id sid tid token lemma pos cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 1 key key JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 2 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 3 cord-016717 cord-016717 NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 4 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 5 2twm4hmc 2twm4hmc CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 6 authors author NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 7 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 8 Vourc’h Vourc’h NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 9 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 10 Gwenaël Gwenaël NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 11 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 12 Plantard Plantard NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 14 Olivier Olivier NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 15 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 16 Morand Morand NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 18 Serge Serge NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 19 title title NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 20 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 21 How how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 22 Does do VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 23 Biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 24 Influence influence VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 25 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 26 Ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 27 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 28 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 29 Disease Disease NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 1 30 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 1 date date NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 2 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 3 2011 2011 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 4 - - SYM cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 5 06 06 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 6 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 7 28 28 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 8 journal journal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 9 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 10 New New NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 11 Frontiers Frontiers NNPS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 13 Molecular Molecular NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 14 Epidemiology Epidemiology NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 16 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 2 17 Diseases Diseases NNPS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 3 1 DOI DOI NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 3 2 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 1 10.1007/978 10.1007/978 LS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 2 - - SYM cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 3 94 94 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 4 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 5 007 007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 6 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 7 2114 2114 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 8 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 9 2_13 2_13 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 10 sha sha NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 11 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 12 9b8fc086d5e8f7a3599048738bd39a1794b2d5af 9b8fc086d5e8f7a3599048738bd39a1794b2d5af CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 13 doc_id doc_id CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 14 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 15 16717 16717 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 16 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 17 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 4 18 2twm4hmc 2twm4hmc CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 1 Over over IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 3 past past JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 4 years year NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 5 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 6 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 7 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 8 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 9 reduced reduce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 10 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 11 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 12 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 13 scale scale NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 15 while while IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 16 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 17 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 18 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 19 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 20 emerging emerge VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 21 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 22 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 23 increasing increase VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 24 rate rate NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 5 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 1 Greater great JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 2 overall overall JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 3 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 4 could could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 5 lead lead VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 6 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 7 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 8 greater great JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 9 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 11 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 13 thus thus RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 15 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 6 16 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 1 Yet yet CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 2 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 3 regulation regulation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 4 – – : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 5 due due IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 6 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 8 buffering buffer VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 9 role role NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 11 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 12 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 13 – – : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 14 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 15 considered consider VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 16 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 17 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 18 one one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 20 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 21 services service NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 22 provided provide VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 23 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 24 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 7 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 2 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 3 chapter chapter NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 6 ask ask VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 7 how how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 8 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 9 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 10 linked link VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 11 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 12 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 13 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 8 14 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 1 First first RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 4 investigate investigate VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 5 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 6 influence influence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 9 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 11 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 9 12 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 2 highlight highlight VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 3 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 5 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 7 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 8 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 9 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 10 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 11 well well RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 12 known know VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 13 but but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 14 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 15 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 16 findings finding NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 17 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 18 facilitated facilitate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 19 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 20 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 21 rapid rapid JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 22 expansion expansion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 24 molecular molecular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 25 techniques technique NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 10 26 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 2 show show VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 3 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 5 although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 6 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 7 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 8 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 9 trend trend NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 10 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 11 find find VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 12 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 13 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 14 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 15 toward toward IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 17 equator equator NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 19 identifying identify VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 20 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 21 global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 22 pattern pattern NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 23 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 24 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 25 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 26 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 27 all all DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 28 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 29 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 30 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 31 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 32 latitudinal latitudinal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 33 distribution distribution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 34 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 35 challenging challenging JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 11 36 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 2 emphasize emphasize VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 3 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 4 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 5 intraspecific intraspecific JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 6 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 7 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 8 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 9 crucial crucial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 10 factor factor NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 11 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 12 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 13 emergence emergence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 15 allows allow VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 16 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 17 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 18 adapt adapt VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 19 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 20 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 21 selective selective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 22 pressures pressure NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 23 they -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 24 face face VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 12 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 2 addition addition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 5 selective selective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 6 pressure pressure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 7 acting act VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 8 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 9 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 10 due due JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 11 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 12 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 15 reinforced reinforce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 16 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 17 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 18 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 19 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 20 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 21 seems seem VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 22 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 23 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 24 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 25 major major JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 26 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 27 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 28 ecological ecological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 29 force force NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 30 shaping shape VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 31 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 32 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 13 33 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 1 Second second RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 4 investigate investigate VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 5 how how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 7 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 9 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 10 influences influence VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 11 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 12 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 13 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 14 14 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 2 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 3 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 4 host host JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 5 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 6 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 7 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 8 change change NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 9 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 10 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 11 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 12 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 13 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 14 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 15 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 16 modify modify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 18 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 20 local local JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 21 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 22 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 23 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 24 either either CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 25 reducing reduce VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 27 “ " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 28 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 29 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 30 ” " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 32 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 33 increasing increase VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 35 “ " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 36 amplification amplification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 37 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 38 ” " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 15 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 1 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 2 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 4 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 5 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 7 targeted target VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 8 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 9 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 16 10 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 2 underlying underlying JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 3 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 4 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 5 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 6 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 8 competence competence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 10 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 11 varies vary VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 12 according accord VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 13 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 15 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 16 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 17 17 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 2 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 3 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 4 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 5 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 6 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 7 mainly mainly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 8 through through IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 9 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 10 work work NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 11 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 12 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 13 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 14 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 15 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 16 few few JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 17 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 18 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 18 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 1 Regarding regard VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 3 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 4 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 6 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 8 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 9 important important JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 10 issue issue NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 11 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 12 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 13 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 14 what what WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 15 extent extent NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 16 does do VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 17 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 18 reduction reduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 20 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 21 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 22 impact impact VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 24 ability ability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 25 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 27 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 28 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 29 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 30 response response VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 31 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 32 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 33 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 19 34 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 1 Third third RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 4 rapidly rapidly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 5 examine examine VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 7 role role NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 9 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 10 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 12 treatment treatment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 14 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 15 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 20 16 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 1 To to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 2 conclude conclude VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 5 consider consider VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 6 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 8 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 11 loss loss NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 13 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 14 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 15 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 16 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 17 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 18 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 19 still still RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 20 largely largely RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 21 unknown unknown JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 23 notably notably RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 24 due due IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 25 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 27 lack lack NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 28 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 29 knowledge knowledge NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 30 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 31 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 32 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 33 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 34 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 35 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 36 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 37 relationships relationship NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 38 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 39 especially especially RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 40 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 41 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 42 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 43 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 44 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 45 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 46 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 47 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 21 48 .. .. . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 2 highlight highlight VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 3 that that DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 4 work work NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 5 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 6 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 7 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 8 host/ host/ JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 9 ulti ulti NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 10 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 11 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 12 systems system NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 13 should should MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 14 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 15 fostered foster VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 17 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 18 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 19 approaches approach NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 20 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 21 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 22 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 23 metagenomic metagenomic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 24 investigations investigation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 25 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 26 does do VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 27 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 28 require require VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 29 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 30 priori priori FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 31 assumptions assumption NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 32 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 33 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 34 promising promise VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 35 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 36 describe describe VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 37 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 38 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 39 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 40 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 41 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 42 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 43 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 22 44 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 1 investigate investigate VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 2 how how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 4 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 6 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 7 influences influence VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 8 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 9 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 10 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 23 11 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 2 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 3 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 4 host host JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 5 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 6 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 7 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 8 change change NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 9 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 10 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 11 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 12 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 13 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 14 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 15 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 16 modify modify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 18 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 20 local local JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 21 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 22 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 23 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 24 either either CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 25 reducing reduce VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 27 " " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 28 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 29 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 30 " " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 32 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 33 increasing increase VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 35 " " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 36 amplification amplification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 37 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 38 " " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 24 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 1 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 2 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 4 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 5 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 7 targeted target VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 8 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 9 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 25 10 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 2 underlying underlying JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 3 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 4 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 5 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 6 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 8 competence competence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 10 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 11 varies vary VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 12 according accord VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 13 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 15 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 16 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 26 17 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 2 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 3 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 4 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 5 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 6 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 7 mainly mainly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 8 through through IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 9 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 10 work work NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 11 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 12 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 13 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 14 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 15 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 16 few few JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 17 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 18 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 27 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 1 Regarding regard VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 3 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 4 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 6 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 8 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 9 important important JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 10 issue issue NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 11 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 12 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 13 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 14 what what WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 15 extent extent NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 16 does do VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 17 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 18 reduction reduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 20 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 21 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 22 impact impact VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 24 ability ability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 25 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 27 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 28 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 29 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 30 response response VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 31 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 32 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 33 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 28 34 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 1 Third third RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 4 rapidly rapidly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 5 examine examine VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 7 role role NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 9 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 10 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 12 treatment treatment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 14 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 15 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 29 16 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 1 To to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 2 conclude conclude VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 5 consider consider VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 6 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 8 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 11 loss loss NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 13 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 14 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 15 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 16 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 17 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 18 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 19 still still RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 20 largely largely RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 21 unknown unknown JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 23 notably notably RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 24 due due IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 25 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 27 lack lack NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 28 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 29 knowledge knowledge NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 30 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 31 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 32 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 33 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 34 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 35 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 36 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 37 relationships relationship NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 38 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 39 especially especially RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 40 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 41 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 42 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 43 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 44 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 45 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 46 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 47 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 30 48 .. .. . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 2 highlight highlight VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 3 that that DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 4 work work NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 5 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 6 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 7 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 8 host/ host/ JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 9 ulti ulti NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 10 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 11 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 12 systems system NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 13 should should MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 14 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 15 fostered foster VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 17 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 18 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 19 approaches approach NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 20 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 21 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 22 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 23 metagenomic metagenomic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 24 investigations investigation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 25 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 26 does do VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 27 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 28 require require VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 29 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 30 priori priori FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 31 assumptions assumption NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 32 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 33 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 34 promising promise VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 35 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 36 describe describe VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 37 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 38 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 39 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 40 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 41 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 42 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 43 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 31 44 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 1 Over over IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 3 past past JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 4 50 50 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 5 years year NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 6 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 7 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 8 activity activity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 9 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 10 altered alter VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 11 habitats habitat NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 13 reduced reduce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 14 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 15 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 16 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 17 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 18 scale scale NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 19 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 20 comes come VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 21 close close RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 22 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 23 mass mass JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 24 extinction extinction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 26 MEA MEA NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 27 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 32 29 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 1 At at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 3 same same JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 4 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 5 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 6 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 7 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 8 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 9 seem seem VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 10 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 11 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 12 emerging emerge VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 13 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 14 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 15 increasing increase VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 16 rate rate NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 18 Wilcox Wilcox NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 19 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 20 Gubler Gubler NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 21 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 33 23 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 1 During during IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 2 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 3 period period NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 5 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 6 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 7 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 8 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 9 dramatic dramatic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 10 spread spread NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 12 highly highly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 13 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 14 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 15 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 16 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 17 AIDS AIDS NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 19 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 20 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 21 drug drug JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 22 resistant resistant JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 23 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 24 infections infection NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 25 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 27 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 28 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 29 recent recent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 30 years year NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 31 SARS SARS NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 32 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 33 West West NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 34 Nile Nile NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 35 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 36 North North NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 37 America America NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 38 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 39 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 40 highly highly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 41 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 42 influenza influenza NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 43 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 45 Jones Jones NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 46 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 47 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 48 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 49 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 34 51 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 1 Habitat habitat NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 2 loss loss NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 4 largely largely RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 5 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 6 result result NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 9 conversion conversion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 11 forests forest NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 13 savannas savanna NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 14 into into IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 15 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 16 land land NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 18 cities city NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 20 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 21 industrial industrial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 22 sites site NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 23 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 24 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 25 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 26 major major JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 27 cause cause NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 28 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 29 change change NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 30 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 31 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 35 32 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 1 Biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 2 represents represent VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 4 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 6 life life NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 7 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 8 all all DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 9 levels level NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 11 biological biological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 12 organization organization NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 14 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 15 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 16 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 17 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 18 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 20 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 21 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 22 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 23 compose compose VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 24 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 25 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 26 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 27 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 28 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 29 communities community NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 30 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 31 compose compose VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 32 ecosystems ecosystem NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 36 33 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 1 Intuitively intuitively RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 3 one one PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 4 might may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 5 assume assume VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 6 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 7 greater great JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 8 overall overall JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 9 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 10 would would MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 11 lead lead VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 12 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 13 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 14 greater great JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 15 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 17 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 19 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 20 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 21 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 22 thereby thereby RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 23 increase increase VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 24 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 25 incidence incidence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 26 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 27 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 28 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 30 Dunn Dunn NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 31 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 32 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 33 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 34 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 37 36 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 1 Yet yet CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 2 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 3 regulation regulation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 4 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 5 said say VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 6 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 7 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 8 one one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 11 services service NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 12 provided provide VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 13 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 14 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 15 because because IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 16 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 17 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 18 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 20 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 21 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 22 creates create VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 23 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 24 buffer buffer NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 25 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 26 reduces reduce VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 27 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 28 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 29 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 30 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 32 MEA MEA NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 33 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 34 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 35 Walpole Walpole NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 36 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 37 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 38 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 39 2009 2009 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 38 41 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 1 Scientific scientific JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 2 evidence evidence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 3 supporting support VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 4 both both DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 6 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 7 views view NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 8 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 9 beginning begin VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 10 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 11 emerge emerge VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 13 but but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 15 core core NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 16 question question NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 17 remains remain VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 18 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 19 how how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 20 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 21 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 22 linked link VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 23 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 24 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 25 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 39 26 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 40 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 40 2 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 40 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 40 4 question question NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 40 5 addressed address VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 40 6 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 40 7 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 40 8 chapter chapter NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 40 9 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 1 Pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 2 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 3 organisms organism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 4 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 5 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 6 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 7 negative negative JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 8 impact impact NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 9 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 11 fitness fitness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 14 host(s host(s NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 16 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 17 often often RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 19 if if IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 20 now now RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 21 always always RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 23 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 24 producing produce VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 25 visible visible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 26 symptoms symptom NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 28 e.g. e.g. RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 29 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 30 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 41 32 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 1 Such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 2 trophic trophic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 3 interaction interaction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 4 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 5 two two CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 6 organisms organism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 8 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 9 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 11 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 12 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 14 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 15 just just RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 16 one one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 18 several several JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 19 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 20 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 21 take take VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 22 place place NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 23 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 24 communities community NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 25 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 26 ecosystems ecosystem NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 27 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 28 others other NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 29 being be VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 30 those those DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 31 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 32 prey prey NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 33 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 34 predator predator NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 35 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 36 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 37 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 38 phytophagous phytophagous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 39 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 40 instance instance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 42 Begon Begon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 43 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 44 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 45 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 46 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 42 48 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 1 To to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 2 date date NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 4 more more JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 5 attention attention NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 6 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 7 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 8 paid pay VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 9 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 10 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 11 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 12 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 16 roles role NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 17 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 18 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 19 functioning function VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 43 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 1 e.g. e.g. RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 2 Steffan Steffan NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 3 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 4 Snyder Snyder NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 5 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 8 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 9 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 10 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 11 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 12 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 13 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 15 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 16 food food NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 17 web web NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 18 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 19 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 20 recently recently RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 21 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 22 begun begin VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 23 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 24 take take VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 25 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 26 into into IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 27 consideration consideration NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 29 Arias Arias NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 30 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 31 González González NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 32 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 33 Morand Morand NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 44 34 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 45 1 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 45 2 Lafferty Lafferty NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 45 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 45 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 45 5 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 45 6 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 45 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 45 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 46 1 Studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 46 2 incorporating incorporate VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 46 3 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 46 4 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 46 5 scarce scarce JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 2 Hudson Hudson NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 5 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 6 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 9 probably probably RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 10 due due IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 11 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 13 difficulties difficulty NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 15 surveying surveying NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 16 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 18 using use VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 19 intrusive intrusive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 20 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 21 even even RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 22 destructive destructive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 23 sampling sampling NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 24 methods method NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 25 … … NFP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 47 27 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 4 systematics systematic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 5 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 6 even even RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 7 basic basic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 8 aspects aspect NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 10 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 11 biology biology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 12 often often RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 13 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 14 unknown unknown JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 48 15 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 3 although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 4 numerous numerous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 5 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 7 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 8 still still RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 9 need need VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 10 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 11 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 12 described describe VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 14 Dobson Dobson NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 15 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 16 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 17 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 18 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 20 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 21 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 22 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 23 no no DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 24 doubt doubt NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 25 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 26 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 27 represent represent VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 28 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 29 large large JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 30 part part NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 31 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 32 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 33 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 34 earth earth NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 49 35 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 1 Given give VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 2 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 3 each each DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 4 free free JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 5 living living NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 6 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 7 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 8 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 9 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 10 numerous numerous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 11 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 13 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 14 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 15 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 17 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 18 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 19 exist exist VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 21 consider consider VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 23 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 24 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 25 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 26 phages phage NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 27 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 28 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 29 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 30 affecting affect VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 31 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 33 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 34 several several JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 35 authors author NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 36 believe believe VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 37 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 38 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 39 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 40 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 41 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 42 most most RBS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 43 diverse diverse JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 44 living living NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 45 group group NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 46 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 47 earth earth NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 49 Windsor Windsor NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 50 1998 1998 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 50 52 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 2 link link NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 3 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 4 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 5 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 7 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 9 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 10 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 11 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 12 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 13 simple simple JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 51 14 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 2 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 3 chapter chapter NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 6 investigate investigate VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 7 how how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 8 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 9 influences influence VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 11 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 13 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 14 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 15 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 17 intraspecific intraspecific JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 18 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 20 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 21 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 22 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 23 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 24 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 25 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 27 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 28 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 29 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 30 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 31 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 32 communities community NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 34 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 35 composition composition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 52 37 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 1 Although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 3 mainly mainly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 4 provide provide VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 5 examples example NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 6 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 7 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 9 animal animal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 10 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 13 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 14 use use VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 15 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 16 illustrations illustration NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 17 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 18 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 53 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 2 describe describe VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 3 patterns pattern NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 5 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 6 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 8 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 10 changes change NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 11 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 12 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 13 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 15 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 17 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 18 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 54 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 1 Lastly lastly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 4 rapidly rapidly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 5 examine examine VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 7 role role NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 9 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 10 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 12 treatment treatment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 14 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 15 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 55 16 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 56 1 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 56 2 Disease Disease NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 56 3 Ecology Ecology NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 56 4 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 2 shall shall MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 3 consider consider VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 4 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 5 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 6 caused cause VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 7 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 8 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 9 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 10 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 12 fungi fungus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 14 protozoa protozoan NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 15 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 16 endo endo NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 17 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 18 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 20 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 21 exclude exclude VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 22 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 23 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 24 analysis analysis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 25 ecto ecto NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 26 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 27 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 28 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 29 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 30 considered consider VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 31 here here RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 32 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 33 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 34 vectors vector NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 57 35 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 3 light light NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 5 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 6 discussion discussion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 7 above above RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 9 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 10 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 11 status status NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 13 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 14 given give VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 15 living live VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 16 organism organism NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 17 clearly clearly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 18 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 19 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 20 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 21 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 22 question question NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 24 consider consider VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 25 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 26 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 27 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 28 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 29 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 30 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 31 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 32 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 33 Rickettsia Rickettsia NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 34 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 35 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 36 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 37 considered consider VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 38 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 39 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 40 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 41 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 42 blood blood NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 43 vertebrate vertebrate NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 44 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 45 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 46 but but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 47 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 48 tick tick VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 49 symbionts symbiont NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 50 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 51 Perlman Perlman NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 52 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 53 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 54 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 55 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 58 57 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 2 status status NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 3 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 4 related relate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 5 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 7 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 9 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 10 varies vary VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 11 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 12 individual individual JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 13 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 15 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 16 as as RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 17 well well RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 18 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 19 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 20 space space NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 21 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 22 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 23 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 25 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 26 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 27 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 28 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 29 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 30 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 31 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 32 have have VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 33 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 34 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 35 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 36 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 59 38 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 1 When when WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 2 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 3 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 4 complex complex JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 5 life life NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 6 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 7 cycles cycle NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 9 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 10 stages stage NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 11 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 12 have have VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 13 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 14 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 15 biology biology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 17 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 18 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 19 biotrophic biotrophic NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 20 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 21 necrotrophic necrotrophic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 22 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 23 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 24 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 25 Morris Morris NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 26 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 27 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 28 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 29 2009 2009 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 60 31 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 3 horizontal horizontal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 4 gene gene NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 5 transfer transfer NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 7 so so RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 8 extensive extensive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 9 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 10 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 11 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 12 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 13 microbio microbio NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 14 logists logist NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 15 question question VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 17 existence existence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 18 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 19 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 20 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 21 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 23 preferring prefer VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 24 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 25 consider consider VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 26 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 27 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 28 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 29 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 30 exchange exchange NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 31 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 61 32 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 4 existence existence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 6 core core NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 7 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 8 responsible responsible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 9 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 11 maintenance maintenance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 13 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 14 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 15 specific specific JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 16 phenotypic phenotypic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 17 clusters cluster NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 18 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 19 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 20 argument argument NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 21 supporting support VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 22 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 23 identification identification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 24 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 25 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 26 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 28 Riley Riley NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 29 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 30 Lizotte Lizotte NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 31 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 32 Waniewski Waniewski NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 33 2009 2009 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 62 35 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 2 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 3 reasons reason NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 5 combined combine VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 6 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 8 limited limited JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 9 knowledge knowledge NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 10 available available JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 13 systematics systematic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 15 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 16 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 18 Brooks Brooks NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 19 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 20 Hoberg Hoberg NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 21 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 23 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 25 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 26 difficult difficult JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 27 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 28 accurately accurately RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 29 estimate estimate VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 30 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 31 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 32 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 33 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 34 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 63 35 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 1 Estimations estimation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 2 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 3 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 4 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 5 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 6 vary vary VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 7 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 8 10 10 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 9 % % NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 10 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 11 50 50 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 12 % % NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 14 living live VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 15 beings being NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 17 de de FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 18 Meeûs Meeûs NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 19 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 20 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 64 21 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 65 1 1998 1998 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 65 2 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 65 3 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 65 4 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 65 5 Morand Morand NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 65 6 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 65 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 65 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 2 estuaries estuary NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 5 biomass biomass NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 7 macro macro JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 9 micro micro NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 10 - - NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 11 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 12 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 13 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 14 estimated estimate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 15 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 16 exceeding exceed VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 17 that that DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 18 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 19 top top JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 20 predators predator NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 66 21 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 1 Although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 3 existence existence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 6 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 7 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 8 known know VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 9 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 10 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 11 long long JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 12 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 14 lists list NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 16 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 17 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 18 were be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 19 compiled compile VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 20 recently recently RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 21 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 22 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 23 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 24 animals animal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 26 Ashford Ashford NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 27 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 28 Crewe Crewe NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 29 1998 1998 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 30 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 31 Cleaveland Cleaveland NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 32 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 33 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 34 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 35 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 36 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 37 Taylor Taylor NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 38 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 39 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 40 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 41 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 43 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 44 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 45 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 46 update update NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 47 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 48 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 49 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 50 completed complete VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 51 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 52 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 54 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 55 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 56 Gaunt Gaunt NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 57 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 67 59 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 1 Approximately approximately RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 2 1,400 1,400 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 3 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 4 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 5 were be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 6 reported report VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 8 616 616 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 9 livestock livestock NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 10 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 12 cattle cattle NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 14 sheep sheep NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 15 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 16 goats goat NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 18 pigs pig NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 19 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 20 horses horse NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 23 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 24 374 374 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 25 domestic domestic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 26 carnivore carnivore NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 27 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 29 dogs dog NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 30 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 31 cats cat NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 68 33 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 1 No no DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 2 clear clear JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 3 figure figure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 4 was be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 5 given give VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 6 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 7 wildlife wildlife NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 9 but but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 10 see see VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 12 Global Global NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 13 Mammal Mammal NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 14 Parasite Parasite NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 15 Database database NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 16 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 17 http://www.mammalparasites.org/ http://www.mammalparasites.org/ NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 69 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 1 On on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 2 average average JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 4 over over IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 5 two two CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 6 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 7 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 9 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 10 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 11 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 12 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 13 discovered discover VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 14 each each DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 70 15 year year NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 71 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 71 2 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 71 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 71 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 71 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 71 6 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 71 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 71 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 1 Pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 2 affecting affect VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 3 humans human NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 4 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 5 received receive VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 6 more more JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 7 attention attention NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 8 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 9 those those DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 10 affecting affect VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 11 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 12 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 72 13 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 1 If if IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 2 one one PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 3 assumes assume VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 4 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 5 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 6 animal animal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 7 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 8 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 9 affected affect VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 10 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 11 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 12 proportional proportional JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 13 manner manner NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 15 huge huge JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 16 numbers number NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 18 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 19 remain remain VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 20 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 21 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 22 discovered discover VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 73 23 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 1 Altogether altogether RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 3 70,000 70,000 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 5 5,000 5,000 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 6 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 7 4,000 4,000 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 9 fungi fungus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 11 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 13 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 14 respectively respectively RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 15 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 16 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 17 described describe VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 19 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 20 represent represent VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 21 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 22 5 5 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 23 % % NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 24 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 25 1 1 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 26 % % NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 27 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 28 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 29 0 0 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 30 - - SYM cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 31 1 1 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 32 % % NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 33 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 34 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 35 total total JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 36 estimated estimate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 37 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 38 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 39 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 40 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 41 fungal fungal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 42 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 43 viral viral JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 44 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 45 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 46 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 74 47 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 2 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 3 difficult difficult JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 4 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 5 know know VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 7 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 9 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 10 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 12 but but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 13 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 14 significantly significantly JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 15 proportion proportion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 18 fungal fungal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 20 viral viral JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 21 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 22 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 23 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 24 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 25 likely likely JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 26 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 27 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 28 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 29 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 31 Ingram Ingram NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 32 1999 1999 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 75 34 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 1 Until until IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 2 recently recently RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 4 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 5 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 6 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 7 discoveries discovery NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 8 relied rely VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 9 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 11 investigation investigation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 13 atypical atypical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 14 symptoms symptom NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 76 15 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 1 Today today NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 3 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 4 findings finding NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 5 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 6 facilitated facilitate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 7 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 8 molecular molecular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 9 techniques technique NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 10 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 11 render render VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 13 possible possible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 14 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 15 detect detect VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 17 characterise characterise VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 18 unculturable unculturable JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 19 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 20 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 21 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 22 investigate investigate VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 24 presence presence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 25 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 26 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 27 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 28 genomes genome NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 29 independently independently RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 30 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 31 individuals individual NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 33 metagenomics metagenomic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 77 35 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 1 Although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 2 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 3 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 4 host host JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 6 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 7 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 8 numerous numerous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 9 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 10 single single JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 11 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 13 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 14 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 15 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 17 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 18 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 19 evolve evolve VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 20 towards towards IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 21 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 22 specialisation specialisation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 24 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 25 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 26 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 27 given give VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 28 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 29 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 31 Cleaveland Cleaveland NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 32 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 33 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 34 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 35 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 36 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 37 Huyse Huyse NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 38 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 39 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 40 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 41 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 42 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 43 Pedersen Pedersen NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 44 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 45 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 46 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 47 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 78 49 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 1 Such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 2 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 3 specialisation specialisation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 4 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 5 lead lead VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 6 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 7 speciation speciation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 9 i -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 10 d d NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 11 est est NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 13 birth birth NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 15 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 16 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 17 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 18 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 79 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 1 Co co NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 2 - - NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 3 cladogenesis cladogenesis JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 5 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 6 process process NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 8 parallel parallel JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 9 diversification diversification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 10 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 11 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 13 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 15 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 16 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 17 give give VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 18 birth birth NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 19 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 20 numerous numerous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 21 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 22 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 24 Page page NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 25 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 80 27 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 1 Until until IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 3 development development NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 5 molecular molecular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 6 tools tool NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 8 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 9 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 10 were be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 11 very very RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 12 difficult difficult JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 13 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 14 distinguish distinguish VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 16 cryptic cryptic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 17 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 81 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 1 Systematic systematic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 2 investigations investigation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 3 using use VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 4 molecular molecular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 5 tools tool NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 6 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 7 made make VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 9 possible possible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 11 however however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 13 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 14 reveal reveal VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 15 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 16 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 17 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 18 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 19 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 82 20 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 2 instance instance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 4 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 5 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 6 systematic systematic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 7 inventory inventory NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 9 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 10 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 11 various various JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 12 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 13 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 14 conducted conduct VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 15 over over IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 16 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 17 20 20 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 18 year year NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 19 period period NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 20 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 21 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 22 Central Central NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 23 African African NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 24 Republic Republic NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 25 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 26 919 919 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 27 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 28 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 29 were be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 30 isolated isolate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 31 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 32 including include VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 33 39 39 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 34 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 35 ones one NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 37 Saluzzo Saluzzo NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 38 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 39 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 40 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 41 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 83 43 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 1 Two two CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 2 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 4 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 5 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 6 P. P. NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 7 falciparum falciparum NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 9 infecting infect VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 10 humans human NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 13 P. P. NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 14 reichenowi reichenowi NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 15 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 16 infecting infect VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 17 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 19 were be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 20 long long RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 21 considered consider VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 22 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 23 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 24 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 25 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 26 clade clade NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 27 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 28 includes include VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 29 humans human NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 30 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 31 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 32 great great JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 33 apes ape NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 84 34 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 3 recent recent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 4 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 6 apes ape NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 7 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 9 natural natural JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 10 habitat habitat NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 11 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 12 revealed reveal VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 13 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 14 much much RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 15 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 16 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 18 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 19 infecting infect VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 20 great great JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 21 apes ape NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 22 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 23 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 24 addition addition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 25 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 26 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 27 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 28 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 29 found find VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 30 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 31 P. p. NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 32 falciparum falciparum NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 33 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 34 infect infect VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 35 gorillas gorilla NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 37 Liu Liu NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 38 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 39 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 40 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 41 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 42 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 43 Prugnolle Prugnolle NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 44 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 45 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 46 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 47 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 49 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 50 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 51 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 52 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 53 origin origin NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 54 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 55 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 56 malaria malaria NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 85 57 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 86 1 Metagenomic Metagenomic NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 86 2 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 86 3 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 86 4 ecosystems ecosystem NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 86 5 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 86 6 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 86 7 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 86 8 faeces faece NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 2 Zhang Zhang NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 5 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 6 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 9 marine marine JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 87 10 sediments sediment NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 88 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 88 2 Breitbart Breitbart NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 88 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 88 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 88 5 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 1 2004 2004 LS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 3 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 4 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 5 revealed reveal VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 6 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 8 majority majority NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 10 viral viral JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 11 sequences sequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 12 found find VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 13 did do VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 14 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 15 match match VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 16 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 18 databanks databank NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 89 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 1 Finally finally RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 3 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 4 investigations investigation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 5 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 6 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 7 launched launch VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 8 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 9 monitor monitor VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 10 people people NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 12 animals animal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 13 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 14 animal animal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 15 die die NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 16 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 17 offs off NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 18 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 19 areas area NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 20 where where WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 21 people people NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 22 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 23 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 24 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 25 exposure exposure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 26 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 27 wildlife wildlife NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 90 28 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 1 Generic generic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 3 broad broad JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 4 screening screening NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 5 tools tool NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 6 will will MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 7 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 8 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 9 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 10 detect detect VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 11 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 12 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 14 Wolfe Wolfe NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 15 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 16 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 17 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 18 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 91 20 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 1 To to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 3 knowledge knowledge NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 5 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 6 similar similar JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 7 approach approach NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 8 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 9 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 10 yet yet RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 11 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 12 implemented implement VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 13 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 14 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 16 animals animal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 17 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 18 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 92 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 2 addition addition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 3 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 5 inventories inventory NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 7 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 8 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 9 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 10 scientists scientist NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 11 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 12 investigated investigate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 13 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 14 part part NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 17 world world NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 18 holds hold VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 19 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 20 highest high JJS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 21 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 22 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 23 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 24 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 93 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 1 Many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 2 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 3 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 4 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 5 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 6 animals animal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 7 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 8 shown show VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 9 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 10 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 11 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 12 decreases decrease VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 13 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 14 further further JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 15 one one NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 16 moves move NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 17 away away RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 18 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 19 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 20 equator equator NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 94 21 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 2 reasons reason NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 3 most most RBS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 4 likely likely RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 5 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 6 linked link VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 7 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 9 area area NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 11 energy energy NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 13 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 15 habitat habitat NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 16 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 19 geometric geometric JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 20 constraints constraint NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 22 Gaston Gaston NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 23 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 24 Blackburn Blackburn NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 25 2000 2000 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 95 27 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 1 Comparative comparative JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 2 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 3 exploring explore VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 4 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 5 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 6 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 7 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 9 tropics tropic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 10 compared compare VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 11 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 12 temperate temperate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 13 zones zone NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 14 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 15 scarce scarce JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 17 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 18 produced produce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 19 discrepant discrepant JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 20 results result NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 96 21 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 1 Guernier Guernier NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 2 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 3 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 5 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 7 studied study VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 9 worldwide worldwide JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 10 distribution distribution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 12 229 229 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 13 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 14 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 16 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 18 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 20 fungi fungus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 21 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 22 protozoa protozoan NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 23 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 24 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 25 helminths helminth NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 27 according accord VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 28 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 29 environmental environmental JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 30 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 31 demographic demographic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 32 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 33 economical economical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 34 factors factor NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 97 35 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 2 found find VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 3 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 4 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 5 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 6 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 7 decreased decrease VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 8 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 9 latitude latitude NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 11 had have VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 12 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 13 spatially spatially RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 14 nested nested JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 15 organization organization NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 16 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 17 i.e. i.e. FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 18 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 19 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 20 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 21 widely widely RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 22 distributed distribute VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 23 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 24 occur occur VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 25 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 26 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 27 communities community NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 28 while while IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 29 others other NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 30 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 31 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 32 restricted restrict VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 33 distributions distribution NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 34 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 35 occur occur VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 36 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 37 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 38 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 39 subset subset NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 40 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 41 locations location NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 98 42 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 1 Such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 2 findings finding NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 3 were be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 4 confirmed confirm VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 5 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 7 analysis analysis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 9 Dunn Dunn NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 10 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 11 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 99 12 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 2 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 5 who who WP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 6 showed show VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 7 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 8 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 9 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 10 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 11 was be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 12 strongly strongly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 13 related relate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 14 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 15 both both DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 16 mammal mammal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 17 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 18 bird bird NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 19 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 20 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 100 21 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 1 Diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 2 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 3 occur occur VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 4 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 5 temperate temperate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 6 zones zone NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 7 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 8 tend tend VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 9 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 10 occur occur VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 11 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 13 tropics tropic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 15 while while IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 16 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 17 tropical tropical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 18 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 19 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 20 restricted restrict VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 21 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 22 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 24 tropics tropic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 101 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 2 primates primate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 5 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 7 protozoa protozoan NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 8 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 9 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 10 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 11 primarily primarily RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 12 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 13 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 14 - - : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 15 borne bear VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 16 transmitted transmit VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 18 increase increase VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 19 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 20 one one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 21 approaches approach VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 22 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 23 equator equator NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 24 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 25 however however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 26 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 27 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 28 same same JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 29 trend trend NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 30 was be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 31 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 32 found find VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 33 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 34 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 35 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 36 helminths helminth NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 38 Nunn Nunn NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 39 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 40 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 41 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 42 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 102 44 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 1 Lindenfors Lindenfors NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 2 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 3 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 5 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 8 who who WP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 9 examined examine VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 11 parasite parasite JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 12 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 14 980 980 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 15 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 16 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 17 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 18 146 146 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 19 terrestrial terrestrial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 20 carnivore carnivore NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 21 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 23 found find VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 24 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 25 helminth helminth JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 26 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 27 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 28 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 29 increased increase VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 30 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 31 further far RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 32 away away RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 33 one one NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 34 moved move VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 35 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 36 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 37 equator equator NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 103 38 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 2 reason reason NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 3 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 4 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 5 finding finding NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 7 unknown unknown JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 9 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 10 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 11 related relate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 12 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 13 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 14 bias bias NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 15 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 16 sampling sampling NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 17 because because IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 18 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 19 inhabiting inhabit VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 20 areas area NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 21 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 22 industrialized industrialized JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 23 countries country NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 24 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 25 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 26 Northern Northern NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 27 Hemisphere Hemisphere NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 28 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 29 have have VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 30 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 31 sampled sample VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 32 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 33 intensely intensely RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 104 34 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 1 Poulin Poulin NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 3 1995 1995 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 5 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 6 Bordes Bordes NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 7 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 8 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 10 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 12 did do VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 13 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 14 find find VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 15 any any DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 16 correlation correlation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 17 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 18 helminth helminth JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 19 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 20 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 21 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 22 intra intra JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 23 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 24 interspecific interspecific JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 25 levels level NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 27 latitude latitude NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 105 28 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 1 Some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 2 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 3 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 4 shown show VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 5 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 6 tick tick NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 7 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 8 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 9 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 10 lower low JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 11 latitudes latitude NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 13 Cumming Cumming NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 14 2000 2000 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 106 16 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 3 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 4 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 5 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 7 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 8 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 9 flea flea NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 10 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 12 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 13 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 14 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 15 found find VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 16 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 17 have have VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 18 low low JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 19 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 20 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 21 lower low JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 22 latitudes latitude NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 24 Krasnov Krasnov NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 25 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 26 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 27 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 28 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 107 30 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 108 1 A a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 108 2 final final JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 108 3 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 108 4 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 108 5 Ichneumonid Ichneumonid NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 108 6 parasitoid parasitoid NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 108 7 hymenoptera hymenoptera NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 108 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 1 Although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 2 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 3 higher higher RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 4 specific specific JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 5 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 6 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 7 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 8 found find VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 9 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 11 tropics tropic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 13 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 14 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 16 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 18 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 19 parasitoid parasitoid NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 20 group group NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 21 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 22 similar similar JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 23 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 24 both both DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 25 tropical tropical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 27 temperate temperate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 28 regions region NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 109 29 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 2 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 3 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 4 hypothesised hypothesise VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 5 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 6 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 7 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 8 due due JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 9 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 10 habitat habitat NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 11 fragmentation fragmentation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 13 leading lead VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 14 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 15 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 16 lower low JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 17 density density NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 18 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 19 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 21 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 22 lack lack NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 24 seasonality seasonality NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 27 thus thus RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 28 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 29 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 30 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 31 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 32 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 33 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 34 peaks peak NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 35 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 36 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 37 density density NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 38 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 39 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 41 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 42 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 43 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 44 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 45 content content NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 46 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 47 toxic toxic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 48 compounds compound NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 49 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 50 tropical tropical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 51 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 52 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 53 thus thus RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 54 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 55 phytophagous phytophagous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 56 insects insect NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 57 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 58 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 59 " " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 60 nasty nasty JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 61 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 62 " " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 110 63 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 111 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 111 2 Gauld Gauld NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 111 3 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 111 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 111 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 111 6 1992 1992 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 111 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 111 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 1 A a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 2 meta meta JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 3 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 4 analysis analysis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 6 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 7 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 8 associated associate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 9 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 112 10 mortality mortality NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 2 Robar Robar NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 6 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 8 revealed reveal VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 9 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 10 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 11 mortality mortality NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 12 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 13 declined decline VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 14 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 15 one one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 16 moves move VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 17 away away RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 18 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 19 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 20 equator equator NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 21 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 22 indicating indicate VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 23 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 24 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 25 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 26 addition addition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 27 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 28 parasitic parasitic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 29 load load NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 30 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 31 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 32 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 33 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 34 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 35 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 36 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 37 mortality mortality NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 38 might may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 39 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 40 determined determine VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 41 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 42 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 43 abiotic abiotic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 44 factors factor NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 113 45 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 1 Thus thus RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 3 although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 4 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 5 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 6 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 7 trend trend NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 8 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 9 find find VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 10 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 11 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 12 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 13 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 14 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 15 move move VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 16 toward toward IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 18 equator equator NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 21 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 22 thus thus RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 23 challenging challenge VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 24 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 25 identify identify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 26 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 27 global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 28 pattern pattern NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 29 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 30 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 31 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 32 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 33 all all DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 34 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 35 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 36 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 37 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 38 latitudinal latitudinal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 39 distribution distribution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 114 40 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 4 should should MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 5 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 6 noted note VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 7 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 9 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 10 87 87 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 11 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 12 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 13 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 14 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 15 discovered discover VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 16 since since IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 17 1980 1980 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 19 most most JJS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 20 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 21 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 22 global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 23 distribution distribution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 25 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 27 Gaunt Gaunt NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 28 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 115 30 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 1 Pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 2 generally generally RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 3 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 4 characterised characterise VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 5 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 6 having have VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 7 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 8 mutation mutation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 9 rates rate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 11 generation generation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 12 times time NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 13 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 14 those those DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 16 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 17 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 19 Hamilton Hamilton NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 20 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 21 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 22 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 23 1990 1990 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 116 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 1 Genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 2 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 3 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 4 results result VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 5 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 6 recombination recombination NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 7 during during IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 8 sexual sexual JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 9 reproduction reproduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 11 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 15 any any DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 16 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 17 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 18 exchange exchange NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 19 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 20 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 21 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 22 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 23 conjugation conjugation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 24 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 25 viral viral JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 26 recombination recombination NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 117 27 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 2 addition addition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 4 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 5 animal animal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 6 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 7 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 8 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 9 use use VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 10 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 11 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 12 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 13 increase increase VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 14 gene gene NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 15 flow flow NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 16 among among IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 17 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 19 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 20 reach reach VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 21 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 22 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 23 individual individual JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 24 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 118 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 2 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 3 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 4 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 5 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 6 crucial crucial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 7 factor factor NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 8 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 9 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 119 10 emergence emergence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 2 Cleaveland Cleaveland NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 6 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 9 allows allow VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 10 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 11 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 12 adapt adapt VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 13 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 15 main main JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 16 selective selective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 17 pressures pressure NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 18 they -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 19 face face VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 20 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 21 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 22 ' ' POS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 23 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 24 systems system NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 25 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 27 need need NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 28 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 29 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 30 transmitted transmit VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 31 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 32 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 33 treatments treatment NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 34 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 35 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 36 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 37 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 38 counter counter VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 39 infections infection NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 120 40 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 2 capacity capacity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 4 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 6 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 7 genetically genetically RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 8 diversify diversify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 9 facilitates facilitate VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 11 ability ability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 12 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 13 evade evade VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 14 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 15 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 16 systems system NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 121 17 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 1 One one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 2 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 4 best good JJS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 5 examples example NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 8 Human Human NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 9 Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 10 Virus Virus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 12 HIV HIV NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 15 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 16 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 17 able able JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 18 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 19 change change VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 21 appearance appearance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 22 faster fast RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 23 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 24 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 25 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 26 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 27 takes take NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 28 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 29 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 30 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 31 system system NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 32 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 33 reply reply VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 35 Drosopoulos Drosopoulos NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 36 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 37 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 38 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 39 1998 1998 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 122 41 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 1 Another another DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 2 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 3 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 4 P. P. NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 5 falciparum falciparum NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 6 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 7 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 8 generates generate VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 9 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 10 levels level NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 12 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 13 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 14 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 15 involved involve VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 16 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 17 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 18 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 19 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 20 virulence virulence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 22 var var NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 23 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 25 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 26 producing produce VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 27 frequent frequent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 28 recombination recombination NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 29 events event NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 30 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 31 heterologous heterologous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 32 chromosomes chromosome NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 34 Freitas Freitas NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 35 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 36 Junior Junior NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 37 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 38 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 39 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 40 2000 2000 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 123 42 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 1 High high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 2 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 3 variation variation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 6 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 7 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 8 involved involve VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 9 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 11 interspecies interspecie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 12 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 13 process process NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 14 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 16 facilitates facilitate VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 18 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 20 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 21 broader broad JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 22 range range NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 24 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 25 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 26 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 27 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 28 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 29 another another DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 30 characteristic characteristic NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 31 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 32 emerging emerge VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 33 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 35 Cleaveland Cleaveland NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 36 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 37 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 38 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 39 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 40 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 41 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 42 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 43 Gowtage Gowtage NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 44 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 45 Sequeria Sequeria NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 46 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 124 48 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 3 potential potential NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 6 allows allow VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 7 them -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 8 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 9 respond respond VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 10 quickly quickly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 11 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 13 directional directional JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 14 selective selective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 15 pressure pressure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 16 provided provide VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 17 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 18 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 19 massive massive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 20 use use NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 21 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 22 drugs drug NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 24 Palumbi Palumbi NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 25 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 125 27 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 2 areas area NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 3 where where WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 4 selective selective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 5 pressure pressure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 7 important important JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 9 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 10 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 11 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 12 hospitals hospital NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 14 multiresistant multiresistant JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 15 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 16 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 17 very very RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 126 18 frequent frequent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 127 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 127 2 Levy Levy NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 127 3 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 127 4 Marshall Marshall NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 127 5 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 127 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 127 7 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 2 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 4 resistant resistant JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 5 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 6 probably probably RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 7 originated originate VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 8 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 9 environmental environmental JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 10 organisms organism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 11 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 12 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 14 shared share VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 16 ecological ecological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 17 niche niche NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 19 Aminov Aminov NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 20 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 21 Mackie Mackie NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 22 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 128 24 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 1 These these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 2 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 3 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 4 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 5 transferred transfer VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 6 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 7 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 8 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 10 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 11 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 12 even even RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 13 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 14 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 15 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 16 colonize colonize VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 17 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 18 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 20 Nikolich Nikolich NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 21 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 22 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 23 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 24 1994 1994 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 129 26 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 1 Although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 2 vaccination vaccination NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 3 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 4 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 5 major major JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 6 advance advance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 8 modern modern JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 9 medicine medicine NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 12 thus thus RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 13 far far RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 14 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 15 contributed contribute VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 16 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 18 eradication eradication NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 20 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 21 one one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 22 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 23 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 24 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 25 humans human NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 27 small small JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 28 pox pox NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 29 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 30 www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 32 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 33 one one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 34 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 35 cattle cattle NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 36 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 37 buffalo buffalo NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 38 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 39 wildebeest wildebeest NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 41 rinderpest rinderpest NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 42 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 43 Normile Normile NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 44 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 130 46 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 1 As as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 2 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 3 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 4 do do VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 5 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 6 totally totally RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 7 block block VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 8 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 9 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 10 vaccination vaccination NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 11 modifies modify VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 13 selective selective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 14 pressure pressure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 15 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 16 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 131 17 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 1 Depending depend VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 2 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 3 how how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 4 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 5 act act VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 6 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 8 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 9 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 11 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 12 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 13 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 14 differ differ VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 16 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 17 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 18 Day Day NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 19 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 132 21 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 2 instance instance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 4 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 5 work work NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 6 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 7 shown show VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 8 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 9 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 10 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 11 reduce reduce VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 13 growth growth NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 14 rate rate NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 15 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 16 toxicity toxicity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 18 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 19 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 20 reduce reduce VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 21 selection selection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 22 pressure pressure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 23 against against IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 24 virulent virulent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 25 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 26 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 27 leading lead VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 28 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 29 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 30 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 31 virulence virulence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 33 Gandon Gandon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 34 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 35 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 36 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 37 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 133 39 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 3 poultry poultry NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 4 industry industry NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 5 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 6 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 7 increase increase NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 8 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 9 virulence virulence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 11 avian avian JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 12 tumour tumour NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 13 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 14 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 15 followed follow VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 17 use use NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 18 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 19 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 20 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 21 reduce reduce VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 22 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 23 growth growth NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 24 rates rate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 26 Witter Witter NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 27 1997 1997 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 134 29 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 1 Although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 2 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 3 lack lack VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 4 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 5 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 6 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 7 system system NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 9 through through IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 10 evolution evolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 11 they -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 12 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 13 developed develop VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 14 various various JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 15 strategies strategy NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 16 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 17 stop stop VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 18 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 19 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 20 infections infection NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 135 21 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 1 An an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 2 induced induced NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 3 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 4 acquired acquire VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 5 systemic systemic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 6 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 7 occurs occur VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 8 following follow VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 9 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 10 recognition recognition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 12 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 13 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 15 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 16 triggers trigger VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 18 production production NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 20 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 21 hypersensitive hypersensitive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 22 reaction reaction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 24 Jones Jones NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 25 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 26 Dangl Dangl NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 27 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 136 29 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 1 Through through IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 2 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 3 mechanism mechanism NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 5 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 6 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 7 provides provide VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 8 itself -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 9 protection protection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 10 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 11 secondary secondary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 12 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 13 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 14 distal distal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 15 tissues tissue NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 16 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 17 even even RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 18 if if IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 19 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 20 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 21 faces face VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 22 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 23 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 24 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 25 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 26 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 27 does do VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 28 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 29 have have VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 30 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 31 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 32 gene gene NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 34 Durrant Durrant NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 35 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 36 Dong Dong NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 37 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 137 39 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 2 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 3 system system NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 5 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 6 acquires acquire VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 7 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 8 efficiency efficiency NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 9 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 10 being be VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 11 exposed expose VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 12 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 13 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 14 diverse diverse JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 15 array array NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 17 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 138 18 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 2 striking striking JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 3 increase increase NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 4 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 5 hygiene hygiene NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 6 standards standard NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 7 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 8 began begin VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 9 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 11 early early JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 12 twentieth twentieth JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 13 century century NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 14 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 15 considerably considerably RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 16 lowered lower VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 17 humans human NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 18 ' ' POS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 19 exposure exposure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 20 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 21 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 23 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 24 least least JJS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 25 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 26 developed develop VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 27 countries country NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 139 28 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 2 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 3 response response NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 4 triggered trigger VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 5 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 6 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 7 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 8 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 9 provide provide VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 10 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 11 cross cross NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 12 protection protection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 13 against against IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 14 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 15 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 17 e.g. e.g. RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 18 Huang Huang NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 19 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 20 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 21 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 22 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 140 24 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 1 A a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 2 low low JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 3 exposure exposure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 4 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 5 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 6 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 8 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 9 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 10 had have VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 11 immediate immediate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 12 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 13 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 14 decreasing decrease VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 15 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 16 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 18 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 141 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 1 But but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 2 could could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 3 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 4 low low JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 5 exposure exposure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 6 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 7 induce induce VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 9 change change NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 10 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 12 ability ability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 14 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 15 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 16 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 17 respond respond VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 18 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 19 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 142 20 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 1 Due due IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 2 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 3 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 4 trade trade NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 5 off off RP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 6 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 7 investment investment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 8 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 9 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 10 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 11 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 12 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 13 traits trait NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 14 linked link VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 15 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 16 fitness fitness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 18 low low JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 19 exposure exposure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 20 could could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 21 decrease decrease VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 22 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 23 frequency frequency NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 24 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 25 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 26 down down RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 27 through through IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 28 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 29 generations generation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 30 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 31 setting set VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 32 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 33 stage stage NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 34 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 35 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 36 potentially potentially RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 37 devastating devastating JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 38 outbreak outbreak NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 40 Altizer Altizer NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 41 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 42 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 43 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 44 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 45 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 46 Graham Graham NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 47 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 48 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 49 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 50 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 143 52 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 1 Domestic domestic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 2 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 3 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 4 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 5 bred breed VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 6 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 7 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 8 protected protect VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 9 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 10 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 11 might may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 12 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 13 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 14 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 15 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 16 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 17 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 19 Lyles Lyles NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 20 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 21 Dobson Dobson NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 22 1993 1993 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 144 24 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 4 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 5 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 6 suggested suggest VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 7 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 8 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 9 islands island NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 11 where where WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 12 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 13 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 14 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 15 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 16 absent absent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 18 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 19 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 20 have have VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 21 lower low JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 22 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 23 response response NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 24 abilities ability NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 26 island island NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 27 syndrome syndrome NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 145 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 146 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 146 2 Lee Lee NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 146 3 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 146 4 Klasing Klasing NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 146 5 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 146 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 146 7 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 3 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 4 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 5 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 6 tested test VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 7 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 8 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 9 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 10 both both DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 11 using use VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 12 experimental experimental JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 13 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 14 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 15 approaches approach NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 16 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 17 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 18 had have VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 19 contrasting contrast VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 147 20 results result NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 148 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 148 2 Beadell Beadell NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 148 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 148 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 148 5 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 1 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 2 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 3 Hochberg Hochberg NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 4 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 5 Møller Møller NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 6 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 7 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 8 Matson Matson NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 9 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 149 11 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 1 Infections infection NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 2 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 3 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 4 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 6 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 7 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 8 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 9 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 10 strains strain NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 13 same same JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 14 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 15 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 17 same same JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 18 individual individual JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 19 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 20 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 21 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 22 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 150 23 common common JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 151 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 151 2 Abbot Abbot NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 151 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 151 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 151 5 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 152 1 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 152 2 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 152 3 Cox Cox NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 152 4 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 152 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 152 6 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 2 fact fact NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 4 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 5 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 6 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 7 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 8 seems seem VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 9 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 10 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 11 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 12 major major JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 13 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 15 ecological ecological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 16 force force NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 17 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 18 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 20 Bordes Bordes NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 21 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 22 Morand Morand NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 23 2009 2009 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 153 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 1 These these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 2 concomitant concomitant JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 3 infections infection NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 4 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 5 trigger trigger VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 6 cross cross JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 7 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 8 effective effective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 9 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 10 responses response NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 11 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 13 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 14 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 15 antigenically antigenically RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 16 similar similar JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 18 having have VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 19 thus thus RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 20 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 21 impact impact NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 22 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 24 issue issue NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 25 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 154 27 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 155 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 155 2 Lee Lee NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 155 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 155 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 155 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 155 6 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 155 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 155 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 156 1 An an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 156 2 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 156 3 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 156 4 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 156 5 enhance enhance VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 156 6 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 156 7 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 156 8 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 156 9 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 157 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 157 2 Cattadori Cattadori NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 157 3 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 157 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 157 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 157 6 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 157 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 157 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 2 particular particular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 4 individuals individual NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 5 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 6 already already RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 7 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 8 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 9 poor poor JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 10 physical physical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 11 condition condition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 12 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 13 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 14 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 15 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 16 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 17 multiple multiple JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 18 infections infection NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 20 Beldomenico Beldomenico NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 21 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 22 Begon Begon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 23 2009 2009 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 24 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 25 Telfer Telfer NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 26 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 27 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 28 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 29 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 158 31 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 3 concomitant concomitant JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 4 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 5 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 6 allow allow VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 8 exchange exchange NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 10 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 11 material material NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 12 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 13 strains strain NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 15 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 16 given give VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 17 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 18 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 19 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 20 even even RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 21 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 22 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 23 through through IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 24 horizontal horizontal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 25 gene gene NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 26 transfer transfer NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 28 see see VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 29 Sect Sect NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 159 30 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 1 13.2.2 13.2.2 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 2 above above RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 5 allowing allow VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 7 emergence emergence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 9 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 10 virulent virulent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 11 strains strain NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 160 12 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 1 An an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 2 extreme extreme JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 3 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 4 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 5 one one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 6 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 7 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 8 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 9 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 10 drives drive VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 12 extinction extinction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 14 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 15 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 16 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 17 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 161 18 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 1 Such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 2 scenarios scenario NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 3 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 4 rare rare JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 5 but but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 6 do do VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 7 occur occur VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 9 generally generally RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 10 due due JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 11 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 12 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 13 conjunction conjunction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 15 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 17 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 18 causes cause NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 162 19 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 2 instance instance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 5 decline decline NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 7 amphibian amphibian JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 8 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 9 around around IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 11 world world NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 12 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 13 thought think VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 14 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 15 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 16 linked link VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 17 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 18 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 19 fungal fungal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 20 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 21 Batrachochytrium Batrachochytrium NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 22 dendrobatidis dendrobatidis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 23 causing cause VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 24 Chytridiomycosis Chytridiomycosis NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 26 Crawford Crawford NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 27 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 28 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 29 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 30 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 163 32 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 1 Amphibians amphibian NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 2 could could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 3 have have VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 4 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 5 increased increase VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 6 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 7 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 9 fungus fungus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 10 due due IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 11 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 12 changes change NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 13 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 14 temperature temperature NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 15 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 17 Rohr Rohr NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 19 Raffel Raffel NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 20 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 164 22 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 1 Another another DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 2 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 3 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 5 dramatic dramatic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 6 decline decline NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 9 native native JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 10 red red JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 11 squirrel squirrel NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 12 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 13 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 14 UK UK NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 15 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 16 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 17 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 18 attributed attribute VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 19 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 20 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 21 combination combination NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 22 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 23 direct direct JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 24 competition competition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 25 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 27 grey grey NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 28 squirrel squirrel NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 29 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 30 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 31 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 32 mediated mediate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 33 competition competition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 34 because because IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 35 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 36 grey grey NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 37 squirrel squirrel NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 38 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 39 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 40 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 41 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 42 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 43 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 44 squirrelpox squirrelpox NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 45 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 46 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 47 causes cause VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 48 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 49 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 50 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 51 red red JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 52 squirrel squirrel NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 54 Tompkins Tompkins NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 55 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 56 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 57 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 58 2002 2002 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 165 60 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 2 local local JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 3 extinction extinction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 5 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 6 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 7 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 8 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 9 have have VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 10 tremendous tremendous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 11 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 12 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 13 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 14 entire entire JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 15 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 17 see see VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 18 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 19 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 20 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 21 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 22 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 24 wildebeest wildebeest NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 25 /rinderpest /rinderpest . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 26 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 27 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 28 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 29 Serengeti Serengeti NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 30 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 31 Holdo Holdo NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 32 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 33 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 34 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 35 2009 2009 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 166 37 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 167 1 Disease Disease NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 167 2 Ecology Ecology NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 167 3 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 1 A a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 2 change change NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 3 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 4 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 5 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 6 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 7 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 8 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 9 modify modify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 11 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 13 local local JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 14 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 15 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 16 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 17 either either CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 18 reducing reduce VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 19 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 20 increasing increase VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 21 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 22 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 24 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 25 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 27 targeted target VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 28 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 168 29 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 2 first first JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 3 outcome outcome NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 4 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 5 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 6 named name VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 9 " " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 10 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 11 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 12 " " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 15 second second JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 16 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 18 " " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 19 amplification amplification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 20 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 21 " " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 169 22 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 2 term term NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 3 " " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 4 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 5 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 6 " " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 7 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 8 conveyed convey VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 9 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 10 meanings meaning NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 11 since since IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 12 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 13 first first JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 14 use use NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 15 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 16 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 17 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 18 literature literature NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 20 see see VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 21 Box Box NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 22 2 2 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 23 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 24 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 25 paper paper NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 26 Keesing Keesing NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 27 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 28 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 29 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 30 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 170 32 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 2 broad broad JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 3 definition definition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 5 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 6 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 7 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 8 refers refer VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 9 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 10 " " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 12 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 13 -the -the ADD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 14 net net JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 15 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 16 -when -when HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 17 increased increase VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 18 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 19 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 20 reduces reduce VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 21 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 22 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 23 " " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 24 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 25 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 26 produced produce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 27 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 28 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 29 variety variety NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 30 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 31 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 33 " " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 34 amplification amplification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 35 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 36 " " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 37 refers refer VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 38 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 39 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 40 opposite opposite JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 41 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 171 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 172 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 172 2 Keesing Keesing NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 172 3 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 172 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 172 5 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 172 6 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 172 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 172 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 2 applies apply VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 3 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 4 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 5 - - : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 6 borne bear VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 7 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 8 directly directly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 9 transmitted transmit VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 10 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 12 although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 13 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 14 concept concept NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 16 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 17 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 18 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 19 developed develop VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 20 most most RBS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 21 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 22 regards regard NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 23 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 24 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 25 tick tick NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 26 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 27 borne bear VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 28 Lyme Lyme NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 29 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 31 Allan Allan NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 32 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 33 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 34 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 35 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 36 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 37 LoGiudice LoGiudice NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 38 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 39 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 173 40 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 174 1 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 175 1 LoGiudice LoGiudice NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 175 2 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 175 3 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 175 4 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 175 5 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 175 6 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 175 7 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 2 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 3 underlying underlie VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 5 amplification amplification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 6 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 7 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 8 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 9 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 10 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 11 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 12 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 13 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 15 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 16 competence competence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 18 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 20 i.e. i.e. FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 21 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 22 ability ability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 23 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 24 become become VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 25 infected infected JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 27 retransmit retransmit VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 28 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 29 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 30 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 31 varies vary VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 32 according accord VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 33 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 34 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 35 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 36 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 38 Haydon Haydon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 39 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 40 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 41 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 42 2002 2002 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 176 44 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 2 composition composition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 5 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 6 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 7 thus thus RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 8 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 9 influence influence VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 11 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 12 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 15 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 177 16 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 3 since since IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 4 vectors vector NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 5 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 6 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 7 competence competence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 8 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 9 transmit transmit VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 10 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 13 composition composition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 15 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 16 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 17 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 18 likely likely JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 19 influences influence VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 20 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 21 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 178 22 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 1 Different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 2 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 3 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 4 thought think VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 5 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 6 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 7 involved involve VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 9 but but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 10 they -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 11 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 12 difficult difficult JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 13 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 14 differentiate differentiate VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 16 Begon Begon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 17 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 18 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 19 Keesing Keesing NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 20 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 21 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 22 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 23 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 179 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 1 One one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 2 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 4 modification modification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 7 encounter encounter NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 8 rate rate NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 10 when when WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 11 reduced reduce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 13 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 14 corresponds correspond VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 15 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 17 " " `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 18 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 19 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 20 " " '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 21 sensu sensu FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 22 stricto stricto NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 180 24 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 3 presence presence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 5 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 6 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 7 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 8 poorly poorly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 9 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 12 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 13 event event NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 14 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 15 should should MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 16 link link VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 17 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 18 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 19 individual individual NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 20 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 21 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 22 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 23 individual individual NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 24 instead instead RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 25 links link VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 26 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 27 individuals individual NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 28 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 29 non non JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 30 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 31 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 32 individuals individual NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 181 33 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 2 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 3 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 4 borne bear VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 5 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 6 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 8 increased increase VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 9 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 11 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 12 poorly poorly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 13 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 14 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 15 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 16 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 17 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 18 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 19 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 20 feeds feed VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 21 increases increase VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 22 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 23 proportion proportion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 24 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 25 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 26 bites bite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 27 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 28 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 29 wasted waste VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 182 30 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 2 direct direct JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 3 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 5 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 6 addition addition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 8 non non JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 9 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 10 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 11 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 12 decrease decrease VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 13 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 14 if if IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 15 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 16 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 17 remove remove VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 18 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 19 particles particle NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 21 Begon Begon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 22 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 183 24 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 1 A a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 2 second second JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 3 mechanism mechanism NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 4 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 5 work work NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 7 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 8 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 9 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 10 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 12 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 13 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 14 regulates regulate VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 15 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 16 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 18 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 19 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 20 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 21 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 184 22 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 2 regulation regulation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 3 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 4 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 5 mediated mediate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 6 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 7 interspecific interspecific JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 8 competition competition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 9 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 10 limiting limit VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 11 resources resource NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 12 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 13 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 14 predation predation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 15 upon upon IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 16 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 17 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 185 18 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 2 typically typically RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 3 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 5 idea idea NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 6 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 7 underlies underlie VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 8 biological biological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 9 controls control NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 11 where where WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 12 organisms organism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 13 prey prey VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 14 upon upon IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 15 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 16 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 18 vectors vector NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 19 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 20 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 21 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 23 Straub Straub NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 24 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 25 Snyder Snyder NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 26 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 186 28 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 1 A a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 2 third third JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 3 mechanism mechanism NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 4 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 5 based base VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 6 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 8 link link NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 9 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 10 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 11 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 13 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 14 mortality mortality NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 187 15 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 2 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 4 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 5 when when WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 6 predators predator NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 7 modify modify VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 9 mortality mortality NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 10 rate rate NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 12 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 13 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 15 lower low JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 16 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 17 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 18 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 19 feeding feed VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 20 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 21 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 22 heavily heavily RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 23 diseased disease VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 24 individual individual NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 26 Packer Packer NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 27 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 28 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 29 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 30 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 188 32 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 1 Two two CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 2 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 4 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 5 cited cite VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 6 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 7 Keesing Keesing NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 8 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 9 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 11 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 14 but but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 15 they -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 16 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 17 difficult difficult JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 18 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 19 demonstrate demonstrate VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 20 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 22 i i NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 189 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 1 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 2 modification modification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 4 recovery recovery NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 5 when when WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 6 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 7 added add VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 8 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 9 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 10 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 11 facilitate facilitate VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 13 recovery recovery NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 15 infected infected JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 16 individuals individual NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 17 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 19 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 20 instance instance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 21 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 22 providing provide VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 23 resources resource NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 24 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 25 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 27 ii ii NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 29 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 30 modification modification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 31 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 32 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 33 once once IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 34 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 35 contact contact NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 36 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 37 occurred occur VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 38 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 39 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 40 instance instance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 41 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 42 when when WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 43 adding add VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 44 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 45 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 46 modifies modify VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 47 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 48 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 49 load load NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 50 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 51 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 52 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 190 53 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 2 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 3 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 4 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 5 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 6 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 7 mainly mainly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 8 through through IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 9 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 10 work work NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 11 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 12 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 13 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 14 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 15 few few JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 16 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 17 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 191 18 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 1 One one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 2 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 4 main main JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 5 examples example NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 7 Lyme Lyme NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 8 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 9 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 11 USA USA NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 12 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 13 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 14 caused cause VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 15 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 16 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 17 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 18 transmitted transmit VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 19 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 20 ticks tick NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 192 21 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 1 These these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 2 ticks tick NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 3 feed feed VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 4 readily readily RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 5 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 6 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 7 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 9 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 11 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 12 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 13 vary vary VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 14 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 16 degrees degree NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 18 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 19 competence competence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 193 20 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 2 white white JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 3 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 4 footed footed JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 5 mouse mouse NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 7 Peromyscus Peromyscus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 8 leucopus leucopus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 10 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 11 thought think VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 12 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 13 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 15 most most RBS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 16 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 17 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 19 dominates dominate VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 20 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 21 fragmented fragmented JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 22 forests forest NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 194 23 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 2 native native JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 3 forests forest NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 5 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 6 harbour harbour VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 7 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 8 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 9 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 11 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 12 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 13 fragmented fragmented JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 14 forests forest NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 15 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 16 ticks tick NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 17 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 18 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 19 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 20 probability probability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 21 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 22 dilute dilute VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 24 bite bite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 25 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 26 feeding feed VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 27 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 28 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 29 less less RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 30 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 31 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 33 Allan Allan NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 34 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 35 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 36 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 37 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 38 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 39 LoGiudice LoGiudice NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 40 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 41 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 195 42 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 196 1 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 197 1 LoGiudice LoGiudice NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 197 2 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 197 3 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 197 4 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 197 5 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 197 6 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 197 7 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 3 such such PDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 4 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 5 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 6 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 7 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 8 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 9 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 10 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 11 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 12 Europe Europe NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 14 probably probably RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 15 because because IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 18 complexity complexity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 20 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 21 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 22 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 23 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 24 involves involve VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 25 numerous numerous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 26 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 27 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 28 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 29 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 198 30 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 199 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 199 2 Halos Halos NNPS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 199 3 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 199 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 199 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 199 6 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 199 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 199 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 1 Another another DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 2 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 3 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 5 West West NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 6 Nile Nile NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 7 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 9 where where WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 10 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 11 increased increase VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 12 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 14 non non JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 15 passerine passerine JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 16 birds bird NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 18 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 19 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 20 less less RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 21 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 22 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 23 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 24 compared compare VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 25 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 26 passerines passerine NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 27 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 28 was be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 29 associated associate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 30 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 31 decreased decrease VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 32 West West NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 33 Nile Nile NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 34 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 35 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 36 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 37 mosquitoes mosquito NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 38 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 39 humans human NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 41 Ezenwa Ezenwa NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 42 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 43 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 44 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 45 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 200 46 ; ; . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 201 1 Swaddle Swaddle NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 201 2 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 201 3 Calos Calos NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 201 4 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 201 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 201 6 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 1 To to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 2 date date NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 4 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 5 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 6 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 7 few few JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 8 examples example NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 10 directly directly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 11 transmitted transmit VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 12 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 14 but but CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 15 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 16 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 17 hantaviruses hantaviruses NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 18 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 19 shown show VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 20 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 21 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 22 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 24 small small JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 25 mammals mammal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 26 appears appear VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 27 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 28 regulate regulate VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 29 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 30 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 31 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 32 through through IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 33 competition competition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 34 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 35 predation predation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 202 36 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 1 High high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 2 small small JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 3 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 4 mammal mammal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 5 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 6 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 7 might may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 8 inhibit inhibit VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 9 intraspecific intraspecific JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 10 aggressive aggressive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 11 encounters encounter NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 12 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 13 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 14 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 15 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 16 result result VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 17 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 18 hantavirus hantavirus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 19 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 21 Suzán Suzán NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 22 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 23 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 24 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 25 2009 2009 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 203 27 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 2 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 4 crop crop NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 5 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 6 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 7 reduce reduce VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 9 total total JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 10 burden burden NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 12 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 13 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 14 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 15 systems system NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 204 16 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 2 results result VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 3 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 5 combined combine VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 6 effects effect NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 9 i i NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 12 limitation limitation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 14 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 15 dispersal dispersal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 16 thanks thank NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 17 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 18 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 19 physical physical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 20 barriers barrier NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 21 provided provide VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 22 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 24 presence presence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 25 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 26 non non JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 27 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 28 host host JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 29 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 31 Burdon Burdon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 32 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 33 Chilvers Chilvers NNPS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 34 1982 1982 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 36 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 38 ii ii NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 40 induced induce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 41 systemic systemic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 42 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 43 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 44 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 46 iii iii NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 48 competition competition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 49 among among IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 50 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 205 51 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 2 efficiency efficiency NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 4 crop crop NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 5 mixtures mixture NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 7 linked link VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 8 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 9 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 10 size size NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 13 area area NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 14 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 15 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 16 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 17 method method NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 18 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 19 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 20 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 21 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 22 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 23 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 24 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 25 success success NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 26 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 27 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 28 observed observe VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 29 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 30 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 31 field field NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 32 trial trial NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 33 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 34 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 35 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 36 resistant resistant JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 37 varieties variety NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 38 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 39 rice rice NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 40 conducted conduct VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 41 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 42 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 43 large large JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 44 scale scale NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 46 3,342 3,342 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 47 ha ha UH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 49 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 50 China China NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 52 Zhu zhu FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 53 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 54 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 55 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 56 2000 2000 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 206 58 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 1 Illustrations illustration NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 2 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 3 amplification amplification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 4 effects effect NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 5 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 6 typically typically RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 8 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 10 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 11 introduction introduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 12 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 13 radically radically RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 14 modifies modify VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 15 encounter encounter NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 16 rates rate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 207 17 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 2 added add VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 3 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 4 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 5 introduce introduce VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 6 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 7 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 8 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 9 infect infect VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 10 native native JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 11 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 13 spillover spillover NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 208 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 2 Bruemmer Bruemmer NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 6 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 8 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 9 amplify amplify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 11 circulation circulation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 13 local local JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 14 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 16 spillback spillback NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 209 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 210 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 210 2 Kelly Kelly NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 210 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 210 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 210 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 210 6 2009 2009 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 210 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 210 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 2 introduction introduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 4 additional additional JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 5 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 6 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 7 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 8 provide provide VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 9 sources source NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 11 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 12 meals meal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 13 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 14 increase increase VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 15 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 16 numbers number NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 17 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 18 activity activity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 20 Saul Saul NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 21 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 211 23 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 2 instance instance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 5 introduction introduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 7 Siberian siberian JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 8 chipmunks chipmunk NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 10 Tamias Tamias NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 11 sibiricus sibiricus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 13 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 14 suburban suburban JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 15 forests forest NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 16 could could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 17 increase increase VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 18 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 19 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 20 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 21 Lyme Lyme NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 22 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 23 because because IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 24 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 25 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 26 seems seem VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 27 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 28 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 29 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 30 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 31 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 32 native native JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 33 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 35 Vourc'h Vourc'h NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 36 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 37 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 38 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 39 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 212 41 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 2 introduction introduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 5 mosquito mosquito NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 6 Aedes Aedes NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 7 albopictus albopictus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 8 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 9 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 10 parts part NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 13 world world NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 14 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 15 facilitated facilitate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 17 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 18 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 19 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 20 chikungunya chikungunya NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 21 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 23 Benedict Benedict NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 24 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 25 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 213 26 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 214 1 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 214 2 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 214 3 Charrel Charrel NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 214 4 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 214 5 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 214 6 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 214 7 2007 2007 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 214 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 214 9 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 1 Theoretical theoretical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 2 works work NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 3 based base VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 4 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 5 deterministic deterministic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 6 modelling modelling NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 7 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 8 looked look VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 9 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 11 conditions condition NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 12 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 13 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 14 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 15 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 16 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 17 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 18 needed need VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 19 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 20 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 21 amplification amplification NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 22 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 24 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 25 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 26 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 27 occur occur VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 29 Begon Begon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 30 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 31 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 32 Dobson Dobson NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 33 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 215 35 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 1 When when WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 2 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 3 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 4 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 5 relationship relationship NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 6 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 8 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 10 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 11 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 13 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 14 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 17 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 18 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 20 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 21 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 22 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 24 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 25 additional additional JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 26 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 27 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 28 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 29 addition addition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 30 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 31 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 32 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 33 does do VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 34 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 35 necessarily necessarily RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 36 decrease decrease VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 37 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 38 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 216 39 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 3 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 5 Lyme Lyme NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 6 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 8 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 9 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 11 tick tick VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 12 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 13 mainly mainly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 14 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 15 determined determine VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 16 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 18 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 20 deer deer NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 21 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 22 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 23 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 24 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 25 fact fact NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 26 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 27 non non JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 28 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 29 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 217 30 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 1 An an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 2 increased increase VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 3 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 5 deer deer NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 6 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 7 reduce reduce VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 8 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 9 prevalence prevalence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 10 when when WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 11 immature immature JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 12 ticks tick NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 13 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 14 feeding feed VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 15 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 17 deer deer NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 218 18 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 1 At at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 3 same same JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 4 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 5 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 6 however however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 9 overall overall JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 10 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 12 adult adult NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 13 ticks tick NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 14 increase increase VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 15 proportionally proportionally RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 16 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 18 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 20 deer deer NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 22 Begon Begon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 23 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 219 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 1 Further further JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 2 research research NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 3 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 4 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 5 field field NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 6 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 7 relying rely VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 8 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 9 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 10 modelling modelling NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 12 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 13 global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 14 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 15 competence competence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 17 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 19 vectors vector NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 21 Roche Roche NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 22 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 220 24 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 1 Scientists scientist NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 2 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 3 societies society NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 4 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 5 increasingly increasingly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 6 interested interested JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 7 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 9 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 10 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 12 MEA MEA NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 13 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 15 due due IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 16 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 18 link link NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 19 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 20 habitat habitat NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 21 disturbance disturbance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 23 generalist generalist NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 24 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 25 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 26 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 27 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 28 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 29 competence competence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 30 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 31 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 32 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 221 33 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 1 Disturbance disturbance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 2 seems seem VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 3 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 4 favour favour VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 5 generalist generalist NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 6 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 8 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 9 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 10 use use VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 11 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 12 types type NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 14 habitats habitat NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 222 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 223 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 223 2 Devictor Devictor NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 223 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 223 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 223 5 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 1 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 2 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 3 Marvier Marvier NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 4 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 5 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 6 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 7 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 9 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 11 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 12 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 13 often often RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 14 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 15 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 16 broad broad JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 17 geographical geographical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 18 distribution distribution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 20 McKinney McKinney NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 21 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 22 Lockwood Lockwood NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 23 1999 1999 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 224 24 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 225 1 Smart Smart NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 225 2 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 225 3 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 225 4 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 225 5 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 225 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 225 7 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 1 Crucially crucially RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 3 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 4 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 5 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 6 seem seem VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 7 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 8 have have VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 9 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 10 higher high JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 11 competence competence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 12 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 13 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 14 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 15 reservoir reservoir NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 16 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 17 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 18 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 19 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 20 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 21 favoured favour VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 22 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 23 disturbance disturbance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 25 Mills mill NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 26 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 27 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 28 Molyneux Molyneux NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 29 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 30 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 31 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 32 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 33 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 34 Vittor Vittor NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 35 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 36 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 37 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 38 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 226 40 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 2 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 4 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 5 murid murid NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 6 rodents rodent NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 7 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 8 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 9 recognized recognize VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 10 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 12 hemorrhagic hemorrhagic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 13 fever fever NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 14 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 15 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 16 opportunistic opportunistic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 17 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 18 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 19 seem seem VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 20 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 21 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 22 favoured favour VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 23 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 24 disturbed disturbed JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 25 environments environment NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 227 26 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 2 question question NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 3 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 4 whether whether IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 5 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 7 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 8 causal causal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 9 link link NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 10 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 11 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 12 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 13 ' ' POS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 14 generalist generalist JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 15 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 16 opportunist opportunist JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 17 character character NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 19 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 20 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 21 competence competence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 228 22 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 1 Why why WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 2 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 3 murid murid NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 4 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 5 associated associate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 6 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 7 hemorrhagic hemorrhagic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 8 fever fever NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 9 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 10 generalist generalist NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 11 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 12 those those DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 13 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 14 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 15 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 229 16 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 1 Could Could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 3 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 4 possible possible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 5 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 6 specialist specialist JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 7 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 8 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 9 carry carry VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 10 hemorrhagic hemorrhagic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 11 fever fever NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 12 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 14 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 15 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 16 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 17 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 18 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 19 yet yet RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 20 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 21 identified identify VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 230 22 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 1 Or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 2 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 3 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 4 something something NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 5 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 6 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 7 opportunistic opportunistic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 8 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 9 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 10 makes make VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 11 them -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 12 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 13 likely likely JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 14 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 15 evolve evolve VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 17 maintain maintain VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 18 hemorrhagic hemorrhagic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 19 fever fever NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 20 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 22 Mills mill NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 23 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 25 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 231 26 _SP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 1 Only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 2 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 3 very very RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 4 small small JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 5 subset subset NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 7 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 9 animal animal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 10 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 11 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 12 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 13 domesticated domesticate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 15 Diamond Diamond NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 16 2002 2002 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 232 18 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 1 Many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 2 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 4 that that DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 5 small small JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 6 subset subset NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 8 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 9 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 11 cattle cattle NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 13 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 14 animals animal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 17 maize maize NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 19 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 20 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 23 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 24 seen see VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 25 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 26 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 27 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 28 considerably considerably RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 29 reduced reduce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 30 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 31 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 32 purpose purpose NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 33 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 34 intensive intensive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 35 production production NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 37 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 38 Bovine Bovine NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 39 Hapmap Hapmap NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 40 Consortium Consortium NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 41 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 42 Matsuoka Matsuoka NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 43 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 44 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 45 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 46 2002 2002 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 233 48 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 3 wild wild JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 5 small small JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 6 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 8 endangered endanger VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 9 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 10 often often RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 11 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 12 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 13 very very RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 14 reduced reduced JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 15 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 16 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 18 Keller Keller NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 19 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 20 Waller Waller NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 21 2002 2002 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 234 23 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 2 then then RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 3 raises raise VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 5 following following JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 6 question question NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 7 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 8 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 9 what what WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 10 extent extent NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 11 does do VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 12 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 13 reduction reduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 15 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 16 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 17 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 18 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 19 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 20 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 21 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 22 impact impact VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 24 ability ability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 25 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 27 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 28 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 29 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 30 response response VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 31 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 32 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 33 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 35 May May NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 36 1995 1995 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 235 38 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 1 Genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 2 loci locus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 3 associated associate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 4 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 5 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 6 major major JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 7 histocompatibility histocompatibility NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 8 complex complex NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 10 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 12 plays play VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 13 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 14 key key JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 15 role role NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 16 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 18 acquired acquire VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 19 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 20 response response NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 21 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 236 22 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 237 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 237 2 Altizer Altizer NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 237 3 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 237 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 237 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 237 6 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 237 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 237 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 1 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 2 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 3 code code NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 4 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 5 molecules molecule NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 6 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 7 recognize recognize VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 8 foreign foreign JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 9 peptides peptide NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 11 antigens antigen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 13 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 14 display display VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 15 them -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 16 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 18 cell cell NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 19 surface surface NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 238 20 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 1 When when WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 3 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 4 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 5 protein protein NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 7 displayed display VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 8 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 10 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 11 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 12 presented present VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 13 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 14 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 15 cells cell NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 16 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 17 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 18 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 19 T T NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 20 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 21 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 22 Natural Natural NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 23 Killer Killer NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 24 cells cell NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 25 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 26 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 27 subsequently subsequently RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 28 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 29 trigger trigger VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 30 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 31 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 32 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 33 response response NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 239 34 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 1 Because because IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 2 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 3 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 4 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 5 faced face VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 6 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 7 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 8 important important JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 9 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 11 antigens antigen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 14 must must MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 15 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 16 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 17 diverse diverse JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 240 18 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 2 measure measure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 5 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 6 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 8 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 9 based base VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 10 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 11 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 12 analysis analysis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 14 polymorphism polymorphism NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 15 sequences sequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 17 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 18 among among IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 19 individuals individual NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 20 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 21 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 22 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 23 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 24 widely widely RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 25 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 26 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 27 conservation conservation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 28 biology biology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 29 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 30 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 31 proxy proxy NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 32 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 33 estimate estimate VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 34 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 35 fitness fitness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 36 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 37 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 38 confronted confront VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 39 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 40 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 42 Alcaide Alcaide NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 43 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 44 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 45 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 46 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 47 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 48 Bernatchez Bernatchez NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 49 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 50 Landry Landry NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 51 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 52 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 53 Sommer Sommer NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 54 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 241 56 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 4 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 6 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 7 variation variation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 8 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 9 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 10 loci locus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 11 results result NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 12 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 13 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 14 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 15 forces force NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 17 selection selection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 19 gene gene NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 20 flow flow NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 21 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 22 mutation mutation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 24 varying vary VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 25 both both CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 26 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 27 space space NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 28 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 29 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 30 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 31 co co JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 32 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 33 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 34 systems system NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 35 involving involve VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 36 both both DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 37 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 38 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 39 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 40 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 41 making make VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 42 conservation conservation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 43 genetics genetic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 44 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 45 non non JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 46 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 47 model model JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 48 organism organism NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 49 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 50 challenging challenging JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 51 task task NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 53 Stockwell Stockwell NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 54 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 55 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 56 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 57 2003 2003 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 242 59 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 2 already already RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 3 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 4 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 5 examples example NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 6 where where WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 7 low low JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 8 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 9 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 11 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 12 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 13 favoured favour VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 15 diffusion diffusion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 18 and/or and/or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 19 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 20 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 21 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 22 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 243 23 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 2 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 5 low low JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 6 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 7 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 9 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 10 Tasmanian tasmanian JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 11 devil devil NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 12 could could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 13 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 14 involved involve VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 15 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 17 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 18 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 19 facial facial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 20 tumor tumor NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 21 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 23 McCallum McCallum NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 24 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 244 26 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 2 low low JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 3 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 4 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 5 found find VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 6 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 7 commercially commercially RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 8 traded trade VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 9 bee bee NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 10 queens queens NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 11 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 12 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 13 hypothesised hypothesise VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 14 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 15 being be VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 16 one one CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 18 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 19 factors factor NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 20 explaining explain VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 21 colony colony NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 22 collapse collapse NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 23 disorder disorder NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 25 Le Le NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 26 Conte Conte NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 27 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 28 Navajas Navajas NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 29 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 245 31 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 2 problem problem NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 3 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 4 even even RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 5 more more RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 6 critical critical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 7 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 8 intensive intensive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 9 crops crop NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 10 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 11 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 12 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 13 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 14 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 15 relied rely VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 16 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 18 use use NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 20 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 21 very very RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 22 small small JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 23 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 24 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 25 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 246 26 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 2 selection selection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 3 strategy strategy NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 4 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 5 proven prove VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 6 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 7 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 8 ineffective ineffective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 9 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 10 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 11 manage manage VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 12 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 13 overcome overcome VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 15 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 247 16 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 2 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 5 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 7 Brassica Brassica NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 8 napus napus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 10 canola canola NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 12 oilseed oilseed NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 13 rape rape NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 15 colza colza NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 17 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 18 Leptosphaeria Leptosphaeria NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 19 maculans maculans NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 21 causing cause VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 22 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 23 blackleg blackleg NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 24 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 26 due due IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 27 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 28 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 29 major major JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 30 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 31 gene gene NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 32 was be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 33 overcome overcome VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 34 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 35 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 36 area area NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 37 covering cover VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 38 approximately approximately RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 39 50,000 50,000 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 40 ha ha UH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 41 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 42 South South NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 43 Australia Australia NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 44 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 45 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 46 period period NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 47 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 48 3 3 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 248 49 years year NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 249 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 249 2 Sprague Sprague NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 249 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 249 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 249 5 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 249 6 2006 2006 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 249 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 249 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 1 Even even RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 2 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 3 advances advance NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 4 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 5 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 6 chemistry chemistry NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 8 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 9 provides provide VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 10 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 11 biologically biologically RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 12 active active JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 13 molecules molecule NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 15 pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 16 derived derive VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 17 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 18 nature nature NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 19 remain remain VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 20 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 21 important important JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 22 part part NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 24 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 25 practice practice NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 250 26 today today NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 251 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 251 2 Newman Newman NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 251 3 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 251 4 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 251 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 251 6 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 251 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 251 8 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 1 All all DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 2 organisms organism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 3 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 4 developed develop VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 5 compounds compound NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 6 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 7 protect protect VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 8 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 9 against against IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 10 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 11 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 13 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 14 interact interact VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 15 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 16 individuals individual NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 19 own own JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 20 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 21 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 22 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 23 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 25 e.g. e.g. IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 26 Rogerio Rogerio NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 27 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 28 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 29 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 30 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 252 32 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 1 These these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 2 molecules molecule NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 4 coming come VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 5 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 6 all all DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 7 organisms organism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 9 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 11 fungus fungus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 13 animals animal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 15 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 17 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 18 terrestrial terrestrial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 20 marine marine JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 21 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 22 extreme extreme JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 23 ecosystems ecosystem NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 24 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 25 represent represent VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 26 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 27 amazing amazing JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 28 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 29 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 30 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 31 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 32 tested test VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 33 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 34 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 35 field field NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 36 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 37 millions million NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 38 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 39 years year NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 40 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 41 involving involve VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 42 millions million NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 43 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 44 individuals individual NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 253 45 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 3 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 4 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 5 very very RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 6 small small JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 7 subset subset NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 9 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 11 marine marine JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 12 organisms organism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 13 has have VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 14 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 15 investigated investigate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 16 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 17 novel novel JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 18 bioactive bioactive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 19 compounds compound NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 254 20 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 4 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 5 estimated estimate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 6 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 7 less less JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 8 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 9 1 1 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 10 % % NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 12 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 13 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 15 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 16 5 5 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 17 % % NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 18 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 19 fungal fungal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 20 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 21 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 22 known know VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 255 23 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 1 Those those DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 2 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 3 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 4 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 5 yet yet RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 6 been be VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 7 identified identify VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 8 could could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 9 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 10 sources source NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 12 novel novel NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 13 molecules molecule NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 15 Cragg Cragg NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 17 Newman Newman NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 18 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 256 20 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 1 Observations observation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 2 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 3 natural natural JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 4 medicine medicine NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 5 practices practice NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 6 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 7 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 8 indigenous indigenous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 9 people people NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 10 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 11 led lead VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 12 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 13 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 14 discovery discovery NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 16 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 17 drugs drug NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 257 18 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 2 most most RBS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 3 well well RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 4 known known JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 5 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 6 widely widely RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 7 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 8 pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 9 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 10 quinine quinine NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 12 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 13 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 14 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 15 model model NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 16 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 17 synthesize synthesize VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 18 anti anti JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 19 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 20 malarial malarial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 21 drugs drug NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 23 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 24 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 25 mefloquine mefloquine NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 27 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 28 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 29 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 30 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 31 indentified indentifie VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 32 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 33 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 34 potent potent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 35 anti anti JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 36 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 37 malarial malarial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 38 drug drug NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 39 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 40 Chinese chinese JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 41 scientists scientist NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 43 Newman Newman NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 44 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 45 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 46 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 47 2008 2008 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 258 49 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 1 Animals animal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 2 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 3 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 4 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 5 source source NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 7 inspiration inspiration NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 8 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 9 drugs drug NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 10 against against IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 11 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 12 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 259 13 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 2 instance instance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 4 compounds compound NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 7 sponge sponge NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 8 Cryptotethya Cryptotethya NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 9 crypta crypta NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 10 inspired inspire VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 12 elaboration elaboration NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 14 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 15 medication medication NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 16 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 17 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 18 AZT AZT NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 19 used use VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 20 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 21 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 22 treatment treatment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 24 HIV HIV NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 25 / / SYM cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 26 AIDS AIDS NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 28 Cragg Cragg NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 29 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 30 Newman Newman NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 31 2005 2005 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 260 33 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 1 Observing observe VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 2 great great JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 3 apes ape NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 4 medicate medicate VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 5 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 6 through through IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 8 plants plant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 9 they -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 10 eat eat VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 11 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 12 could could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 13 help help VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 14 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 15 reveal reveal VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 16 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 17 active active JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 18 compounds compound NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 20 Krief Krief NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 21 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 22 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 23 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 24 2004 2004 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 261 26 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 1 Pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 2 constitute constitute VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 3 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 4 large large JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 5 part part NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 7 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 8 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 9 earth earth NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 11 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 12 present present JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 13 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 14 all all DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 15 ecosystems ecosystem NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 17 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 18 all all DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 19 trophic trophic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 20 levels level NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 21 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 22 where where WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 23 they -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 24 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 25 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 26 large large JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 27 impact impact NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 28 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 29 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 30 functioning function VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 31 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 32 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 33 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 34 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 35 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 36 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 37 evolution evolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 38 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 39 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 40 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 262 41 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 2 recent recent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 3 acceleration acceleration NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 5 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 6 loss loss NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 7 due due IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 8 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 9 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 10 activities activity NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 11 deeply deeply RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 12 impacts impact VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 13 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 14 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 15 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 16 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 263 17 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 1 Pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 2 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 3 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 4 form form VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 5 co co VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 6 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 7 evolving evolve VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 8 systems system NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 9 exercising exercise VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 10 major major JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 11 selective selective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 12 pressures pressure NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 13 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 14 each each DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 15 other other JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 264 16 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 4 virulence virulence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 5 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 6 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 8 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 9 given give VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 10 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 11 depends depend VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 12 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 13 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 14 environment environment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 15 -which -which NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 16 includes include VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 17 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 18 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 19 -that -that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 20 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 21 highly highly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 22 variable variable JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 23 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 24 space space NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 25 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 26 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 265 27 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 2 such such PDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 3 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 4 context context NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 5 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 6 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 7 beings being NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 8 will will MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 9 never never RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 10 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 11 able able JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 12 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 13 completely completely RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 14 control control VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 15 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 16 eradicate eradicate VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 17 every every DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 18 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 19 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 20 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 21 rather rather RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 22 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 23 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 24 should should MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 25 accept accept VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 26 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 27 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 28 must must MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 29 coexist coexist VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 30 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 31 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 266 32 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 1 To to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 2 better well RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 3 understand understand VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 4 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 5 predict predict VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 6 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 7 evolution evolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 9 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 12 impact impact NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 14 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 15 activities activity NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 16 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 17 them -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 19 more more JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 20 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 21 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 22 depth depth NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 23 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 24 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 25 needed need VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 26 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 27 how how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 28 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 29 interact interact VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 30 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 31 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 32 communities community NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 33 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 34 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 35 ecosystems ecosystem NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 267 36 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 1 To to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 2 understand understand VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 3 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 5 animal animal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 6 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 7 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 8 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 9 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 11 two two CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 12 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 13 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 14 systems system NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 15 involving involve VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 16 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 17 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 18 single single JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 19 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 20 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 21 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 22 single single JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 23 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 24 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 25 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 26 no no RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 27 longer long RBR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 28 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 268 29 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 2 approach approach NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 3 considering consider VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 4 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 5 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 6 host host JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 7 / / SYM cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 8 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 9 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 10 pathogen pathogen JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 11 systems system NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 12 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 14 environment environment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 15 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 17 framework framework NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 18 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 19 now now RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 20 needs need VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 21 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 22 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 23 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 24 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 25 deepen deepen VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 26 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 27 understanding understanding NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 28 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 29 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 30 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 31 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 32 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 33 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 34 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 35 2001 2001 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 269 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 270 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 270 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 270 3 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 270 4 13.1 13.1 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 270 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 270 6 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 3 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 4 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 5 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 6 very very RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 7 complex complex JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 9 difficult difficult JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 10 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 11 study study VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 12 because because IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 13 precise precise JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 14 knowledge knowledge NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 15 regarding regard VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 16 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 17 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 18 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 19 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 20 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 21 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 22 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 23 taking take VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 24 place place NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 25 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 26 several several JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 27 scales scale NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 28 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 29 lacking lack VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 31 Lloyd Lloyd NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 32 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 33 Smith Smith NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 34 et et NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 35 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 36 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 37 2009 2009 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 271 39 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 2 addition addition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 3 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 4 intensive intensive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 5 fieldwork fieldwork NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 6 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 7 collect collect VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 8 adequate adequate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 9 data datum NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 11 modeling model VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 12 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 13 understand understand VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 15 main main JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 16 processes process NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 17 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 18 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 19 use use NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 20 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 21 molecular molecular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 22 tools tool NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 23 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 24 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 25 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 26 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 27 host host JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 28 / / SYM cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 29 multi multi JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 30 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 31 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 32 framework framework NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 33 will will MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 34 facilitate facilitate VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 35 investigations investigation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 36 into into IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 37 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 38 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 39 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 40 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 41 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 272 42 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 1 In in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 2 particular particular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 4 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 5 generation generation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 6 sequencing sequencing NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 7 techniques technique NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 8 render render VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 10 easier easy JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 11 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 12 characterize characterize VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 13 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 14 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 15 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 17 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 19 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 273 20 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 1 For for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 2 instance instance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 4 metagenomic metagenomic NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 5 investigations investigation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 6 allow allow VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 7 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 8 approach approach NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 9 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 10 does do VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 11 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 12 require require VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 13 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 14 priori priori FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 15 assumptions assumption NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 16 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 17 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 18 useful useful JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 19 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 20 describe describe VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 21 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 22 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 24 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 25 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 26 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 27 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 274 28 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 1 Molecular molecular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 2 techniques technique NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 3 also also RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 4 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 5 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 6 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 7 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 8 clarify clarify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 9 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 10 taxonomic taxonomic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 11 status status NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 13 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 15 revealing reveal VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 16 cryptic cryptic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 17 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 18 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 19 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 20 races race NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 275 21 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 276 1 With with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 276 2 suitable suitable JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 276 3 molecular molecular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 276 4 Fig fig NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 276 5 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 276 6 13 13 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 276 7 .1 .1 . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 1 Schematic schematic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 2 representation representation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 5 link link NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 6 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 7 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 9 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 10 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 12 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 13 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 277 14 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 1 Diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 2 results result VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 3 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 5 complex complex JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 6 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 7 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 9 three three CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 10 compartments compartment NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 11 corresponding correspond VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 12 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 13 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 15 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 16 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 17 vectors vector NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 19 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 20 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 21 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 22 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 23 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 24 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 25 borne bear VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 26 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 278 28 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 2 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 4 these these DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 5 three three CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 6 compartments compartment NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 7 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 8 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 9 considered consider VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 10 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 12 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 13 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 15 each each DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 16 circle circle NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 17 corresponding correspond VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 18 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 19 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 20 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 22 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 23 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 24 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 25 intraspecific intraspecific JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 26 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 28 each each DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 29 circle circle NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 30 corresponding correspond VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 31 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 32 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 33 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 34 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 35 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 36 individual individual NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 37 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 38 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 39 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 279 41 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 2 gray gray JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 3 shading shade VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 4 off off IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 6 each each DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 7 unit unit NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 8 considered consider VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 10 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 12 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 13 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 14 individual individual NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 16 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 17 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 18 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 19 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 20 phenotypic phenotypic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 21 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 22 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 23 space space NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 24 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 25 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 26 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 27 while while IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 28 variations variation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 29 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 30 size size NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 31 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 32 frequency frequency NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 33 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 34 density density NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 35 differences difference NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 36 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 37 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 38 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 280 39 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 1 Interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 2 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 3 each each DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 4 compartment compartment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 5 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 6 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 7 direct direct JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 9 competition competition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 11 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 12 indirect indirect JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 14 apparent apparent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 15 competition competition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 16 … … NFP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 19 synergic synergic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 20 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 21 antagonistic antagonistic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 22 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 23 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 24 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 25 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 26 different different JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 27 arrows arrow NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 28 markers marker NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 30 producing produce VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 31 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 32 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 33 level level NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 34 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 35 polymorphism polymorphism NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 37 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 38 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 39 analysis analysis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 40 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 41 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 42 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 43 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 44 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 45 spatially spatially RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 46 explicit explicit JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 47 framework framework NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 48 renders render VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 49 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 50 possible possible JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 51 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 52 identify identify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 53 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 54 routes route NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 55 followed follow VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 56 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 57 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 58 given give VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 59 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 281 60 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 3 molecular molecular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 4 techniques technique NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 5 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 6 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 7 used use VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 8 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 9 identify identify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 10 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 11 involved involve VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 12 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 13 important important JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 14 life life NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 15 history history NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 16 traits trait NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 18 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 19 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 20 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 21 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 22 virulence virulence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 23 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 24 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 282 25 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 1 Better well JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 2 knowledge knowledge NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 6 involved involve VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 7 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 8 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 9 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 10 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 11 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 13 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 15 extent extent NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 18 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 19 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 20 will will MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 21 significantly significantly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 22 advance advance VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 23 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 24 understanding understanding NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 25 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 26 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 283 27 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 1 Although although IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 3 knowledge knowledge NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 5 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 6 number number NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 7 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 8 variety variety NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 10 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 11 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 12 not not RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 13 complete complete JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 16 appears appear VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 17 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 19 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 20 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 21 like like IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 22 that that DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 23 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 24 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 25 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 27 vectors vector NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 28 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 29 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 30 greater great JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 31 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 32 tropical tropical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 33 areas area NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 34 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 35 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 36 temperate temperate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 37 ones one NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 38 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 39 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 40 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 41 undisturbed undisturbed JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 42 habitats habitat NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 43 than than IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 44 disturbed disturbed JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 45 ones one NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 47 Chaisiri Chaisiri NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 48 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 49 al al NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 50 . . NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 51 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 52 ; ; : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 53 Friggens Friggens NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 54 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 55 Beier Beier NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 56 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 284 58 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 2 reason reason NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 4 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 5 so so RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 6 concerned concerned JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 7 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 9 loss loss NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 11 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 12 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 13 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 14 because because IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 15 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 16 reduction reduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 18 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 19 seems seem VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 20 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 21 favour favour VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 22 opportunistic opportunistic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 23 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 24 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 25 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 26 highly highly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 27 competent competent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 28 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 29 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 30 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 31 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 32 vectors vector NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 285 33 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 1 However however RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 2 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 3 this this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 4 observation observation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 5 was be VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 6 derived derive VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 7 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 8 only only RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 9 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 10 few few JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 11 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 13 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 14 works work NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 15 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 16 mainly mainly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 17 undertaken undertake VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 18 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 19 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 20 temperate temperate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 21 zones zone NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 286 22 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 1 Further further JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 2 investigations investigation NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 3 should should MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 4 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 5 launched launch VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 6 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 7 verify verify VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 9 link link NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 10 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 11 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 13 understand understand VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 14 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 15 process process NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 16 involved involve VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 17 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 19 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 20 loss loss NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 21 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 22 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 23 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 287 24 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 1 This this DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 2 especially especially RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 3 should should MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 4 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 5 done do VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 6 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 7 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 8 tropics tropic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 9 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 10 understand understand VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 11 whether whether IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 12 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 13 levels level NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 14 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 15 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 16 create create VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 17 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 18 buffer buffer NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 19 reducing reduce VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 20 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 21 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 22 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 23 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 24 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 25 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 27 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 28 understand understand VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 29 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 30 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 31 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 32 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 33 loss loss NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 34 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 35 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 36 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 37 regions region NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 288 38 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 1 With with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 2 global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 3 changes change NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 5 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 6 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 7 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 8 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 9 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 10 that that IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 11 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 12 currently currently RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 13 circulating circulate VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 14 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 15 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 16 tropics tropic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 17 will will MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 18 reach reach VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 19 temperate temperate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 20 zones zone NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 21 where where WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 22 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 23 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 24 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 25 reduced reduce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 27 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 28 availability availability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 29 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 30 alternate alternate JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 31 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 32 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 33 limited limited JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 289 34 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 1 What what WP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 2 could could MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 3 be be VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 5 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 7 such such PDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 8 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 9 shift shift NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 290 10 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 1 What what WP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 2 may may MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 3 happen happen VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 4 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 5 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 6 world world NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 7 where where WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 8 increased increase VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 9 movements movement NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 11 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 13 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 15 high high JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 16 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 17 densities density NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 19 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 20 rapidly rapidly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 21 changing change VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 22 environments environment NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 23 increase increase VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 24 contact contact NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 25 rates rate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 26 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 27 spread spread VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 28 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 29 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 30 selective selective JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 31 pressures pressure NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 32 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 33 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 34 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 35 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 36 while while IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 37 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 38 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 39 same same JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 40 time time NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 41 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 42 combination combination NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 43 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 44 low low JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 45 exposure exposure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 46 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 47 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 48 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 49 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 50 decreased decrease VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 51 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 52 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 53 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 54 some some DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 55 animals animal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 56 increases increase VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 57 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 58 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 59 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 60 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 291 61 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 2 investigation investigation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 4 such such JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 5 questions question NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 6 requires require VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 7 collaboration collaboration NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 8 across across IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 9 disciplines discipline NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 11 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 12 countries country NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 292 13 . . . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 1 Mixed mixed JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 2 infections infection NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 3 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 4 cryptic cryptic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 5 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 6 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 7 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 8 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 9 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 10 borne bear VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 11 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 12 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 13 evidence evidence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 14 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 15 Polygenis Polygenis NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 16 fleas flea NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 17 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 18 Bartonella Bartonella NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 19 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 20 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 21 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 22 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 23 differential differential JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 24 exposure exposure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 25 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 26 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 27 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 28 kestrels kestrel NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 30 Aves Aves NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 31 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 32 Falconidae Falconidae NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 34 Effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 35 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 36 forest forest NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 37 fragmentation fragmentation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 38 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 39 Lyme Lyme NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 40 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 293 41 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 294 1 Rapid rapid JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 294 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 294 3 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 294 4 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 294 5 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 294 6 threats threat NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 1 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 2 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 3 Evolution evolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 4 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 5 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 7 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 8 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 9 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 10 Trophic Trophic NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 11 functioning function VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 12 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 13 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 14 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 15 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 16 new new JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 17 insight insight NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 18 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 19 ecosystem ecosystem NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 295 20 analysis analysis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 2 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 4 Homo homo NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 5 sapiens sapiens JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 6 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 7 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 8 annotated annotated JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 9 checklist checklist NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 10 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 12 protozoa protozoan NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 13 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 14 helminths helminth NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 15 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 16 arthropods arthropod NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 17 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 18 which which WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 19 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 20 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 21 home home NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 22 Immunological immunological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 23 change change NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 24 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 25 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 26 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 27 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 28 impoverished impoverished JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 29 environment environment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 30 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 31 divergent divergent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 32 signals signal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 33 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 34 four four CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 35 island island NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 36 taxa taxon NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 37 Effect Effect NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 38 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 39 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 40 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 41 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 42 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 43 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 44 Ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 45 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 46 individuals individual NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 47 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 48 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 49 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 50 communities community NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 51 Disease Disease NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 52 spread spread VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 53 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 54 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 55 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 56 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 57 intensity intensity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 58 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 59 vicious vicious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 60 circles circle NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 296 61 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 1 Spread Spread VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 2 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 4 tiger tiger NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 5 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 6 global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 7 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 9 invasion invasion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 10 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 11 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 12 mosquito mosquito NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 13 Aedes Aedes NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 14 albopictus albopictus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 15 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 16 studies study NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 17 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 18 nonmodel nonmodel NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 297 19 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 1 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 2 what what WP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 3 have have VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 5 learned learn VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 6 about about IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 7 natural natural JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 8 selection selection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 9 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 10 15 15 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 11 years year NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 298 12 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 1 Parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 2 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 3 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 4 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 5 overlooked overlooked JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 6 metric metric NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 8 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 9 pressures pressure NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 299 10 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 1 Parasite parasite JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 2 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 3 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 4 latitudinal latitudinal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 5 gradients gradient NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 6 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 7 terrestrial terrestrial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 8 mammals mammal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 9 Diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 11 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 12 structure structure NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 14 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 15 near near JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 16 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 17 shore shore NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 18 marine marine JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 19 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 20 sediment sediment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 21 viral viral JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 22 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 23 Parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 24 systematics systematic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 25 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 26 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 27 21st 21st JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 28 century century NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 29 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 30 opportunities opportunity NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 31 303 303 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 32 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 33 obstacles obstacle NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 34 Epidemiology Epidemiology NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 35 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 36 squirrelpox squirrelpox NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 37 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 38 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 39 grey grey JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 40 squirrels squirrel NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 41 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 42 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 43 UK UK NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 44 Host Host NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 45 density density NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 46 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 47 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 48 factor factor NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 49 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 50 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 51 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 52 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 53 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 54 Variation variation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 55 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 56 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 57 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 58 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 59 infectiousness infectiousness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 60 generated generate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 61 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 62 co co NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 63 - - NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 64 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 65 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 66 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 67 myxoma myxoma NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 68 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 69 Trichostrongylus Trichostrongylus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 70 retortaeformis retortaeformis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 71 case case NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 72 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 73 wild wild JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 74 rabbits rabbit NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 75 Human Human NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 76 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 77 dominated dominate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 78 habitats habitat NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 79 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 80 helminth helminth JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 81 parasitism parasitism NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 82 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 83 Southeast southeast JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 84 Asian asian JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 85 murids murid NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 86 Chikungunya chikungunya NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 300 87 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 301 1 -the -the NFP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 1 globalization globalization NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 2 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 3 vectorborne vectorborne NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 4 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 5 Diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 7 humans human NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 10 domestic domestic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 11 mammals mammal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 12 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 13 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 14 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 15 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 16 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 17 range range NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 19 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 20 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 21 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 22 emergence emergence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 23 Concomitant concomitant JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 24 infections infection NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 25 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 26 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 27 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 28 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 302 29 responses response NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 1 Biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 2 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 3 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 4 continuing continue VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 5 source source NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 7 novel novel JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 8 drug drug NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 9 leads lead VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 10 Epidemic epidemic NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 11 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 12 decimates decimate VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 13 amphibian amphibian NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 14 abundance abundance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 15 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 16 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 17 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 19 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 20 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 21 history history NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 22 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 23 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 24 highlands highland NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 25 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 26 central central JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 27 Panama Panama NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 28 Using use VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 29 habitat habitat NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 30 models model NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 31 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 32 map map VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 33 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 34 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 35 pan pan JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 36 - - JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 37 African african JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 38 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 39 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 40 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 41 ticks tick NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 43 Acari Acari NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 44 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 45 Ixodida Ixodida NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 47 revisited revisit VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 48 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 49 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 50 why why WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 51 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 52 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 53 so so RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 54 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 55 kinds kind NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 56 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 57 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 58 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 59 ' ' '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 60 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 61 garden garden NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 62 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 63 earthly earthly JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 64 delights delight NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 65 Distribution distribution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 66 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 67 specialist specialist NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 68 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 69 generalist generalist JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 70 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 71 along along IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 72 spatial spatial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 73 gradients gradient NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 74 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 75 habitat habitat NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 76 disturbance disturbance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 77 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 78 fragmentation fragmentation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 79 Evolution evolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 80 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 81 consequences consequence NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 82 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 83 future future NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 84 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 85 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 86 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 87 animal animal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 88 domestication domestication NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 89 Population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 90 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 91 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 92 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 93 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 94 multiple multiple JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 95 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 96 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 97 Sacred sacred JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 98 cows cow NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 99 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 100 sympathetic sympathetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 101 squirrels squirrel NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 102 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 103 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 104 importance importance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 105 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 106 biological biological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 107 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 108 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 109 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 110 health health NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 111 Homage Homage NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 112 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 113 Linnaeus Linnaeus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 114 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 115 how how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 116 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 117 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 303 118 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 304 1 How how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 304 2 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 304 3 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 304 4 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 1 Virtues virtue NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 2 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 3 being be VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 4 faithful faithful JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 5 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 6 can can MD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 8 limit limit VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 9 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 10 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 11 variation variation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 12 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 13 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 14 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 15 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 305 16 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 1 Global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 2 drivers driver NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 4 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 5 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 6 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 7 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 8 prevalence prevalence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 9 Systemic Systemic NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 10 acquired acquire VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 11 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 12 Avian avian JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 13 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 15 West West NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 16 Nile Nile NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 17 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 18 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 19 testing test VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 20 associations association NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 21 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 22 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 23 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 24 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 25 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 306 26 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 1 Frequent frequent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 2 ectopic ectopic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 3 recombination recombination NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 5 virulence virulence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 6 factor factor NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 7 genes gene NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 8 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 9 telomeric telomeric JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 10 chromosome chromosome NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 11 clusters cluster NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 13 P. P. NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 14 falciparum falciparum NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 15 Anthropogenic anthropogenic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 16 disturbance disturbance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 17 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 18 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 19 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 20 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 21 flea flea NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 22 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 23 borne bear VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 24 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 307 25 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 3 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 5 vaccination vaccination NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 6 Imperfect imperfect JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 7 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 9 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 10 evolution evolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 11 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 12 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 13 virulence virulence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 14 Pattern pattern NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 15 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 16 process process NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 17 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 18 macroecology macroecology NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 19 Plant Plant NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 20 allelochemicals allelochemical NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 21 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 22 tritrophic tritrophic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 23 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 24 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 25 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 26 anomalous anomalous JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 27 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 28 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 29 tropical tropical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 30 parasitoids parasitoid NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 31 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 32 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 33 ' ' `` cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 34 nasty nasty JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 35 ' ' '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 36 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 37 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 38 Fitness Fitness NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 39 correlates correlate VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 40 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 41 heritable heritable JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 42 variation variation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 43 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 44 antibody antibody NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 45 responsiveness responsiveness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 46 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 47 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 48 wild wild JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 49 mammal mammal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 50 Ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 51 drives drive VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 52 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 53 worldwide worldwide JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 54 distribution distribution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 55 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 56 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 308 57 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 1 Ecological ecological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 2 factors factor NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 3 characterizing characterize VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 5 prevalence prevalence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 7 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 8 tick tick NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 9 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 10 borne bear VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 11 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 12 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 13 Ixodes Ixodes NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 14 ricinus ricinus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 15 ticks tick NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 16 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 17 pastures pasture NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 19 woodlands woodland NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 20 Sexual sexual JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 21 reproduction reproduction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 22 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 23 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 24 adaptation adaptation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 25 to to TO cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 26 resist resist VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 27 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 28 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 30 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 31 review review NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 309 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 1 Identifying identify VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 2 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 4 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 5 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 6 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 7 conceptual conceptual JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 9 practical practical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 10 challenge challenge NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 11 Insularity insularity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 13 adaptation adaptation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 14 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 15 coupled coupled JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 16 victim victim NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 17 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 18 enemy enemy NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 310 19 associations association NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 1 A a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 2 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 3 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 4 mediated mediate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 5 trophic trophic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 6 cascade cascade NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 7 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 8 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 9 Serengeti Serengeti NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 10 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 11 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 12 implications implication NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 13 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 311 14 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 1 C C NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 2 Cross Cross NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 3 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 4 protection protection NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 5 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 6 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 7 E E NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 8 virus virus NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 9 genotypes genotype NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 10 1 1 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 11 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 12 4 4 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 13 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 14 rhesus rhesu NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 15 macaques macaque NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 16 Is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 17 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 18 healthy healthy JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 19 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 20 one one NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 21 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 22 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 23 rich rich JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 24 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 25 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 312 26 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 1 Speciation speciation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 2 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 3 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 4 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 5 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 6 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 7 genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 8 approach approach NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 9 Biodiversity Biodiversity NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 10 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 11 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 12 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 13 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 313 14 conservation conservation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 314 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 314 2 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 314 3 immune immune NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 314 4 system system NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 1 Global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 2 trends trend NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 3 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 4 emerging emerge VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 5 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 6 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 7 Effects effect NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 9 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 10 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 11 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 12 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 315 13 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 316 1 Inbreeding inbreede VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 316 2 effects effect NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 316 3 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 316 4 wild wild JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 316 5 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 1 Parasite Parasite NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 2 spillback spillback NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 3 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 4 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 5 neglected neglect VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 6 concept concept NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 7 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 8 invasion invasion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 9 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 10 Flea Flea NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 11 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 12 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 13 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 14 parameters parameter NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 15 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 16 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 17 body body NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 18 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 19 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 20 geography geography NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 21 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 22 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 23 ' ' '' cord-016717-2twm4hmc 317 24 milieu milieu NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 1 Novel novel JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 2 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 3 compounds compound NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 4 isolated isolate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 5 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 6 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 7 survey survey NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 9 self self NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 10 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 11 medicative medicative JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 12 behavior behavior NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 13 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 14 wild wild JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 15 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 16 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 17 Uganda Uganda NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 18 Ecosystem Ecosystem NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 19 energetic energetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 20 implications implication NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 21 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 22 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 23 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 24 free free JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 25 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 26 living live VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 27 biomass biomass NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 28 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 29 three three CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 318 30 estuaries estuary NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 1 Parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 2 dominate dominate VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 3 food food NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 4 web web NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 5 links link VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 6 Climate Climate NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 7 change change NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 8 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 9 impact impact NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 10 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 11 honey honey NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 12 bee bee NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 13 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 15 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 16 A a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 17 role role NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 18 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 19 immunology immunology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 20 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 21 invasion invasion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 22 biology biology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 23 Prevalence prevalence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 24 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 25 cross cross NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 26 - - NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 27 immunity immunity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 28 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 29 Eimeria Eimeria NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 30 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 31 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 32 Korean korean JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 33 chicken chicken NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 34 farms farm NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 35 Antibacterial antibacterial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 36 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 37 worldwide worldwide RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 38 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 39 causes cause NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 40 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 41 challenges challenge NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 42 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 319 43 responses response NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 1 Parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 2 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 3 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 4 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 5 carnivores carnivore NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 6 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 7 effects effect NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 9 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 10 body body NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 11 mass mass NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 13 latitude latitude NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 14 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 15 geographical geographical JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 16 range range NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 17 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 18 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 19 density density NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 20 Origin Origin NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 21 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 22 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 23 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 24 malaria malaria NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 25 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 26 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 27 falciparum falciparum NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 28 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 29 gorillas gorilla NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 30 Epidemic epidemic NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 31 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 32 at at IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 33 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 34 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 35 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 36 animal animal NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 320 37 interface interface NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 2 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 4 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 5 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 6 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 7 effects effect NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 8 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 9 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 10 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 11 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 12 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 13 composition composition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 14 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 15 Lyme Lyme NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 16 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 17 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 18 Impact Impact NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 19 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 20 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 21 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 22 composition composition NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 23 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 24 Lyme Lyme NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 25 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 26 risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 27 Infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 28 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 29 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 30 intensive intensive JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 31 management management NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 32 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 33 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 34 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 35 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 36 threatened threaten VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 37 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 38 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 39 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 40 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 41 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 42 Habitat Habitat NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 43 destruction destruction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 44 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 45 fragmentation fragmentation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 46 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 47 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 321 48 disturbance disturbance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 322 1 promote promote VB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 322 2 invasion invasion NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 322 3 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 322 4 habitat habitat NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 322 5 generalists generalist NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 322 6 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 322 7 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 322 8 multispecies multispecies NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 322 9 metapopulation metapopulation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 1 Are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 2 there there EX cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 3 differences difference NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 4 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 5 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 6 function function NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 7 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 8 continental continental JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 9 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 10 insular insular JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 11 birds bird NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 323 12 ? ? . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 1 A a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 2 single single JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 3 domestication domestication NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 4 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 5 maize maize NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 6 shown show VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 7 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 8 multilocus multilocus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 9 microsatellite microsatellite NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 10 genotyping genotyping NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 11 Population Population NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 324 12 genetics genetic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 1 -the -the NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 2 cheetah cheetah NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 3 controversy controversy NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 4 Tasmanian Tasmanian NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 5 devil devil NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 6 facial facial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 7 tumour tumour NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 8 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 9 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 10 lessons lesson NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 11 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 12 conservation conservation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 13 biology biology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 14 Biotic Biotic NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 15 homogenization homogenization NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 16 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 17 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 18 few few JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 19 winners winner NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 20 replacing replace VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 21 many many JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 22 losers loser NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 23 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 24 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 25 next next JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 26 mass mass JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 27 extinction extinction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 28 Millenium Millenium NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 29 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 30 assessment assessment NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 31 Biodiversity Biodiversity NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 32 loss loss NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 33 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 34 emerging emerge VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 35 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 36 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 37 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 38 an an DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 39 example example NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 40 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 41 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 42 rodent rodent NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 43 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 44 borne bear VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 45 hemorrhagic hemorrhagic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 46 fevers fever NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 47 Ecosystem Ecosystem NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 48 disturbance disturbance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 49 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 50 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 51 loss loss NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 52 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 53 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 54 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 55 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 56 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 57 Expanding expand VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 58 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 59 paradigms paradigm NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 60 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 61 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 62 pathogen pathogen NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 63 life life NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 64 history history NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 65 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 66 evolution evolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 67 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 68 parasitic parasitic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 69 fitness fitness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 70 beyond beyond IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 71 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 72 boundaries boundary NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 73 Sustaining sustain VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 74 life life NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 325 75 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 1 how how WRB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 2 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 3 health health NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 4 depends depend VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 5 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 6 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 7 Evidence evidence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 8 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 9 natural natural JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 10 horizontal horizontal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 11 transfer transfer NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 13 tetQ tetq NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 14 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 15 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 16 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 17 normally normally RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 18 colonize colonize VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 19 humans human NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 20 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 21 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 22 that that WDT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 23 normally normally RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 24 colonize colonize VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 25 livestock livestock NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 26 Driven drive VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 27 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 28 extinction extinction NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 29 Latitudinal latitudinal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 30 gradients gradient NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 31 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 32 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 33 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 34 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 35 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 36 primates primate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 37 Keeping keep VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 38 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 39 herds herd NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 40 healthy healthy JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 41 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 42 alert alert JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 43 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 44 implications implication NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 45 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 46 predator predator NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 47 control control NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 48 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 49 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 50 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 51 Tangled tangle VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 52 trees tree NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 53 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 54 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 55 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 56 cospeciation cospeciation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 57 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 58 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 59 coevolution coevolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 60 Evolution evolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 326 61 -humans -humans . cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 1 as as IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 2 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 3 world world NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 4 's 's POS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 5 greatest great JJS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 6 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 7 force force NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 8 Patterns pattern NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 9 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 10 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 11 specificity specificity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 13 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 14 among among IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 15 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 17 wild wild JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 327 18 primates primate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 2 emerging emerge VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 3 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 4 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 5 Rickettsia Rickettsia NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 6 Phylogeny Phylogeny NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 7 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 8 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 9 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 11 richness richness NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 12 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 13 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 14 communities community NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 15 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 328 16 vertebrates vertebrate NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 1 African african JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 2 great great JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 3 apes ape NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 4 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 5 natural natural JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 6 hosts host NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 8 multiple multiple JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 9 related related JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 10 malaria malaria NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 11 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 12 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 13 including include VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 14 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 15 falciparum falciparum NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 16 Population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 17 genomics genomic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 18 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 19 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 20 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 21 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 22 concept concept NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 23 Tropics Tropics NNPS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 24 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 25 trophics trophic NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 26 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 27 taxonomy taxonomy NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 329 28 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 330 1 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 330 2 determinants determinant NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 330 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 330 4 parasite parasite NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 330 5 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 330 6 associated associate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 330 7 host host NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 330 8 mortality mortality NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 1 Complexité Complexité NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 2 des des NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 3 écosystèmes écosystèmes NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 4 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 5 dynamique dynamique NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 6 de de FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 7 la la FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 8 diversité diversité FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 9 biologique biologique FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 10 et et FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 11 maladies maladies FW cord-016717-2twm4hmc 331 12 infectieuses infectieuses NNPS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 1 Linking link VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 2 global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 3 climate climate NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 4 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 5 temperature temperature NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 6 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 7 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 8 widespread widespread JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 9 amphibian amphibian NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 10 declines decline NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 11 putatively putatively RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 12 caused cause VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 13 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 14 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 15 Zooprophylaxis Zooprophylaxis NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 16 or or CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 17 zoopotentiation zoopotentiation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 18 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 19 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 20 outcome outcome NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 21 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 22 introducing introduce VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 23 animals animal NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 24 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 25 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 26 transmission transmission NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 27 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 28 highly highly RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 29 dependent dependent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 30 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 31 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 32 mosquito mosquito NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 33 mortality mortality NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 34 while while IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 35 searching search VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 36 Biotic biotic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 37 homogenization homogenization NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 38 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 39 changes change NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 40 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 41 species species NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 42 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 43 across across IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 44 human human NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 45 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 46 modified modify VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 332 47 ecosystems ecosystem NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 1 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 2 importance importance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 4 immune immune JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 5 gene gene NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 6 variability variability NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 8 MHC MHC NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 10 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 11 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 12 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 13 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 14 conservation conservation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 15 Major major JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 16 gene gene NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 17 resistance resistance NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 18 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 19 blackleg blackleg NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 20 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 21 Brassica Brassica NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 22 napus napus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 23 overcome overcome VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 24 within within IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 25 three three CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 26 years year NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 27 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 28 commercial commercial JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 29 production production NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 30 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 31 southeastern southeastern JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 32 Australia Australia NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 33 Cascading cascade VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 34 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 35 effects effect NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 36 transmitted transmit VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 37 exclusively exclusively RB cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 38 by by IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 39 behavioral behavioral JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 333 40 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 1 Contemporary contemporary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 2 evolution evolution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 3 meets meet VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 4 conservation conservation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 5 biology biology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 6 Experimental experimental JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 7 approaches approach NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 8 to to IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 9 understanding understand VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 10 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 11 relationship relationship NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 12 between between IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 13 predator predator NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 14 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 15 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 16 biological biological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 17 control control NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 18 Experimental experimental JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 19 evidence evidence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 20 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 21 reduced reduce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 22 rodent rodent NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 23 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 24 causing cause VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 25 increased increase VBD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 26 Hantavirus Hantavirus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 27 prevalence prevalence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 28 Increased increase VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 29 avian avian JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 30 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 31 is be VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 32 associated associate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 33 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 34 lower low JJR cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 35 incidence incidence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 36 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 37 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 38 West West NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 39 Nile Nile NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 40 infection infection NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 41 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 42 observation observation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 43 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 44 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 45 dilution dilution NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 46 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 47 Risk risk NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 48 factors factor NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 49 for for IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 50 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 51 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 52 emergence emergence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 53 Parasite Parasite NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 54 interactions interaction NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 55 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 56 natural natural JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 57 populations population NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 58 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 59 insights insight NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 60 from from IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 61 longitudinal longitudinal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 62 data datum NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 63 Parapoxvirus Parapoxvirus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 64 causes cause VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 65 a a DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 66 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 67 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 68 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 69 red red JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 70 squirrels squirrel NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 71 associated associate VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 72 with with IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 73 UK UK NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 74 population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 75 declines decline VBZ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 76 The the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 77 effect effect NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 78 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 79 deforestation deforestation NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 80 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 81 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 82 human human NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 83 - - HYPH cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 84 biting bite VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 85 rate rate NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 86 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 87 Anopheles Anopheles NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 88 darlingi darlingi NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 89 , , , cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 90 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 91 primary primary JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 92 vector vector NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 93 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 94 Falciparum Falciparum NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 95 malaria malaria NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 96 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 97 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 98 Peruvian peruvian JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 99 Amazon Amazon NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 100 Borrelia Borrelia NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 101 burgdorferi burgdorferi NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 102 sensu sensu NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 103 lato lato NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 104 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 105 Siberian Siberian NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 334 106 chipmunks chipmunk NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 2 Tamias Tamias NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 3 sibiricus sibiricus NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 5 introduced introduce VBN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 6 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 7 suburban suburban JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 8 forests forest NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 9 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 335 10 France France NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 1 Tracking tracking NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 2 progress progress NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 3 toward toward IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 5 2010 2010 CD cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 6 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 7 target target NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 8 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 9 beyond beyond IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 10 Disease Disease NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 11 ecology ecology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 12 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 13 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 14 global global JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 15 emergence emergence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 16 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 17 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 336 18 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 1 Most Most JJS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 2 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 3 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 4 species specie NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 5 on on IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 6 Earth Earth NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 7 are be VBP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 8 parasites parasite NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 9 Avian avian JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 10 tumor tumor NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 11 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 12 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 13 persistent persistent JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 14 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 15 evolving evolve VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 16 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 17 Origins Origins NNPS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 18 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 19 major major JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 20 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 21 infectious infectious JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 337 22 diseases disease NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 338 1 Ecological ecological JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 338 2 origins origin NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 338 3 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 338 4 novel novel JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 338 5 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 338 6 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 338 7 Host Host NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 338 8 range range NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 338 9 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 339 1 emerging emerge VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 339 2 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 339 3 reemerging reemerge VBG cord-016717-2twm4hmc 339 4 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 339 5 Population population NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 339 6 biology biology NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 339 7 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 339 8 multihost multihost NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 339 9 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 1 Temporal temporal JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 2 trends trend NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 3 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 4 the the DT cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 5 discovery discovery NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 6 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 7 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 8 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 10 viral viral JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 11 community community NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 12 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 13 human human JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 14 feces fece NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 15 : : : cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 16 prevalence prevalence NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 17 of of IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 18 plant plant NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 19 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 20 viruses virus NNS cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 21 Genetic genetic JJ cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 22 diversity diversity NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 23 and and CC cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 24 disease disease NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 25 control control NN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 26 in in IN cord-016717-2twm4hmc 340 27 rice rice NN