id sid tid token lemma pos cord-252433-0e9lonq4 1 1 key key JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 1 2 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 1 3 cord-252433 cord-252433 NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 1 4 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 1 5 0e9lonq4 0e9lonq4 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 1 authors author NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 2 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 3 Cullen Cullen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 5 Bryan Bryan NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 6 R. R. NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 7 title title NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 8 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 9 Viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 10 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 2 11 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 1 Lessons lesson NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 2 from from IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 4 Enemy Enemy NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 5 date date NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 6 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 7 2009 2009 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 8 - - SYM cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 9 02 02 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 10 - - SYM cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 11 20 20 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 12 journal journal NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 3 13 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 4 1 Cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 4 2 DOI doi NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 4 3 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 4 4 10.1016/ 10.1016/ CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 5 1 j.cell.2009.01.048 j.cell.2009.01.048 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 6 1 sha sha NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 6 2 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 7 1 3da9a505115713e0d4e3e427a93d159fef8bc7f6 3da9a505115713e0d4e3e427a93d159fef8bc7f6 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 7 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 7 3 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 7 4 252433 252433 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 7 5 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 7 6 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 7 7 0e9lonq4 0e9lonq4 . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 1 Viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 2 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 3 adept adept JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 4 at at IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 5 evolving evolve VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 6 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 7 co co JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 8 - - JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 9 opting opting JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 10 genomic genomic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 11 elements element NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 12 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 13 allow allow VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 14 them -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 15 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 16 maximize maximize VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 18 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 19 potential potential NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 20 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 22 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 23 host host NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 8 24 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 1 This this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 3 plasticity plasticity NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 4 makes make VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 5 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 6 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 7 invaluable invaluable JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 8 system system NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 9 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 10 identify identify VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 11 new new JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 12 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 13 used use VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 14 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 15 only only RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 16 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 17 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 18 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 19 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 20 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 21 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 22 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 23 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 24 modulate modulate VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 25 gene gene NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 26 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 9 27 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 1 Here here RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 3 I -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 4 discuss discuss VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 6 identification identification NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 7 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 8 characterization characterization NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 9 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 10 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 11 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 12 structures structure NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 14 noncoding noncoding JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 15 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 16 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 17 have have VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 18 led lead VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 19 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 20 important important JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 21 insights insight NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 22 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 23 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 24 molecular molecular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 25 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 26 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 27 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 28 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 10 29 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 1 Viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 2 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 3 adept adept JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 4 at at IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 5 evolving evolve VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 6 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 7 co co JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 8 - - JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 9 opting opting JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 10 genomic genomic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 11 elements element NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 12 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 13 allow allow VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 14 them -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 15 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 16 maximize maximize VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 18 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 19 potential potential NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 20 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 22 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 23 host host NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 11 24 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 1 This this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 3 plasticity plasticity NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 4 makes make VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 5 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 6 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 7 invaluable invaluable JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 8 system system NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 9 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 10 identify identify VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 11 new new JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 12 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 13 used use VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 14 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 15 only only RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 16 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 17 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 18 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 19 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 20 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 21 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 22 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 23 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 24 modulate modulate VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 25 gene gene NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 26 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 12 27 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 1 Here here RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 3 I -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 4 discuss discuss VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 6 identification identification NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 7 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 8 characterization characterization NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 9 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 10 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 11 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 12 structures structure NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 14 noncoding noncoding JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 15 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 16 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 17 have have VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 18 led lead VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 19 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 20 important important JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 21 insights insight NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 22 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 23 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 24 molecular molecular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 25 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 26 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 27 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 28 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 13 29 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 2 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 3 Tat Tat NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 4 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 5 activates activate VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 6 transcription transcription NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 7 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 8 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 9 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 10 provirus provirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 11 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 12 recruiting recruit VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 13 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 15 P p NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 16 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 17 TEFb TEFb NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 18 complex complex JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 19 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 20 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 21 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 22 TAR TAR NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 24 hairpin hairpin NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 14 25 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 1 Nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 2 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 3 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 4 incompletely incompletely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 5 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 6 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 7 transcripts transcript NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 8 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 9 facilitated facilitate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 10 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 11 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 12 RRE RRE NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 14 structure structure NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 15 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 16 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 17 recruits recruit VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 18 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 19 complex complex JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 20 consisting consisting NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 21 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 22 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 23 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 24 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 25 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 26 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 27 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 28 CRM1 CRM1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 15 29 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 1 A a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 2 similar similar JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 3 function function NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 4 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 5 performed perform VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 6 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 7 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 8 CTE CTE NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 10 structure structure NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 11 present present JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 12 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 13 MPMV MPMV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 14 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 15 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 16 recruits recruit VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 17 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 18 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 19 Tap Tap NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 20 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 21 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 22 factor factor NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 16 23 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 2 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 3 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 4 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 5 picornaviral picornaviral NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 6 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 7 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 8 facilitated facilitate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 9 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 10 IRES ires JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 11 elements element NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 12 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 14 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 15 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 16 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 17 retroviral retroviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 18 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 19 coronaviral coronaviral NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 20 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 21 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 22 modulated modulate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 23 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 24 sequences sequence NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 25 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 26 induce induce VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 27 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 28 frameshifting frameshifting NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 17 29 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 1 Finally finally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 4 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 5 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 6 both both DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 7 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 8 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 9 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 10 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 11 can can MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 12 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 13 specifically specifically RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 14 downregulated downregulate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 15 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 16 virally virally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 17 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 18 microRNAs microrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 18 19 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 1 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 2 TAR tar NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 4 P p NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 5 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 6 TEFb TEFb NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 7 mediates mediate VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 8 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 9 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 10 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 11 negative negative JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 12 regulators regulator NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 13 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 14 transcription transcription NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 15 elongation elongation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 16 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 17 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 18 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 19 carboxy carboxy JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 20 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 21 terminal terminal NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 22 domain domain NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 23 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 24 RNAP RNAP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 25 II II NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 26 molecules molecule NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 27 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 28 have have VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 29 initiated initiate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 30 transcription transcription NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 31 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 32 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 33 proviral proviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 34 DNA DNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 19 35 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 1 These these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 2 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 3 events event NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 4 render render VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 5 RNAP RNAP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 6 II ii CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 7 elongation elongation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 8 competent competent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 9 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 10 allow allow VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 12 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 13 transcribe transcribe VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 14 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 15 entire entire JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 16 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 17 genome genome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 19 Barboric Barboric NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 20 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 21 Peterlin Peterlin NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 22 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 23 2005 2005 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 20 24 ; ; : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 21 1 Kao Kao NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 21 2 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 21 3 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 21 4 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 21 5 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 21 6 1987 1987 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 21 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 21 8 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 1 In in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 2 contrast contrast NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 4 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 6 absence absence NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 7 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 8 Tat Tat NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 9 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 10 TAR tar NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 11 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 12 transcription transcription NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 13 initiation initiation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 14 at at IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 15 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 16 LTR LTR NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 17 promoter promoter NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 18 still still RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 19 occurs occur VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 20 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 21 almost almost RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 22 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 23 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 24 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 25 initiating initiate VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 26 RNAP RNAP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 27 II II NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 28 molecules molecule NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 29 fall fall VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 30 off off IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 31 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 32 DNA dna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 33 template template NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 34 within within IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 35 ~200 ~200 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 36 bp bp NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 37 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 38 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 39 transcription transcription NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 40 start start NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 41 site site NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 22 42 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 1 Analysis analysis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 2 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 3 Tat Tat NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 4 function function NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 5 led lead VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 6 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 7 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 8 realization realization NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 9 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 10 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 11 only only RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 12 transcription transcription NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 13 initiation initiation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 14 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 15 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 16 transcription transcription NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 17 elongation elongation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 18 can can MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 19 regulate regulate VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 20 gene gene NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 21 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 22 levels level NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 23 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 24 animal animal NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 23 25 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 24 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 24 2 Barboric Barboric NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 24 3 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 24 4 Peterlin Peterlin NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 24 5 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 24 6 2005 2005 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 24 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 24 8 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 1 Almost almost RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 2 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 3 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 4 contain contain VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 5 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 6 single single JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 7 RNAP RNAP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 8 II ii NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 9 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 10 dependent dependent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 11 promoter promoter NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 12 element element NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 13 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 14 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 15 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 16 LTR ltr NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 17 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 18 drives drive VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 19 transcription transcription NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 20 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 21 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 22 initial initial JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 23 genome genome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 24 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 25 length length NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 27 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 28 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 29 acts act VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 30 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 31 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 32 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 33 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 34 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 35 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 36 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 37 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 38 Gag Gag NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 39 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 40 Pol Pol NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 41 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 43 Cullen Cullen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 44 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 45 2003 2003 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 25 47 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 1 In in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 2 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 3 case case NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 4 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 5 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 6 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 7 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 8 initial initial JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 9 transcript transcript NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 10 can can MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 11 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 12 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 13 processed process VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 14 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 15 fully fully RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 16 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 17 transcripts transcript NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 18 encoding encode VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 19 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 20 Tat Tat NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 21 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 22 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 23 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 24 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 25 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 26 as as RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 27 well well RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 28 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 29 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 30 auxiliary auxiliary JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 31 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 32 Nef Nef NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 26 33 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 1 Alternatively alternatively RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 3 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 4 transcript transcript NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 5 can can MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 6 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 7 processed process VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 8 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 9 partially partially RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 10 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 11 mRNAs mrnas XX cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 12 encoding encode VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 13 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 14 three three CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 15 other other JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 16 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 17 auxiliary auxiliary JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 18 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 19 Vif Vif NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 20 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 21 Vpu Vpu NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 22 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 23 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 24 Vpr Vpr NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 27 25 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 2 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 3 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 4 cycle cycle NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 5 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 6 therefore therefore RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 7 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 8 requires require VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 9 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 10 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 11 single single JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 12 initial initial JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 13 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 14 transcript transcript NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 15 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 16 exported export VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 17 out out IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 18 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 19 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 20 nucleus nucleus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 21 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 22 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 23 differentially differentially RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 24 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 25 forms form NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 28 26 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 1 These these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 2 include include VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 3 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 4 unspliced unsplice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 5 form form NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 6 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 7 programs program NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 8 Gag Gag NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 9 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 10 Pol Pol NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 11 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 12 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 13 that that DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 14 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 15 packaged package VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 16 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 17 virion virion NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 18 progeny progeny NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 19 ; ; : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 20 partially partially RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 21 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 22 forms form NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 23 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 24 program program NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 25 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 26 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 27 Env Env NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 28 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 29 Vif Vif NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 30 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 31 Vpr Vpr NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 32 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 33 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 34 Vpu Vpu NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 35 ; ; : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 36 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 37 fully fully RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 38 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 39 forms form NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 40 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 41 program program NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 42 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 43 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 44 Tat Tat NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 45 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 46 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 47 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 48 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 49 Nef Nef NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 51 Cullen Cullen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 52 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 53 2003 2003 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 29 55 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 2 difficulty difficulty NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 3 with with IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 4 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 5 scenario scenario NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 6 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 7 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 8 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 9 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 10 do do VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 11 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 12 normally normally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 13 permit permit VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 14 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 15 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 16 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 17 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 18 intron intron NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 19 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 20 containing contain VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 21 mRNAs mRNAs '' cord-252433-0e9lonq4 30 22 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 1 Almost almost RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 2 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 3 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 4 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 5 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 6 transcribed transcribe VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 7 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 8 intron intron NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 9 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 10 containing contain VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 11 pre pre NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 12 - - NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 13 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 14 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 15 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 16 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 17 introns intron NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 18 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 19 recognized recognize VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 20 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 22 nascent nascent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 23 transcript transcript NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 24 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 25 splicing splicing NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 26 factors factor NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 27 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 28 including include VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 29 commitment commitment NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 30 factors factor NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 31 31 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 1 Commitment commitment NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 2 factors factor NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 3 both both DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 4 commit commit VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 6 pre pre NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 7 - - NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 8 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 9 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 10 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 11 splicing splicing NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 12 pathway pathway NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 14 retain retain VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 15 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 16 pre pre NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 17 - - NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 18 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 19 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 20 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 21 nucleus nucleus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 22 until until IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 23 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 24 introns intron NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 25 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 26 removed remove VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 28 Legrain Legrain NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 29 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 30 Rosbash Rosbash NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 31 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 32 1989 1989 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 32 34 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 1 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 2 mRNAs mrnas PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 3 rely rely VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 4 entirely entirely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 5 on on IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 6 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 7 factors factor NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 8 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 9 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 10 splicing splicing NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 11 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 12 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 13 intron intron NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 14 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 15 containing contain VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 16 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 17 transcripts transcript NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 18 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 19 therefore therefore RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 20 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 21 retained retain VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 22 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 23 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 24 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 25 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 26 nucleus nucleus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 27 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 28 splicing splice VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 29 commitment commitment NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 30 factors factor NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 33 31 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 2 strategy strategy NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 3 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 4 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 5 has have VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 6 evolved evolve VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 7 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 8 circumvent circumvent VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 9 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 10 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 11 retention retention NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 12 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 13 dependent dependent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 14 on on IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 15 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 16 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 17 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 18 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 19 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 20 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 21 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 22 translated translate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 23 from from IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 24 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 25 fully fully RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 26 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 27 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 28 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 29 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 30 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 31 constitutively constitutively RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 32 exported export VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 33 from from IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 34 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 35 nucleus nucleus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 34 36 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 1 As as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 2 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 3 result result NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 5 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 6 mutants mutant NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 7 lacking lack VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 8 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 9 functional functional JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 10 rev rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 11 gene gene NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 12 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 13 able able JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 14 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 15 express express VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 16 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 17 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 18 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 19 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 20 fully fully RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 21 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 22 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 23 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 24 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 25 that that RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 26 is is RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 27 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 28 Tat Tat NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 29 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 30 Nef Nef NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 31 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 32 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 33 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 34 defective defective JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 35 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 36 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 37 itself -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 38 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 39 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 40 can can MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 41 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 42 express express VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 43 any any DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 44 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 45 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 46 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 47 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 48 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 49 incompletely incompletely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 50 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 51 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 52 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 53 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 54 including include VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 55 Gag gag NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 56 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 57 Pol Pol NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 58 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 59 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 60 Env Env NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 35 61 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 2 transcripts transcript NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 3 encoding encode VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 4 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 5 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 6 structural structural JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 7 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 8 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 9 however however RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 10 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 11 can can MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 12 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 13 detected detect VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 14 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 15 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 16 nucleus nucleus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 17 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 18 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 19 infected infect VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 20 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 21 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 22 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 23 deficient deficient JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 24 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 25 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 26 where where WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 27 they -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 28 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 29 either either RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 30 degraded degraded JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 31 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 32 eventually eventually RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 33 fully fully RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 34 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 35 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 36 then then RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 37 exported export VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 39 Cullen Cullen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 40 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 41 2003 2003 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 36 43 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 1 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 2 function function NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 3 requires require VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 4 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 5 highly highly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 6 structured structure VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 8 target target NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 9 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 10 located locate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 11 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 12 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 13 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 14 env env NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 15 gene gene NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 16 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 17 called call VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 18 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 19 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 20 response response NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 21 element element NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 22 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 23 RRE RRE NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 25 Malim Malim NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 26 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 27 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 28 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 29 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 30 1989 1989 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 37 32 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 2 RRE RRE NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 3 contains contain VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 4 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 5 single single JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 6 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 7 high high JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 8 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 9 affinity affinity NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 10 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 11 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 12 binding bind VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 13 site site NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 14 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 15 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 16 functions function VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 17 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 18 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 19 scaffold scaffold NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 20 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 22 multimerization multimerization NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 23 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 24 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 25 on on IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 26 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 27 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 38 28 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 1 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 2 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 3 turn turn NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 4 interacts interact VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 5 with with IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 6 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 7 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 8 factor factor NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 9 called call VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 10 CRM1 CRM1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 11 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 12 belongs belong VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 13 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 14 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 15 karyopherin karyopherin NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 16 family family NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 17 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 18 nucleocytoplasmic nucleocytoplasmic NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 19 transport transport NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 39 20 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 40 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 40 2 Fischer Fischer NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 40 3 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 40 4 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 40 5 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 40 6 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 40 7 1995 1995 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 40 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 40 9 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 1 This this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 2 interaction interaction NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 3 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 4 mediated mediate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 5 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 6 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 7 leucine leucine NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 8 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 9 rich rich JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 10 motif motif NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 11 located locate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 12 toward toward IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 13 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 14 carboxyl carboxyl NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 15 terminus terminus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 16 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 17 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 18 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 19 was be VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 20 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 21 first first JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 22 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 23 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 24 signal signal NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 26 NES NES NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 28 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 29 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 30 identified identify VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 31 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 32 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 33 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 34 prototype prototype NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 35 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 36 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 37 leucine leucine NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 38 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 39 rich rich JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 40 class class NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 41 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 42 NESs ness NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 41 43 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 1 Karyopherin Karyopherin NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 2 function function NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 3 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 4 regulated regulate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 5 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 6 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 7 action action NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 8 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 9 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 10 G g NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 11 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 12 called call VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 13 Ran Ran NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 14 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 15 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 16 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 17 like like IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 18 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 19 G g NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 20 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 21 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 22 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 23 active active JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 24 when when WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 25 bound bind VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 26 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 27 GTP GTP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 28 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 29 inactive inactive JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 30 when when WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 31 bound bind VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 32 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 33 GDP GDP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 35 Kohler Kohler NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 36 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 37 Hurt Hurt NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 38 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 39 2007 2007 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 42 41 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 1 Cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 2 contain contain VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 3 high high JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 4 levels level NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 5 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 6 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 7 Ran ran VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 8 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 9 specific specific JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 10 G g NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 11 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 12 exchange exchange NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 13 factor factor NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 15 GEF GEF NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 17 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 18 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 19 nucleus nucleus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 20 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 21 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 22 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 23 Ran ran NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 24 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 25 specific specific JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 26 GTPase GTPase NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 27 activating activate VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 28 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 30 GAP gap NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 32 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 33 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 34 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 43 35 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 1 As as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 2 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 3 result result NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 5 Ran ran NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 6 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 7 GTP GTP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 8 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 9 largely largely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 10 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 11 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 12 Ran ran NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 13 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 14 GDP gdp NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 15 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 16 mainly mainly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 17 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 44 18 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 1 Ran ran NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 2 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 3 GTP GTP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 4 binds bind VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 5 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 6 CRM1 CRM1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 7 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 8 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 9 nucleus nucleus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 10 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 11 activates activate VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 12 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 13 binding binding NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 14 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 15 CRM1 CRM1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 16 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 17 leucine leucine NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 18 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 19 rich rich JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 20 NESs nes NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 45 21 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 2 ribonucleoprotein ribonucleoprotein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 3 complex complex NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 5 consisting consist VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 6 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 7 Ran ran NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 8 : : : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 9 GTP GTP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 10 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 11 CRM1 CRM1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 12 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 14 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 15 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 16 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 17 forms form VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 18 on on IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 19 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 20 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 21 RRE RRE NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 22 directs direct VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 23 incompletely incompletely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 24 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 25 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 26 transcripts transcript NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 27 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 28 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 29 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 30 pore pore NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 31 complex complex NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 32 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 33 then then RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 34 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 35 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 36 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 37 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 38 where where WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 39 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 40 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 41 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 42 GTP GTP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 43 moiety moiety NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 44 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 45 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 46 GAP gap NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 47 disassembles disassemble VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 48 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 49 complex complex NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 46 50 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 1 Although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 2 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 3 was be VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 4 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 5 first first JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 6 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 7 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 8 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 9 factor factor NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 10 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 11 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 12 identified identify VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 13 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 15 soon soon RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 16 became become VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 17 clear clear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 18 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 19 CRM1 CRM1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 20 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 21 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 22 required require VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 23 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 24 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 25 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 26 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 27 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 28 most most JJS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 29 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 30 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 47 31 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 1 In in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 2 fact fact NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 4 CRM1 CRM1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 5 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 6 involved involve VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 7 largely largely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 8 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 9 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 10 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 11 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 12 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 13 small small JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 14 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 15 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 17 snRNAs snRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 19 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 20 preribosomal preribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 21 subunits subunit NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 22 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 23 as as RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 24 well well RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 25 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 26 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 27 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 28 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 29 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 31 Kohler Kohler NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 32 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 33 Hurt Hurt NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 34 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 35 2007 2007 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 48 37 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 1 So so CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 2 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 3 factors factor NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 4 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 5 required require VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 6 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 7 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 8 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 9 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 10 cellular cellular NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 11 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 49 12 ? ? . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 1 An an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 2 important important JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 3 part part NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 4 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 6 answer answer NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 7 emerged emerge VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 8 from from IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 9 analysis analysis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 10 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 11 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 12 second second JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 13 retrovirus retrovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 14 called call VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 15 Mason Mason NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 16 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 17 Pfizer Pfizer NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 18 monkey monkey NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 19 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 21 MPMV MPMV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 50 23 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 1 MPMV MPMV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 2 has have VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 3 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 4 simpler simple JJR cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 5 genomic genomic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 6 organization organization NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 7 than than IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 8 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 9 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 10 only only RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 11 encodes encode VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 12 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 13 three three CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 14 structural structural JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 15 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 16 Picornaviruses Picornaviruses NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 17 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 18 some some DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 51 19 flaviviruses flavivirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 1 Recruits recruit NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 2 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 3 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 4 factors factor NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 5 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 6 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 7 subunits subunit NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 8 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 9 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 10 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 11 initiation initiation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 12 codons codon NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 13 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 14 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 15 absence absence NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 16 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 17 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 18 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 19 cap cap NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 20 Gag Gag NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 21 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 22 Pol Pol NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 23 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 24 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 25 Env Env NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 52 26 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 3 MPMV MPMV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 4 expresses express VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 5 both both CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 6 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 7 genome genome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 8 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 9 length length NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 10 Gag/ Gag/ NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 11 Pol Pol NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 12 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 14 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 15 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 16 Env Env NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 17 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 53 18 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 1 As as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 2 MPMV MPMV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 3 does do VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 4 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 5 encode encode VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 6 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 7 Rev Rev NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 8 homolog homolog NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 9 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 10 how how WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 11 do do VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 12 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 13 incompletely incompletely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 14 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 15 genomic genomic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 54 16 MPMV MPMV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 55 1 mRNAs mrnas TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 55 2 reach reach VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 55 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 55 4 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 55 5 ? ? . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 1 This this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 2 question question NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 3 led lead VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 4 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 6 discovery discovery NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 7 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 8 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 10 stem stem NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 11 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 12 loop loop NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 13 structure structure NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 14 within within IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 15 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 16 MPMV MPMV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 17 genome genome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 18 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 19 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 20 constitutive constitutive JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 21 transport transport NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 22 element element NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 24 CTE CTE NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 26 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 27 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 28 mediates mediate VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 29 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 30 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 31 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 32 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 33 incompletely incompletely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 34 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 35 mRNAs mRNAs '' cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 36 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 37 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 38 absence absence NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 39 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 40 any any DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 41 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 42 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 44 Bray Bray NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 45 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 46 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 47 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 48 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 49 1994 1994 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 56 51 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 1 Further further JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 2 analysis analysis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 3 revealed reveal VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 4 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 6 CTE CTE NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 7 recruits recruit VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 8 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 9 heterodimer heterodimer NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 10 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 11 two two CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 12 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 13 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 14 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 15 Tap Tap NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 16 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 17 p15 p15 NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 18 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 19 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 20 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 21 plays play VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 22 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 23 critical critical JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 24 role role NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 25 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 26 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 27 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 28 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 29 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 30 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 31 majority majority NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 32 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 33 cellular cellular NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 57 34 mRNAs mrnas CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 58 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 58 2 Grüter Grüter NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 58 3 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 58 4 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 58 5 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 58 6 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 58 7 1988 1988 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 58 8 ; ; . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 59 1 Kohler Kohler NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 59 2 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 59 3 Hurt Hurt NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 59 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 59 5 2007 2007 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 59 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 59 7 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 1 Normally normally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 4 Tap Tap NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 5 / / SYM cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 6 p15 p15 NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 7 heterodimer heterodimer NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 8 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 9 only only RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 10 recruited recruit VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 11 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 12 mature mature VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 13 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 14 fully fully RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 15 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 16 mRNAs mRNAs '' cord-252433-0e9lonq4 60 17 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 1 However however RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 4 CTE CTE NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 5 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 6 able able JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 7 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 8 prematurely prematurely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 9 recruit recruit VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 10 Tap Tap NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 11 / / SYM cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 12 p15 p15 NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 13 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 14 partially partially RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 15 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 16 mRNAs mRNAs '' cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 17 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 18 thereby thereby RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 19 circumvents circumvent VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 20 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 21 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 22 retention retention NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 23 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 24 incompletely incompletely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 25 spliced splice VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 26 MPMV MPMV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 27 mRNAs mrnas POS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 61 28 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 1 Although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 2 CTEs cte NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 3 have have VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 4 now now RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 5 been be VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 6 defined define VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 7 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 8 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 9 other other JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 10 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 11 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 12 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 13 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 14 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 15 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 16 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 17 CTEs cte NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 18 act act VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 19 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 20 directly directly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 21 recruiting recruit VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 22 Tap Tap NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 23 / / SYM cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 24 p15 p15 NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 62 25 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 1 In in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 2 particular particular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 4 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 5 avian avian JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 6 leukemia leukemia NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 7 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 8 CTE CTE NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 9 does do VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 10 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 11 appear appear VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 12 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 13 bind bind VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 14 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 15 Tap Tap NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 16 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 17 p15 p15 NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 18 directly directly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 19 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 20 although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 21 Tap Tap NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 22 may may MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 23 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 24 required require VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 25 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 26 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 27 function function NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 29 LeBlanc LeBlanc NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 30 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 31 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 32 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 33 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 34 2007 2007 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 63 36 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 1 Further further JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 2 analysis analysis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 3 may may MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 4 reveal reveal VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 5 new new JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 6 insights insight NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 7 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 8 how how WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 9 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 10 export export NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 11 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 12 retroviral retroviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 13 nuclear nuclear NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 14 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 15 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 16 regulated regulate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 64 17 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 1 After after IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 2 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 3 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 4 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 5 exported export VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 6 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 7 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 8 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 9 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 11 must must MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 12 recruit recruit VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 13 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 14 ribosomes ribosome NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 15 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 16 order order NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 17 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 18 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 19 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 20 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 22 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 23 open open JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 24 reading reading NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 25 frame frame NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 26 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 27 occur occur VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 29 Figure figure NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 30 1 1 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 65 32 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 1 Picornaviruses Picornaviruses NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 2 presented present VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 3 two two CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 4 mysteries mystery NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 5 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 6 terms term NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 7 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 8 how how WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 9 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 10 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 11 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 12 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 13 able able JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 14 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 15 translate translate VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 16 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 17 single single JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 18 large large JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 19 polyprotein polyprotein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 20 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 21 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 23 positive positive JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 24 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 25 sense sense NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 27 genome genome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 66 28 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 1 First first RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 4 single single JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 5 genome genome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 6 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 7 length length NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 8 picornavirus picornavirus NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 9 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 10 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 11 uncapped uncapped JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 67 12 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 1 Second second JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 3 infection infection NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 4 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 5 picornaviruses picornavirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 6 such such JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 7 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 8 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 9 results result NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 10 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 11 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 12 efficient efficient JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 13 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 14 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 15 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 16 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 17 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 18 yet yet CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 19 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 20 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 21 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 22 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 23 largely largely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 24 blocked block VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 68 25 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 1 So so CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 3 why why WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 4 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 5 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 6 uncapped uncapped JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 7 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 8 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 9 translated translate VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 10 more more RBR cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 11 efficiently efficiently RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 12 than than IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 13 capped cap VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 15 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 69 16 ? ? . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 2 key key JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 3 discovery discovery NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 4 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 5 led lead VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 6 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 7 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 8 resolution resolution NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 9 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 10 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 11 conundrum conundrum NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 12 was be VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 13 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 14 identification identification NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 15 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 16 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 17 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 18 internal internal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 19 ribosome ribosome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 20 entry entry NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 21 site site NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 23 IRES IRES NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 25 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 26 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 27 ~450 ~450 JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 28 nucleotide nucleotide NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 30 nt nt RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 32 highly highly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 33 structured structure VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 34 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 35 element element NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 36 found find VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 37 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 38 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 39 5′ 5′ CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 40 untranslated untranslated JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 41 region region NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 43 5′UTR 5′utr CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 45 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 46 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 70 47 mRNAs mRNAs . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 71 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 71 2 Jang Jang NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 71 3 et et FW cord-252433-0e9lonq4 71 4 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 71 5 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 71 6 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 71 7 1988 1988 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 71 8 ; ; . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 72 1 Pelletier Pelletier NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 72 2 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 72 3 Sonenberg Sonenberg NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 72 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 72 5 1988 1988 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 72 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 72 7 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 73 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 73 2 IRES IRES NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 73 3 directly directly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 73 4 recruits recruit VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 73 5 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 73 6 eIFs eifs XX cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 1 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 2 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 3 40S 40s CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 4 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 5 subunit subunit NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 6 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 7 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 8 internal internal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 9 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 10 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 11 initiation initiation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 12 codon codon NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 13 without without IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 14 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 15 requirement requirement NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 16 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 17 either either DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 18 cap cap NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 19 binding binding NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 20 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 21 5′UTR 5′utr CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 22 scanning scanning NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 74 23 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 1 As as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 2 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 3 result result NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 5 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 6 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 7 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 8 independent independent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 9 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 10 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 11 host host NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 12 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 13 cap cap NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 14 recognition recognition NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 15 factor factor NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 75 16 eIF4E. eIF4E. . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 3 although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 4 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 5 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 6 initiation initiation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 7 does do VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 8 require require VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 9 eIF4 eif4 IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 10 G g NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 11 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 13 functions function VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 14 perfectly perfectly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 15 well well RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 16 with with IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 17 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 18 carboxy carboxy JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 19 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 20 terminal terminal NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 21 fragment fragment NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 22 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 23 eIF4 eIF4 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 24 G G NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 25 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 26 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 27 generated generate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 28 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 29 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 30 proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 31 cleavage cleavage NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 32 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 33 eIF4 eIF4 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 34 G g NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 35 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 36 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 37 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 38 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 39 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 40 protease protease NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 76 41 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 1 Because because IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 2 capdependent capdependent NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 3 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 4 requires require VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 5 fulllength fulllength NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 6 eIF4 eif4 IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 7 G G NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 8 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 9 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 10 cleavage cleavage NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 11 blocks block VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 12 host host NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 13 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 14 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 15 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 16 whereas whereas IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 17 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 18 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 19 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 20 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 21 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 22 only only RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 23 unimpeded unimpeded JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 24 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 25 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 26 fact fact NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 27 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 28 enhanced enhance VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 29 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 30 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 31 access access NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 32 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 33 viral viral NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 34 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 35 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 36 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 37 entire entire JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 38 pool pool NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 39 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 40 available available JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 41 eIFs eifs NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 42 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 43 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 44 subunits subunit NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 46 Martinez Martinez NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 47 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 48 Salas Salas NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 49 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 50 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 51 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 52 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 53 2008 2008 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 77 55 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 1 Subsequent subsequent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 2 work work NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 3 has have VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 4 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 5 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 6 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 7 picornaviruses picornavirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 8 as as RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 9 well well RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 10 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 11 some some DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 12 flaviviruses flavivirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 13 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 14 including include VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 15 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 16 C C NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 17 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 19 HCV HCV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 21 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 22 contain contain VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 23 IRES ires JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 24 elements element NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 78 25 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 1 Surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 3 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 4 exist exist VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 5 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 6 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 7 functionally functionally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 8 distinct distinct JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 9 classes class NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 79 10 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 1 For for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 2 example example NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 4 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 5 HCV HCV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 6 IRES IRES NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 7 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 8 unlike unlike IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 9 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 10 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 11 IRES IRES NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 12 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 13 can can MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 14 directly directly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 15 recruit recruit VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 16 40S 40s CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 17 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 18 subunits subunit NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 19 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 20 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 21 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 22 internal internal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 23 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 24 initiation initiation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 25 codon codon NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 26 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 27 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 28 absence absence NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 29 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 30 eIFs eifs NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 31 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 32 although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 33 eIFs eIFs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 34 do do VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 35 participate participate VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 36 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 37 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 38 process process NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 39 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 40 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 80 41 initiation initiation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 2 Martinez Martinez NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 3 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 4 Salas Salas NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 5 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 6 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 7 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 8 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 9 2008 2008 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 81 11 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 1 An an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 2 even even RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 3 more more RBR cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 4 unusual unusual JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 5 IRES IRES NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 6 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 7 found find VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 8 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 9 cricket cricket NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 10 paralysis paralysis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 11 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 13 CrPV CrPV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 15 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 16 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 17 picornavirus picornavirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 18 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 19 like like JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 20 insect insect NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 21 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 23 Jan Jan NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 24 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 25 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 26 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 27 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 28 2003 2003 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 82 29 ; ; : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 83 1 Pestova Pestova NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 83 2 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 83 3 Hellen Hellen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 83 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 83 5 2003 2003 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 83 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 83 7 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 2 CrPV CrPV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 3 IRES IRES NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 4 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 5 only only RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 6 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 7 able able JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 8 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 9 recruit recruit VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 10 both both CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 11 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 12 40S 40s CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 14 60S 60s CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 15 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 16 subunits subunit NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 17 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 18 assemble assemble VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 19 elongation elongation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 20 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 21 competent competent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 22 80S 80 NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 23 ribosomes ribosome NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 24 on on IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 25 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 26 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 27 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 28 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 29 acts act VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 30 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 31 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 32 mimic mimic NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 33 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 34 Met Met NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 35 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 36 tRNAi tRNAi NNPS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 37 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 38 permit permit VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 39 initiation initiation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 40 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 41 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 42 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 43 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 44 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 45 capsid capsid NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 46 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 47 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 48 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 49 absence absence NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 50 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 51 Met Met NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 52 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 53 tRNAi tRNAi NNPS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 84 54 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 1 Although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 2 IRES ires JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 3 elements element NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 4 were be VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 5 first first RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 6 discovered discover VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 7 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 9 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 10 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 11 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 12 subset subset NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 13 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 15 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 16 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 17 now now RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 18 known know VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 19 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 20 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 21 contain contain VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 22 IRESs ires NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 85 23 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 3 IRESs ires NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 4 seem seem VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 5 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 6 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 7 especially especially RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 8 prevalent prevalent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 9 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 10 mRNAs mrnas DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 11 whose whose WP$ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 12 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 13 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 14 activated activate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 15 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 16 stress stress NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 17 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 18 when when WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 19 cap cap NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 20 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 21 dependent dependent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 22 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 23 may may MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 24 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 25 inefficient inefficient JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 86 26 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 1 Many many JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 2 IRES IRES NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 3 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 4 containing contain VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 5 host host NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 6 mRNAs mrnas $ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 7 encode encode VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 8 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 9 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 10 protect protect VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 11 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 12 from from IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 13 stress stress NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 14 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 15 whereas whereas IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 16 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 17 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 18 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 19 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 20 other other JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 21 IRES IRES NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 22 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 23 containing contain VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 24 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 25 mRNAs mrnas $ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 26 seem seem VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 27 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 28 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 29 important important JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 30 during during IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 87 31 apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 88 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 88 2 Bushell Bushell NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 88 3 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 88 4 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 88 5 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 88 6 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 88 7 2006 2006 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 88 8 ; ; . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 89 1 Komar Komar NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 89 2 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 89 3 Hatzoglou Hatzoglou NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 89 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 89 5 2005 2005 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 89 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 89 7 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 1 Another another DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 2 interesting interesting JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 3 translational translational JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 4 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 5 observed observe VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 6 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 7 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 8 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 9 families family NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 10 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 11 including include VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 12 many many JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 13 species specie NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 14 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 15 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 16 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 17 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 18 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 19 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 20 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 21 programmed program VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 22 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 23 frameshifting frameshifte VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 25 Brierley Brierley NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 26 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 27 Dos Dos NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 28 Ramos Ramos NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 29 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 30 2006 2006 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 90 32 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 1 In in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 2 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 3 such such JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 4 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 5 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 6 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 7 frameshifting frameshifting NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 8 prevents prevent VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 9 some some DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 10 ribosomes ribosome NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 11 from from IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 12 terminating terminate VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 13 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 14 at at IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 15 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 16 end end NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 17 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 18 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 19 open open JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 20 reading reading NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 21 frame frame NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 23 ORF ORF NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 25 encoding encode VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 26 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 27 Gag Gag NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 28 structural structural JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 29 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 30 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 31 instead instead RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 32 induces induce VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 33 ribosomes ribosome NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 34 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 35 shift shift VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 36 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 37 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 38 overlapping overlap VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 39 pol pol NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 40 ORF ORF NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 41 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 42 resulting result VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 43 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 44 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 45 production production NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 46 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 47 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 48 large large JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 49 Gag Gag NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 50 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 51 Pol Pol NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 52 polyprotein polyprotein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 91 53 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 3 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 4 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 5 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 6 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 7 frameshifting frameshifting NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 8 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 9 used use VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 10 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 11 produce produce VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 12 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 13 1a/1b 1a/1b CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 14 replicase replicase NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 15 polyprotein polyprotein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 16 rather rather RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 17 than than IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 18 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 19 shorter short JJR cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 20 1a 1a CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 21 variant variant NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 92 22 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 1 Frameshifting Frameshifting NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 2 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 3 induced induce VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 4 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 5 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 6 bipartite bipartite JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 7 element element NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 8 consisting consist VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 9 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 10 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 11 5′ 5′ CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 12 frameshifting frameshifte VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 13 site site NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 14 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 15 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 16 adjacent adjacent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 17 3′ 3′ CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 19 structure structure NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 21 Brierley Brierley NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 22 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 23 Dos Dos NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 24 Ramos Ramos NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 25 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 26 2006 2006 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 27 ; ; : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 28 Jacks Jacks NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 29 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 30 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 31 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 32 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 33 1988 1988 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 93 35 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 2 frameshift frameshift NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 3 site site NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 4 has have VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 6 consensus consensus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 7 sequence sequence NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 8 X_XXY_YYZ X_XXY_YYZ NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 10 where where WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 11 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 12 translational translational JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 13 phase phase NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 14 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 15 indicated indicate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 17 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 18 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 19 then then RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 20 slips slip VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 21 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 22 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 23 −1 −1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 24 frame frame NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 25 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 26 that that RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 27 is is RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 28 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 94 29 XXX_YYY_Z. XXX_YYY_Z. NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 2 actual actual JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 3 shift shift NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 4 sites site NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 5 found find VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 6 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 7 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 8 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 9 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 11 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 12 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 13 U_UUU_UUA u_uuu_uua JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 14 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 15 U_UUA_AAC U_UUA_AAC NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 16 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 17 respectively respectively RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 95 18 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 2 3′ 3′ CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 4 structure structure NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 5 found find VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 6 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 7 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 8 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 9 thought think VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 10 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 11 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 12 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 13 simple simple JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 15 hairpin hairpin NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 16 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 17 other other JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 18 −1 −1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 19 frameshifting frameshifting NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 96 20 signals signal NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 1 instead instead RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 2 contain contain VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 3 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 4 pseudoknot pseudoknot NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 5 3′ 3′ CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 6 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 7 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 8 frameshift frameshift NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 9 signal signal NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 11 Brierley Brierley NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 12 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 13 Dos Dos NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 14 Ramos Ramos NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 15 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 16 2006 2006 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 97 18 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 2 has have VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 3 been be VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 4 proposed propose VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 5 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 6 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 7 function function NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 8 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 9 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 10 3′ 3′ CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 12 structure structure NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 13 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 14 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 15 induce induce VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 16 transient transient JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 17 ribosomal ribosomal NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 18 pausing pause VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 19 at at IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 20 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 21 frameshift frameshift NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 22 site site NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 23 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 24 facilitate facilitate VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 25 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 26 slippage slippage NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 27 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 28 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 29 −1 −1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 30 direction direction NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 98 31 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 1 Although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 2 frameshifting frameshifte VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 3 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 4 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 5 occurs occur VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 6 with with IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 7 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 8 efficiency efficiency NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 9 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 10 ~5 ~5 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 11 % % NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 12 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 13 frameshifting frameshifte VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 14 efficiency efficiency NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 15 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 16 other other JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 17 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 18 can can MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 19 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 20 as as RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 21 high high JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 22 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 23 ~25 ~25 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 24 % % NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 25 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 26 may may MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 27 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 28 facilitated facilitate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 29 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 30 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 31 direct direct JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 32 interaction interaction NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 33 between between IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 34 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 35 paused pause VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 36 ribosome ribosome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 37 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 38 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 39 downstream downstream JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 40 pseudoknot pseudoknot NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 41 structure structure NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 99 42 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 1 Programmed programmed JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 2 frameshifting frameshifting NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 3 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 4 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 5 unique unique JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 6 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 7 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 8 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 9 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 10 found find VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 11 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 12 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 13 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 14 small small JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 15 number number NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 16 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 17 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 18 genes gene NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 19 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 20 both both DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 21 eukaryotes eukaryote NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 22 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 23 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 25 Shigemoto Shigemoto NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 26 et et FW cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 27 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 28 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 29 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 30 2001 2001 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 31 ; ; : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 32 Tsuchihashi Tsuchihashi NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 33 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 34 Kornberg Kornberg NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 35 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 36 1990 1990 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 100 38 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 1 Viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 4 Interference Interference NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 5 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 6 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 7 MicroRNAs MicroRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 9 interference interference NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 11 RNAi RNAi NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 13 was be VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 14 first first RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 15 discovered discover VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 16 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 17 genetic genetic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 18 analysis analysis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 19 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 20 nematodes nematode NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 22 Fire Fire NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 23 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 24 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 25 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 26 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 27 1998 1998 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 29 ; ; : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 30 however however RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 31 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 32 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 33 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 34 likely likely JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 35 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 36 RNAi RNAi NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 37 first first RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 38 evolved evolve VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 39 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 40 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 41 innate innate JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 42 immune immune JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 43 response response NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 44 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 45 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 46 infection infection NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 101 47 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 3 RNAi RNAi NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 4 continues continue VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 5 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 6 represent represent VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 7 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 8 key key JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 9 component component NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 10 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 11 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 12 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 13 response response NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 14 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 15 plants plant NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 16 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 17 invertebrates invertebrate NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 19 Cullen Cullen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 20 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 21 2006 2006 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 102 23 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 2 triggers trigger NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 3 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 4 RNAi RNAi NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 5 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 6 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 7 species specie NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 8 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 9 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 10 long long JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 11 double double RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 12 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 13 stranded stranded JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 14 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 16 dsRNAs dsRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 18 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 19 form form VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 20 critical critical JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 21 intermediates intermediate NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 22 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 23 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 24 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 25 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 26 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 27 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 28 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 29 except except IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 30 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 103 31 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 1 These these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 2 dsRNAs dsrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 3 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 4 bound bind VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 5 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 6 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 7 RNase RNase NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 8 III III NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 9 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 10 related relate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 11 enzyme enzyme NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 12 Dicer dicer NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 13 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 14 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 15 progressively progressively RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 16 cleaves cleave VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 17 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 18 dsRNAs dsRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 19 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 20 ~22 ~22 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 21 bp bp NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 22 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 23 duplexes duplex NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 24 containing contain VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 25 terminal terminal NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 26 2 2 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 27 nt nt NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 28 3′ 3′ CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 29 overhangs overhang NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 31 see see VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 32 Review Review NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 33 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 34 R.W. R.W. NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 35 Carthew Carthew NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 36 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 37 E.J. E.J. NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 38 Sontheimer Sontheimer NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 39 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 40 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 41 issue issue NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 42 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 43 Cell Cell NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 104 45 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 1 One one CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 2 strand strand NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 3 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 4 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 5 duplex duplex NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 6 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 7 called call VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 8 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 9 small small RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 10 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 11 interfering interfere VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 14 siRNA siRNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 16 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 17 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 18 then then RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 19 incorporated incorporate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 20 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 22 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 23 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 24 induced induce VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 25 silencing silence VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 26 complex complex NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 28 RISC RISC NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 30 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 31 where where WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 32 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 33 acts act VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 34 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 35 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 36 guide guide NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 37 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 39 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 40 target target VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 41 RISC RISC NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 42 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 43 complementary complementary JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 44 regions region NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 45 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 46 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 47 genomic genomic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 48 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 49 anti anti JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 50 - - JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 51 genomic genomic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 52 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 53 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 54 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 55 species specie NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 105 56 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 1 RISC RISC NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 2 then then RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 3 cleaves cleave VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 4 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 5 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 6 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 7 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 8 leading lead VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 9 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 11 degradation degradation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 106 12 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 2 first first JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 3 siRNAs siRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 4 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 5 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 6 identified identify VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 7 were be VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 8 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 9 fact fact NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 10 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 11 siRNAs siRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 12 produced produce VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 13 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 14 tobacco tobacco NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 15 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 16 infected infect VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 17 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 18 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 19 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 21 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 22 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 23 potato potato NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 107 24 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 108 1 X X NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 108 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 108 3 Hamilton Hamilton NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 108 4 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 108 5 Baulcombe Baulcombe NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 108 6 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 108 7 1999 1999 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 108 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 108 9 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 1 RNAi RNAi NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 2 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 3 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 4 critical critical JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 5 component component NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 6 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 7 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 8 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 9 immune immune JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 10 response response NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 11 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 12 plants plant NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 14 invertebrates invertebrate NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 15 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 16 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 17 emerging emerge VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 18 evidence evidence NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 19 indicates indicate VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 20 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 21 RNAi RNAi NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 22 responses response NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 23 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 24 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 25 infection infection NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 26 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 27 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 28 induced induce VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 29 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 30 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 31 somatic somatic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 32 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 34 Cullen Cullen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 35 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 36 2006 2006 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 109 38 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 1 Instead instead RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 3 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 4 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 5 have have VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 6 evolved evolve VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 7 other other JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 8 innate innate JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 9 responses response NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 10 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 11 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 12 induced induce VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 13 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 14 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 15 dsRNAs dsRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 16 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 17 including include VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 18 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 19 interferon interferon NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 20 response response NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 110 21 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 1 Because because IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 2 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 4 importance importance NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 5 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 6 RNAi RNAi NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 7 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 8 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 9 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 10 defense defense NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 11 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 12 plants plant NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 14 insects insect NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 15 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 16 many many JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 18 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 19 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 20 infect infect VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 21 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 22 species specie NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 23 have have VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 24 evolved evolve VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 25 gene gene NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 26 products product NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 27 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 28 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 29 RNAi RNAi NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 30 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 31 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 32 hence hence RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 33 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 34 enhance enhance VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 35 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 36 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 111 37 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 1 Conversely conversely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 4 absence absence NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 5 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 6 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 7 RNAi RNAi NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 8 responses response NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 9 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 10 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 11 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 12 means mean VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 13 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 14 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 15 RNAi RNAi NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 16 machinery machinery NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 17 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 18 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 19 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 20 generally generally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 21 remains remain VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 22 active active JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 23 during during IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 24 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 112 25 infection infection NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 113 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 113 2 Figure figure NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 113 3 1 1 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 113 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 113 5 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 1 Although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 2 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 3 role role NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 4 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 5 RNAi RNAi NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 6 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 7 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 8 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 9 response response NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 10 appears appear VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 11 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 12 have have VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 13 been be VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 14 lost lose VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 15 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 16 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 17 somatic somatic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 18 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 19 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 20 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 21 residual residual JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 22 RNAi RNAi NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 23 machinery machinery NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 24 still still RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 25 plays play VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 26 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 27 very very RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 28 important important JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 29 role role NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 30 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 31 mediating mediate VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 32 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 33 function function NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 34 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 35 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 36 microRNAs microrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 38 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 114 40 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 1 Unlike unlike IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 2 siRNAs siRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 4 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 5 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 6 derived derive VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 7 from from IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 8 long long JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 9 dsRNAs dsRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 11 frequently frequently RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 12 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 13 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 14 origin origin NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 16 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 17 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 18 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 19 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 20 within within IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 22 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 23 's 's POS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 24 genome genome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 25 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 26 part part NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 27 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 28 one one CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 29 arm arm NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 30 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 31 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 32 ~80 ~80 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 33 nt nt NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 34 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 35 hairpin hairpin NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 36 located locate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 37 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 38 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 39 larger large JJR cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 40 RNAP RNAP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 41 II II NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 42 transcript transcript NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 43 called call VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 44 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 45 primary primary JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 46 miRNA miRNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 48 Bartel Bartel NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 49 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 50 2004 2004 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 115 52 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 1 After after IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 2 excision excision NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 4 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 6 sequential sequential JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 7 action action NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 8 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 9 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 10 host host NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 11 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 12 RNase RNase NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 13 III III NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 14 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 15 related relate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 16 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 17 Drosha Drosha NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 18 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 19 Dicer Dicer NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 20 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 21 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 22 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 23 loaded load VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 24 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 25 RISC RISC NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 26 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 27 downregulate downregulate VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 28 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 29 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 30 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 31 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 32 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 116 33 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 1 Unlike unlike IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 2 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 3 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 4 targets target NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 5 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 6 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 7 siRNAs siRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 8 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 9 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 10 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 11 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 12 rarely rarely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 13 fully fully RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 14 complementary complementary JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 15 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 16 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 17 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 117 18 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 1 As as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 2 full full JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 3 complementarity complementarity NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 4 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 5 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 6 prerequisite prerequisite NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 7 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 8 efficient efficient JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 9 cleavage cleavage NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 10 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 11 RISC RISC NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 12 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 13 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 14 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 15 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 16 generally generally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 17 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 18 subject subject JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 19 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 20 degradation degradation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 21 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 22 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 23 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 118 24 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 1 Instead instead RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 3 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 4 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 5 can can MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 6 induce induce VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 7 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 8 translational translational JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 9 inhibition inhibition NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 10 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 11 cellular cellular NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 12 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 13 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 14 binding bind VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 15 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 16 partially partially RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 17 complementary complementary JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 18 target target NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 19 sites site NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 21 Bartel Bartel NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 22 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 23 2004 2004 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 119 25 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 1 As as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 2 most most JJS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 3 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 4 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 5 do do VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 6 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 7 seem seem VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 8 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 9 interfere interfere VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 10 with with IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 11 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 12 loading loading NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 13 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 14 function function NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 15 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 16 RISC RISC NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 17 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 18 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 19 remain remain VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 20 active active JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 21 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 22 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 23 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 24 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 25 thus thus RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 26 offering offer VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 27 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 28 possibility possibility NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 29 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 30 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 31 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 32 use use VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 33 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 34 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 35 RNAi RNAi NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 36 machinery machinery NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 37 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 38 regulate regulate VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 39 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 40 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 41 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 42 gene gene NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 43 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 44 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 45 programming programming NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 46 RISC RISC NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 47 with with IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 48 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 49 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 120 50 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 1 Analysis analysis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 2 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 3 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 4 range range NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 5 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 6 virally virally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 7 infected infect VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 8 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 9 has have VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 10 revealed reveal VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 11 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 12 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 13 DNA dna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 14 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 15 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 16 including include VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 17 herpesviruses herpesviruse NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 18 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 19 encode encode VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 20 multiple multiple JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 21 distinct distinct JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 22 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 121 23 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 1 Of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 2 note note NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 4 most most RBS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 5 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 6 miRNAs mirna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 7 appear appear VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 8 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 9 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 10 processed process VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 11 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 12 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 13 same same JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 14 Drosha Drosha NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 15 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 16 Dicer Dicer NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 17 dependent dependent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 18 pathway pathway NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 19 used use VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 20 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 22 majority majority NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 23 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 24 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 25 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 26 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 27 although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 28 there there EX cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 29 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 30 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 31 few few JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 32 examples example NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 33 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 34 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 35 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 36 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 37 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 38 transcribed transcribe VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 39 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 40 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 41 polymerase polymerase NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 42 III III NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 43 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 44 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 45 RNAP RNAP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 46 II II NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 47 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 48 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 49 then then RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 50 excised excise VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 51 directly directly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 52 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 53 Dicer Dicer NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 55 Gottwein Gottwein NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 56 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 57 Cullen Cullen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 58 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 59 2008 2008 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 122 61 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 3 RISCs RISCs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 4 programmed program VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 5 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 6 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 7 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 8 appear appear VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 9 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 10 function function VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 11 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 12 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 13 same same JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 14 way way NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 15 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 16 RISCs RISCs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 17 programmed program VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 18 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 19 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 20 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 123 21 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 1 Although although IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 2 beyond beyond IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 4 scope scope NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 5 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 6 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 7 article article NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 8 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 10 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 11 interesting interesting JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 12 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 13 note note VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 14 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 15 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 16 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 17 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 18 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 19 mRNA mrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 20 targets target NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 21 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 22 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 23 miRNAs mirna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 24 have have VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 25 now now RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 26 been be VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 124 27 defined define VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 125 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 125 2 Gottwein Gottwein NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 125 3 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 125 4 Cullen Cullen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 125 5 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 125 6 2008 2008 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 125 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 125 8 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 1 In in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 2 general general JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 5 appears appear VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 6 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 7 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 8 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 9 either either CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 10 downregulate downregulate VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 11 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 12 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 13 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 14 genes gene NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 15 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 16 increase increase VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 17 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 18 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 19 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 20 virally virally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 21 infected infect VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 22 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 23 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 24 host host VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 25 innate innate JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 26 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 27 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 28 immune immune JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 29 responses response NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 30 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 31 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 32 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 33 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 34 case case NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 35 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 36 herpesvirus herpesvirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 37 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 38 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 39 stabilize stabilize VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 40 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 41 latency latency NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 42 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 43 downregulating downregulate VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 44 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 45 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 46 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 47 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 48 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 49 immediate immediate JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 50 early early JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 51 proteins protein NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 52 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 53 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 54 favor favor VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 55 entry entry NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 56 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 57 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 58 lytic lytic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 59 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 60 cycle cycle NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 126 61 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 1 In in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 2 addition addition NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 3 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 4 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 5 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 6 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 7 number number NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 8 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 9 DNA dna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 10 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 11 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 12 encode encode VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 13 long long JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 14 noncoding noncoding JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 15 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 16 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 17 play play VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 18 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 19 role role NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 20 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 21 regulating regulate VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 22 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 23 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 24 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 25 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 27 Table table NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 28 2 2 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 29 ; ; , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 30 reviewed review VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 31 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 32 Sullivan Sullivan NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 33 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 34 Cullen Cullen NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 35 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 36 2009 2009 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 37 ; ; : cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 38 _SP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 39 see see VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 40 Review Review NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 41 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 42 C.P. C.P. NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 43 Ponting Ponting NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 44 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 45 P.L. P.L. NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 46 Oliver Oliver NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 47 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 48 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 49 W. W. NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 50 Reik Reik NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 51 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 52 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 53 issue issue NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 54 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 55 Cell Cell NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 127 57 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 1 But but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 2 how how WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 3 do do VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 4 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 5 use use VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 6 noncoding noncoding JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 7 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 8 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 9 promote promote VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 11 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 128 12 ? ? . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 1 One one CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 2 interesting interesting JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 3 noncoding noncoding NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 5 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 6 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 7 latency latency NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 8 associated associate VBD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 9 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 10 instability instability NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 11 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 12 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 13 6.3 6.3 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 14 kb kb NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 15 LAT LAT NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 17 appears appear VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 18 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 19 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 20 due due JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 21 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 22 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 23 fact fact NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 24 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 26 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 27 processed process VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 28 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 29 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 30 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 31 miRNAs miRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 32 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 33 may may MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 34 play play VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 35 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 36 key key JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 37 role role NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 38 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 39 regulating regulate VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 40 HSV-1 hsv-1 NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 41 latency latency NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 43 Umbach Umbach NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 44 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 45 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 46 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 47 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 48 2008 2008 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 129 50 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 1 The the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 2 role role NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 3 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 4 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 5 stable stable JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 6 2 2 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 7 kb kb NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 8 LAT lat NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 9 intron intron NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 10 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 11 less less RBR cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 12 clear clear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 13 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 14 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 15 evidence evidence NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 16 has have VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 17 been be VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 18 presented present VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 19 arguing argue VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 20 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 22 LAT lat NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 23 intron intron NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 24 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 25 exported export VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 26 out out IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 27 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 28 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 29 nucleus nucleus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 30 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 31 CRM1 CRM1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 32 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 33 associates associate NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 34 with with IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 35 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 36 ribosomes ribosome NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 37 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 38 thus thus RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 39 suggesting suggest VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 40 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 41 role role NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 42 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 43 modulating modulate VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 44 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 45 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 46 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 47 neurons neuron NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 48 latently latently RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 49 infected infect VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 50 with with IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 51 HSV-1 HSV-1 NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 53 Atanasiu Atanasiu NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 54 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 55 Fraser Fraser NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 56 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 57 2007 2007 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 130 59 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 1 Another another DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 2 interesting interesting JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 3 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 4 noncoding noncoding NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 6 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 7 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 8 polyadenylated polyadenylate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 9 nuclear nuclear NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 11 PAN PAN NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 14 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 15 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 16 Kaposi Kaposi NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 17 's 's POS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 18 sarcomaassociated sarcomaassociate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 19 herpesvirus herpesvirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 21 KSHV KSHV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 131 23 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 1 PAN PAN NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 2 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 3 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 4 unspliced unspliced JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 5 RNAP RNAP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 6 II II NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 7 transcript transcript NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 8 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 9 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 10 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 11 most most RBS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 12 highly highly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 13 expressed express VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 14 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 16 during during IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 17 lytic lytic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 18 KSHV KSHV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 19 infection infection NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 20 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 21 comprising comprise VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 22 up up IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 23 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 24 80 80 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 25 % % NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 26 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 27 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 28 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 29 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 132 30 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 1 Remarkably remarkably RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 4 function function NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 5 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 6 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 8 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 9 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 10 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 11 life life NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 12 cycle cycle NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 13 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 14 still still RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 15 unclear unclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 133 16 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 1 However however RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 3 recent recent JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 4 data datum NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 5 demonstrate demonstrate VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 6 that that IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 7 PAN PAN NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 8 contains contain VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 9 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 10 novel novel NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 11 ~80 ~80 NFP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 12 nt nt RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 13 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 14 long long JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 16 element element NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 17 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 18 stabilizes stabilize VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 19 PAN PAN NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 21 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 22 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 23 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 24 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 25 nucleus nucleus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 134 26 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 1 Insertion insertion NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 2 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 3 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 4 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 6 element element NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 7 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 8 cis cis NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 9 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 10 increases increase VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 11 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 12 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 13 abundance abundance NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 14 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 15 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 16 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 17 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 18 such such JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 19 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 20 β β NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 21 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 22 globin globin NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 23 mRNAs mRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 24 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 25 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 26 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 27 normally normally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 28 unstable unstable JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 29 when when WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 30 expressed express VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 31 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 32 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 33 intronless intronless JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 34 form form NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 36 Conrad Conrad NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 37 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 38 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 39 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 40 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 41 2006 2006 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 135 43 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 2 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 3 unclear unclear JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 4 whether whether IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 5 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 6 element element NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 7 simply simply RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 8 stabilizes stabilize VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 9 PAN PAN NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 10 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 11 or or CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 12 whether whether IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 14 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 15 acts act VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 16 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 17 trans trans NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 18 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 19 stabilize stabilize VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 20 other other JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 21 KSHV KSHV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 22 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 23 coding code VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 24 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 25 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 26 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 27 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 28 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 29 largely largely RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 30 intronless intronless JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 136 31 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 1 Finally finally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 3 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 4 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 5 noncoding noncoding JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 6 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 7 seem seem VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 8 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 9 be be VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 10 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 11 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 12 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 13 innate innate JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 14 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 15 immune immune JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 16 responses response NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 137 17 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 1 For for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 2 example example NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 3 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 4 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 5 β2.7 β2.7 JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 6 noncoding noncoding NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 8 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 9 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 10 human human JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 11 cytomegalovirus cytomegalovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 13 hCMV hcmv NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 15 binds bind VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 16 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 17 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 18 enzyme enzyme NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 138 19 complex complex NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 139 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 139 2 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 139 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 139 4 host host NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 139 5 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 139 6 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 1 This this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 2 interaction interaction NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 3 stabilizes stabilize VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 4 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 5 production production NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 6 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 7 ATP ATP NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 8 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 9 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 10 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 11 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 12 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 13 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 14 virally virally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 15 induced induce VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 16 apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 18 Reeves Reeves NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 19 et et NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 20 al al NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 21 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 22 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 23 2007 2007 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 140 25 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 1 Another another DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 2 noncoding noncoding JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 6 VA1 VA1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 8 expressed express VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 9 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 10 adenovirus adenovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 11 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 12 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 13 binds bind VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 14 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 15 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 16 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 17 factor factor NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 18 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 19 inhibit inhibit VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 20 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 21 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 22 response response NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 141 23 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 1 In in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 2 this this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 3 case case NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 4 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 5 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 6 target target NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 7 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 8 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 9 kinase kinase NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 10 R r NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 12 PKR PKR NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 14 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 15 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 16 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 17 protein protein NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 18 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 19 binds bind VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 20 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 21 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 22 long long JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 23 dsRNAs dsRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 24 produced produce VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 25 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 26 adenoviruses adenovirus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 27 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 28 many many JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 29 other other JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 30 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 31 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 142 32 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 1 Binding bind VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 2 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 3 dsRNA dsrna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 4 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 5 PKR PKR NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 6 induces induce VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 7 PKR PKR NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 8 dimerization dimerization NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 9 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 10 autophosphorylation autophosphorylation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 11 as as RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 12 well well RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 13 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 14 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 15 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 16 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 17 eIF2α eIF2α NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 18 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 19 which which WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 20 results result VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 21 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 22 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 23 global global JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 24 inhibition inhibition NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 25 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 26 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 27 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 28 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 29 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 30 host host NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 31 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 143 32 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 1 VA1 VA1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 3 a a DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 4 highly highly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 5 structured structured JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 6 ~160 ~160 NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 7 nt nt RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 8 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 9 long long JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 10 noncoding noncoding NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 12 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 13 binds bind VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 14 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 15 PKR PKR NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 16 with with IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 17 high high JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 18 affinity affinity NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 19 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 20 blocks block VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 21 PKR PKR NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 22 dimerization dimerization NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 23 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 24 activation activation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 144 25 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 1 This this DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 2 prevents prevent VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 3 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 4 inhibition inhibition NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 5 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 6 translation translation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 7 induced induce VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 8 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 9 adenovirus adenovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 10 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 11 derived derive VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 12 dsRNAs dsRNAs NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 14 allows allow VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 15 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 16 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 17 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 18 proceed proceed VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 19 unimpeded unimpeded JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 21 Mathews Mathews NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 22 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 23 Shenk Shenk NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 24 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 25 1991 1991 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 145 27 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 3 both both DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 4 hCMV hcmv NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 5 β2.7 β2.7 NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 6 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 7 adenovirus adenovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 8 VA1 VA1 NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 9 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 10 like like IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 11 KSHV KSHV NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 12 PAN PAN NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 13 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 14 HSV-1 HSV-1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 15 LAT LAT NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 16 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 17 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 18 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 19 expressed express VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 20 at at IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 21 high high JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 22 levels level NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 23 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 24 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 25 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 146 26 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 1 β2.7 β2.7 PRP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 2 comprises comprise VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 3 up up IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 4 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 5 20 20 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 6 % % NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 7 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 8 all all DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 9 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 10 transcripts transcript NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 11 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 12 hCMV hcmv NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 13 - - HYPH cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 14 infected infect VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 15 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 16 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 17 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 18 adenovirus adenovirus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 19 VA1 VA1 NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 20 is be VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 21 expressed express VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 22 at at IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 23 an an DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 24 extraordinarily extraordinarily RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 25 high high JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 26 number number NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 27 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 28 copies copy NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 30 ~10 ~10 DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 31 8 8 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 33 per per IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 34 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 35 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 147 36 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 1 Presumably presumably RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 3 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 4 high high JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 5 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 6 levels level NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 7 facilitate facilitate VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 8 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 9 saturation saturation NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 10 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 11 cellular cellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 12 binding binding NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 13 sites site NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 14 for for IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 15 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 16 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 148 17 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 1 Efforts effort NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 2 to to TO cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 3 understand understand VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 4 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 5 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 6 cycles cycle NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 7 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 8 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 9 are be VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 10 often often RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 11 motivated motivate VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 12 by by IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 13 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 14 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 15 potential potential NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 16 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 17 these these DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 18 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 19 parasites parasite NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 149 20 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 1 However however RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 3 such such JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 4 analyses analysis NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 5 have have VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 6 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 7 led lead VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 8 to to IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 9 several several JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 10 key key JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 11 insights insight NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 12 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 13 how how WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 14 not not RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 15 only only RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 16 infected infected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 17 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 18 but but CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 19 also also RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 20 uninfected uninfected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 21 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 22 regulate regulate VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 23 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 24 expression expression NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 25 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 26 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 27 genome genome NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 150 28 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 3 as as IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 4 noted note VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 5 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 6 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 7 brief brief JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 8 discussion discussion NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 9 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 10 viral viral JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 11 noncoding noncoding JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 12 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 13 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 14 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 15 knowledge knowledge NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 16 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 17 how how WRB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 18 virally virally RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 19 encoded encode VBN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 20 transcripts transcript NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 21 work work VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 22 in in IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 23 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 24 host host NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 25 cell cell NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 26 remains remain VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 27 far far RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 28 from from IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 29 complete complete JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 151 30 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 1 Clearly clearly RB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 2 , , , cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 3 future future JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 4 research research NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 5 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 6 virus virus NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 7 replication replication NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 8 will will MD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 9 provide provide VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 10 unexpected unexpected JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 11 and and CC cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 12 exciting exciting JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 13 insights insight NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 14 into into IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 15 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 16 complex complex JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 17 molecular molecular JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 18 machinery machinery NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 19 that that WDT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 20 makes make VBZ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 21 human human JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 22 cells cell NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 23 tick tick VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 152 24 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 153 1 Proc proc VB cord-252433-0e9lonq4 153 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 154 1 Natl Natl NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 154 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 155 1 Acad Acad NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 155 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 156 1 Sci Sci NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 156 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 157 1 USA USA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 157 2 91 91 CD cord-252433-0e9lonq4 157 3 Proc Proc NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 157 4 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 158 1 Natl Natl NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 158 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 159 1 Acad Acad NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 159 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 160 1 Sci Sci NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 160 2 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 160 3 USA USA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 160 4 Proc Proc NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 160 5 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 161 1 Natl Natl NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 161 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 162 1 Acad Acad NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 162 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 163 1 Sci Sci NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 163 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 1 USA USA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 2 Non Non NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 3 - - JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 4 coding code VBG cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 5 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 6 RNAs rna NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 7 of of IN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 8 the the DT cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 9 DNA dna NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 10 tumor tumor NN cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 11 viruses virus NNS cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 12 Proc proc VBP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 164 13 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 165 1 Natl Natl NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 165 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 166 1 Acad Acad NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 166 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 167 1 Sci Sci NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 167 2 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 167 3 USA USA NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 167 4 Proc Proc NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 167 5 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 168 1 Natl Natl NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 168 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 169 1 Acad Acad NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 169 2 . . . cord-252433-0e9lonq4 170 1 Sci Sci NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 170 2 . . NNP cord-252433-0e9lonq4 170 3 USA USA NNP