 7 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 8 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 9 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 10 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 11 makes make VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 13 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 14 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 15 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 16 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 17 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 19 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 20 rarely rarely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 21 based base VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 22 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 23 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 24 specifi specifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 25 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 26 structural structural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 27 characteristic characteristic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 28 alone alone RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 30 Méthot Méthot NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 31 2012c 2012c CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 600 33 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 2 microbiologist microbiologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 3 Charles Charles NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 4 Nicolle Nicolle NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 5 once once RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 6 said say VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 8 1930 1930 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 11 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 12 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 14 expression expression NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 16 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 17 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 18 mosaic mosaic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 20 powers power NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 21 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 22 resulting result VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 23 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 24 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 25 constellation constellation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 27 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 28 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 29 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 30 irreducible irreducible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 31 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 32 any any DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 33 particular particular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 34 structure structure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 35 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 36 must must MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 37 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 38 understood understand VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 39 against against IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 40 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 41 broad broad JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 42 biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 43 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 44 even even RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 45 historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 46 background background NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 601 47 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 3 interesting interesting JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 4 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 5 note note VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 7 therefore therefore RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 8 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 9 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 11 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 12 team team NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 13 went go VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 14 on on RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 15 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 16 revise revise VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 17 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 18 position position NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 20 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 21 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 22 article article NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 23 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 24 pointing point VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 25 out out RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 27 inherent inherent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 28 limitations limitation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 30 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 31 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 32 oriented orient VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 33 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 34 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 35 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 36 furthermore furthermore RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 37 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 38 emphasized emphasize VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 40 need need NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 41 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 42 widen widen VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 43 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 44 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 45 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 46 integrate integrate VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 47 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 48 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 49 as as RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 50 well well RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 602 51 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 603 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 603 2 write write VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 603 3 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 1 Regardless regardless RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 3 although although IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 4 no no DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 5 extant extant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 6 Y. Y. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 7 pestis pestis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 8 strain strain NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 9 possesses possess VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 11 same same JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 12 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 13 profi profi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 14 le le NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 15 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 16 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 17 ancient ancient JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 18 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 19 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 20 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 21 data datum NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 22 suggest suggest VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 23 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 24 few few JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 25 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 26 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 27 known know VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 28 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 29 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 30 associated associate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 31 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 32 have have VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 33 accrued accrue VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 34 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 35 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 36 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 37 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 38 660 660 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 39 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 41 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 42 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 43 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 44 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 45 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 46 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 47 further further RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 48 suggesting suggest VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 49 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 50 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 51 perceived perceive VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 52 increased increased JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 53 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 54 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 55 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 56 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 57 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 58 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 59 due due JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 60 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 61 novel novel NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 62 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 63 xed xed NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 64 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 65 mutations mutation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 66 detectable detectable JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 67 via via IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 68 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 69 analytical analytical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 70 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 71 described describe VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 72 here here RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 604 73 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 1 At at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 3 current current JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 4 resolution resolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 7 posit posit VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 8 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 9 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 10 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 11 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 13 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 14 but but CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 15 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 16 component component NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 18 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 19 constellation constellation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 21 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 22 contributing contribute VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 23 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 24 changing change VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 25 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 26 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 27 prevalence prevalence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 29 severity severity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 31 where where WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 32 genetics genetic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 35 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 36 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 37 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 38 climate climate NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 40 vector vector NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 41 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 42 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 43 social social JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 44 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 45 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 46 synergistic synergistic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 47 interactions interaction NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 48 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 49 concurrent concurrent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 50 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 51 should should MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 52 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 53 foremost foremost JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 54 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 55 discussions discussion NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 56 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 57 population population NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 58 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 59 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 60 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 61 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 62 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 63 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 64 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 65 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 66 relationships relationship NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 67 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 68 reference reference NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 69 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 70 Y. Y. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 71 pestis pestis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 605 72 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 2 Bos Bos NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 3 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 4 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 5 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 6 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 7 ; ; : cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 8 emphasis emphasis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 9 added add VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 606 11 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 2 sum sum NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 5 study study NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 7 Bos Bos NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 8 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 9 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 607 10 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 2 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 4 did do VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 5 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 6 reveal reveal VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 7 any any DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 8 signifi signifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 9 ca can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 10 nt not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 11 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 12 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 13 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 14 change change NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 16 600 600 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 17 years year NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 18 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 19 could could MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 20 explain explain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 21 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 22 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 23 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 24 plague plague NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 27 fourteenth fourteenth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 28 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 608 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 1 As as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 3 consequence consequence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 5 they -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 6 argue argue VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 7 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 8 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 9 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 10 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 11 only only RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 12 provides provide VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 13 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 14 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 15 picture picture NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 16 when when WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 17 applied apply VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 18 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 19 isolation isolation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 22 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 23 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 24 complementary complementary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 25 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 26 perspective perspective NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 27 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 28 needed need VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 609 29 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 1 More more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 2 precisely precisely RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 5 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 6 recent recent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 7 study study NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 8 emphasizes emphasize VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 9 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 10 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 11 full full JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 12 understanding understanding NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 15 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 17 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 18 requires require VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 20 multi multi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 21 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 22 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 23 framework framework NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 24 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 25 encompasses encompass VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 26 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 27 resistance resistance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 29 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 30 factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 31 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 32 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 33 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 34 interactions interaction NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 35 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 36 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 37 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 38 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 39 occuring occur VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 40 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 41 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 42 well well JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 43 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 44 defi defi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 45 ned ned NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 46 geographical geographical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 47 area area NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 48 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 49 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 50 specifi specifi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 51 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 52 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 53 period period NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 610 54 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 1 To to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 2 go go VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 3 beyond beyond IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 5 limitations limitation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 7 analytical analytical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 8 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 9 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 10 investigate investigate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 11 one one CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 12 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 13 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 14 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 15 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 16 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 17 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 18 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 19 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 20 global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 21 approach approach NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 22 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 23 necessary necessary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 24 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 25 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 26 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 27 understand understand VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 28 more more RBR cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 29 broadly broadly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 31 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 32 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 33 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 34 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 35 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 36 compose compose VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 38 past past NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 39 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 40 present present JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 41 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 42 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 43 future future NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 44 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 45 any any DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 46 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 47 pathocenosis pathocenosis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 48 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 50 Grmek Grmek NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 51 1969 1969 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 611 53 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 1 To to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 2 conclude conclude VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 4 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 5 analyses analysis NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 8 case case NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 11 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 12 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 13 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 14 pandemic pandemic NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 15 show show VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 16 that that IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 17 there there EX cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 18 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 19 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 20 irreducible irreducible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 21 tension tension NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 23 studying study VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 25 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 27 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 28 comparatively comparatively RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 29 across across IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 31 sciences science NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 32 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 33 one one PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 34 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 35 either either CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 36 look look VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 37 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 38 determinants determinant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 39 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 40 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 41 power power NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 42 analytically analytically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 43 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 44 that that DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 45 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 46 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 47 within within IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 48 microorganisms microorganism NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 49 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 50 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 51 synthetically synthetically RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 52 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 53 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 54 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 55 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 56 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 57 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 58 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 59 interactions interaction NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 60 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 61 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 62 given give VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 63 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 64 environment environment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 612 65 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 1 Both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 2 approaches approach VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 3 face face VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 4 limitations limitation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 6 neither neither DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 7 appears appear VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 8 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 9 be be VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 10 suffi suffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 11 cient cient NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 12 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 13 account account VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 14 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 15 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 16 complex complex JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 17 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 18 like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 20 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 21 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 22 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 23 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 24 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 25 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 613 26 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 1 Besides besides RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 3 each each DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 4 level level NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 6 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 7 has have VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 8 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 9 own own JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 10 ways way NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 12 characterizing characterize VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 14 nature nature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 16 causes cause NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 18 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 21 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 25 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 26 lead lead VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 27 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 28 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 29 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 30 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 31 different different JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 32 measures measure NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 33 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 34 prevent prevent VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 35 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 36 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 37 treat treat VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 38 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 39 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 40 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 614 41 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 1 While while IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 2 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 3 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 4 contribute contribute VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 5 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 7 establishment establishment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 9 national national JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 11 international international JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 12 programmes programme NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 13 intended intend VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 14 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 15 increase increase VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 16 detection detection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 17 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 18 surveillance surveillance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 20 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 21 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 22 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 23 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 24 global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 25 scale scale NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 27 monitoring monitor VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 28 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 30 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 31 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 32 prevent prevent VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 33 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 34 worldwide worldwide RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 35 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 36 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 37 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 38 facilitate facilitate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 40 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 41 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 42 biomedical biomedical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 43 tools tool NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 44 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 45 such such JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 46 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 47 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 48 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 49 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 50 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 51 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 52 fi fi VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 53 ght ght NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 54 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 55 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 56 either either CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 57 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 58 reducing reduce VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 59 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 60 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 61 power power NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 62 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 63 and/or and/or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 64 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 65 enhancing enhance VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 66 individual individual NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 67 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 68 group group NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 69 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 70 or or CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 71 herd herd NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 72 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 73 immunity immunity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 615 74 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 1 Yet yet CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 2 both both DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 3 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 4 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 5 also also RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 6 work work VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 7 together together RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 8 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 9 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 10 phylogenies phylogeny NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 11 can can MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 12 provide provide VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 13 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 14 regarding regard VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 16 likely likely JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 17 origins origin NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 19 future future JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 20 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 22 help help VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 23 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 24 channel channel VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 26 attention attention NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 28 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 29 detection detection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 30 network network NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 31 onto onto IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 32 particularly particularly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 33 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 34 sites site NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 36 see see VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 37 Morens Morens NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 38 et et NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 39 al al NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 40 . . NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 41 2012 2012 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 616 43 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 2 better well JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 3 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 5 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 7 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 8 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 9 would would MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 10 thus thus RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 11 benefi benefi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 12 t t NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 13 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 14 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 15 medicine medicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 16 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 17 providing provide VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 18 stronger strong JJR cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 19 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 20 approaches approach NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 22 empirical empirical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 23 mechanistic mechanistic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 24 models model NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 25 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 26 understand understand VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 27 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 28 manage manage VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 30 perhaps perhaps RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 31 even even RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 32 predict predict VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 33 future future JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 34 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 35 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 36 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 617 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 618 1 Evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 618 2 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 618 3 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 618 4 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 2 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 3 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 4 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 5 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 6 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 7 off off NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 8 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 9 superinfection superinfection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 10 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 12 comment comment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 13 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 14 Smith Smith NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 15 Emergence Emergence NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 17 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 18 convex convex JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 19 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 20 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 21 off off NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 22 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 23 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 25 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 26 Virulence Virulence NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 27 model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 30 trade trade NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 31 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 32 off off RP cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 33 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 34 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 35 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 36 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 37 current current JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 38 state state NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 39 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 40 affairs affair NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 41 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 42 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 619 43 future future NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 1 Achieving achieve VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 2 disbelief disbelief NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 3 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 4 thought thought NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 5 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 7 microbial microbial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 8 variation variation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 9 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 11 American american JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 13 British british JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 14 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 15 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 16 1900 1900 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 17 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 18 1940 1940 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 19 Coevolution Coevolution NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 21 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 23 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 24 Infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 25 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 27 humans human NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 28 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 29 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 30 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 620 31 control control NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 2 role role NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 4 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 7 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 8 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 9 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 621 10 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 1 Responsible responsible JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 2 conduct conduct NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 3 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 4 life life NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 5 scientists scientist NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 7 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 8 age age NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 10 terrorism terrorism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 11 La La NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 12 guerre guerre FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 13 biologique biologique NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 14 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 15 perspective perspective NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 16 historique historique NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 17 et et FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 18 critique critique VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 19 Ball Ball NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 20 GH GH NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 22 1943 1943 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 24 Parasitism parasitism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 622 26 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 2 great great JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 3 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 4 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 5 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 7 epic epic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 8 story story NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 11 deadliest deadly JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 12 plague plague NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 623 14 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 2 site site NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 5 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 8 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 9 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 10 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 11 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 13 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 14 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 15 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 624 16 implications implication NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 1 An an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 3 biologist biologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 4 considers consider VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 6 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 8 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 9 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 625 10 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 626 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 626 2 chronicle chronicle NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 626 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 626 4 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 626 5 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 626 6 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 2 role role NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 4 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 5 feedbacks feedback NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 8 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 10 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 11 defence defence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 12 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 13 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 14 does do VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 15 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 16 tell tell VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 17 us -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 18 Small small JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 19 worlds world NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 20 ' ' '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 21 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 23 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 25 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 26 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 27 infection infection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 28 occurs occur VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 29 locally locally RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 30 not not RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 31 at at IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 32 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 627 33 distance distance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 2 draft draft NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 3 genome genome NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 5 Yersinia Yersinia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 6 pestis pestis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 7 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 8 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 11 Black Black NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 12 Death Death NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 13 Evolution Evolution NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 15 fi fi NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 16 tness tness NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 17 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 18 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 19 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 20 struggle struggle NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 21 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 22 persistence persistence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 23 Parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 24 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 26 move move NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 27 Virus Virus NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 28 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 29 organism organism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 628 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 629 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 629 2 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 629 3 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 629 4 aspects aspect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 629 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 629 6 some some DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 629 7 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 629 8 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 629 9 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 630 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 630 2 future future NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 630 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 630 4 medical medical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 630 5 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 630 6 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 2 Lancet Lancet NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 3 i i NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 4 Chairman Chairman NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 5 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 6 opening opening NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 7 remarks remark NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 8 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 9 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 10 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 11 Monographs Monographs NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 12 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 14 Walter Walter NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 16 Eliza Eliza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 17 Hall Hall NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 18 Institute Institute NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 20 Research Research NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 21 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 22 Pathology Pathology NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 24 Medicine Medicine NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 25 Trends Trends NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 27 directions direction NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 29 global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 30 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 31 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 32 surveillance surveillance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 33 Chemical Chemical NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 34 synthesis synthesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 35 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 36 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 37 cDNA cdna NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 38 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 39 generation generation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 41 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 42 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 43 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 45 absence absence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 46 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 47 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 48 natural natural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 49 template template NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 631 50 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 1 Science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 2 express express VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 3 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 4 distinction distinction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 5 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 6 pattern pattern NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 8 process process NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 9 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 10 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 11 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 12 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 14 use use NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 16 abuse abuse NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 19 term term NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 20 ' ' '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 632 21 strategy strategy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 633 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 633 2 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 633 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 633 4 eradication eradication NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 633 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 633 6 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 633 7 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 3 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 5 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 6 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 7 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 8 Styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 10 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 11 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 12 thinking thinking NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 13 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 15 European european JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 16 tradition tradition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 17 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 19 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 20 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 21 argumentation argumentation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 22 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 23 explanation explanation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 24 especially especially RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 25 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 27 mathematical mathematical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 29 biomedical biomedical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 30 sciences science NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 31 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 32 arts art NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 33 America America NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 34 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 35 forgotten forget VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 36 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 634 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 2 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 3 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 5 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 6 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 7 general general JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 8 theory theory NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 9 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 10 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 11 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 13 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 14 Mathematical mathematical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 15 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 16 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 17 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 18 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 635 19 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 1 Model model NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 2 building building NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 4 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 5 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 7 interpretation interpretation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 8 Host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 9 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 10 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 11 relations relation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 12 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 13 vectors vector NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 14 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 15 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 16 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 18 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 19 severity severity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 20 Cultural cultural JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 21 vectors vector NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 23 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 25 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 26 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 27 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 29 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 30 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 31 Transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 32 modes mode NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 33 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 35 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 37 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 38 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 39 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 40 special special JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 41 reference reference NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 42 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 43 cholera cholera NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 44 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 45 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 46 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 47 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 48 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 49 AIDS AIDS NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 50 Guarding guard VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 51 against against IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 52 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 53 most most RBS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 54 dangerous dangerous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 55 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 56 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 57 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 58 insights insight NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 59 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 60 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 61 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 62 Les Les NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 63 organisations organisation NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 64 sanitaires sanitaire NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 65 internationales internationales NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 66 face face VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 67 à à FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 68 l'émergence l'émergence NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 69 des des NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 70 maladies maladies NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 71 infectieuses infectieuses NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 72 nouvelles nouvelles NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 73 Social Social NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 74 inequalities inequality NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 75 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 76 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 77 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 78 Infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 79 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 80 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 81 consideration consideration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 82 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 83 21st 21st JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 84 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 85 Emerging Emerging NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 86 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 87 re re JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 88 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 89 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 90 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 91 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 636 92 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 1 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 2 perpetual perpetual JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 3 challenge challenge NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 5 Robert Robert NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 6 H. H. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 7 Ebert Ebert NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 8 memorial memorial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 9 lecture lecture NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 10 Biological biological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 11 control control NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 13 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 14 pests pest NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 637 15 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 638 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 638 2 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 638 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 638 4 myxomatosis myxomatosis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 638 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 639 1 An an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 639 2 experiment experiment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 639 3 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 639 4 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 639 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 640 1 CABI CABI NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 640 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 640 3 New New NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 640 4 York York NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 640 5 Fleck Fleck NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 640 6 L L NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 640 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 640 8 1979 1979 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 640 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 1 Genesis Genesis NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 2 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 3 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 5 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 6 scientifi scientifi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 7 c c NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 8 fact fact NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 9 Mechanisms Mechanisms NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 11 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 13 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 14 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 16 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 17 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 18 Variation variation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 20 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 21 set set NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 22 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 23 point point NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 24 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 25 load load NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 26 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 27 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 28 analysis analysis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 29 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 30 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 31 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 32 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 33 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 34 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 35 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 36 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 37 households household NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 38 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 40 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 41 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 42 Emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 43 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 44 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 45 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 46 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 47 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 48 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 49 result result NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 50 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 51 interspecifi interspecifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 52 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 53 virulence virulence NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 54 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 55 transfer transfer NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 56 Dissent Dissent NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 57 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 58 science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 59 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 60 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 61 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 62 scientifi scientifi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 63 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 64 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 65 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 66 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 67 controversy controversy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 68 over over IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 69 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 70 cause cause NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 71 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 72 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 73 coming come VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 74 plague plague NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 75 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 76 newly newly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 77 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 78 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 79 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 80 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 81 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 82 out out IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 83 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 84 balance balance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 641 85 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 1 Farrar Farrar NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 3 Straus Straus NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 5 Giroux Giroux NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 6 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 7 novel novel JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 8 mechanism mechanism NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 9 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 11 acquisition acquisition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 13 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 14 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 15 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 16 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 17 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 18 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 19 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 20 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 21 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 22 causes cause NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 23 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 24 consequences consequence NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 25 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 26 immunopathology immunopathology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 27 Préliminaires Préliminaires NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 28 d'une d'une NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 29 étude étude FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 30 historique historique FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 31 des des FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 642 32 maladies malady NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 643 1 Le Le NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 643 2 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 644 1 de de FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 644 2 maladie maladie FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 644 3 émergente émergente JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 644 4 Pathogenicity Pathogenicity NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 644 5 islands island NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 644 6 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 645 1 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 645 2 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 645 3 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 645 4 quantum quantum NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 645 5 leaps leap NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 646 1 Hacking hack VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 646 2 I -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 2 1992 1992 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 4 Styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 5 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 6 historians historian NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 8 philosophers philosopher NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 9 Airborne airborne JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 10 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 12 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 13 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 14 A A NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 15 / / SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 16 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 17 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 18 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 19 ferrets ferret NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 21 all all PDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 22 that that DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 23 History history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 26 great great JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 27 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 28 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 29 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 647 30 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 1 Death death NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 2 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 3 panic panic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 4 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 6 hysteria hysteria NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 7 1830 1830 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 8 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 9 1920 1920 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 648 10 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 1 I.B. I.B. NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 2 Tauris Tauris NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 3 Academic Academic NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 4 Experimental experimental JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 5 adaptation adaptation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 7 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 8 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 9 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 10 H5 H5 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 11 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 12 confers confer VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 13 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 14 droplet droplet NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 15 transmission transmission NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 16 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 17 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 18 reassortant reassortant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 19 H5 H5 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 20 HA HA NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 21 / / SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 22 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 23 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 24 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 25 ferrets ferret NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 26 Expression expression NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 28 mouse mouse NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 29 interleukin-4 interleukin-4 VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 30 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 31 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 32 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 33 ectromelia ectromelia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 34 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 35 suppresses suppress VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 36 cytolytic cytolytic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 37 lymphocyte lymphocyte NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 38 responses response NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 39 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 40 overcomes overcome VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 41 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 42 resistance resistance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 43 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 44 mousepox mousepox NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 45 Updating update VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 46 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 47 account account NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 649 48 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 1 global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 2 mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 5 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 6 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 7 1920 1920 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 8 « « NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 9 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 10 » » NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 11 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 12 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 13 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 14 Global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 15 trends trend NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 17 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 18 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 19 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 20 Pathogenesis Pathogenesis NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 23 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 24 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 25 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 26 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 27 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 28 Cancer cancer NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 29 clinical clinical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 30 trials trial NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 31 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 32 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 33 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 34 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 35 development development NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 36 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 37 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 38 new new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 39 style style NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 650 41 practice practice NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 2 severity severity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 4 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 5 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 6 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 7 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 8 reciprocal reciprocal NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 10 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 651 11 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 652 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 652 2 scale scale NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 652 3 politics politic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 652 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 652 5 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 652 6 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 1 Enhanced enhanced JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 2 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 4 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 5 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 6 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 7 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 8 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 10 haemagglutinin haemagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 13 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 14 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 15 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 653 16 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 654 1 pagewanted= pagewanted= NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 655 1 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 655 2 Krause Krause NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 655 3 RM RM NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 655 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 655 5 1998 1998 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 655 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 655 7 Introduction introduction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 655 8 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 656 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 656 2 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 656 3 Krause Krause NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 656 4 RM RM NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 656 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 657 1 ed ed LS cord-017008-c7skxte0 657 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 657 3 Emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 657 4 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 657 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 658 1 Biomedical biomedical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 658 2 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 658 3 report report NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 659 1 Cause cause VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 659 2 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 659 3 effect effect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 659 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 659 5 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 660 1 revisited revisit VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 660 2 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 1 Is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 2 Mayr Mayr NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 3 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 4 proximate proximate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 5 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 6 ultimate ultimate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 7 dichotomy dichotomy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 8 still still RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 9 useful useful JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 661 10 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 1 Did do VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 3 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 4 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 5 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 6 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 7 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 9 originate originate VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 11 China China NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 662 12 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 1 Viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 2 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 3 humankind humankind NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 4 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 5 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 6 symbiosis symbiosis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 9 competition competition NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 10 Emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 11 infections infection NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 12 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 13 microbial microbial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 14 threats threat NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 15 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 16 health health VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 19 United United NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 663 20 States States NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 2 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 4 maintenance maintenance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 6 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 7 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 8 microparasites microparasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 9 Selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 11 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 13 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 14 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 15 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 16 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 17 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 18 ecumenical ecumenical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 19 excursion excursion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 21 modest modest JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 22 suggestion suggestion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 23 Selection selection NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 24 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 25 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 26 rates rate NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 27 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 28 increase increase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 29 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 30 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 31 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 32 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 33 systems system NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 34 Disease Disease NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 35 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 36 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 664 37 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 1 Global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 2 changes change NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 4 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 6 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 7 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 8 Virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 10 transmissibility transmissibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 665 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 666 1 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 666 2 what what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 666 3 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 666 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 666 5 relationship relationship NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 666 6 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 1 Black black JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 2 holes hole NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 4 antivirulence antivirulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 5 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 6 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 7 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 8 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 9 inactivation inactivation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 10 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 12 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 14 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 15 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 16 Parasite Parasite NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 17 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 18 coevolution coevolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 19 Cause cause NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 20 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 21 effect effect NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 22 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 23 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 24 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 25 kinds kind NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 26 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 27 causes cause NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 29 predictability predictability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 31 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 32 teleology teleology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 33 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 34 viewed view VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 35 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 36 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 37 practicing practice VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 38 biologist biologist NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 39 Plagues plague NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 40 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 41 people people NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 42 Like like IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 43 all all DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 44 that that WDT cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 45 lives live VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 46 ' ' '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 47 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 48 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 49 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 50 medicine medicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 51 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 52 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 53 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 54 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 55 age age NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 56 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 57 Pasteur Pasteur NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 58 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 667 59 Koch Koch NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 668 1 Why why WRB cord-017008-c7skxte0 668 2 do do VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 668 3 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 668 4 harm harm VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 668 5 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-017008-c7skxte0 668 6 hosts host NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 668 7 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 1 On on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 2 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 3 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 4 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 5 legacy legacy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 7 Theobald Theobald NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 8 Smith Smith NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 9 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 10 ' ' `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 11 law law NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 13 declining decline VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 14 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 15 ' ' `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 16 -1900 -1900 JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 17 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 18 1980 1980 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 19 Historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 20 epistemology epistemology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 21 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 22 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 23 concept concept NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 25 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 26 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 27 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 28 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 29 ecological ecological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 30 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 31 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 32 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 33 aspects aspect NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 34 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 35 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 36 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 37 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 38 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 39 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 40 19th 19th JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 41 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 42 20th 20th JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 669 43 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 1 Understanding understand VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 2 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 3 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 5 era era NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 7 next next JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 8 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 9 generation generation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 10 sequencing sequencing NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 11 Science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 12 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 13 science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 14 policy policy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 670 15 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 1 regulating regulate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 2 ' ' `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 3 select select JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 4 agents agent NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 5 ' ' '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 6 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 7 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 8 age age NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 10 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 11 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 12 Alizon Alizon NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 13 S S NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 15 forthcoming forthcoming JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 671 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 672 1 What what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 672 2 is be VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 672 3 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 672 4 pathogen pathogen NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 672 5 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 1 Towards towards IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 3 process process NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 4 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 6 host host NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 7 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 8 parasite parasite NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 9 interactions interaction NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 10 Transmissibility transmissibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 12 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 13 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 14 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 15 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 16 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 17 Unsimple Unsimple NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 18 truths truth NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 19 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 20 science science NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 21 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 22 complexity complexity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 23 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 25 policy policy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 26 Contre Contre NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 27 la la FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 28 pensée pensée FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 29 unique unique JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 30 en en FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 31 biologie biologie NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 673 32 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 674 1 La La NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 674 2 Découverte Découverte NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 674 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 674 4 Paris Paris NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 674 5 Morange Morange NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 674 6 M M NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 674 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 674 8 2011 2011 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 674 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 1 What what WP cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 2 will will MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 3 result result VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 4 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 6 interaction interaction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 7 between between IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 8 functional functional JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 10 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 675 11 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 1 Understanding understand VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 2 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 3 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 4 backward backward JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 5 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 6 challenge challenge NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 8 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 10 re re VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 11 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 12 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 13 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 676 14 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 2 persistent persistent JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 3 legacy legacy NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 4 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 6 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 7 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 8 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 9 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 10 Engineering Engineering NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 11 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 12 avian avian JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 13 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 14 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 15 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 16 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 17 study study VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 18 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 19 adaptation adaptation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 20 Emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 21 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 677 22 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 1 defi defi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 2 ning ning NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 4 rules rule NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 5 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 6 viral viral JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 7 traffi traffi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 8 c c NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 9 Examining examine VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 10 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 11 origins origin NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 13 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 14 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 15 Factors factor NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 16 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 17 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 18 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 20 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 21 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 22 Pandemic Pandemic NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 23 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 24 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 25 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 26 studying study VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 27 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 28 lessons lesson NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 30 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 31 Guidance guidance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 32 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 33 Enhancing enhance VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 34 personal personal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 35 reliability reliability NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 36 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 37 strengthening strengthen VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 39 culture culture NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 41 responsibility responsibility NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 42 Epidemics epidemic NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 43 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 44 time time NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 678 45 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 1 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 2 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 4 tuberculosis tuberculosis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 5 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 6 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 7 after after IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 8 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 9 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 10 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 11 1919 1919 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 679 12 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 2 roles role NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 4 integration integration NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 6 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 7 systems system NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 8 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 9 Epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 10 evidence evidence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 11 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 12 an an DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 13 early early JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 14 wave wave NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 15 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 17 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 18 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 19 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 20 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 21 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 22 New New NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 23 York York NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 680 24 City City NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 2 so so RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 3 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 4 called call VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 5 great great JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 6 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 7 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 8 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 9 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 10 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 11 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 12 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 13 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 14 originated originate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 15 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 16 France France NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 17 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 18 1916 1916 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 19 World World NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 681 20 War War NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 2 may may MD cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 3 have have VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 4 allowed allow VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 6 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 9 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 10 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 11 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 12 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 13 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 14 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 15 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 16 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 17 conjunction conjunction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 19 soldiers soldier NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 20 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 21 gas gas NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 23 pigs pig NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 24 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 25 ducks duck NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 26 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 27 geese goose NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 28 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 29 horses horse NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 30 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 31 Northern Northern NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 32 France France NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 33 during during IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 34 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 35 Great Great NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 36 War War NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 37 provided provide VBD cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 39 conditions condition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 40 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 41 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 42 emergence emergence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 43 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 44 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 45 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 46 Spanish Spanish NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 47 Human Human NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 48 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 49 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 50 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 51 's 's POS cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 52 greatest great JJS cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 53 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 54 force force NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 55 De De NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 56 l'atténuation l'atténuation NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 57 des des FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 58 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 59 et et FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 60 de de FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 61 leur leur FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 62 retour retour NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 63 à à FW cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 64 la la NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 682 65 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 2 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 3 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 4 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 5 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 7 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 8 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 9 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 683 10 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 1 New new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 2 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 3 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 4 Studies Studies NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 5 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 7 social social JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 8 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 10 medicine medicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 11 Decomposing decompose VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 12 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 13 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 14 tolerance tolerance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 16 resistance resistance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 17 to to IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 18 parasites parasite NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 19 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 20 animals animal NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 21 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 22 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 23 security security NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 24 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 25 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 26 search search NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 27 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 684 28 limits limit NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 2 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 5 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 6 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 7 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 8 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 9 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 10 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 11 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 12 continuing continue VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 13 enigma enigma NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 14 Origin Origin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 15 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 16 evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 19 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 20 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 21 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 22 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 23 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 24 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 25 virus virus NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 26 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 27 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 28 Characterisation Characterisation NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 29 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 30 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 31 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 32 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 33 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 34 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 35 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 36 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 37 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 38 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 39 gene gene NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 40 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 41 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 42 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 43 caused cause VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 44 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 45 highly highly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 46 conserved conserve VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 47 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 48 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 49 two two CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 50 receptor receptor NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 51 - - HYPH cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 52 binding bind VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 685 53 variants variant NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 2 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 3 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 4 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 5 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 6 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 7 integrating integrate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 8 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 10 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 11 Variola variola NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 12 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 13 immune immune JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 14 evasion evasion NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 15 design design NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 16 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 17 expression expression NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 18 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 19 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 20 highly highly RB cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 21 effi effi JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 22 cient cient NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 23 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 24 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 25 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 26 complement complement NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 27 Keywords Keywords NNPS cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 28 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 29 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 30 biology biology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 31 Targeted target VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 32 enrichment enrichment NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 33 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 34 ancient ancient JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 35 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 36 yielding yield VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 37 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 38 pPCP1 ppcp1 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 39 plasmid plasmid NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 40 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 41 Yersinia Yersinia NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 42 pestis pestis NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 43 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 44 victims victim NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 45 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 46 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 47 Black Black NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 48 Death Death NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 49 Ethics Ethics NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 50 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 51 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 52 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 53 Nomenclature nomenclature NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 54 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 55 concepts concept NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 56 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 57 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 58 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 59 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 60 Defi Defi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 61 nitions nition NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 62 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 63 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 64 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 65 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 66 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 67 invertebrate invertebrate JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 686 68 pathology pathology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 2 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 3 obtained obtain VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 4 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 5 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 6 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 7 patients patient NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 8 Emerging Emerging NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 9 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 10 reemerging reemerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 11 diseases disease NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 12 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 13 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 14 historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 15 perspective perspective NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 16 Structure structure NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 17 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 18 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 19 uncleaved uncleaved JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 20 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 21 H1 H1 NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 22 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 23 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 25 extinct extinct JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 26 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 27 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 28 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 29 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 30 Chasing chase VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 31 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 32 elusive elusive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 33 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 34 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 35 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 36 preparing prepare VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 37 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 38 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 39 future future NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 40 by by IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 41 examining examine VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 42 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 43 past past NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 687 44 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 1 In in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 2 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 3 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 4 threat threat NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 6 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 7 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 8 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 9 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 10 are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 11 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 12 ready ready JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 688 13 ? ? . cord-017008-c7skxte0 689 1 Workshop workshop NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 689 2 summary summary NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 2 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 3 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 4 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 5 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 6 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 7 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 8 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 9 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 10 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 11 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 12 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 13 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 14 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 15 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 16 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 17 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 18 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 20 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 21 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 22 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 690 23 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 691 1 New new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 691 2 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 691 3 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 692 1 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 692 2 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 1 Studies study NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 2 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 4 social social JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 5 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 7 medicine medicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 8 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 9 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 10 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 11 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 12 once once JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 13 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 14 future future JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 15 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 16 Initial initial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 17 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 18 characterisation characterisation NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 19 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 20 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 21 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 22 " " `` cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 23 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 24 " " '' cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 25 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 26 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 693 27 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 2 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 3 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 4 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 5 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 6 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 7 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 8 killer killer NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 9 comes come VBZ cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 10 into into IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 11 view view NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 12 Integrating integrate VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 13 historical historical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 14 , , , cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 15 clinical clinical JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 16 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 17 molecular molecular JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 18 genetic genetic JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 19 data datum NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 20 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 21 order order NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 22 to to TO cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 23 explain explain VB cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 24 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 25 origin origin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 26 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 27 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 28 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 29 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 30 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 31 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 32 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 33 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 34 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 35 Elkinton Elkinton NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 36 JS JS NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 38 2004 2004 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 40 Pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 41 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 42 virulence virulence NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 43 Mortality mortality NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 44 associated associate VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 45 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 46 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 47 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 48 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 49 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 50 syncytial syncytial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 51 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 52 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 53 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 54 United United NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 55 States States NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 56 Pathogenicity Pathogenicity NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 57 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 58 immunogenicity immunogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 59 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 60 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 61 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 62 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 63 with with IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 64 genes gene NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 65 from from IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 66 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 67 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 68 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 69 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 70 Characterization characterization NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 71 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 72 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 73 reconstructed reconstruct VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 74 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 75 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 76 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 77 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 78 pandemic pandemic NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 694 79 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 2 bacteriological bacteriological JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 3 paradigm paradigm NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 4 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 5 infl infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 6 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 7 research research NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 8 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 9 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 10 fi fi NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 11 rst rst NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 12 half half NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 13 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 14 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 15 twentieth twentieth JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 695 16 century century NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 2 construction construction NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 3 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 4 bacteriophage bacteriophage NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 5 as as IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 6 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 7 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 8 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 9 linking link VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 10 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 11 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 12 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 13 thought thought NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 696 14 styles style NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 2 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 3 fl fl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 4 u u NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 5 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 6 resurrected resurrect VBN cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 7 Are be VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 9 ready ready JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 10 for for IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 11 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 12 infl infl XX cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 13 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 14 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 697 15 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 698 1 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 698 2 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 698 3 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 698 4 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 698 5 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 698 6 secrets secret NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 698 7 remain remain VBP cord-017008-c7skxte0 698 8 elusive elusive JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 1 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 2 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 3 -an -an NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 4 emerging emerge VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 5 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 6 re re JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 7 - - JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 8 emerging emerging JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 9 disease disease NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 10 Infl Infl NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 11 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 699 12 virus virus NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 2 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 3 : : : cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 4 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 5 pivotal pivotal JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 6 role role NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 7 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 8 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 9 Evolution evolution NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 10 and and CC cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 11 ecology ecology NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 12 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 13 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 700 14 uenza uenza NNP cord-017008-c7skxte0 701 1 A a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 701 2 viruses virus NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 702 1 Global global JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 702 2 public public JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 702 3 health health NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 702 4 vigilance vigilance NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 702 5 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 703 1 Creating create VBG cord-017008-c7skxte0 703 2 a a DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 703 3 world world NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 703 4 on on IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 703 5 alert alert NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 1 The the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 2 Spanish spanish JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 3 infl infl NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 4 uenza uenza NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 5 pandemic pandemic NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 7 1918 1918 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 8 - - SYM cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 9 19 19 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 704 10 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 705 1 New new JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 705 2 perspectives perspective NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 705 3 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 706 1 2003 2003 CD cord-017008-c7skxte0 706 2 . . . cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 1 Studies study NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 2 in in IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 3 the the DT cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 4 social social JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 5 history history NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 6 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 7 medicine medicine NN cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 8 Origins origin NNS cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 9 of of IN cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 10 major major JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 11 human human JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 12 infectious infectious JJ cord-017008-c7skxte0 707 13 diseases disease NNS