cord-000008-3dgjv0x1	2008	In response to stimulation with HIV peptide pool, untreated co-infected individuals showed significantly higher frequencies of intra-hepatic CD4 + T-cells producing IFN-c, compared to HCV mono-infected [0.1660.05% vs 0.0260.01%, p,0.05], and HAART-treated co-infected individuals [0.1660.05% vs 0.0360.05%, p,0.05] (Figure 2a ). Therapy naïve co-infected subjects had greater IFN-c producing CD8 + T-cells in response to HIV peptides compared to HCV mono-infected individuals [1.3960.37% vs 0.0260.0%, p,0.05], and HAART was associated with a significant reduction in the frequencies of these cells [1.3960.37% vs 0.3060.26%, p,0.05] (figure 2b). The tetramer cytokine response pattern was shown to be different in the liver compared to blood of the same individual, with diminished intra-hepatic tetramer-specific IFN-c responses and an increase in both CD107a and TNF-a responses, with the majority of SL9 tetramer positive cells expressing these two markers. Therapy naïve co-infected individuals demonstrated a higher frequency of intra-hepatic CD8 + T-cells that produce TNF-a in response to both HCV and HIV antigen stimulation compared to HCV mono-infected individuals.
cord-000065-6c3zb3g4	2009	
cord-000077-d441jam3	2009	Reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 plays a key role in initiating viral replication and is an important target for developing anti-HIV drugs. Our native gel analysis indicated that the mutations at 271 and 274 amino acids might cause conformational changes, leading to the formation of higher order oligomers instead of dimers, resulting in increased protein instability and susceptibility to viral protease. As shown in Fig. 3A , similar levels of Pr160 gag-pol , Gag protein (Pr55 Gag ) and capsid protein p24 (CA p24) were found in cells transfected with the wild type or mutant constructs, indicating that the expression and stability of RT precursor protein were not affected by the mutations. To study if the RTs in the viral particles of Y271A and I274A mutants were degraded by proteolysis that made them undetectable, pseudoviruses of wild type and mutants were generated in the presence or absence of indinavir, a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.
cord-000130-dqqcajjd	2009	The OptAIDS workshop was the first of its kind: a scientific meeting held simultaneously in both a real world location and also Second Life ® http://secondlife.com, a virtual landscape that allows real-time communication. Spending our way out of the epidemic Theme 1 comprises an introduction and overview of mathematical modeling [22] , as well as a history of AIDS in Africa and its effects on human development [23] . Theme 4 examines in-host modeling -a crucial element in tackling the disease, often overlooked by epidemiologists -by proposing new methods for evaluating the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment [31] and examining antioxidant supplementation as HIV therapy, with a focus on injecting drug users [32] . Finally, Theme 6 examines the question at the core of the OptAIDS project: spending our way out of the AIDS epidemic [6] . Predicting and preventing measles epidemics in New Zealand: application of a mathematical model Halting HIV/AIDS with avatars and havatars: a virtual world approach to modelling epidemics
cord-000158-d08buwtu	2010	
cord-000638-ss1435el	2012	
cord-000736-6f8vyziv	2012	
cord-000849-rrezynbs	2012	
cord-000868-vnwpzsu8	2013	Performing a virus-cell fusion assay and temperature-arrested HIV-infection kinetics, we provide evidence that the HIV-inhibitory E2 peptides interfere with late HIV-1 entry steps after the engagement of gp120 with CD4 receptor and coreceptor. Using synthetic peptides presenting different regions of E2, we recently demonstrated that this interference with HIV-1 entry can be ascribed to the N-terminal part of the GBV-C E2 protein ranging from residue 29 to 72 (according to GenBank accession no. The Effect of GBV-C E2 Peptides Arises After gp120/CD4 and gp120/coreceptor engagement To find out whether early or late steps of HIV-1 entry are affected by the E2 peptides, the E2 peptide activity was determined before and after gp120/CD4 engagement using the Vpr-b-lactamase (Vpr-BlaM) enzyme-based virus-cell fusion assay under standard (pre-CD4 binding) and temperature-arrested state (TAS; post-CD4 binding) conditions, respectively.
cord-001079-v01vwu00	2013	
cord-001228-4eh22ek7	2014	
cord-001385-rb5vwolt	2014	Figure 1A and B show that 20 minutes after addition of LTA to RAW cells that were pre-incubated with the gp41 TMD peptide, there was a significant decrease in ERK1,2 phosphorylation compared to nontreated cells, indicating less receptor activation. We next measured the expression levels of NFkB downstream genes; Tumor Necrosis Factor a (TNFa), a hallmark cytokine of TLR activation, and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 (MCP-1), a major chemokine mainly secreted by macrophages [22] , in order to ensure that the inhibitive effect on ERK1,2 phosphorylation is a result of inhibition of TLR2 signaling. IL-6 is an additional target gene of TLR2 but it is transcribed via a different transcription factor complex than TNFa. Cells were pre-incubated with ENV TMD peptides for two hours prior to LTA activation. In order to confirm this hypothesis we utilized the ectopic expression of HIV-1 ENV-YFP chimeric protein in RAW 264.7 cells, which mimics the HIV-1 infection of macrophages, and tested their responsiveness to LTA by measuring TNFa secretion.
cord-001532-kz3b01wq	2015	
cord-001707-piyo00yg	2015	
cord-001972-1zisomq5	2016	These data indicate that HIV-1 replication can be activated by pH1N1 virus in HIV-1-infected cells resulting in induction of cell death through apoptotic pathways. Cells treated with pH1N1 had higher level of NF-kB phosphorylation and increased protein expression of NFAT and AP-1 ( Figure 3B ) relative to HIV-1 infection alone, suggesting pH1N1 infection can activate host transcription factors required for HIV-1 replication in Jurkat cells. These data indicate that pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection can increase accumulation of CD4 protein and induce T cell signaling and activate host transcription factors required for HIV-1 replication. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can induce cell death through apoptotic signaling pathways and promote HIV-1 replication through the MAPK and TCR-related signaling pathways in HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells. Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is also able to reactivate HIV-1 replication from its state of latent infection through activating apoptosis and TCR-signaling pathways.
cord-002746-qn34eyul	2017	
cord-002757-upwe0cpj	2017	
cord-002774-tpqsjjet	2017	Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy.
cord-003307-snruk3j2	2018	BACKGROUND: Despite modern intensive care with standardized strategies against acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) remains a life-threatening disease with a high mortality rate. Based on the high burden of PcP and the likelihood of unfavorable outcome particularly in non-HIV-positive patients, chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfame thoxazole (TMP-SMX) is recommended in high-risk populations [13] . We here report comprehensive epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, therapeutic and outcome data on 240 cases of PcP, including a high percentage of non-HIV-positive patients, in a tertiary care center over the last 17 years. For every patient, clinical data on demographic characteristics, underlying disease, status of immune competence, treatment regimens of immunosuppression, PcP therapy regimen and mortality, were gathered in the study database. Outcomes and prognostic factors of non-HIV patients with pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and pulmonary CMV co-infection: a retrospective cohort study
cord-003715-deqiets2	2019	We next tested HIV-1 pseudotyped with Envs from four macrophage-tropic viruses [31, [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] for their ability to infect cells bearing primate CD4 receptors ( Fig 3B) . (A, B) Cells stably expressing various primate CD4 receptors (x-axis), along with human CCR5, were infected with Q23ΔEnv-GFP pseudotyped with (A) early HIV-1 Envelopes (Envs) or (B) Envs from common macrophagetropic HIV-1 isolates. Collectively, these data suggest that most early HIV-1 isolates from the blood, which have lower affinity for human CD4 compared to macrophage-tropic viruses, do not bind well to chimpanzee and macaque CD4. In this study, we have shown that Envs from over 30 early and chronic HIV-1 isolates from human blood (mother-infant pairs, etc.) all demonstrate selective entry via only some primate CD4 receptors. (B) Dog thymocytes (Cf2Th cells) stably expressing human CCR5 and the indicated rhesus macaque CD4 alleles (x-axis) were infected with HIV-1 (Q23ΔEnv-GFP) bearing a subtype A (BG505) or subtype C (CAP210.2.00.E8) Envelope (Env).
cord-003764-141u6ax7	2019	
cord-003895-m1y76ee5	2019	
cord-004002-b35wm2db	2019	
cord-004031-sw60qbbj	2019	
cord-004198-h8ch3x14	2020	
cord-004247-lagv3tp7	2020	This mAb was protective in an in vitro, antigen-dependent, cellular cytotoxicity assay with rat macrophages or eosinophils and also in vivo during the early phase of infection Second, beyond the cell-surface proteins, schistosomes also express a large number of glycans as part of their glycoprotein and glycolipid repertoire, and an antibody response against those glycans is mounted by the infected host [80] . In addition to antibodies that directly target and inhibit the fungal pathogen, mAbs can be directed to checkpoints that control the host immune response. In addition to highlighting the potential of mAbs as therapeutics, these studies have demonstrated the diversity of inhibitory actions that mAbs can perform on cryptococcal cells, which can include opsonization and increased phagocytosis, inhibition of fungal growth, capsular polysaccharide release and biofilm formation, antibody-mediated target cleavage, and augmentation of the host response [104] [105] [106] [107] .
cord-004335-bw3tziup	2019	
cord-004395-erqmbi2b	2020	
cord-004501-guiy89x8	2020	
cord-004575-b0t6bsya	2007	Von HIV-infizierten Menschen sollten wir erwarten, dass sie den geliebten Partner, die geliebte Partnerin nicht gefährden bei sexuellen Begegnungen, die im Rahmen einer aktuellen oder erhofften zukünftigen Beziehung stattfinden. Auch von einer HIV-positiven Prostituierten oder von einem HIV-positiven Homosexuellen bei einem One-Night-Stand ist nicht zu erwarten, dass sie Verantwortung für den Schutz des anderen übernehmen. Lässt sich eine HIV-positive Person auf eine so geartete Beziehung ein, kann die Liebe nach dem Verlobungstest nur weiter gedeihen, wenn der HIV-positive oder ungetestete Partner von Anfang an seine Verantwortung wahrgenommen und für konsequenten Schutz gesorgt hat. Wenn wir es schaffen, auch von einer HIV-positiven Prostituierten nicht zu erwarten, dass sie auf das Angebot eines Freiers verzichten muss, der für "ohne" gar mehr bezahlen will, dann können wir auch mit Freiern deutlich kommunizieren und sie zum "immer mit" motivieren.
cord-004600-5lhnzzvg	2007	Die HIV-Epidemie ist bestimmt durch ein komplexes Zusammenwirken von personengebundener Transmission, über eine Dekade langer, klinisch asymptomatischer Zeit bis zur Manifestation der Krankheit, bei permanenter Infektiosität. Die individuelle intime Sphäre des Sexualverhaltens ist durch unsere gesellschaftliche Verhaltensnormen geschützt; somit kann die HIV-Infektion als personengebundene Transmission nicht wie andere Infektionen, die den community acquired infections zugerechnet werden, z. Angewandt auf die Präventionskonzepte gegen die Ausbreitung von HIV war damit ein Vertrauens-und Erwartungsvorschuss für bereits von der HIV-Infektion betroffene wie noch HIV-naive Mitmenschen verbunden, sich den an die kognitive Ebene richtenden rationalen Präventionsbotschaften entsprechend zu verhalten, d. Die Argumente von Vertretern der wesentlich auf Konzepten der NPH basierenden HIV-Präventionskampagnen, diese hätten wesentlich zu den "geringen" Zuwachsraten an HIV-Infizierten in Deutschland und -wegen der europäischen Abstimmung -auch in Europa beigetragen, sind nach der derzeitigen Datenlage weder zu widerlegen noch zu belegen, da ein anderes Modell der Prävention nicht eingeführt wurde.
cord-004827-bnf3mvaf	2005	
cord-004986-en7taikk	2002	Dans 44 h 68 % des patients sida prEsentant une entEropathie due ~un ou plusieurs agents pathogEnes concomitant, des symptEmes gastro-intestinaux sont retrouvEs. Le diagnostic d''infections opportunistes est en gEnEral base sur une combinaison de culture de selles, examen direct des selles ~ la recherche d''ceufs ou de larves, et d''une biopsie endoscopique. L''infection herpEtique semble 6tre plus frEquente chez le patient HIV que chez les autres patients immunodEprimEs. Dans une importante Etude prospective r6alisEe sur 100 patients HIV pr6sentant une cesophagite her-pEtique, le virus HSV n''a 6tE identifi6 que darts 5 % des cas alors que la prevalence du virus CMV atteignait 50 % [4] . Les infections ~ Campylobacter ont 6t6 identifi6es dans approximativement 11% des coprocultures des patients sida, qu''ils souffrent ou non de diarrh6es ; ces patients, pr6sentant une incidence d''infection, sont 39 fois plus importants que dans la population g6n6rale. Cependant une colonisation m6me par des agents non pathog6nes peut 8tre responsable d''affections s6vhres chez les patients immunocompromis [6] .
cord-005033-voi9gu0l	2008	In this paper, we develop an extended CA simulation model to study the dynamical behaviors of HIV/AIDS transmission. Additional, we divide the post-infection process of AIDS disease into several sub-stages in order to facilitate the study of the dynamics in different development stages of epidemics. Higher population density, higher mobility, higher number of infection source, and greater neighborhood are more likely to result in high levels of infections and in persistence. Ahmed and Agiza (1998) develop a CA model that takes into consideration the latency and incubation period of epidemics and allow each individual (agent) to have distinctive susceptibility. We also define four types of agents that are characterized by different infectivity (and susceptibility) and various forms of neighborhood to represent four types of people in real life. To capture this, we extend classical CA models by allowing each agent to have its own attributes such as mobility, infectivity, resistibility (susceptibility) 2 and different extent of neighborhood.
cord-005327-bt7o8yxk	2006	
cord-005335-u04cxiej	2011	
cord-005585-lc3fqhb0	2009	OBJECTIVE: To assess the etiologies and outcome of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in HIV-infected patients over the first decade of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) use. Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in HIV-infected patients, with bacterial pneumonia and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) accounting for most cases [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Significant results HIV human immunodeficiency syndrome, ICU intensive care unit, PCP Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, IRIS immune restorationinduced syndrome, ARF acute respiratory failure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome a Clinically documented bacterial pneumonia was defined as an appropriate history and response to empiric antimicrobial therapy with focal pneumonia on chest X-ray, and either septic shock or predominantly neutrophils on BAL fluid examination, without documented bacterial pathogen b Including co-infection with Haemophilus influenzae (n = 1) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1) c Including co-infection with Streptococcus pneumonia (n = 1) and S.
cord-005833-fizh495d	2010	
cord-005882-iodfgzjf	2005	
cord-006260-ux32zanj	2012	
cord-006331-s2qf98lj	2010	
cord-006381-fsg9x8n7	1999	
cord-006716-n371b91w	1993	These strategies are required in some European countries where the large proportion of intravenous drug user (IVDU) women of child-bearing age leads to increasing numbers of perinatally infected children [2] . These mechanisms have been already identified [1] and, as in others'' data [1] , a prior unharmed experience seems to be a factor influencing reproductive decision; (2) HIV-1 testing in pregnancy is mostly useful for sexually infected women often unconscious of their condition. Sir: We describe a case in which flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine antagonist, reversed diazepam-induced neonatal apnoea and hypotonia. Diazepam levels were not measured, but in view of the prolonged half-life of this drug, it was likely that the infant would remain susceptible to its effects after cessation of the flumazenil infusion. Complement activation and the prognostic value of C3 a in patients at risk of the adult respiratory distress syndrome
cord-007188-tcq8lnwg	1988	
cord-007237-8y7218oj	2007	
cord-007890-bie1veti	2002	Effects of Interferon alpha plus ribavirine therapy on frequencies of HCV, HIV and CMV specific CD4-T-cell responses in peripheral blood of HIV/HCV coinfected patients after 6 months of treatment SoA9.5 Methods: Two groups of patients with chronic HCV infection were studied: 26 HIV coinfected progressors with antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV-negative controls. In order to assess the local temporal trend of antibiotic sensitivity of the most common urinary tract bacterial pathogen, all urine-cultured Escherichia coli isolates were reviewed as to susceptibility profile, and specimen source (community-versus hospital-acquired infection). Methods: A total of 87 penicillin resistant clinical strains isolated from patients at Hacettepe Children''s Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between 1999 and 2001 were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to various antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
cord-008530-yni0poh9	2004	
cord-008672-luoxomif	2004	
cord-009096-3c5t70an	2003	
cord-009269-6fs0f4b7	2008	
cord-009388-k3exf8a4	2020	
cord-009446-8keu2uay	2020	
cord-009669-bcdjwpd1	2010	Trans-infection was reported to depend on DC-SIGNmediated binding and cellular uptake of HIV into dendritic cells (Geijtenbeek et al., 2000; Kwon et al., 2002) , followed by intracellular transport of virions to sites of dendritic cell-T cell contact, termed infectious synapses (McDonald et al., 2003) (Fig. 1) . Finally, signalling via TLR8 and DC-SIGN was required for NFkB-dependent recruitment of the transcription factor pTEF-b to the viral promoter, and thus for the generation of full-length HIV transcripts in dendritic cells -a prerequisite for productive infection (Gringhuis et al., 2010) (Fig. 2) . Dendritic cell-mediated trans-enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity is independent of DC-SIGN The C-type lectin surface receptor DCIR acts as a new attachment factor for HIV-1 in dendritic cells and contributes to trans-and cis-infection pathways Functionally distinct transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mediated by immature and mature dendritic cells
cord-009891-gqrhbhbn	2003	The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA, reports that ''transmission to health care workers appears to have occurred after close contact with symptomatic individuals (e.g. persons with fever or respiratory symptoms) before recommended infection control precautions for SARS were implemented (i.e. unprotected exposures).'' There is also a possibility that the causative agent can remain viable for extended periods of time after drying on environmental surfaces. Preliminary results of a large-scale trial of a candidate AIDS vaccine announced by the US-based biotechnology company VaxGen suggest that it is possible to protect some individuals from HIV infection. The result is that poor diagnosis of pain in cancer patients remains a significant problem, with many physicians finding it difficult to differentiate between the various pain types; and, many underestimating its severity. Poor diagnosis, poor assessment, the choice of less appropriate treatments, plus patients and physicians fears about controlled drugs such as morphine all contribute to under treatment of cancer pain.
cord-010001-u0d5jkp1	2006	With a well-established infrastructure and the methodology to cultivate and to titer viruses accurately 6 to evaluate antiviral effects, it was possible to show that indeed a small volume of the plant extract termed Secomet-V was able to inactivate approximately 1 million virus particles of the attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus vGK5 7 in 1 minute consistently and reproducibly. Secomet-V, an extract of an African plant also found elsewhere in Asia, has been found to have potent antiviral activity against a poxvirus (vaccinia virus), rendering about 1 million particles noninfectious in 1 min with a 50th of a milliliter in in vitro assays (FIG. HIV-infected cells treated with plant extract showed no significant effect on the viral levels (TABLE 1) . There was no difference in the effectiveness of the plant extract in rendering vaccinia virus noninfectious whether it was autoclaved or not, suggesting that the bioactive agent is most likely but not necessarily a heat-stable compound and not a small peptide.
cord-010092-uftc8inx	2019	Prospective testing of blood donations in endemic areas of the U.S. revealed 0.38% of donors were positive for Babesia DNA or antibodies (Moritz, NEJM, 2016) Aims: -To report results of ongoing Babesia clinical trial -To explain significance of Babesia as a TT infection Methods: In cobas â Babesia for use on the cobas â 6800/8800 Systems, is a qualitative polymerase chain reaction nucleic acid amplification test, developed to detect in whole blood (WB) donor samples the 4 Babesia species that cause human disease: B. In sensitivity analyses, there were two discrepant results for HIV testing, three for HCV, and five for anti-HBc. Summary/Conclusions: Elecsys â infectious disease parameters on the cobas e 801 analyser demonstrate high specificity/sensitivity for screening first-time blood donor samples, with similar clinical performance to other commercially available assays.
cord-010119-t1x9gknd	2017	Conclusion: The wide distribution in the concentration of bioactive lipids among 405 stored RBC units suggests that lipid degradation is highly donor-Background/Case Studies: To ensure availability of biological products to hospitals, blood banks have developed and validated multiple storage conditions for each of their products to maximize shelf life and quality. 1 The Department of Blood Transfusion, The PLA General Hospital, 2 The Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, PLA Background/Case Studies: Recently, multi researches have reported that longer term-stored red blood cells(RBCs) units were associated with increased risks of clinically adverse events, especially in critically ill patients. Weak D types 1, 2 and 3 express all the major RhD epitopes and these patients can be managed as RhD-positive, which may lead to a reduction in unnecessary Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) administration and conservation of RhD-negative RBCs. Study Design/Method: RHD genotyping was performed on all patient samples with weaker than expected or discrepant RhD typing results, utilizing a commercially available genotyping kit manufactured by Immucor (RHD BeadChip).
cord-010175-p2py9wau	1996	
cord-010203-dt9m596i	2004	
cord-010310-jqh75340	2018	
cord-010499-yefxrj30	2006	Ribosomal frameshifting in both rightward and leftward directions has also been shown to occur at certain ''hungry'' codons whose cognate aminoacyi-tRNAs are in short supply (Gallant and Foley, 1980; Weiss and Gailant, 1983; 1986; Gallant et ai, 1985; Kurland and Gallant, 1986) . Not all hungry codons are equally prone to shift: in a survey of 21 frameshift mutations of the rllB gene of phage T4, Weiss and Gallant (1986) found that oniy a minority were phenotypicaily suppressible when challenged by limitation for any of several aminoacyl-tRNAs. The context njies governing ribosome frameshifting at hungry sites are under investigation, and have been defined in a few cases (Weiss et al., 1988; Gallant and Lindsiey, 1992; Peter et ai. coli the rate of ribosomal frameshifting on that sequence can be increased by limitation for leucine, the amino acid encoded at the frameshift site.
cord-010689-d2qn1doq	2020	In this review, synthetic strategies of indole 2 and 3-carboxamide derivatives, the type, and mode of interaction of these derivatives against HLGP, HIV-1, renin enzyme, and structure–activity studies of these compounds were investigated. Based on our experiences on synthesis of various heterocycle compounds, such as: quinoxalines [15] , epoxides [16] , urazoles [17, 18] , pyrazolone [19] , benzoxazine [20] and especially the synthesis of 3H-indoles [21] , in this paper, we wish to present a comprehensive review about the synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies and computer modeling of indole 2 and 3-carboxamides as potent inhibitors of various enzymes. According to the results of docking calculations, the presences of indole ring and carboxamide moiety have a decisive role in the inhibitory activity of these compounds. According to the research conducted up to 2008, the presence of carboxamide moiety in the indole derivatives is essential for their inhibitory activity against HLGP.
cord-010699-mfe1oajn	2020	
cord-010845-pakh49dy	2020	The statement is particularly true for tuberculous pericarditis (TBP), where lack of understanding of this severe form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) has hampered discovery and translation of cost-effective, rapid diagnostic tests and host-directed therapies able to prevent its debilitating complications and associated mortality. Finally, recent reports suggest that among both HIV-infected and HIVuninfected patients with culture-positive pericardial fluid, Mtb bacillary loads are as high as 3.91 log 10 CFU/mL (range 0.5-8.96), with bacillary loads over 5.53 log 10 CFU/mL being significantly associated with mortality [18] . Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative PCR (Xpert MTB/RIF) for tuberculous pericarditis compared to adenosine deaminase and unstimulated interferon-γ in a high burden setting: a prospective study Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative PCR (Xpert MTB/RIF) for tuberculous pericarditis compared to adenosine deaminase and unstimulated interferon-gamma in a high burden setting: a prospective study
cord-011064-1d3v87km	2020	
cord-011155-zraqyx78	2020	
cord-011457-hqxybv1k	2020	To enable simple and highly sensitive measurement of virus release from transfected cells, we generated HIV-1 reporter viruses in which Nanoluciferase (NanoLuc) was inserted between the MA and CA domains of Gag (Gag-iNanoLuc). We generated viruses using the pNL4-3 Gag-iNanoLuc vector complemented with different ratios of the WT HIV-1 molecular clone pNL4-3 and tested their infectivity by measuring the HIV-1 Tat-driven firefly luciferase activity in TZM-bl cells. These results demonstrate that the Gag-iNanoLuc vector provides a highly sensitive and quantitative tool for measuring the effects of Gag mutations, host cell restriction factors, and small-molecule inhibitors on HIV-1 particle assembly and release. The Gag-NanoLuc fusion protein is expressed in the cell and released at similar levels to WT Gag, thereby enabling simple yet highly sensitive quantification of viral gene expression and virus particle production by measurement of the NanoLuc reporter protein bioluminescent activity in the cell lysates and supernatants.
cord-011485-15wtv6bt	2020	
cord-011855-0vetk6jd	2020	
cord-011903-zqt6vu6d	2020	Poor mental health, including depressive disorders and stress, contributes significantly to the burden of disease in South Africa, and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, and is also associated with negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes for women, such as ''unintended'' or early pregnancy, and increased risk behaviours for HIV [1] [2] [3] . In the accounts of AGYW, poor mental health, including depression and suicidal risk were linked to sexual/ romantic relationship challenges, early pregnancy and child-bearing, parenting responsibilities, experiences of violence/abuse, HIV status, and lack of emotional support. Building on previous research that has found associations between depressive symptoms and psychological distress related to pregnancy, combined with a lack of social support amongst South African women [16] , our findings provide rich descriptive data on the lived reality of the interconnected psychosocial risks including stress, emotional isolation, feelings of depression and suicidal ideation, with ''unintended'' pregnancy and HIV that AGYW in South Africa face, from their own perspectives.
cord-012503-8rv2xof7	2020	
cord-013336-42thiglv	2020	However, there have been few studies examining HIV self-testing among female sex workers in countries outside of sub-Saharan Africa, including China [16] [17] [18] . We partnered with eight local female sex workers community-based organizations (CBO) in those eight cities with experience of conducting female sex workers outreach programs including condom promotion, sexual health education, HIV and syphilis rapid testing and counseling, and linkage to care (accompaniment to clinical services for infected individuals). Since the World Health Organization released guidelines recommending HIV self-testing among under-served and high-risk populations in 2016 [25] , many studies in the sub-Saharan Africa have shown that HIV self-testing has a good acceptability and feasibility for female sex workers [12, 14, 15, 26] . Studies have suggested that adding HIV self-testing to existing community-based testing and counseling services among female sex workers is acceptable, cost-effective and efficient to improve linkage to care [15, 26, 27] .
cord-013442-kjfk7hq6	2020	Based on more than two decades of organizational experiences since the onset of the HIV epidemic in Philadelphia, and the review of the scientific literature in HIV care continuum outcomes, the leadership of both organizations and the intervention designers decided to establish Clínica Bienestar as guided by three principles: (1) Colocation of services for transnational groups to increase utilization of HIV services by minimizing unnecessary navigation through complex health care systems (primary care services, HIV services, substance use disorder treatment) while decreasing duplicative costs to achieve similar health outcomes [27] . (2) HIV diagnosis and trajectory to engagement in care at Clínica Bienestar Philadelphia; (3) Substance use trajectory into current treatment and recovery; (4) Mapping of kinship and community support systems; (5) Services received for the past 24 months at Clínica Bienestar.
cord-013481-3zwq67do	2020	
cord-014608-g3p19coe	2014	Background and Aims: Data on the nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae across age groups are important to help predict the impact of introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) into routine vaccination programmes, given their important indirect effect. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from well children 3 months to 5Y of age from Karachi, Pakistan as part of a pneumococcal carriage study to evaluate PCV-10 impact. Methods: To determine pneumococcal colonization, we recruited a convenience sample of residents of all ages from 8 rural villages and children aged <5 years at 2 urban pediatric clinics annually during 2008-2012; we determined their PCV13 vaccination status and obtained nasopharyngeal swab specimens. No conflict of interest ISPPD-9 / pneumonia 2014 Mar 9-13;3:1-286 Background: Using nasopharyngeal carriage as a marker of vaccine impact, pneumococcal colonisation and its relation to invasive disease and demographic attributes were examined in children, their parents, and older adults in the UK following the introduction of PCV7 and prior to PCV13.
cord-015324-y44sfr0c	2007	In order to further validate this approach, we performed a prospective randomized open-label multicenter trial in 41 low-risk pediatric renal transplant recipients (12 f, 29 m; mean age 10.1 yrs; range, 3.4 to 17.8) on CsA (target trough level 100-200 ng/ml), MMF (1200 mg/m 2 per day) and methylprednisolone (3) (4) mg/m 2 per day), who were randomly assigned >1 year posttransplant to continue steroids or to withdraw over a period of 3 months. We evaluated MMF in 15 children with LN, 11 F/4 M, mean age: 12.4±3.9 yrs, proteinuria >3 g/day, decreased C3 and increased anti-dsDNA serum levels, normal renal function. Patients and methods: 91 children and adolescents (60 male, 31 female, mean age at transplantation 9.7±5.2 years) with stable renal function and observation period exceeding 6 months were included.
cord-015372-76xvzvdg	1996	One, two and five-year survival rates were examined; age at diagnosis and lesion type were extremely significant factors in relation to patient outcome. Patients'' age, sex, risk group, CDC stage, CD4 count, indication for therapy, complication rate and response to treatment are described. Fifty-eight patients (34 male, 24 female) ranging in age from 15 to 65 years (Mean + SD = 28.4 + 10.8) were included in the study. Among these 48 patients (mean age 68.0+12.7), after controlling for age and for the duration and continuity of subsequent antipsychotic treatment, increasing duration of initially untreated psychosis was associated with greater severity of negative symptoms (p<0.005) and with lower scores on the MMSE (p<0.05) but not with executive dysfunction on the EXIT (p=0.3). Conclusion Although not a population based study, care of IDDM in Ireland is almost totally hospital clinic based Cigarette smoking is identified as the major problem to be addressed Patients with diabetes meltitus (DM) are at a higher risk of developing vascular complications, including coronary artery disease (CAD).
cord-015376-z739ifu5	2006	These include: viral entry (inhibited by chloroquine and peptides); viral RNA (targeted by antisense approaches/RNAi); the main protease 3CLpro (inhibited by peptidic molecules such as HIV-1 protease inhibitors and miscellaneous compounds); the accessory protease(s) PLpro(s) (inhibited by zinc ions); RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid and antisense approaches); and helicase (inhibited by bananins). Chloroquine and HIV-1 protease inhibitors (with well-known toxicity profiles) should be considered for clinical tests if severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) re-emerges; however, there are other attractive compounds. The potential usefulness of 3CLpro as a drug target is supported by: i) its fundamental role in coronavirus replication; ii) its well defined 3D structure; and iii) preliminary clinical observation indicating that drugs cross-targeting this enzyme, that is, the HIV-1 protease inhibitors (HIV-1 PIs; 2 -6) produced some clinical benefits in patients treated with IFNs and ribavirin.
cord-015831-s78omm53	2019	
cord-015936-4fwkf8fn	2005	key: cord-015936-4fwkf8fn authors: nan title: SUBJECT INDEX, volumes 123-130 date: 2005-11-04 journal: J Virol Methods DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(05)00346-0 sha: doc_id: 15936 cord_uid: 4fwkf8fn nan HIV; 2 LTR circles; New marker (125) 11 HIV antigen/antibody combined assay; HIV; Serology; HIV-1 p24 antigen assay (127) (127) (128) (128) 67 Yeast expression; Pichia pastoris; SARS-CoV; N protein (130) 83 enzyme analysis; Flaviviruses; RT-PCR
cord-015958-68dmza13	2007	L''ottimismo generato dalle migliori condizioni di vita (cibo e acqua più sani, migliori sistemi di raccolta rifiuti e di discarica, nuove conoscenze nella biologia e nella medicina capaci di consentire lo sviluppo e l''uso diffuso di vaccini, la produzione di antinfettivi e di antiparassitari più sicuri ed efficaci) che avevano portato nel mondo occidentale all''allungamento dell''aspettativa di vita da una media di 46,5 anni nel 1950 a 65 anni nel 2002 (51 anni per i redditi bassi, 78 per gli alti), negli anni Ottanta si era già esaurito per l''emergenza di agenti infettivi "nuovi" (non riconosciuti prima) e per la riemergenza di altri già noti, a causa sia di fattori determinati dall''agente infettante stesso, quali l''acquisizione della capacità di salto di specie o la formazione di varianti farmacoresistenti, che di fattori determinati dall''ospite, quali: 1) manovre invasive iatrogene responsabili di infezioni ospedaliere; 2) cambiamenti climatici capaci di favorire il diffondersi di parassiti vettori di infezione e alterazioni degli ecosistemi (con prevalenza incontrollata di predatori o di prede); 3) esplosione demografica con ripercussioni importanti sulle tecnologie industriali di produzione alimentare, sullo sviluppo economico-urbanistico tumultuoso, sulle migrazioni di rifugiati; 4) promiscuità sessuale e turismo sessuale; 5) tossicodipendenza, e infine 6) spostamenti delle persone e delle merci che sono sempre stati fonte di diffusione degli agenti infettivi, ma che avevano raggiunto livelli di quantità e frequenza impensabili precedentemente [1] (vedi anche i Capitoli pubblicati altrove in questo volume).
cord-016041-427mbaqc	2008	Die somatische Gentherapie befasst sich mit der Behandlung von somatischen (Körper-)Zellen (>Tab. 4.1.1), wobei das therapeutische Gen ein im Organismus benötigtes Protein kodiert. Die somatische Gentherapie befasst sich mit der Behandlung von somatischen (Körper-)Zellen (>Tab. 4.1.1), wobei das therapeutische Gen ein im Organismus benötigtes Protein kodiert. Neue Verfahren des Vektor-Targetings sowie interessante Techniken wie Elektroporation und hydrodynamische Injektion konnten die Transgenexpression in vivo verbessern, indem eine verbesserte Verteilung der Plasmid-DNA im Zielorgan erreicht wurde (Wolff u. Bei einer weiteren Zytokin-Gentherapie wurde Melanompatienten intratumoral ein Canarypox-Virus-Vektor injiziert, der das IL-12-Gen exprimierte, und zur T-Zell-Akkumulation in injizierten Melanomen führte (Triozzi et al. Es ist jedoch schwierig, einen Zusammenhang zwischen Tumorregression und der Existenz einer durch die Vakzinierung induzierten zytotoxischen T-Zell-Antwort unzweifelhaft festzustellen, da nicht alle Patienten mit zellulären Immunantworten auf den Tumor eine Regression desselben zeigen. Ein Paradebeispiel hierfür ist das p53-Protein, das erst nach einem aufgetretenen DNA-Schaden den Zellzyklus blockiert und die Zellen der Apoptose unterwirft (Roth 2006) .
cord-016075-ind62t53	2005	
cord-016255-kkko1xne	2011	
cord-016283-b6yywn9f	2019	
cord-016313-n4ewq0pt	2012	
cord-016472-jj7fqcen	2007	
cord-016690-3gsq724l	2013	Its difference from the clinical manifestations of non-HIV infected patients is as the following: (1) More common pulmonary infi ltration with multiple involvements and rare cavities; (2) Higher incidence of dissemination (87-96 %) commonly along with blood fl ow and higher incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (60-70 %); (3) More common lymph node tuberculosis, such as hilar, mediastinal and extrapleural lymphadenectasis; (4) Lower positive rate of tuberculin test (PPD); (5) More patients with no expectoration, with sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli staining is negative; (6) Higher incidence of resistant strains, high recurrence rate, and higher mortality (Table 17 .1 ). Based on the course of the disease, the diagnostic imaging demonstrations of Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection can be divided into early stage, showing round liked fl aky blurry shadows surrounding unilateral hilum that has blurry boundary; middle stage (parenchymal change), showing central sphere liked high density shadow surrounding unilateral hilum, in parenchymal changes and with clear boundary; advanced stage (necrosis) showing secondary cavity of the pulmonary mass, possibly with hydropneumothorax and pleurisy.
cord-016704-99v4brjf	2005	
cord-016718-cxn1ewfw	2017	
cord-016829-37i1bn9m	2008	
cord-017012-yl0vanuh	2009	
cord-017070-05vlz5dn	2008	
cord-017227-66dx2dkv	2012	
cord-017412-1avevzya	2010	
cord-017439-0c6ohmmg	2006	Today, pooling experiments are driven by the potential cost savings and precision gains that can result, and they are making a substantial impact on blood screening and drug discovery. A general review of pooling experiments is given here, with additional details and discussion of issues and methods for two important application areas, namely, blood testing and drug discovery. Recognizing that developing countries can ill-afford the cost of 100% one-at-a-time screening, WHO issued recommendations for testing for HIV antibody on serum pools (WHO, 1991) in areas where seroprevalence is less than 2%. Since the late 1980s, statistical contributions to pooling for blood testing have focused on the following aspects: assessing changes in sensitivity and specificity due to pooling, designing pooling strategies to accommodate both cheap initial screens and gold-standard confirmatory screens, and estimation of covariate-dependent prevalences. On the information and accuracy of pooled testing in estimating prevalence of a rare disease: Application to HIV screening
cord-017506-t86v3zw3	2012	
cord-017600-4e7mw041	2008	
cord-017629-fuv157f1	2008	
cord-017675-in9r33ww	2008	
cord-017719-8lfn6mih	2018	Unter den Migranten aus dem subsaharischen Afrika ist auf das Vorliegen von HIV-Infektionen zu achten. Die Hautveränderungen über den Gängen sind u.U. leicht erhaben und zeigen eine "kommaförmige" Rötung. Es bilden sich dabei stark juckende Pusteln an Handflächen und Fußsohlen aus, die als Skabies verkannt werden können. Sie ist eine in typischer Weise mit Armut assoziierte Erkrankung, die in der Gesamtbevölkerung eine Prävalenz von ca. Die Behandlung der Larva migrans ist somit eine "off-label"-Therapie. Ca. 2 Wochen nach der Infestation kann sich eine pulmonale Askariasis manifestieren, die als Löffler-Syndrom bezeichnet wird. Die Malariaserologie spielt in der Akutdiagnostik keine Rolle und kann nur zum retrospektiven Nachweis einer stattgefundenen Erkrankung benutzt werden. 2015 ) 5 Bei jüngeren Kindern präsentiert sich die Erkrankung häufig nicht mit der klassischen Trias aus Husten, Gewichtsverlust und subfebrilen Temperaturen (Marais et al. Jahre bis Jahrzehnte nach der Erkrankung kann sich ein "Postpoliosyndrom" mit Zunahme von Schwäche und Atrophie entwickeln.
cord-017782-dtveihrj	2010	Specific charges were: (1) the GP should have repeated the HIV serology to confirm that the plaintiff was HIV infected, (2) the defendant was negligent in starting treatment for HIV infection without proof of disease, (3) the physician lacked knowledge of HIV infection and should have referred the patient to a specialist or HIV clinic, (4) treatment of toxic medications were given for several years without any clear indication, and (5) the GP did not adequately inform the patient on the pros and cons of therapy, nor explain the potential toxicities and side-effects. Although the CD4 + T lymphocyte quantitative count is a very useful and standard test to monitor patients for progression of HIV disease or response to therapy, it can be low in many conditions. Long-term non-progression or elite controllers represent <5% of HIV-infected subjects who maintain relatively normal CD4 + cell count and very low or immeasurable viral load for 8 years to decades without therapy.
cord-017831-anadq4j9	2015	
cord-017885-cz19y60u	2014	
cord-017887-pj6pal35	2018	
cord-018017-c8myq6bi	2018	
cord-018040-k0h5ejjt	2009	Many recombinant vaccines against novel (HIV, HCV) or ever-changing (influenza) infectious agents require the presence of adjuvants/delivery vehicles to induce strong immune responses. Cationic and anionic polylactide co-glycolide (PLG) microparticles have been successfully used to adsorb a variety of agents, which include plasmid DNA, recombinant proteins and adjuvant active oligonucleotides and are also currently tested in several vaccine applications. The size of these vectors is generally within 10-1000 nm and it is a specific mechanism by which our immune system recognizes such particles that underlies their adjuvant potencies (in addition, many carriers protect proteins/NA from rapid degradation in vivo and release them into the organism during prolonged periods of time, which also results in higher immunogenicity). Several VLPbased vaccines have been licensed for general use, many of them against HBV, which are composed of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), which is a main component of currently used protein-based, alum adjuvant-potentiated vaccine.
cord-018070-js9vvsud	2011	
cord-018137-rmtyrbg0	2018	Two equilibriums points were found, disease free and endemic equilibrium, and basic reproduction ratio [Formula: see text] was also calculated by the use of next generation matrix. Efforts to improve the use of antiretroviral treatment in some part of the world were still not enough to reduce a significant number of deaths, the HIV/AIDS epidemic claimed 3.1 million lives in 2005, of which about 570000 were children (UNAIDS/WHO [8] ). We shall study the global stabilities of both disease free and endemic equilibria by the use of Lyapunov function. Here we use the real data obtained from MOH, in which there were a total of 13646 HIV-1 positive reported cases in the year 2016, in the year 2016 to study and predict the dynamics of HIV in Turkey using our model. Stability analysis of an HIV/Aids epidemic model with treatment Stability analysis of an HIV/AIDS epidemic model with screening Global analysis of an HIV/AIDS epidemic model
cord-018440-qugmnolo	2008	In many states, once the HHS is notified of a reportable disease such as confirmed HIV infection, a health investigator representing that state''s HHS will become The Law involved in the case. If a patient has not personally notified their partners of their risk for HIV infection, the investigator may then contact all divulged sexual partners for the need to pursue testing and potential treatment for HIV. Anyone who has sexual relations with or engages in other risk behaviors with Scott is at risk for contracting HIV and syphilis, and protecting the health and welfare of those contact persons takes precedent over maintaining Scott''s confidentiality. Once Scott''s diagnosis is reported, he will meet with a health investigator who will record the names of his contacts and notify them of their exposure to syphilis and HIV. Scott should be informed that his diagnosis will be reported to the public health department and that he will be asked to meet with an investigator and give the names of his sexual contacts.
cord-018545-fk17n2bx	2012	
cord-018646-fqy82sm6	2019	Starting with religious texts, which heavily reference plagues, this chapter establishes the fundamentals for our understanding of the scope, social, medical, and psychological impact that some pandemics effected on civilization, including the Black Death (a plague outbreak from the fourteenth century), the Spanish Flu of 1918, and the more recent outbreaks in the twenty-first century, including SARS, Ebola, and Zika. This includes the unexamined ways pandemic outbreaks might have shaped the specialty of psychiatry; psychoanalysis was gaining recognition as an established treatment within medical community at the time the last great pandemic was making global rounds a century ago. Stemming from Doric Greek word plaga (strike, blow), the word plague is a polyseme, used interchangeably to describe a particular, virulent contagious febrile disease caused by Yersinia pestis, as a general term for any epidemic disease causing a high rate of mortality, or more widely, as a metaphor for any sudden outbreak of a disastrous evil or affliction [4] .
cord-018721-othar2uv	2012	Zusammenfassend kann aufgrund der zur Verfügung stehenden Daten die Gabe von Dexamethason bei erwachsenen Patienten mit Verdacht auf eine bakterielle Meningitis (d. Für Entwicklungsländer mit eingeschränkter medizinischer Versorgung und einem hohen Anteil HIV-positiver Patienten konnte keine Wirksamkeit für Dexamethason bei der bakteriellen Meningitis nachgewiesen werden [32] , [33] , [34] . HIV-positive Patienten mit intrakraniellen Tuberkulomen können im Rahmen des "immune reconstitution syndrome" (IRIS) eine durchaus dramatische klinisch neurologische Verschlechterung erfahren, mit Zunahme der neurologi-z Diagnostik Die Untersuchung des Liquor cerebrospinalis ist für die Diagnose einer chronischen Meningitis unverzichtbar, der Liquor ist typischerweise klar, bei deutlich erhöhtem Eiweiß auch xanthochrom wirkend. Da bei der Pathogenese dieser Enzephalitis auch Autoimmunmechanismen eine wichtige Rolle spielen, scheint unter einer kombinierten Th erapie mit Aciclovir und Dexamethason die Rate von Patienten mit schlechtem Outcome geringer zu sein als unter alleiniger Th erapie mit Aciclovir [158] .
cord-018785-tcr5xlf8	2018	
cord-018864-c1r2n17o	2007	In fact, the determinant role played by dendritic cells (DCs) in HIV-1 transmission might rely on specific interactions between gp120 and C-type lectins, of which the DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3) grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) and DC-SIGNR (for DC-SIGN-related) are the best studied [10, 11]. In addition to its own virus-encoded envelope glycoproteins, the virus incorporates many different cellular proteins normally found on the cell surface (reviewed in [12] [13] [14] [15] The process of incorporation of host cell membrane proteins was found to be conserved among all tested HIV-1 subtypes and strains that were expanded in natural cellular reservoirs, such as mitogen-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes and human lymphoid tissue cultured ex vivo [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] . Statin compounds reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by preventing the interaction between virion-associated host intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and its natural cell surface ligand LFA-1 A dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)-related protein is highly expressed on human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and promotes HIV-1 infection
cord-019347-tj3ye1mx	2010	Method:Case Report:A 15y/o w/f athlete presented with a two month history of recurrent hives and angioedema which she associated with ingestion of Halloween candy .One week before evaluation she had hives with Coconut as well.Her history was othewise unremarkable except for recurrent UTI''S, annual sinusitis, pneumonia in 1998 as well as migraines.She denied sexual activity.Her physical exam was normal.Results:An evaluation for autoimmune disease revealed normal ESR, ANA, DSDNA, mono and hepatitis serology as well as lyme titers however her CH50 was low17u/ml(normal 26-58U/ml)and evaluation of complement revealed c4 14mg/dl(normal 16-47mg//dl)and c2 <1.3mg/dl(normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)with normal c3, c5-c9.Her father had nor-malc4 but c2 was 1.4mg/dl (normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)Her sister had c2 of 1.5mg/dl and normal c4 and her mother had normal c2 and c4.Her workup included positive prick skin test to ragweed, ash and grass and she was started on Rhinocort and Clarinex seasonally.She has been followed for one year with resolution of hives and is asymptomatic.Her diagnosis had been confirmed by a pediatric rheumatologist.Conclusion;We present an atypical case of C2 complement deficiency in an currently asymptomatic individual.
cord-019964-9leljj8j	2005	
cord-020010-q58x6xb0	2006	In the present study we reported the antiviral activity of neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir against lethal H5N1 influenza virus infection in ferrets, an appropriate animal model that closely resembles clinical signs of human influenza. Earl Kern 1 , Kathy Keith 2 , Robert Jordan 2 , Dennis Hruby 2 , Debra Quenelle 2 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA; 2 SIGA Technologies, Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA Although cidofovir (CDV) has been approved as an investigational new drug for emergency treatment of smallpox, its lack of oral activity and dose limiting toxicity dictates a need for continued development of better therapeutic agents for this potential bioterror disease. The in vitro antiviral activity of one of the most selective compounds, i.e. CHI-033, was assessed by (i) MTS-based cytopathic effect assays, (ii) virus yield reduction assays, (iii) real-time quantitative PCR (RT-QPCR) and (iv) by monitoring viral antigen expression.
cord-020101-5rib7pe8	2008	Cauliflower mosaic virus gene VI product N-terminus contains regions involved in resistance-breakage, self-association and interactions with movement protein Intrahost evolution of envelope glycoprotein and OrfA sequences after experimental infection of cats with a molecular clone and a biological isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus DC-SIGN enhances infection of cells with glycosylated West Nile virus in vitro and virus replication in human dendritic cells induces production of Increase in proto-oncogene mRNA transcript levels in bovine lymphoid cells infected with a cytopathic type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus Complete genome sequence analysis of dengue virus type 2 isolated in Modulation of hepatitis B virus replication by expression of polymerasesurface fusion protein through splicing: Implications for viral persistence Induction of apoptosis in Vero cells by Newcastle disease virus requires viral replication, de-novo protein synthesis and caspase activation Mechanisms of inhibition of HIV replication by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
cord-020494-d5sreohg	2006	Die antibiotische Therapie der bakteriellen Meningitis wird von den epidemiologischen Gegebenheiten, insbesondere dem Alter des Patienten, der regionalen Resistenzsituation der jeweiligen Erreger und von evtl. ⊡ Tabelle 32.4 zeigt die wahrscheinlichsten Erreger in den entsprechenden Altersgruppen und gibt das antibiotische Regime, das sofort nach der Diagnose einer eitrigen Meningitis verabreicht werden soll, an. Die klinische Symptomatik und der klinisch-neurologische Verlauf bei einem Patienten mit einem/mehreren Hirnabszessen kann von mild über protrahiert bis zu fulminant sein. Bei begründetem Verdacht auf einen Hirnabszess ist eine Lumbalpunktion kontraindiziert, da der diagnostische Wert der Liquoruntersuchung nur sehr gering ist und die LP die Gefahr einer Einklemmung mit sich bringt. Ein Subduralempyem sollte bei jedem Patienten mit Meningismus und fokalem neurologischem Defizit vermutet werden, insbesondere, wenn sich die Klinik sehr rasch verschlechtert und auf eine Hirnhemi sphäre beschränkt ist. Diese anamnestischen Angaben sind aber keine obligatorische Voraussetzung für die Diagnose einer Neuroborreliose, da das Frühstadium klinisch stumm verlaufen kann und der Zeckenstich vom Patienten nicht immer bemerkt wird.
cord-020778-4jslid14	2007	
cord-021326-yx0eb885	2020	
cord-021382-10omkpwl	2011	
cord-021481-tvs1pnib	2018	
cord-021668-33zfio0u	2009	
cord-021872-rhi7hi9m	2015	Topical antiviral therapy has been mainly used for herpetic ocular disease, but studies have evaluated a systemic antiviral compound (famciclovir) for treatment of multiple clinical syndromes associated with FHV-1 infections. 7 A related drug, (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6diaminopurine (PMPDAP), has been shown previously to be a potent inhibitor of FIV replication in cell culture and has reduced the viral load in three of four cats experimentally infected with FIV when treated at 20 mg/kg SC three times per week for 6 weeks. 1 A prodrug of acyclovir, valacyclovir, was developed for increased bioavailability in humans, but use for FHV-1 treatment in experimentally infected cats induced fatal renal and hepatic necrosis and bone marrow suppression, and did not reduce viral shedding or clinical disease severity. 20 Even though this study did not mimic how cats with natural infection would be treated, results from a clinical case study suggested this drug is likely effective for treatment of clinical cases, though it was not blinded and placebo controlled.
cord-021966-5m21bsrw	2009	
cord-021990-a8ku5rke	2016	
cord-022128-r8el8nqm	2019	
cord-022141-yxttl3gh	2014	Adaptation by the global community as a unit is vital to cope with the effects of increasing populations, global warming/climate change, the chemical, biological, and physical impacts on life-sustaining ecosystems, and competition for life sustaining and economically important natural resources. The chronic malnutrition that about 1 billion people suffered from in 2013 is likely to grow in number in some regions due to global warming/climate change because humans cannot adapt to less food if they are already at subsistence rations. As the global population increases and more people in developing and less developed nations have more disposable income, there will be a growing draw on natural resources other than water and food to service their industrial, agricultural, and manufacturing needs and wants. The effects of higher temperatures from global warming and climate change included what has been discussed in previous chapters of this book: heat, drought, sea level rise, coastal zones, typhoons, flooding, river runoff, water availability, ecosystem shifts, crop yields, fishing, aquaculture, livestock, health and poverty, and tourism.
cord-022168-qautse9a	2017	Specifically, the strategies that allow DNA vaccines to overcome antigenic diversity for viral infection and break immune tolerance for cancer therapy are explored. To overcome these obstacles, several approaches focusing on augmenting DNA uptake, maximizing protein expression, and enhancing antigen immunogenicity have been developed and tested in clinical trials. Therefore, one key element to improve DNA vaccine efficacy is to formulate a vaccine with an immunogenic cancer antigen so that it can prime T cells for immune responses. To date, the most successful and encouraging outcomes of using DNA vaccine in the clinical setting were obtained from treatment of malignant diseases where the etiological agent is of foreign viral origin, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV), as these viral agents can readily induce a strong immune response against cancerous cells harboring viral antigens.
cord-022348-w7z97wir	2007	
cord-022380-49oti4zg	2009	
cord-022521-r72jtoso	2010	However, in the United States and other developed countries, severe malnutrition and new cases of perinatal HIV-1 disease are rare because of relatively high standards of living and effective highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) given to pregnant HIV-infected women that prevent transmission of HIV to the infants. Examination of both acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV infection have documented reduced CD4 cell levels in GALT prior to a detectable reduction in T cells of the peripheral blood, highlighting the gastrointestinal tract''s role and susceptibility. Previous studies have shown that activated mucosal T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in the human small intestine 37 and can affect the morphology of the villi and crypts in a manner similar to that seen in patients with HIV-1 infection. Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy
cord-022535-08hqmwlg	2013	• Kinder > 1 J.: Zuwarten bei Fieber bis 3 d, so weit kein klarer Lokalbefund vorliegt und der AZ es erlaubt, rein symptomatische Ther. Facharztüberweisung oder Klinikeinweisung bei reduziertem AZ, bei hohem Fieber und Vorliegen eines Immundefekts (HIV-Inf., immunsuppressive Ther., Z.n. Splenektomie), sowie bei Fortbestehen des Fiebers über 1 Wo. hinaus. Die Immunisierung durch Impfungen ist eine der wichtigsten und wirksamsten Maßnahmen zum Schutz vor Infektionskrankheiten. • Nach Auftreten von KO bei einer Impfung besteht bis zur Klärung der Ursachen eine KI für denselben Impfstoff. • Bei 2 Tetanus-Impfungen in der Vorgeschichte und wenn die Verletzung nicht länger als 24 h zurückliegt, nur Impfung und kein Tetanus-Immunglobulin. Durch Impfung bleiben später der Stress und die Kosten des Varizellen-Immunglobulins bei Varizellen-Exposition von seroneg. Impfbefreiungszeugnis Falls obligatorische Impfungen bei Reisenden kontraindiziert sind, muss ein Impfbefreiungszeugnis mit Unterschrift des Arztes und einem Beglaubigungsstempel mitgeführt werden; je nach Reiseland in englischer oder französischer Sprache und evtl
cord-022633-fr55uod6	2012	Staff satisfaction was evaluated through pre/ post-shift and study surveys; administrative data (physician initial assessment (PIA), length of stay (LOS), patients leaving without being seen (LWBS) and against medical advice [LAMA] ) were collected from an electronic, real-time ED information system. Communication Background: The link between extended shift lengths, sleepiness, and occupational injury or illness has been shown, in other health care populations, to be an important and preventable public health concern but heretofore has not been fully described in emergency medical services (EMS Objectives: To assess the effect of an ED-based computer screening and referral intervention for IPV victims and to determine what characteristics resulted in a positive change in their safety. Objectives: Using data from longitudinal surveys by the American Board of Emergency Medicine, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate if resident self-assessments of performance in required competencies improve over the course of graduate medical training and in the years following.
cord-022888-dnsdg04n	2009	Methods: Phospho-specific Western blot analyses were performed to verify the functionality of the different IFN-g pathway components, intra-and extracellular flow cytometry experiments were employed to determine the expression of antigen processing components and HLA class I cell surface antigens, quantitative real time-PCR experiments to confirm the absence of JAK2 and presence of pathway relevant molecules as well as, genomic PCR and chromosome typing technique to prove the deletion of JAK2. In order to accomplish these objectives we induced priming or tolerance of ovalbumin (OVA 323-339 peptide)-specific T cells from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice in vitro or, following adoptive transfer of near physiologically relevant numbers of such cells into recipients, in vivo and correlated functional outcome (via proliferation and cytokine readout assays or antibody production) with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases expression and the ubiquitination status of the TCR signalling machinery.
cord-023017-k6edtg58	2006	14/55 (25%) patients in AC who did not discontinue by week 24 received ribavirin dose reduction in comparison to 31/108 ( The clinical outcome in response to combination therapy for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection appears to be different for Caucasian versus African American patients. Over the period of combination therapy, most patients in which serum virus titers were reduced to non detectable levels had significant increases in T cell responses to HCV proteins. CHRONIC Background: Recent large prospective trials demonstrated that the combination therapy of interferon (1FN)-alphalribavirin significantly increased the ratio of a sustained virological response in patients with chronic hepatitis C in comparison with IFN monotherapy, especially in patients with high HCV-RNA titer and genotype lb. Results: Patients with chronic HCV infection showed higher MxA gene expression levels than healthy controls, indicating that hepatitis C virus induces IFN production.
cord-023143-fcno330z	2004	
cord-023168-cd7adns8	2013	The most useful laboratory measure of iron status Low value is diagnostic in the presence of anaemia Very high values (>100 µg/L) usually exclude iron deficiency'' Being an acute-phase protein, it increases in inflammatory conditions, and certain malignancies, making it unreliable Also increased in tissue damage especially of the liver Levels are falsely decreased in vitamin C deficiency and hypothyroidism Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin An intermediate in haem biosynthesis and elevated concentrations indicate interrupted haem synthesis due to iron deficiency when zinc is incorporated in place of iron Can be measured on a drop of blood with a portable haematofluorometer Small sample size makes it very useful as a screening test in field surveys, particularly in children, and pregnant women where inflammatory states may not co-exist Red cells should be washed before measurement (serum bilirubin and fluorescent compounds like some drugs can give falsely high values) although not often done Lead poisoning can give falsely high values Rarely acute myeloid leukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia give slightly high values Useful in that it is not increased in thalassaemias WHO recommends normal level >70 µmol/mol haem Iron studies Serum iron concentration represents the iron entering and leaving the circulation.
cord-023346-8sqbqjm1	2005	• enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility.
cord-023354-f2ciho6o	2005	• enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility.
cord-023364-ut56gczm	2005	• enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility.
cord-023669-3ataw6gy	2009	
cord-023729-dipjubn7	2009	
cord-023841-amfb4jft	2017	
cord-023854-w8kx5n8k	2019	
cord-023884-etkhrgxp	2009	falciparum infections (often in persons who have no immunity to malaria or whose immunity has decreased) are complicated by serious organ failures or abnormalities in the patient''s blood or metabolism, resulting in cerebral malaria, with abnormal behavior, impairment of consciousness, seizures, coma, or other neurologic abnormalities, severe anemia due to hemolysis (destruction of the red blood cells), hemoglobinuria (hemoglobin in the urine) due to hemolysis, pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which may occur even after the parasite counts have decreased in response to treatment, abnormalities in blood coagulation and thrombocytopenia (decrease in blood platelets), cardiovascular collapse, shock, acute kidney failure, hyperparasitemia, where more than 5% of the red blood cells are infected by malaria parasites, metabolic acidosis (excessive acidity in the blood and tissue fluids), often in association with hypoglycemia (low blood glucose). A review of studies in areas of sub-Saharan Africa with high and stable malaria transmission shows that HIV-1 infection and clinically diagnosed AIDS increased the incidence of malaria 1.2-fold and 2fold, respectively (Korenromp et al. Achieving high coverage of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) use and prompt access to treatment with artemisininbased combination treatments (ACTs) would contribute to the reduction in the morbidity and Source: WHO-AFRO (2004) mortality attributable to HIV co-infection with malaria in high transmission areas.
cord-023925-qrr7jcwe	2011	
cord-025172-qg3jxgch	2020	
cord-025628-9611eglg	2020	
cord-026112-58sa5z03	2020	This study aimed to investigate molecular epidemiology of HBV and HCV coinfection in Iranian HIV-infected individuals. Materials & methods: In this cross-sectional study, serological markers of HBV and HCV infection (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], hepatitis B e-antigen [HBeAg], hepatitis B e-antibody [HBeAb] and hepatitis B core antibody [HBcAb]) and anti-HCV antibodies [anti-HCV Abs] were tested in 198 Iranian HIV-infected patients. HIV/HBV-coinfected people have a higher rate of progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, HCC, less clearance of HBsAg and occult HBV infections (OBI) are more frequent in these patients [13] . The aim for this study is to investigate the prevalence of HCV and/or HBV coinfection in Iranian HIV-infected individuals. According to a previous study, prevalence of cirrhosis in HIV/HBV/HCV triple-infected patients was higher than HIV/HBV-or HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals [57] .
cord-027242-7qq82j2f	2008	9 HIV und AIDS 543 9.9.1 Epidemiologie und Ü bertragungswege 543 9.9.2 Labordiagnostik 546 9.9.3 Stadieneinteilung und Verlauf 548 9.9.4 Diagnostik bei HIV-Positiven 548 9.9.5 Hä ufige Krankheitsbilder bei AIDS 554 9.9.6 Therapie 560 9.9.7 Medikamente bei HIV-Patienten 564 9.9.8 Vorgehen bei Kontakt mit HIVkontaminiertem Material und Postexpositionsprophylaxe (PEP) 567 9.10 Reisemedizin 567 9.10.1 Allgemeine Empfehlungen zur Reisefä higkeit 572 9.10.2 Empfehlungen fü r Schwangere 573 9.10.3 Empfehlungen fü r ä ltere Menschen 574 9.10.4 Empfehlungen fü r Kinder und Sä uglinge 575 9.10.5 Empfehlungen fü r chronisch Kranke 577 9.10.6 Reisevorbereitungen/Prophylaxen 580 9.10.7 Reiseimpfungen und Chemoprophylaxe 587 9.10.8 Gesundheitsrisiken auf Reisen 596 9.10.9 Screening nach Reiseende 597 9.11 Infektionsschutzgesetz 9.1 Die Immunisierung durch Impfungen ist eine der wichtigsten und wirksamsten Maßnahmen zum Schutz vor Infektionskrankheiten. Aktive Immunisierung: Der Organismus wird mit Antigenen von Krankheitserregern konfrontiert und muss selbst eine Immunität ausbilden. Totimpfstoffe: Abgetö tete Krankheitserreger oder aufbereitete Antigene; keine Impfinfektion mö glich, deshalb auch bei Pat. mit Immundefekten applizierbar.
cord-027659-rxbo7b0e	2020	Hospital-based transfusion services place an enormous burden on laboratory resources and on the families of patients because they are responsible for fi nding suitable blood donors. 2 In wealthy countries with nationally or regionally centralized transfusion services, blood donor recruitment, and screening and processing of donated blood, are carried out in purpose-built centres which are separate from the hospitals where the blood is transfused. Infections with organisms that are common in tropical countries, such as HIV-1 and -2, hepatitis A, B, C and D, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, lyme borreliosis, malaria, babesiosis, American trypanosomiasis (Chagas'' disease) and toxoplasmosis, can all be acquired through blood transfusions. Further research to assess the risks and benefi ts of screening blood for malaria is needed, particularly in relation to pregnant women and patients with HIV infection.
cord-027678-k64whepc	2020	The differential diagnosis and the likely causative organisms can be narrowed by using epidemiological clues, the most important of which are whether the pneumonia is community-acquired or healthcare-associated and whether the patient is immunocompromised. An acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma that is associated with at least some symptoms of acute infection, accompanied by an acute infiltrate on a chest radiograph (CXR), or auscultatory findings consistent with pneumonia (e.g. altered breath sounds, localised crackles) in a patient not hospitalised or residing in a long-term care facility for ≥14 days prior to the onset of symptoms. Diagnosis may be difficult: the clinical features of pneumonia are non-specific and many non-infectious conditions (e.g. atelectasis, pulmonary embolus, aspiration, heart Table 36 .2 Procedure for obtaining microbiological samples using bronchoscopy and protected specimen brushing and/or bronchoalveolar lavage 35, 49 Infection control
cord-027859-citynr6c	2020	
cord-027860-s97hdhh6	2020	Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary.
cord-029416-738t6rk1	2020	The 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on eligibility for preventive therapy to treat latent TB infection (LTBI) include people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), household contacts of TB patients including children, and those with clinical conditions including silicosis, dialysis, transplantation, etc. Relative to both scenarios, for each country in the region, we projected TB cases and deaths averted between 2020 and 2030, by full uptake of preventive therapy, defined as comprehensive coverage amongst eligible populations as per WHO guidelines, and assuming outcomes consistent with clinical trials. In the absence of a widely deployable test to identify who would benefit most from preventive therapy, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines identify high-risk groups for eligibility: for example, those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection [10] and, in the most recently updated guidelines, all household contacts of diagnosed TB cases and those with clinical conditions including silicosis, those on anti-TNF treatment, and other country-specific groups [11] .
cord-029423-o24dthlk	2020	
cord-029450-4rnrq78l	2020	
cord-030368-6z99rm0a	2012	
cord-030427-fn9pfqts	2020	title: Acculturation, HIV-Related Stigma, Stress, and Patient-Healthcare Provider Relationships Among HIV-Infected Asian Americans: A Path Analysis A bias-corrected factor score path analysis was performed to examine the proposed model of relations among acculturation, stigma, stress, and patient-HCP relationships. A convenience sample of 69 HIV-positive Asian Americans in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City were recruited and collect data were collected on demographics, HIV-related stigma, stress, and patient-HCP relationships. Similar to other people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), HIV-infected Asian Americans may also suffer from HIV-related stigma and stress, which in turn influences their patient-healthcare provider (HCP) relationships [4, 5] . The present study showed that acculturation is beneficial for patient-HCP relationships to the extent that it decreases perceived stigma and stress in Asian American PLWHA. In this paper, we examined the associations among acculturation, HIV-related stigma, stress, and patient-HCP relationships among Asian American PLWHA.
cord-031722-n5ja5oqw	2020	
cord-031907-ilhr3iu5	2020	L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (R35GM119623) to T.R.G. The addition of a size exclusion chromatography step to various urinary extracellular vesicle concentrating methods reveals differences in the small RNA profile Introduction: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo are a novel source of biomarkers for various diseases, however non-vesicular RNA (e.g. associated with proteins) is also present within urine. We then evaluated efficiency of heart targeting for eAAV9 or eAAV6 and standard AAV9 or AAV6 encoding for EGFP, mCherry or firefly luciferase in different human cell lines in vitro, in black mouse and in passive immunity nude mouse model in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Langendorff perfusion system and Methods: HLHS patients (n = 3) after Glenn procedure and swine (n = 3) after PAB were given RV injections of allogeneic/xenogeneic MSCs. Donor-specific, HLA-I+, exosomes were isolated from plasma.
cord-032438-cpoalxyd	2020	In this issue of The Lancet Global Health, Ruanne Barnabas and colleagues report results of the Delivery Optimization of Antiretroviral Therapy (DO-ART) study, a multicentre, randomised trial comparing community-based ART initiation, monitoring, and resupply with use of a hybrid approach (ART initiation at the clinic with community monitoring and resupply), and with standard clinicbased ART delivery among individuals from South Africa and Uganda with detectable HIV viral load. 7 However, most communitybased differentiated service delivery models for ART delivery have been developed for patients who are already stable on ART, and the most important contribution of the study by Barnabas and colleagues is that community-based, same-day ART initiation in individuals with elevated viral load was safe and resulted in improved viral suppression after 12 months, particularly among men. Community-based antiretroviral therapy versus standard clinic-based services for HIV in South Africa and Uganda (DO ART): a randomised trial
cord-032504-tmohg1mj	2020	
cord-033558-lcgo1tiy	2020	9 HIV und AIDS 524 9.9.1 Epidemiologie und Übertragungswege 524 9.9.2 Labordiagnostik 524 9.9.3 Stadieneinteilung und Verlauf 527 9.9.4 Diagnostik bei HIV-Positiven 529 9.9.5 Häufige Krankheitsbilder bei AIDS 529 9.9.6 Therapie 534 9.9.7 Medikamente bei HIV-Patienten 539 9.9.8 Vorgehen bei Kontakt mit HIVkontaminiertem Material und Postexpositionsprophylaxe (PEP) 542 9.9.9 Präexpositionsprophylaxe (PREP) 543 9.10 Reisemedizin 544 9.10.1 Allgemeines 544 9.10.2 Allgemeine Empfehlungen zur Reisefähigkeit 544 9.10.3 Empfehlungen für Schwangere 549 9.10.4 Empfehlungen für ältere Menschen 550 9.10.5 Empfehlungen für Kinder und Säuglinge 551 9.10.6 Empfehlungen für chronisch Kranke 553 9.10.7 Reisevorbereitungen/ Prophylaxen 555 9.10.8 Reiseimpfungen u. Die Immunisierung durch Impfungen ist eine der wichtigsten u. B. Hühnereiweiß, ▶ 9.2.4) • Nach Auftreten von KO bei einer Impfung besteht bis zur Klärung der Ursachen eine KI für denselben Impfstoff • Es gibt keine unzulässig großen Abstände zwischen Impfungen. Bei Impfungen, die nur bis zu einem bestimmten Alter empfohlen werden, sollen keine weiteren Dosen verabreicht werden, wenn Pat. dieses Alter überschritten hat. Impfung gegen Influenza in der Klinik • Grad 3: Pat. mit Sofortreaktion nach Verzehr von Hühnereiweiß mit Urtikaria, Laryngo-/Bronchospasmus, RR-Abfall.
cord-034036-1wigu3i3	2020	
cord-034269-gqy61g8l	2020	
cord-034714-6e37yylk	2020	title: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: MRI findings in HIV-infected patients are closer to rituximabthan natalizumab-associated PML OBJECTIVES: To compare brain MRI findings in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) associated to rituximab and natalizumab treatments and HIV infection. Inclusion criteria were (1) a "definite" PML diagnosis according to the American Academy of Neurology criteria [19] including clinical and imaging-compatible features and detection of JCV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid or in brain tissue by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunohistochemistry; (2) HIV-infected patients or patients treated with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs such as natalizumab or rituximab, possibly in association with other drugs and whatever the initial illness; and (3) consent was provided for in the hospital''s charter. This study aims to describe the MRI characteristics of PML associated with rituximab and natalizumab and in HIV infection while comparing imaging findings with the level of immunosuppression.
cord-048351-4y8ghcpq	2007	
cord-048467-1dus0u4m	2008	The purpose of this study was to investigate the opinions and beliefs held by both physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases, and to analyze the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" on the part of professionals may be grounds for supporting the duty to treat. CONCLUSION: If we use the presumed consent argument to establish the duty of the HCW to provide care, we are confronted with problems ranging over the difficulty of choosing a profession autonomously, the constant level of uncertainty present in the medical profession, the near-impossibility of being able to evaluate retrospectively whether every individual was informed, and the seemingly inescapable problem that this practice would legitimize, and perhaps even foster, discrimination against patients with certain diseases. In order to carry out this analysis, the opinions and beliefs of physicians and dentists regarding the occupational risks of infectious diseases were investigated; and, by extension, the argument that the notion of "presumed consent" may be grounds for supporting the HCWs'' duty to treat was also analyzed.
cord-076081-ue9azoyf	2008	
cord-102905-rlee32x7	2020	
cord-103350-jj9pc4a6	2020	rAd-Tat and LacZ control vectors (2 × 109) were expressed in the kidney of newborn wild type and HIV-transgenic (Tg26) FVB/N mice without significant proteinuria (n = 5 8 per group). Results HIV-Tat induced the expression of HIV-1 genes (env) and heparin binding growth factors in the kidney of HIV-Tg26 mice, and precipitated HIVAN in the first month of life. Summary statement We developed a new inducible mouse model system of childhood HIV-associated nephropathy, and demonstrated that HIV-Tat plays a critical role in this renal disease acting in synergy with other HIV-1 genes and heparin binding cytokines. Therefore, we carried out this study to determine whether the HIV-1 trans-activator (Tat) gene precipitates HIVAN in young mice, and define whether this approach could be used to generate an inducible mouse model system of childhood HIVAN. Our study showed that the activation and basic binding domains of Tat are sufficient to induce the renal expression of HIV-genes and precipitate HIVAN in young mice.
cord-103662-a4ok5wqc	2020	
cord-104162-fe51v2pt	2020	
cord-104490-t42eccng	2020	
cord-104491-uu2rbtem	2020	
cord-251939-dvbua4pf	2007	
cord-252039-732z92dd	2020	
cord-252167-2zxw3sh8	2020	
cord-252433-0e9lonq4	2009	
cord-253182-s60vzf3q	2020	
cord-253426-s57wuzyg	2020	
cord-253556-p1y0zeo1	2020	
cord-253768-y35m3vh1	2020	
cord-253997-imwjoecx	2012	
cord-254098-4imkkptg	2013	
cord-254187-dcdc6sqi	2005	At the Davos Summit in February, 2005, the World Economic Forum released its current survey on businesses and HIV/AIDS. In Asia, the prospective new epicentre of the epidemic, the efforts of the Thailand Business Coalition on AIDS and the Tata Group in India highlight roles business can play: prevention and education for workers; workplace programmes to prevent discrimination; and public-private collaboration and funding for effective programmes. 5 The most recent survey of the World Economic Forum''s Global Health Initiative 6 shows that awareness by business that AIDS will affect operations and profits reflects the level of efforts to combat the disease. 6 The Global Health Initiative worked with several South African firms to organise case studies, which vividly illustrate the imperatives and benefits for companies offering antiretrovirals to their employees. A role for business in HIV/AIDS in Asia
cord-254190-bxfne94u	2015	On the contrary, humanized mice established by peripheral blood cells provide a ready platform for studying the functions of mature immune cells but the length of window appropriate for research is still limited by chronic GVHD and ongoing reduced engraftment. Distinct from their T cell companion, reconstitution of functional B lymphocytes is generally poor in humanized mice and needed to improve in the future although their primary repertoire were principally unaltered by the differences between mouse and human stromal environments [ 53 ] and their ability to produce antigen-specifi c antibody was partly developed [ 54 ] . In above three studies, investigators planted solid grafts into immunodefi cient mice before reconstitution of human immune system and induced rejection by infusion of mature human cells. Humanized immune system (HIS) mice as a tool to study human NK cell development Humanized mice as a model to study human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
cord-254194-962vynwk	2011	Silver nanoparticles have mainly been studied for their antimicrobial potential against bacteria, but have also proven to be active against several types of viruses including human imunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and monkey pox virus. Theoretically, any metal could be analysed for antiviral activity, however, little effort has been done to determine the interactions of metal nanoparticles with viruses, and only recently some studies have emerged showing that metal nanoparticles can be effective antiviral agents against HIV-1 [37] [38] [39] [40] , hepatitis B virus [41] , respiratory syncytial virus [42] , herpes simplex virus type 1 [43, 44] , monkeypox virus [45] , influenza virus [46] and Tacaribe virus [47] .
cord-254279-7u6ap4g4	2004	
cord-254951-anfkuigj	2020	According to The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO), a 6-month disruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa will increase HIV-related death rate by more than half a million [8] . Given the recent total lockdown in Rwanda, this note presents findings from a study aimed to assess attendance to ART collection clinic appointments in the period 21 March to 30 April 2020 in Kigali, Rwanda. Less than half (48%) had attended scheduled ART collection clinic appointments during the lockdown period of 21 March to 30 April 2020. There was an association between place of residence and attendance status (p = 0.040), 50% staying within Kigali attended scheduled ART collection clinic appointments during the lockdown period compared to 35% among those living outside Kigali.
cord-255075-6azu6k3h	2020	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation 613 and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus A bead-based 689 immunofluorescence-assay on a microfluidic dielectrophoresis platform for rapid dengue virus 690 detection Fast and Parallel Detection of Four Ebola Virus Species on a Microfluidic-Chip-Based Portable 770 An integrated self-driven microfluidic device for rapid 781 detection of the influenza A (H1N1) virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal 782 amplification Paper-based RNA detection and 785 multiplexed analysis for Ebola virus diagnostics Multiplex microfluidic paper-based 805 immunoassay for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection Simultaneous and automated detection of influenza A virus hemagglutinin H7 and H9 based on 965 magnetism and size mediated microfluidic chip A 1026 point of care platform based on microfluidic chip for nucleic acid extraction in less than 1 minute D: Schematic of a 1149 paper-based chip for the detection of HIV developed by Li et al.
cord-255683-2eq24jth	2010	
cord-255690-xc4bxin4	2007	
cord-255697-trig04hd	2016	
cord-256324-w3bejmy5	2016	23 Most b-secretase inhibitors possess a transition state analogue at the P 1 position and are designed based on the amino acid sequence of Swedish mutant APP, which has a double mutation around the b-site (at the K670N and M671L residues). Many inhibitors with an aromatic ring at the P 1 position were subsequently reported; for example, a research group at Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD) reported the potent inhibitors 50 63, 64 Although 18 was designed based on peptidomimetic inhibitors by using the SBDD approach, it is notable because it forms a unique cyclic structure at the P 1 position where the hydroxyl and amino groups on the cyclic sulfone ring of 18 appear to interact with two Asp residues at the active site of b-secretase as well as acting as a transition state analogue.
cord-256459-6h358si5	1996	Mucosal biopsy: Although diagnosis by stool analysis alone has been suggested by Johanson and Sonnenberg, 32 this study may have overestimated the value of symptomatic treatment and ignored the possibility that cytomegalovirus infection sometimes responds to therapy. Analysis of six stool samples and histological examination of small and large bowel biopsy speicmens detect more than 90% of infectious causes of diarrhoea in HIV-seropositive individuals. Since diagnosis of cytomegalovirus enteritis is improving, patients with milder symptoms are being detected and the quality of life with treatment-anti-CMV agents have to be given intravenously and have considerable toxicitymay not be enhanced compared with no therapy. The other origin of abdominal pain unique to HIV-seropositive patients is an AIDS-related sclerosing cholangitis caused by various opportunists including Microsporidia, CMV, and Cryptosporidia. Effects of zidovudine treatment on the small intestinal mucosa in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus Atrovaquone is effective treatment for the symptoms of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1 infected patients
cord-256477-dftt5m6i	2015	The hypothesis that CQ might afford Ebola prophylaxis comes from our own work showing hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 4, 5 A randomised controlled trial (RCT) in 13 ART-naïve patients found CQ was associated with decreased memory CD8 T-cell activation, CD4 and CD8 T-cell proliferation and lipopolysaccharide levels compared with baseline, but there were no changes in plasma HIV RNA. 6 However, another RCT of HCQ in ART-naïve patients demonstrated no change in T-cell activation and proliferation, an increase in HIV RNA and a decrease in CD4 T-cell counts. Ebola infects dendritic cells, which display signals of infection on their surfaces to activate T lymphocytes that destroy other infected cells before the virus replicates further. Reduction of immune activation with chloroquine therapy during chronic HIV infection Effects of hydroxychloroquine on immune activation and disease progression among HIV-infected patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial
cord-256786-7gca01lr	2020	
cord-257217-f9sdt7ax	2014	We aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of human bocavirus (hBoV), human rhinovirus (hRV), polyomavirus-WU (WUPyV) and –KI (KIPyV) and human coronaviruses (CoV)-OC43, -NL63, -HKU1 and -229E among children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). METHODS: Multiplex real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was undertaken on archived nasopharyngeal aspirates from HIV-infected and –uninfected children (<2 years age) hospitalized for LRTI, who had been previously investigated for respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza I–III, adenovirus and influenza A/B. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of hBoV, hRV, WUPyV, KIPyV, CoV-OC43, CoV-NL63, CoV-HKU1 and CoV-229E among HIV-infected and -uninfected children who were hospitalized for LRTI using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Very few viral aetiology studies have been conducted in Africa: in a Mozambican study of virus-associated acute respiratory infections (ARI) in infants with an estimated 3-5% HIV prevalence, the most frequently detected viruses were hRV (26%), influenza (15%) and adenovirus (14%) [27] .
cord-257272-4q52p1pd	1997	
cord-257553-479x7av6	2010	
cord-258167-jqm3qyfm	2009	
cord-259131-36udb7uc	2019	AM expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokine RANTES drastically increased 2-wpi compared to AMs of naïve macaques (p < 0.0001 for all), but dropped significantly with progression to chronic infection. AM expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokine RANTES drastically increased 2-wpi compared to AMs of naïve macaques (p < 0.0001 for all), but dropped significantly with progression to chronic infection. In addition, the low proinflammatory cytokine response in chronic infection was not associated with an increase in IL-10-expressing AMs. To investigate AM activation, BAL cells obtained from naïve and acute and chronically infected macaques at weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and 20 wpi, were incubated with native gp120 from R5 tropic SIV or LPS for 6 h, and intracellular expression of MIP-1β and IL-6 was assessed (Figures 3A,B) . Decreased Fc receptor expression on innate immune cells is associated with impaired antibody-mediated cellular phagocytic activity in chronically HIV-1 infected individuals
cord-259233-smmhhroe	2016	
cord-259237-aty0vrat	2016	
cord-259503-dkfrk71a	2013	Deep sequencing technologies and stateof-the-art bioinformatics techniques have revolutionized the way that RNA viruses, a notoriously variable group of pathogens, can be identified and characterized. By using de novo assembly of short reads, the authors showed that this method could generate full genomes for viruses within all four major HIV-1 genetic groups. Even when almost nothing is known about the agent of a viral infection, deep sequencing technologies can identify a pathogen and produce the full genome, fast. When SARS-CoV began infecting people in 2002, it took a large team to generate a full genome by capillary sequencing. 2 used random priming to amplify viral RNA isolated from the Saudi Arabian patient, and then deep-sequenced the genome. Knowing the sequence of the whole genome enabled the authors to further characterize this new virus, named human CoV (HCoV)-EMC2012. Universal amplification, next-generation sequencing, and assembly of HIV-1 genomes
cord-259748-x7dq1sy4	2020	
cord-259846-oxbmtend	2020	Furthermore, for the fractional optimal control problem associated with the control strategies such as condom use for exposed class, treatment for aware infectives, awareness about disease among unaware infectives and behavioral change for susceptibles, we formulated a fractional optimality condition for the proposed model. We incorporate into the model time dependent controls such as condom use for exposed individuals, treatment for infected female sex workers, awareness about the disease among unaware infectives and behavioral change for susceptibles in order to reduce the risk of the spread of HIV/AIDS disease. In order to justify our theoretical findings, we introduced in this section some numerical experiments obtained for different instances of fractional power κ for the HIV epidemic model without control (9) and with control (24) along with adjoint variable systems and the control strategies. We present the numerical results for the model (9) when all control measures are absent and also to examine the role of fractional order κ on the HIV disease spread.
cord-259925-g28sx9qu	2020	
cord-260071-z29b30sd	2005	
cord-260191-0u0pu0br	2004	Abstract Some emerging infectious diseases have recently become endemic in Germany.Others remain confined to specific regions in the world.Physicians notice them only when travelers after infection in endemic areas present themselves with symptoms.Several of these emerging infections will be explained.HIV is an example for an imported pathogen which has become endemic in Germany.SARS and avian influenza are zoonoses with the potential to spread from person to person.Avian influenza in humans provides a possibility for the reassortment of a potential new pandemic strain.Outbreaks of dengue fever in endemic areas are reflected in increased infec-gehäuften Erkrankungen bei Rückkehrern wieder.West-Nil-Virus-Erkrankungen kommen derzeit nur als importierte Erkrankungen in Deutschland vor.Wichtig ist,diese Erkrankungen frühzeitig in die differenzialdiagnostischen Überlegungen des Klinikers einzubeziehen,um die erforderlichen Maßnahmen zur Diagnostik,Therapie und zum Infektionsschutz rechtzeitig einleiten zu können.Dies erfordert ein gutes Zusammenspiel mit dem Labor und dem öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst.
cord-260422-z22t57ju	2012	
cord-260444-ooi5x9p3	2020	
cord-260476-whfyczcj	2017	
cord-260496-s2ba7uy3	2006	Comparison of entire genomes, including 237 human, simian and non-primate mammal lentiviruses and 103 negative control viruses, led to identify 28 Conserved Lentiviral Sequences (CLSs). Immunodeficiency lentiviral genomes correspond to 171 human viruses (155 HIV-1s and 16 HIV-2s), 33 simian viruses (3 CPZ, 9 AGM, 8 Macaque, 2 Mandrill, 10 Sooty Mangabey, 1 Sykes'' monkey viruses) and 33 non-primate mammal viruses (2 bovine, 2 caprine, 11 equine, 9 feline, 3 ovine and 6 ovine/caprine viruses). From the particular organization of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 ( Fig. 1) , AGM and macaque (Fig. 2) , CPZ, feline, equine and D-particle-forming viruses (Fig. 3) and that of sooty mangabey, mandrill and other non-primate lentiviruses (supplementary data), it appears that a given CLS occupied on the viral genome a specific position that was roughly conserved in the different viral families.
cord-260604-lz1qd69t	2010	Molecular docking studies with HIV-1 RT using DS 2.5 and pymol softwares have shown marked differences in the interaction patterns between the lead compound 4 and AZT. The lead molecule, DMAT, was designed keeping AZT, an approved NRTI drug against HIV/AIDS, in mind, where azido group has been replaced by dimethylamino function, Fig. 1 . Compounds 4 and 5 have showed similar values of CC 50 and EC 50 against all viruses studied and thus no activity was observed, while 5 0 -L-phenylalanyl derivative 6, having free amino function was potentially active at an EC 50 of 0.03 mM against VSV in HeLa and HEL cell cultures. The fact that the lead molecule DMAT (and its prodrugs) being a dideoxynucleoside and having structural features similar to AZT, did not show any activity against HIV and rather proved toxic, prompted us to study its interaction with HIV-1 RT.
cord-260695-qwepi0we	2017	
cord-261287-l4649du3	2004	
cord-261382-cyty5noi	2016	Whereas well-established restriction factors interfere with early post-entry steps and release of HIV-1, recent research has revealed a diverse set of proteins that reduce the infectious quality of released particles using individual, to date poorly understood modes of action. Alternatively, alteration of the virus membrane fluidity, restriction of the accessibility of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein to the HIV-1 receptor/coreceptor complex by steric hindrance through an incorporated protein or inhibition of the maturation-induced clustering of HIV-1 Env trimers could represent mechanisms of cellular defense that target particle infectivity. Since it shares mRNA upregulation in CD4+ T-cells of HIV-1 infected individuals [11] and type I IFN-induced expression [10, 12, 13] with established restriction factors of HIV-1, it was included in a functional screen of candidate ISGs for antiviral activity (Goffinet, unpublished data). Additional family members, including IFITM5, whose expression is restricted to osteoblasts [22] , and 10 additional, recently discovered human ifitm genes [21] probably do not contribute to inhibition of HIV-1 infection or haven''t yet been tested for antiviral activity, respectively.
cord-261830-5o5epn6v	2020	
cord-262017-utvy0i8l	2019	
cord-262076-b5u5hp2r	2008	
cord-262143-s01jrtbb	2020	
cord-262232-7ecg1iha	2020	
cord-262752-bwofzbwa	2017	Early work by Witte and colleagues showed that when they used VSV to infect the cells in which MLV is packaged, they were able to harvest pseudovirus for use in neutralization antibody assays. Development of in vitro and in vivo rabies virus neutralization assays based on a high-titer pseudovirus system Development of a pseudotyped-lentiviral-vector-based neutralization assay for chikungunya virus infection Second generation of pseudotype-based serum neutralization assay for Nipah virus antibodies: sensitive and high-throughput analysis utilizing secreted alkaline phosphatase Use of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes bearing Hantaan or Seoul virus envelope proteins in a rapid and safe neutralization test A neutralization test for specific detection of Nipah virus antibodies using pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus expressing green fluorescent protein Truncation of the human immunodeficiency virus-type-2 envelope glycoprotein allows efficient pseudotyping of murine leukemia virus retroviral vector particles Cholesterol supplementation during production increases the infectivity of retroviral and Lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G)
cord-262892-n38r8n70	2015	
cord-263157-8jin6oru	2008	
cord-263438-9ra94uda	2008	Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes.
cord-263452-y2ral8nx	2020	To resolve the site-specific glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S protein and visualize the distribution of glycoforms across the protein surface, we expressed and purified three biological replicates of recombinant soluble material in an identical manner to that which was used to obtain the high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure, albeit without glycan processing blockade using kifunensine (4). The shielding of receptor binding sites by glycans is a common feature of viral glycoproteins, as observed on SARS-CoV-1 S (10, 13), HIV-1 Env (27) , influenza HA (28, 29) , and LASV GPC (24). For example, one of the most densely glycosylated viral spike proteins is HIV-1 Env, which exhibits ~60% oligomannose-type glycans (21, 34) . This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 S protein is less densely glycosylated and that the glycans form less of a shield compared with other viral glycoproteins including HIV-1 Env and LASV GPC, which may be beneficial for the elicitation of neutralizing antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 spike site-specific N-linked glycan analysis
cord-263645-wupre5uj	2018	
cord-263965-i8yutik6	2020	
cord-264050-6zpw6itb	2017	The demonstration that host-mediated damage can drive cryptococcal disease provides proof of concept that the parabola put forth in the damage-response framework has the flexibility to depict complex and changing outcomes of host-microbe interaction. However, the emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in apparently healthy persons in the Pacific Northwest (7) and the unexpected appearance of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)-associated cryptococcosis in patients with HIV/AIDS after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (8, 9) revealed that the host immune response itself can contribute to the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis. The emergence of IRIS-associated cryptococcosis in the setting of ART initiation provided clear evidence that host damage in patients with cryptococcal disease may be driven by inflammation (12) . Chemokine levels and chemokine receptor expression in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
cord-264159-e9071tyv	2020	
cord-264225-vzcfeh7t	2014	
cord-264408-vk4lt83x	2017	Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease .
cord-264699-l8db5gll	2007	
cord-264713-38dlh3wg	2004	
cord-264884-ydkigome	2008	
cord-264986-glm2qcuz	2020	
cord-264994-j8iawzp8	2019	
cord-265146-j0n3a4m6	2013	
cord-265600-lnik974k	2011	
cord-265699-0socw0hp	2020	This review provides the reader a general overview about the uses of dendrimers and dendritic materials in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of highly prevalent infectious diseases, and their advantages compared to traditional approaches. Key commercial successes include the Stratus CS Acute Care Diagnostic System (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany), for emergency diagnosis of cardiovascular infarctions; VivaGel ® products (Starpharma, Melbourne, Australia), for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs); Targeted DEP ® and Priostar ® (Starpharma), for the delivery of anticancer drugs and agrochemical products, respectively; or SpheriCal (Polymer Factory, Stockholm, Sweden), as mass spectrometry standards [59] . Key commercial successes include the Stratus CS Acute Care Diagnostic System (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany), for emergency diagnosis of cardiovascular infarctions; VivaGel ® products (Starpharma, Melbourne, Australia), for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs); Targeted DEP ® and Priostar ® (Starpharma), for the delivery of anticancer drugs and agrochemical products, respectively; or SpheriCal (Polymer Factory, Stockholm, Sweden), as mass spectrometry standards [59] .
cord-266226-gxbrgy6g	2019	
cord-266294-ua22udlc	2010	Metabolism The hemochromatosis gene polymorphism HFE 187C> G and possibly mitochondrial haplogroup J gave relative protection against lipoatrophy during antiretroviral drug therapy in a trial in which 96 patients were randomized to didanosine þ stavudine or zidovudine þ lamivudine, combined with efavirenz and/ or nelfinavir in AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 384 sub-study A5005s (20 C ). Gastrointestinal In a retrospective obser vational study of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 27 of 50 patients who took indinavir in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine developed nausea and were significantly more likely to stop taking the treatment than those who were taking zidovudine þ lamivudine þ tenofovir (24 c ).
cord-267182-ctvnmjsl	2018	
cord-268712-rxdw553c	2010	Consequently, this meta-analysis explored the relationship between posttraumatic growth and psychological and physical wellbeing in adults diagnosed with cancer or HIV/AIDS and examined potential moderators of these relationships. As such the aim of the current paper is to present a meta-analysis of the existing literature that will aim to objectively summarize PTG and its relation to adjustment in individuals living with a life threatening illness (cancer or HIV/ AIDS) and to examine potential moderators of this relationship. Primarily it is concerned with estimating the overall effect size of the relationship between PTG following a life threatening illness (cancer or HIV/AIDS) and various indicators of adjustment. This meta-analytic review summarized the findings from 38 studies examining the association between PTG following cancer or HIV/AIDS and positive psychological adjustment, negative psychological adjustment, and subjective physical health.
cord-268776-yfq9oky5	2003	
cord-268901-7cm6m1ol	2019	title: Synthesis of distal and proximal fleximer base analogues and evaluation in the nucleocapsid protein of HIV-1 The aims of this project were to develop a series of fleximer base analogues that not only possess inherent flexibility that can remain active when faced with binding site mutations, but also target a non-canonical, highly conserved target: the nucleocapsid protein of HIV (NC). The organozinc was added dropwise to a mixture of 15 (451 mg, 1.0 mmol), Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 (115 mg, 0.1 mmol) and CuI (10 mg, 0.05 mmol) in 40 mL of anhydrous THF and allowed to stir at room temperature for 24 h. The organozinc was added dropwise to a mixture of 15 (451 mg, 1.0 mmol), Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 (115 mg, 0.1 mmol) and CuI (10 mg, 0.05 mmol) in 40 mL of anhydrous THF and allowed to stir at room temperature for 24 h.
cord-268977-hcg2rrhl	2012	
cord-269194-b1wlr3t7	2015	
cord-269222-g2ibmo75	2018	Lactoferrin is strongly increased in lower genital tract mucosal fluid of women affected by Neisseria gonorrheae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections promoting both innate and adaptive immune responses. Lactoferrin is strongly increased in lower genital tract mucosal fluid of women affected by Neisseria gonorrheae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections promoting both innate and adaptive immune responses. Lactobacilli exert their protective effects by several mechanisms: (i) microbial competition for the nutrients and for adherence to the vaginal epithelium; (ii) reduction of the vaginal pH by the production of organic acids, especially lactic acid, through the degradation of glycogen released by vaginal cells thus exerting selective antimicrobial activity against non-resident microbiota; (iii) production of antimicrobial substances, such as bacteriocins and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) able to suppress the growth of several microorganisms; and (iv) modulation of the local immune system (16) .
cord-269759-1n1oo6wc	2020	title: Fatal human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and RSV–Related pneumonia in an AIDS patient from Colombia We would like to discuss the relevance of other respiratory viruses, including other CoV different to MERS-CoV, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and the 2019 novel CoV (2019nCoV) [2] in relation to a case of coinfection between HCoV-229E, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and HIV we had in Colombia. There is a lack of reported cases of a human coronavirus infection in HIV infected patients from Colombia and South America, confirmed by RT-PCR. HCoV-229E causes common cold but occasionally it can be associated with more severe respiratory infections in children [3, 4] , elderly and persons with underlying illness [3, 5] , which would be the case of HIV infection, as seen in this report [4, 6] . In Colombia, the unique previous reference to coronaviruses was the identification of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains (an avian coronavirus, genus Gammacoronavirus) in Antioquia [8] , a department close to Sucre, where our patient was diagnosed.
cord-269862-krcu3hfa	2009	
cord-270399-yfko8mpc	2020	
cord-270726-w59fu9c9	2015	The etiology of noninfectious diarrhea in patients with HIV is multifactorial and includes ART-associated diarrhea and gastrointestinal damage related to HIV infection (i.e., HIV enteropathy). A basic algorithm for the diagnosis of diarrhea in patients with HIV includes physical examination, a review of medical history, assessment of HIV viral load and CD4+ T cell count, stool microbiologic assessment, and endoscopic evaluation, if needed. In addition, these agents can be associated with treatment-limiting adverse events (AEs), such as drug–drug interactions with ART regimens, abuse liability, and additional gastrointestinal AEs. Currently, crofelemer, an antisecretory agent, is the only therapy approved in the USA for the symptomatic relief of noninfectious diarrhea in patients with HIV on ART. While infection has historically been the major cause of diarrhea in patients with HIV, with the widespread use of ART therapy, noninfectious diarrhea has become a burden in this population.
cord-270868-4s3q2i6v	2020	title: Clinical characteristics, comorbidities and outcomes among persons with HIV hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia BACKGROUND: There are limited data describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes among US persons with HIV (PWH) requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CONCLUSION: The multisite series in the Southern United States provides characteristics and early outcomes of hospitalized PWH with COVID-19. To understand how COVID-19 may affect persons with HIV (PWH) in the Southern United States, a prematurely aging population with a high comorbidity burden [3, 4] , we analyzed cases among hospitalized PWH in Atlanta, Georgia. The prevalence and burden of non-AIDS comorbidities among women living with or at-risk for HIV infection in the United States Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area Characteristics and clinical outcomes of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 -Georgia
cord-271188-ewlxy5po	2020	Abbreviations 311, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde benzoyl hydrazine; 3CL pro , 3C-like protease; ABCE1, ATP binding cassette subfamily E member 1; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ADK, aryl diketoacids; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; APN, aminopeptidase N; AT2, small population of type II alveolar cells; BMP, bone morphogenetic proteins; Bp4aT, 2-benzoylpyridine 4-allyl-3thiosemicarbazone; Bp4eT, 2-benzoylpyridine 4-ethyl-3thiosemicarbazone; COVID-19, novel coronavirus pneumonia; CoVs, coronaviruses; DFO, deferoxamine; DFP, deferiprone; DPP4, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4.; E, envelope; EPDTC, Nethyl-Nphenyldithiocarbamic acid zinc; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HCMV, human cytomegalovirus; HFE, homeostatic iron regulator protein; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSA, human serum albumin; IP10, interferon-inducible protein 10; M, membrane; MBD, metal-binding domain; MCP1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; N, nucleocapsid; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PL pro , papain-like protease; PMA, phenylmercuric acetate; PPY, phenyl-1-pyridin-2yl-ethanone; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; S, spike; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARS-CoV-2, the 2019 novel coronavirus; SCD, sickle cell disease; TDT, toluene-3,4-dithiolato zinc; TfR1, transferrin receptor1
cord-271241-w1q46y63	2020	Since the genomes of viruses are remarkably variable, high conservation rates strongly suggest a crucial role of G4s in the viral replication cycle and evolution, emphasizing the possibility of targeting viral G4s as a new pharmacological approach in antiviral therapy. 1 In the past few decades, pharmaceutical and biotechnological advance has succeeded in developing new therapeutics for the management of different viral diseases: for example, anti-retroviral therapy against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or the pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral drugs used for hepatitis C (HCV) management. In addition, such PQSs are highly conserved, despite the high recombination rates that characterize viruses, suggesting a crucial role for G4s in viral evolution and replication, and corroborating their targeting as a valid pharmacological approach for antiviral therapy.
cord-271948-iq29xqrn	2020	title: Transmitted drug resistance mutations and subtype diversity amongst HIV-1 sero-positive voluntary blood donors in Accra, Ghana BACKGROUND: Detection of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and subtype diversity (SD) are public health strategies to assess current HIV-1 regimen and ensure effective therapeutic outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-1 patients. In this study, drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and SD amongst HIV-1 sero-positive blood donors in Accra, Ghana were characterized. The data obtained would inform the selection of drugs for ART initiation to maximize therapeutic options in drug-naïve HIV-1 patients in Ghana. This study found major drug resistance mutations, E138A and K65R that respectively confer high level resistance to NNRTIs and NRTIs. Although, CRF02_AG was most predominant, the recorded percentage of subtype B and the evolutionary relationship inferred by phylogenetic analysis may suggest possible subtype importation. The data obtained is useful for the selection of drugs for ART initiation to maximize therapeutic outcomes in drug-naïve HIV-1 patients in Ghana.
cord-271970-i35pic5o	2020	
cord-272051-arz8r204	2011	Since the replication of many virus species requires the activity of host cell proteases, investigating the effects of PIs on the life cycle of viruses other than HIV would be of interest. Considering that PIs are well tolerated drugs in vivo, and that many relevant human pathogens belong to the family of RNA viruses infecting cells through an endocytic pathway, this finding would open the way towards a broader therapeutic use of PIs. HIV virions emerging from cells treated with PIs remain immature viral particles as a consequence of the block of Gag polyprotein cleavage. Cells were treated overnight with the PI doses most effective against VSV and/or influenza virus replication, then labeled with LysoSensor Green DND-189 for 30 min in the presence of PIs, and finally analyzed by FACS.
cord-272925-xag1yaie	2009	
cord-273324-xhpv783y	2018	
cord-273777-qb0vp9gr	2020	
cord-274019-dao10kx9	2017	
cord-274080-884x48on	2018	
cord-274663-zyzgk2z3	2011	
cord-274688-cr1rvy8u	2020	METHODS: In this modelling study, we used five well described models of HIV epidemics (Goals, Optima HIV, HIV Synthesis, an Imperial College London model, and Epidemiological MODeling software [EMOD]) to estimate the effect of various potential disruptions to HIV prevention, testing, and treatment services on HIV-related deaths and new infections in sub-Saharan Africa lasting 6 months over 1 year from April 1, 2020. FINDINGS: A 6-month interruption of supply of antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs across 50% of the population of people living with HIV who are on treatment would be expected to lead to a 1·63 times (median across models; range 1·39–1·87) increase in HIV-related deaths over a 1-year period compared with no disruption. The HIV-related death rate for people living with HIV who were on ART, but who stopped treatment due to potential disruption on the antiretroviral (ARV) drug supply as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic was modeled to represent findings from the SMART Study (1).
cord-275677-hbv49e01	2014	
cord-275859-ix8du1er	2012	In contrast, there is a strong correlation between frameshift efficiency and the local thermodynamic stability of the first 3–4 bp in the stem–loop, which are predicted to reside at the opening of the mRNA entrance channel when the ribosome is paused at the slippery site. Here, we investigate the role of the HIV-1 RNA structure in frameshifting, focusing on elucidating the relationships between frameshift efficiency and (i) the downstream RNA stem-loop thermodynamic stability, (ii) spacer length and (iii) surrounding genomic secondary structure. Our data further indicate that the base pairs important for frameshifting are located at a distance of 8 nt from the slippery site, which corresponds to the length of the spacer and is consistent with a structural model of the ribosome paused at the frameshift site. Instead, we observe a strong correlation (R 2 = 0.88) between frameshift efficiency and local stability of the first 3 bp at the base of the stem-loop using a one-phase exponential decay function ( Figure 3C and Supplementary Table S3 ).
cord-276006-mjjnkqv6	2020	
cord-276870-gxtvlji7	2020	Here, we explore the dynamics of the response of the scientific community to several epidemics, including Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), as assessed by the numbers of clinical trials, publications, and level of research funding over time. However, despite many experimental and clinical studies, no effective drugs or treatments have emerged to treat the previous six epidemics of bird flu, SARS, swine flu, MERS, Ebola, and Zika as well as, thus far, COVID-19. We evaluated the number of publications (in both peer-reviewed journals and ArXiv preprint servers) and the number of clinical trials performed over the course of the epidemic to estimate the engagement and success of the scientific community in response to the seven major outbreaks of the past two decades: bird flu, SARS, swine flu, MERS, Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19.
cord-277417-f71jwdzj	2018	
cord-277818-8w15dz20	2018	Hand hygiene is a well-known and effective solution to the problem of bacterial transmission within and across patients and is considered the most important and cost-effective individual intervention in the prevention of health care–associated infections in children and health care providers Compliance with the current "5 moments" World Health Organization guidelines could make a major inroad into reducing provider hand and workspace contamination. These findings have clinical implications for the risk of colonization and subsequent HCIs-for example, SSIs. This calls attention to the need to develop and enforce strict hand hygiene guidelines for personnel who are providing anesthesia care, but more importantly the need to increase compliance with environmental disinfection of the OR (between cases and terminal cleaning), and to study further the directions of the spread of pathogens in the OR and anesthesia work areas.
cord-278156-zd039ohv	2014	
cord-278174-znc99yos	2004	
cord-278456-gsv6dh36	2016	
cord-278831-gwnfcfvk	2013	
cord-278876-il7g78w1	2017	
cord-279828-es498qul	2020	
cord-279849-zzkliu76	2010	Therefore, in this review we identify known and potential types of virus-virus interactions (VVIs) and organize them into three categories: (1) direct interactions of viral genes or gene products, (2) indirect interactions that result from alterations in the host environment, and (3) a subset of indirect interactions called immunological interactions, unique to organisms equipped with an adaptive immune system. One of the first helper-dependent viruses described was bacteriophage P4, a bacteria-infecting virus that is able to replicate its own genome, but requires the presence of a coinfecting bacteriophage, such as P2, to provide capsid components and cell lysis (Shore et al., 1978; Six and Klug, 1973) . While direct binding and activation of viral transactivating proteins to heterologous viral promoters has been documented, more common are reports of viral infections inducing increased expression or activation of cellular transcription factors, which then act on promoters of coinfecting viruses. Human cytomegalovirus TRS1 and IRS1 gene products block the double-stranded-RNA-activated host protein shutoff response induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 infection
cord-281367-qm5a5c4b	2005	
cord-281941-97t45w73	2012	A number of reports have demonstrated that CyPA plays a critical role in the successful replication of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), etc. Thus, CyPA plays a suppressive role in the development of CD4 + T cell responses through its interaction with Itk. In recent years many studies showed that CyPA was involved in the pathogenesis of viral infection [8] , cardiovascular disease [9] and cancer [10] . The viral protein R (Vpr) of HIV-1 is the major virion-associated accessory protein that affects a number of biological functions in the retroviral life cycle, including promotion of the transport of the pre-integration complex into the nucleus and the induction of G2 host cell cycle arrest [20] . Cyclophilin A regulates HIV-1 infectivity, as demonstrated by gene targeting in human T cells Critical role of cyclophilin A and its prolyl-peptidyl isomerase activity in the structure and function of the hepatitis C virus replication complex
cord-282063-tkp1tifx	2020	
cord-282675-s4zmffj3	2020	
cord-283127-jetmocvk	2015	
cord-283346-0v4b6do2	2006	
cord-284128-3obc5k5u	2020	
cord-284385-ster02o9	2020	
cord-284409-xiyeceib	2014	
cord-284523-lknyehsa	2017	
cord-284608-ba7wq52t	2019	title: Alpha, Beta, gamma human PapillomaViruses (HPV) detection with a different sets of primers in oropharyngeal swabs, anal and cervical samples BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown a 13-fold increase of oropharyngeal cancer in the presence of HPV, while α-HPV detection seems to be rare in oral cavity in comparison to anal or cervical district, many novel β and γ types have been isolated in this anatomical site suggesting a wide tropism range. METHODS: We analysed the presence of HPV DNA in oropharyngeal (n = 124), anal (n = 186), cervical specimens (n = 43) from HIV positive and negative patients using FAP59/64 and MY09/11 primers. In this study, we analyzed the presence of HPV DNA in oral, anal, and cervical specimens collected from HIV positive and HIV negative individuals, living in the same geographic area (regione Lazio) by using MY09/11 [20, 21] FAP59/64 primers [22] .
cord-285151-zynor0b2	2013	
cord-285430-o086q2qa	2020	
cord-285443-9y2kkmby	2014	
cord-285505-8norumv6	2014	
cord-285603-f4572w5m	2020	In order to gain a deeper understanding if the pharmacokinetic parameters of the SARS-CoV2 protease inhibitors could be related to positive outcomes in the therapy, we analyzed the ADME parameters of famotidine and compared with several known antiviral drugs such as ribavirin, lopinavir, and nafamostat, which were evaluated against SARS-CoV2. Chemical structures and administration, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) parameters for famotidine, ribavirin, lopinavir, and nafamostat, drugs that were evaluated as SARS-CoV2 inhibitors, are shown. Chemical structures and administration, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) parameters for famotidine, ribavirin, lopinavir, and nafamostat, drugs that were evaluated as SARS-CoV2 inhibitors, are shown. Altogether, in this study, we showed that famotidine could be used as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV2, targeting proteases involved in the virus replication, mostly the main protease, as well as the viral PLpro and human host Tmprss2.
cord-285898-rtqkvf63	2014	In the case of clarithromycin, there was some 2.6 Anti-infective Agents 2 Pregnancy initial concern as animal experiments demonstrated teratogenic effects, and for instance, in some studies cardiovascular defects were induced in rats. In a prospective cohort study with 949 women who were exposed to a fluorquinolone during the first trimester, neither the rate of major birth defects, nor the risk of spontaneous abortion were increased compared to a control group (Padberg 2014) . Danish cohort studies based on a prescription register also could not find an increased risk of birth defects after first trimester exposure in several thousand pregnant women (Nørgaard 2008 , Sørensen 1999 ). Data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (2013) with 27 birth defects in 905 cases, indicate a malformation rate of 3.0% after exposure during the first trimester, similarly as seen in the general population of the USA. Three birth defects were observed among 141 pregnant women with first trimester exposures reported to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (2013).
cord-286194-2emwfx89	2020	
cord-286219-qcx5ehnh	2014	
cord-286352-uftl1mx5	2003	
cord-286574-t9z2ynt5	2017	
cord-286711-nr6vnl9h	2003	
cord-286719-1xjmlwqr	2018	
cord-287018-g4y5kjju	2006	
cord-287286-4l963z2q	2010	The main themes of discussion at the summer school were: 1) why viral infection can lead to cancer; 2) how a greater understanding of the mechanisms underpinning human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) propagation can inform new antiviral strategies; 3) the abilities of viruses to evade the immune system and the obstacles to the development of effective vaccines; and, 4) the potential afforded by viruses as research tools. The import of the host, including an ability to regulate viral gene expression in different tissues and to mount an effective immune response, is becoming increasingly apparent in determining the molecular basis of HPV-associated tumor progression. Advantages CoVs possess over other viruses as expression vectors include: 1) the possibility of spike protein manipulation, to engineer virus tropism (88, 89) ; 2) the replication of the RNA genome in the cytoplasm, side-stepping potential problems associated with integration (90); 3) the existence of nonpathogenic strains that infect a wide range of species of health and economic importance; 4) the ability to carry large genomes (27-30 kb) , which could favor the introduction of extensive foreign genes (91); and 5) the availability of cDNA clones derived from infectious strains (92, 93) .
cord-287337-2ljbsia2	2008	
cord-287348-00yaxpkp	2005	
cord-287754-dh6abx2t	2015	Examples of lectins that exhibit antiviral activity and bind high-mannose carbohydrates are jacalin [25] , concanavalin A [26] , Urtica diocia agglutinin [27] , Myrianthus holstii lectin, P. The mannose-specific plant lectins Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Narcissus pseudonarcissus agglutinin; Cymbidium agglutinin; cyanovirin-N; and N-acetylglucosamine specific Urtica dioica agglutinin efficiently abrogate dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)-directed HIV-1 capture and subsequent transmission to T lymphocytes [55] . The nematode (Laxus oneistus) Ca 2+ -dependent C-type lectin Mermaid, a structural homologue of DC-SIGN devoid of cytotoxicity, shares the glycan specificity with DC-SIGN, interacts with high mannose structures on gp120 and prevents HIV-1 binding to DC-SIGN on DCs. Mermaid inhibits DC-SIGN-mediated HIV-1 transmission from DC to T cells. Discovery of cyanovirin-N, a novel human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein that binds viral surface envelope glycoprotein gp120: Potential applications to microbicide development The high mannose-type glycan binding lectin actinohivin: Dimerization greatly improves anti-HIV activity
cord-287853-cob7ur35	2018	
cord-287949-243xlmep	2020	Explanatory or independent variables in the model included total population, GDP per capita, percentage of population with access to electricity, percentage of population with access to basic drinking water, incidence of malaria (per 1,000 population at risk), percentage of men and women aged 15 and over who currently smoke any tobacco product, Diarrhea treatment (percent of children under 5 receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding), percentage of infants who received third-dose of pneumococcal conjugate-based vaccine (PCV), incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), percent out-of-pocket expenditure, life expectancy at birth, Health Systems Performance Index, estimated incidence rate (new HIV infection per 1,000 uninfected population, children aged 0-14 years), estimated incidence rate (new HIV infection per 1,000 uninfected population, adolescents aged 10-19 years), HIV prevalence among people aged 15-49 years, transmission classification of COVID-19 disease (1=imported, 2=local transmission), income group (1=High Income, 2=Low income, 3=Lower middle income, 4=Upper middle income), Geocoordinates of SSA countries (latitude and longitude), and Time (days) between the first and last reported coronavirus cases.
cord-288440-w7g2agaf	2015	
cord-288982-63ddlh20	2015	Rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for infectious diseases can improve access to diagnosis and patient management, but the quality of these tests vary, quality of testing is often not assured and there are few mechanisms to capture test results for surveillance when the testing is so decentralised. In a digital age, it is possible to link data from diagnostic laboratories and POC test readers and devices to provide data on testing coverage, disease trends and timely information for early warning of infectious disease outbreaks to inform design or optimisation of disease control and elimination programmes. In the last decade, rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests fulfilling the ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment-free and Deliverable) have become commercially available and are widely used for infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV and syphilis.
cord-289274-3g67f8sw	2015	
cord-289443-46w52de3	2015	
cord-291063-de7v4e5s	2009	
cord-291534-c6cjxq07	2013	
cord-291577-nf80kih2	2020	
cord-292286-ygomb3oi	2017	
cord-292521-tpb12dkq	2020	
cord-292546-un0blb3w	2020	BACKGROUND: People with HIV (PWH) may have numerous risk factors for acquiring Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and developing severe outcomes, but current data are conflicting. [12] [13] [14] [15] Some of these studies reported that PWH with COVID-19 had similar clinical characteristics and comparable risk of severe disease to the general population. Study variables included patient demographics, HIV-associated variables, underlying medical problems, COVID-19 clinical presentation as reported by patients, laboratory values, treatment, and clinical outcomes. In a multivariable analysis, older age, lower CD4 count, chronic lung disease, hypertension, and high comorbidity burden were significantly associated with severe outcomes (Table 4) . As reported in multiple other studies in people without HIV, we found that age, chronic lung disease, and comorbidity burden were associated with increased rates of severe outcomes. In addition, among HIV-specific factors, we found that a lower CD4 count (< 200 cells/mm3) was associated with poor outcomes, including higher hospitalization rates, lower ICU-free survival, and overall survival.
cord-292740-b4cdj96q	2016	Within initial three months of infection, high concentration of antibodies is developed against different viral proteins in HIV-1 infected patients and recent studies unfolded that antibodies, CD8+ T cell activity, and CD4+ helper responses lead to control of HIV virus. Replication defective recombinant adenovirus 5 vector with HIV-1 clade B nef/gag/pol inserts was the first T-cell vaccine that underwent clinical efficacy trials and exhibited significant increase in CD8+ T cell but these CD8+ immune responses targeted the variable but not the conserved regions of virus. Immunomodulators include both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory agents that trigger secretion of cytokines from macrophages (IL-12, IFN-12, TNF-a) leading to increased Th1 response, antibody production in response to improved antigen presentation by dendritic cells, and cell-mediated immunity which is being used clinically to cure viral infections like herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus and cancerous lesions in immunocompromised individuals [136] .
cord-292830-gcfx1095	2018	
cord-293379-c4qdmkw5	2003	
cord-293653-u2qrxq6t	2007	In addition to these cellular events, a number of reports demonstrated that CyP plays a critical role in the life cycle of viruses, especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The action of PPIases leads to changes in protein conformation (Takahashi, 1999) , but the binding of CsA and FK506 to CyP and FKBP, respectively, inhibits the activity of these enzymes (Fischer et al. The CsA/CyP or FK506/FKBP complex, subsequently interacts with and inhibits calcineurin (CN), a phosphatase involved in the activation of the transcription factor NF-AT. Members of the CyP family play roles in a variety of cellular processes including the immune response, transcription, mitochondrial function, cell death, and chemotaxis, as described below. However, the best-characterized role identified for CyPA is not in normal cellular physiology, but rather as co-factor during the human immunodefi ciency virus-1 (HIV-1) viral life cycle (See below).
cord-293857-o8rlqsq5	2015	Also, we will outline successful designs of organic carbamates, including a variety of cyclic ether-derived carbamates, as suitable amide bond surrogates leading to a wide range of novel organic carbamates as potent HIV-1 protease, βsecretase, serine protease, and cysteine protease inhibitors. 172−174 A number of FDA-approved HIV protease inhibitor drugs contain an important carbamate functionality. 179, 230 Further development of carbamate-derived novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors is shown in Figure 12 . This backbone binding strategy to combat drug resistance led to the development of a series of very potent carbamate-derived protease inhibitors. Carbamate derivative 281 (Figure 24 ), a diphenyl phosphonate ester containing a Cbz group and bearing a single amino acid side chain, showed very good inhibitory activity against human plasma kallikrein, useful for the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Design and synthesis of potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating hexahydrofuropyranol-derived high affinity P(2) ligands: structure-activity studies and biological evaluation
cord-294366-swwz4kzd	2005	By definition of perceived need, we are most acutely aware of the requirement of effective vaccines against infectious agents, pathogens ancient, re-emergent and new, yet the opportunities for manipulation of immune responses offer potential in the prevention and treatment of a far larger diversity of diseases. For example, the level of protection required in a population (herd immunity) will be different and this could allow theoretical flexibility in vaccine efficacy.The application of molecular biology techniques can be crucial in the identification of new candidate antigens and subsequent determination of vaccine efficacy using adjuvants can feed knowledge back to correlates of protection in terms of immunological markers.This knowledge can then be used in choice of appropriate adjuvants and formulation.The key implication projected by this schematic is that for the greatest challenges in vaccine development the cyclical generation of knowledge provides a strong role for rational design.
cord-295062-8rl4kswe	2006	Virus Particles as Devices for Targeted Gene Transfer A viral particle is composed of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA), protein, and, in the case of enveloped viruses, membrane lipids. Viruses use signaling activities to induce changes in the cell that promote viral entry and early cytoplasmic events, as well as to optimize later processes in the replication cycle. Like cholera toxin, these viruses bind to the sugar moiety of gangliosides and enter cells via caveolar/raft pathways that are dependent on cholesterol ( Figures 2D and 2E ) and the activation of tyrosine-kinase signaling cascades (Anderson et al., 1996; Pelkmans et al., 2001; Smith et al., 2003a; Stang et al., 1997; Tsai et al., 2003) . Nevertheless, in the majority of cases, the transfer of viral genomes from cell to cell appears to occur through the formation of virus particles that are released from infected cells and use the mechanisms described above to enter new uninfected hosts.
cord-295099-ghc85pf5	2018	Antibody responses to neutralize human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) are mediated by direct binding to viral spikes, which are trimers composed of glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 (Pincus et al., 2017a; Pincus et al., 2017b; Blair et al., 2007; Morris et al., 2000; Micoli et al., 2000; Pegu et al., 2017; Haynes and Mascola, 2017; Liao et al., 2004; Brodine et al., 2003; Ward and Wilson, 2017; Debnath et al., 1994; Moore et al., 1993) . M43 and m44 are HIV-1 cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies isolated from a recombinant phage display library by competitive antigen panning (Zhang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2004a; Zhang et al., 2004b) . HIV-1 specific antibodies isolated by display techniques are less potent than those isolated by micro neutralization or single B cell sorting and cloning. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 human monoclonal antibodies that bind discontinuous epitopes in the viral glycoproteins can identify mimotopes from recombinant phage peptide display libraries
cord-295290-hs5ntlok	1994	Based on this hypothesis, a T-cell vaccination procedure against effector T cells responsible for autoimmunopathic activity in HIV-seropositive patients is proposed, similar to the one known from experimental study of autoimmunity and presently being tested in human autoimmune diseases. These include cross-reactive recognition of self-MHC and a secondary antiidiotypic response to CD4, to be found in the first large set of references mentioned above, elimination of infected T4 cells by virus-specific, HLArestricted cytotoxic lymphocytes (Shearer, 1986; Zinkernagel, 1988) , elimination of uninfected T4 cells by immune responses directed against HIV (Klatzmann and Gluckman, 1986; Salk, 1987; Lyerly et al., 1987; Lanzavecchia et al., 1988; Lanzavecchia, 1989 ; Siliciano et al., 1988 ; Israel-Biet et al., 1990 ; Morrow et al., 1991) and/or T4 cell antigens (Stricker et al., 1987; Martinez-A. Autoimmunopathic destruction of T4 cells might thus result, in this case, from the destabilization of a self-tolerance-maintaining regulatory network by immune responses to HIV components with homologies to antigens normally present on T4 cells.
cord-295494-wal0gtrs	2017	
cord-296309-i1mpov7k	2017	
cord-297125-la20vi9j	2016	
cord-297135-mg2qs3b6	2012	Abstract Background China has launched methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and needle and syringe exchange programmes (NSEP) as part of the country''s HIV prevention strategy amongst injection drug users. The State Council AIDS Working Committee, an interagency committee formed to streamline the government''s AIDS policy, created an opportunity for a rare partnership between the Ministries of Health and Public Security and this resulted in experimentation with progressive strategies including needle and syringe exchange programmes (NSEP) and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) (State Council, People''s Republic of China, 2001 China, , 2006a . A key distinction is the international attention garnered by MMT in the form of publications, recognition from international drug policy groups-Director Zunyou Wu of the Chinese National Centre for AIDS/STD Control & Prevention (NCAIDS) was awarded the International Harm Reduction Association''s Rolleston Award for significant contributions to the field (IHRD, 2008)-and study tours by health experts from Russia, Vietnam, and Malaysia (Malinowska-Sempruch & Bartlett, 2006) .
cord-297257-lzybfwc2	2015	
cord-297303-cpajrgba	2020	Located in Palm Springs, California (a popular retirement community in the Coachella Valley with the highest proportion of people aging with HIV in the United States), we have been working over the past five years to prepare stakeholders to conduct innovative and local research. Since the committee is responsive to current needs, they shifted their efforts to COVID-19 with the idea to conduct a needs and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) assessment survey of older adults living with HIV in the Coachella Valley. In the implementation phase of the study, we reached out to local service-based groups in the Coachella Valley known to assist older adults living with HIV and distributed recruitment emails to their members through their mailing lists. Our next step is to provide data in real-time to local service based groups in the Coachella Valley, so organizations can respond to the emergent needs of older adults living with HIV.
cord-297530-7zbvgvk8	2011	
cord-297612-swc2pitd	2020	
cord-298033-kzdp9edn	2019	
cord-299754-tgexahwd	2017	
cord-299762-qr6kbwuo	2020	
cord-300522-okbupw61	2020	
cord-300642-c7adeis1	2006	
cord-300793-tuq8z6gm	2004	
cord-300968-dtaasxk1	2005	Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic brought into the spotlight the need for rapid development of effective anti-viral drugs against newly emerging viruses. This strategy seems promising in developing anti-viral therapeutic peptides to other viruses that possess type 1 viral fusion proteins [e.g. measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)], which share some structural motifs with HIV. Similar to HIV, binding of the viral spike glycoprotein to some receptor(s) on host cells is the first step in SARS-CoV infection. HIV entry involves the binding of the viral envelope glycoproteins (comprising gp120 and gp41, which are the homologous of SARS-CoV S1 and S2, respectively) to CD4 on the host cell plasma membrane. Following the rule: formation of the 6-helix bundle of the fusion core from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein and identification of potent peptide inhibitors Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoproteinmediated viral entry Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeatderived peptides
cord-301349-m4nr3pqx	2020	
cord-301449-5okb7wf2	2020	
cord-301506-q2a5aogo	2010	
cord-301704-mb2oylqb	2020	
cord-302082-aaokc182	2011	To address these challenges researchers are exploring many avenues: novel adjuvants are being developed that enhance the immune response elicited by a vaccine while maintaining high levels of tolerability; methods of protective antigen identification are iterated with every success; vaccine storage and transport systems are improving (including optimising the cold chain and developing temperature-stable vaccines); and new and potentially more convenient methods of vaccine administration are being pursued. One approach to addressing the weak immunogenicity of the antigen has been to link it to a potent Toll-like receptor adjuvant such as flagellin, an approach developed by VaxInnate Inc. During primary infection of a single individual with HIV, mutations in surface proteins of the virus lead to selection of a ''cloud'' of antigenic variants that can evade the cell-mediated immune responses complicating the development of broadly effective vaccines.
cord-302321-6x7hyald	2020	
cord-302403-kahi8cbc	2009	Before HAART, defined as a combination of medications that usually includes at least three potent anti-HIV agents, treatment largely consisted of specific opportunistic infection management and less effective antiretroviral therapy. In many parts of the world, the main causes of death in patients with HIV infection include bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, and PCP. Recent work has shown chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer occur more frequently among HIV-infected individuals compared with the general population. In addition to pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary disease occurs in a high proportion of HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 lymphocyte counts (<150 cells/mL). Hence, some centers advocate use of empirical therapy for HIV-infected patients who are seen with symptoms and chest radiographic and blood gas abnormalities typical of mild PCP, without the need for bronchoscopy. On the basis of current evidence, patients with CD4 counts >200 cells/mL have a low risk of HIV disease progression or death during 6 months of treatment for tuberculosis.
cord-302530-pp6bl941	2020	These are:-1 The predicted effect of the magnitude of ΔC p on the temperature dependence of Dengue virus (DENV) transmission by Aedes albopictus; 2 The predicted effect of the magnitude of ΔC p on the temperature peak observed for the specific binding of Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) to susceptible Culex tarsalis brush border fragments (BBFs); 3 A large negative ΔC p for a protein:protein GP/Cr system as represented by HIV gp120:CD4 diminishes host cell binding at human body temperature; 4 A large virus diameter as for the HIV virion diminishes host cell binding at the higher temperature of the human body through the large negative ΔS a_immob ; 5 Non-specific attachment factors may partially overcome the unfavourable ΔS a_immob and hence enhance specific HIV binding through Env:CD4 interactions at human body temperature; and 6 Increasing the number, n, of GP/Cr contacts with temperature to reproduce the data of Frey et al.
cord-302784-jkjdglns	2019	
cord-302854-buzyani0	2012	
cord-302928-nnly9ju8	2020	
cord-303165-ikepr2p2	2014	It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way.
cord-303189-ktl4jw8v	2015	Acting in both autocrine and paracrine manner, IFN interferes with viral replication by inducing hundreds of different IFN-stimulated genes with both direct anti-pathogenic as well as immunomodulatory activities, therefore functioning as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. In these cells, the HCV-induced miR-21 has been recently reported to be involved in evasion of IFN-I production and stimulation of HCV replication, upon suppression of MyD88 and IRAK1 expression, that is required for the TLR7-mediated sensing of the virus [100] . Amongst RNA viruses that, as HCV, can establish a persistent infection, HIV-1, a lentivirus from the Retroviridae family, represents a paradigm for its ability to prevent or circumvent the innate immune response mediated by IFN-I. Overall, viruses as HCV and HIV-1 have evolved nifty strategies to dampen the host innate response in cells where a productive infection may take place, while they induce infection-independent mechanisms in non-permissive cells to facilitate the viral life cycle and promote a chronic inflammation.
cord-303208-4bui0ioe	2010	
cord-303408-coesfldm	2007	
cord-304157-u0mlee6u	2020	
cord-304188-1nm1tbig	2014	Although no vaccine formulation has yet succeeded in eliciting broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, the ability of adjuvants to direct the immune response to immunogens suggests they will be critically important in any successful HIV-1 vaccine. This is accomplished in one of two ways -through the incorporation of active compounds in a vaccine formulation (e.g., formulating a protein immunogen in a liposome containing a TLR4 agonist) or by incorporating elements in the vaccine that result in the production of immune stimulants (e.g., addition of plasmids expressing cytokines in a DNA vaccine regimen). [12] reported in 1993 on another group of chimpanzees immunized with formaldehyde-inactivated HIV-1 adjuvanted with alum, Freund''s incomplete adjuvant (an oil-in-water emulsion), or with a zinc hydroxide/lecithin-based adjuvant; in this study, antibody titers were best with the lecithin-based adjuvant, although proliferation and antibodydependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses were similar between lecithin and alum arms.
cord-304214-66nxk4e8	2017	Rather than passively transfering pre-formed antibodies, VIP is a process in which genes encoding previously characterized neutralizing antibodies are vectored into non-hematopoietic cells which then secrete the monoclonal antibodes encoded by those genes [1] (See Fig. 1 .) This vectored delivery and production of specified antibodies allows for protection without generating a standard immune response and results in endogenous antibody production that has the potential to be sustained [9] . Saunders, et al., used an rAAV serotype 8 vector to produce a full length IgG of a simianized form of the broadly neutralizing antibody VRC07 in macaques which was protective against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection 5.5 weeks after treatment [24] . Using HIV-1-infected humanized mice, Horwitz, et al., demonstrated that following initial treatment with anti-retroviral therapy (ART), a single injection of adeno-associated virus directing expression of broadly neutralizing antibody 10-1074, produced durable viremic control after the ART was stopped [26] .
cord-304251-dohglrm1	2015	Thus recent decades have seen a most dramatic change with the emergence globally also of new viral infections – notably human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) – and the appearance of some other dangerous and sometimes lethal infections formerly seen mainly in, and reported from, resource‐poor areas especially in parts of Asia, Latin America and Africa. Gradually, however, the unexpected consequences of some oral viral infections have emerged and been recognised, not without some surprise (Scully, 1983) especially the oncogenicity of some herpesviruses (Eglin et al, 1983) and human papillomaviruses (HPVs) which we (Eglin et al, 1983; Maitland et al, 1987; Cox et al, 1993 ) and many others (e.g. Lind et al, 1986) have explored, culminating in the appreciation of unanticipated transmission routes for some cancers, such as sexual (Scully, 2002) . The recent several decades have also seen a most dramatic change with the emergence globally of new viral infectionsnotably human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)and the appearance also in resource-rich countries, of some other dangerous and sometimes lethal infections hitherto latent, unrecognised or unappreciated in resource-poor areas.
cord-304427-r7jt95ko	2007	The 18mer, 41mer, and 51mer were synthesized on a semi-automatic synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Mod. 431A) using a Rink amide MBHA resin Abbreviations: HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; GAGs, glycosaminoglycans; CD, circular dichroism; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; RP-HPLC, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography; PC, proprotein convertase; BTMD, before trans membrane domain; MS, mass spectrometry; AMC, 7-amino-4methyl-coumarin; MCA, 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin; TFE, trifluoroethanol; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; Tris-HCl, Tris-(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-HCl; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; HF, hydrofluoric acid; cmk, chloromethylketone; PBS, phosphate buffer saline (NovaBiochem, La Jolla, 0.48 mmol/g, 0.25 mmol), Boc chemistry and HBTU/HOBt activation. Similarly, peptides derived from the cleavage site of the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion glycoprotein bind heparin and cellular GAGs [26] . Heparin was shown to strongly interact with the 41mer and 51mer peptides, inducing conformational changes, thereby exposing site1 for cleavage.
cord-304748-ddwawfv2	2020	
cord-304794-z2kx314h	2014	Conversely, a G-quadruplex or G4 is formed by nucleic acid sequences (DNA or RNA) containing G-tracts or Gblocks (adjacent runs of guanines) and composed of various numbers of guanines. Short RNA templates from the central region of the HIV-1 genome contain G-rich sequences near the central polypurine tract (cPPT) at the 3 end of the pol gene (IN coding sequence); this is a region where one of the two primers used for synthesizing the (−) strand DNA is produced during reverse transcription. In addition, one could imagine alternative therapeutic strategies focused on targeting RNA structures within viral ORFs to interfere with the virus cycle as well as to promote antigen presentation and to stimulate the host immune response. Topology of a DNA G-quadruplex structure formed in the HIV-1 promoter: a potential target for anti-HIV drug development U3 Region in the HIV-1 genome adopts a G-quadruplex structure in its RNA and DNA sequence
cord-304816-7gg6pxnt	2020	In the present study, we reported two young male COVID-19 patients co-infected with HIV and analyzed the clinical and laboratory features of them. It will provide clues for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients co-infected with HIV. The laboratory test results showed that the protein synthesis by hepatocytes like TP or ALB were decreased and the hepatocellular enzymes ALT or AST were significantly increased, the absolute count of lymphocytes was lower than the normal reference value. We reported two cases of COVID-19 patients co-infected with HIV. Although there is a lack of epidemiological investigation on whether HIV patients are susceptible to COVID-19, the above cases presented the following distinctive clinical course and manifestations. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV in a patient in Wuhan city COVID-19 in a patient with HIV infection Clinical features and outcome of HIV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infected patients in the Bronx
cord-304873-ppb9k3zu	1998	
cord-305039-grsv06j7	2013	As for HIV, mAbs directed against spike viral proteins, as well as against host receptors, may act at an early stage of infection by preventing the binding of the virus on the cell surface. In some chronic viral infections, virus-specific immune cells may persist in a ''non-functional'' state, because of an imbalance of immunoregulatory signals involving multiple inhibitory and activating receptors, triggered by soluble factors and/or cell surface ligands. Therapeutic approaches using specific mAbs to block host immunosuppressive molecules (antagonism) or to trigger activating receptors (agonism) may be a valid strategy to restore immune cell function and treat various chronic viral infections. In a proof-of-concept passive immunization trial with humans, it has been demonstrated that a cocktail of the three broadly neutralizing mAbs -2G12, 4E10 and 2F5was able to delay viral rebound in patients whose infections were fully suppressed by antiretroviral treatment before administration of the antibodies [76] .
cord-305085-bv7udg9k	2011	Postnatal exposure of susceptible infants to CMV, including premature infants without passively acquired maternal antibodies against CMV, infants born to CMV-seronegative mothers, and immunodeficient infants, can cause significant clinical illness (pneumonitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia).* In one study of premature infants followed up to 12 months, Vochem et al 430 found CMV transmission in 17 of 29 infants (59%) exposed to CMV virolactia and breastfed compared with no infants infected of 27 exposed to breast milk without CMV. 38, 104, 121 Laboratory reports demonstrate the presence of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus in breast milk as well as various immunologic factors that could block or limit infection.* A dose-response relationship has been observed, correlating the HIV viral load in human milk as well as a mother'' s plasma viral load with an increased transmission risk for the breastfed infant. 76 No case of transmission of yellow fever virus from an infected mother to her infant via breastfeeding or breast milk has been reported.
cord-305195-e41yfo89	2016	
cord-305394-wwabxlgr	2020	
cord-305602-yzc4bosn	2018	
cord-306050-y8i8759c	2020	title: Accuracy of the tuberculosis point-of-care Alere determine lipoarabinomannan antigen diagnostic test using α-mannosidase treated and untreated urine in a cohort of people living with HIV in Guatemala The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of the lipoarabinomannan antigen test (LAM-test) with and without α-mannosidase pre-treated urine in a cohort of PLWH in primary care clinics in Guatemala. A composite reference standard of either a positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex culture and/or GeneXpert(®) MTB/RIF (Xpert, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) results was used in the LAM-test diagnostic accuracy studies. We also determined if a 30 min α-mannosidase pre-treatment of urine using an enzyme that removes the mannose caps of LAM could improve the sensitivity of the LAM-test as we have shown in the laboratory settings [14] , and further correlated LAM-test results with TB incidence, mortality rates, and risk factors in our cohort of PLWH.
cord-306111-wn1gxhk9	2006	Third MBL mutation in codon 52 (variant D) described (52) 1995 Polymorphisms found in promoter region of MBL gene (55) 1997 Second MASP found to activate complement (20) MBL mutations are an important risk factor for infections in children (132) 1998 Reconstitution of opsonizing activity by infusion of purified MBL into MBL-deficient humans (112) 1999 Truncated form of MASP-2 -MAp19 (21) 2000 Complement-activating complex of ficolins and MASP (133) MBL shown to bind to clinically relevant organisms (15) Structural aspects of MBL
cord-306266-8qdrshz3	2014	Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids.
cord-306315-vt2e0crh	2020	
cord-306701-hs9cfdsu	2020	We conducted a descriptive epidemiological analysis of HIV/AIDS burden for the 16 SADC countries using secondary data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factor (GBD) Study. We assessed morbidity and mortality in the 16 SADC countries using a descriptive epidemiological analysis of HIV/AIDS burden based on secondary data from GBD study in 1990, 2005, 2010 , and 2017. The GBD study estimates country-specific incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to diseases such as HIV/AIDS. To facilitate comparison of HIV/AIDS outcomes of morbidity and mortality across countries, time, age-groups, and sex, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) improved previously established metrics like prevalence and incidence. The five leading countries with the proportion deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS in 2017 were Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, eSwatini, and Mozambique, also had the highest age-standardized mortality, YLL, YLD rates.
cord-306972-alyyju5x	2020	
cord-307817-2vy28i4m	2014	The prevalence of chronic viral infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and influenza virus; the emergence and re-emergence of new viral infections, such as picornaviruses and coronaviruses; and, particularly, resistance to currently used antiviral drugs have led to increased demand for new antiviral strategies and reagents. Based on the complex structure of the PA C-terminal domain (PA C ) and the first 25 amino acids of PB1 [99] , a subset of modifications on N-terminal peptide of PB1 was shown to diminish the binding affinity of PA and PB1, inhibit polymerase activity, and attenuate the replication of influenza virus [100] [101] [102] . Because both the polymerase complex and NP show significant conservation between different influenza viruses, these results demonstrated that targeting the formation of viral RNP is a valid approach to the development of small molecule therapies against serious antiviral resistance to currently available drugs, such as adamantanes or neuraminidase inhibitors.
cord-308916-6p2qutc5	2017	New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases and have reduced hospitalization and mortality. In a review of four randomized controlled trials and two case-control studies of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination in high-burden communities, the vaccination was associated with an 18% decrease in radiologic pneumonia [13] . However, given the high mortality from pneumonia in low-and middle-income countries, the lack of easy access to care, and the high prevalence of risk factors for severe disease, revised World Health Organization pneumonia guidelines still recommend antibiotic treatment for all children who meet the WHO pneumonia case definitions [80] . Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than 5 years of age for prevention of pneumonia: updated analysis using World Health Organization standardized interpretation of chest radiographs
cord-309242-ilsupfl8	2014	CDC staff work with peers in Ministries of Health and other host country entities to implement eff ective national programmes in HIV care and treatment, tuberculosis-HIV integration, maternal and child health, HIV prevention, and HIV counselling and testing. President Obama announced in December, 2011, ambitious new targets for priority evidence-based interventions that were to be realised in just 2 years'' time: PEPFAR, in 2013, was committed to directly support 6 million patients receiving treatment, an increase of 50% over the previous target; provision of therapy to 1·5 million pregnant women to prevent vertical infection of HIV; and to cumulatively reach 4·7 million men with voluntary medical male circumcisions. 5 CDC implemented an innovative approach to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi by working with the Ministry of Health and local partners.
cord-309489-ubf55eux	2009	Of the emerging viruses, five have particular importance for what scientists and world leaders can learn concerning their impact on geopolitical stability, human rights, and equity health care for the underprivileged in both developed and developing nations. For example, in Latin America, population growth and uncontrolled migration from the countryside to the cities have resulted in poor housing conditions, inappropriate disposal of waste, and lack of adequate food, clean water and health care-all of which are concurrent with an increase in infected mosquitoes carrying different versions of dengue virus (Torres and Castro 2007) . Continuing with these themes, it is clear that the geographical expansion of three viruses (HIV, dengue, and rotavirus), the increase in frequency of the infectious diseases they cause, and the relationship between these viruses and geopolitical stability, human rights, and equity health care for developing nations are problems of great concern promoted not only by biological and technological factors but also by social, religious, and cultural ones.
cord-309515-0pxl0sta	2020	3 Here we describe, to our knowledge, the first single-centre experience of COVID-19 in patients infected with HIV-1, including clinical characteristics, antiviral and antiretroviral treatment, and outcomes. We explained to patients treated with ART that we were making a transitional change in their regimen on the basis of the fact that HIV protease inhibitors might have activity against the have sex with men (MSM). Additionally, Janssen reported on March 18, 2020, that darunavir was ineffective against SARS-CoV-2 due to low affinity to coronavirus protease. Fourth, we did not give our patients remdesivir, the most active in-vitro and in-vivo antiviral drug against coronavirus to date, 5 and is currently only available through clinical trials or for compassionate use. By generating information such as we present here, the management and prognosis of patients co-infected with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 might be improved. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV in a patient in Wuhan city
cord-309900-4nln90jn	2017	
cord-310430-7eww1oet	2013	In general, marine algal lectins are monomeric, low molecular weight proteins, exhibiting high content of acidic amino acids, with isoelectric point (pI) in the range of 4-6, do not require metal ions for their biological activities and most of them show specificity for glycoproteins than monosaccharides Rogers & Hori, 1993; Shiomi et al., 1981) . They concluded that marine algal agglutinins are most sensitive to protease treated sheep erythrocytes followed by native rabbit and sheep erythrocytes, but not to human and chicken red blood cells. Lectins from cyanobacteria and other marine macro-algae are specific for high-mannose which makes them promising candidates for the prevention of transmission of various enveloped viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), Ebola virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (Ziolkowska & Wlodawer, 2006) . Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a mucin-binding agglutinin isolated from the red marine alga Hypnea cervicornis
cord-310867-78cx3o29	2017	
cord-310931-5165078t	2019	
cord-311366-uodq4foi	2019	
cord-311559-vkb7a4cm	2020	
cord-311679-m6poosn3	2020	
cord-312167-d16ylykc	2020	
cord-312194-1jiaghrb	2020	
cord-312332-rwmuucsp	2020	title: The importance of virion-incorporated cellular RNA-Binding Proteins in viral particle assembly and infectivity Different proteomic studies have identified hundreds of cellular factors within the particles of several RNA viruses [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] , many of which are RBPs. Here, we discuss the ''knowns'' and ''unknowns'' of the roles that virion-incorporated cellular RBPs could play in the assembly of viral particles and the early steps of infection in the new host cell. Many ivRBPs such as annexins, heat shock family proteins (HSP), peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA -also cyclophilin A), eukaryotic translation elongation factors (EEF), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (HNRNP) or poly(rC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1), have been linked to infection in multiple ways (Fig. S2) , and here we show that they are incorporated in the particles of several viruses (Table S1B) .
cord-312513-mad9xkz8	2020	
cord-313617-hh7lccet	2020	We collected data on baseline clinical characteristics, laboratory values, HIV infection status, COVID-19 treatment, and outcomes from this group and matched comparators (one PWH to up to five patients by age, sex, race/ethnicity and calendar week of infection). INTERPRETATION: We found no differences in adverse outcomes associated with HIV infection for hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared to a demographically similar patient group. We then compared differences in time to death to assess disease trajectory for hospitalized patients by HIV status by fitting unadjusted cumulative incidence function curves with hospital discharge as a competing risk. [7] To compare cumulative incidence of death by HIV status accounting for potential confounding factors we then fit a multivariable survival model using Fine-Grey competing risk methods, including demographics, COVID-19 severity, comorbid conditions and laboratory values that differed by HIV status.
cord-313729-mydyc68y	2014	BACKGROUND: Possessing every hazard class, the health care sector poses significant health threats to its workforce in both high-resource settings and lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). 5 Although preventing exposure to infectious agents and musculoskeletal injuries resulting from patient lifting have been the primary focus of employee safety programs, the chemical hazards in health care have been more slowly recognized. 10 Bloodborne pathogens, which include viruses capable of causing hepatitis or HIV infections continue to threaten health workers in both high-resource areas and in LMICs. 17 In developing countries, 40% to 65% of hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) infections in health care workers were attributed to percutaneous occupational exposure. 29 The basic occupational health approach to minimizing exposure to any workplace hazard uses a combination of protective industrial hygiene control methods that are applied in a specified order or hierarchy.
cord-314098-1i6c0l3e	2018	Several bat APOBEC3 proteins are antiviral as demonstrated by restriction of retroviral infectivity using HIV-1 as a model, and recombinant A3Z1 subtypes possess strong DNA deaminase activity. In this study, pteropid A3 loci were generated through the step-wise extension of cDNA-mapped gene scaffolds followed by remapping of sequence read archives, supported experimentally by an A3 expression analysis of bat spleen tissue. The antiviral activity of bat A3 proteins was determined by assessing the capacity of representatives of each bat A3 subtype to restrict HIV-1 infectivity in target cells. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy048 MBE Ancient Bat Retroviruses Were Hypermutated by APOBEC3 A3 activity results in C to U lesions in the negative (cDNA) strand, which lead to positive (genomic) strand G to A mutations in endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) within host genomes (Perez-Caballero et al.
cord-314331-7k0oym5i	2020	We implemented a pilot home HIV self-testing program one week after a stay-home order for SARS-CoV2 was enacted in Oregon. In addition, 77% of MSM who use apps wanted social or sexual networking apps to add a feature that would allow them to order an HIV home test from the app. We implemented a pilot home-based HIV testing program to increase access to HIV testing separate from the SARS-CoV2 pandemic; however, its launch coincided with rising SARS-CoV2 cases and the stay-home order in Oregon. One-third of program participants had never tested before, a proportion greater than that found in a prior survey of MSM who use apps and in a trial of home HIV self-testing [9, 10] . Based on the feedback provided by participants, home self-testing appears to ameliorate several barriers to accessing an HIV test. Finally, home HIV testing allowed participants to test without risking exposure to SARS-CoV2 infection in a healthcare setting.
cord-314528-5yq95giq	2015	title: High-Mannose Specific Lectin and Its Recombinants from a Carrageenophyta Kappaphycus alvarezii Represent a Potent Anti-HIV Activity Through High-Affinity Binding to the Viral Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 We previously reported that a high-mannose binding lectin KAA-2 from the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii, which is an economically important species and widely cultivated as a source of carrageenans, had a potent anti-influenza virus activity. They consisted of four internal tandem-repeated domains, which are conserved in high-mannose specific lectins from lower organisms, including a cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii and a red alga Eucheuma serra. alvarezii preferentially recognized high-mannose-type oligosaccharides bearing an exposed α1-3 Man at the nonreducing end in D2 arm and inhibited infection of various influenza virus strains with EC 50 s of low nanomolar levels through direct binding to the viral envelope hemagglutinin protein, which has several high-mannose N-glycans (Sato et al.
cord-314560-rswa5zdn	2006	RNA interference (RNAi), initially recognized as a natural antiviral mechanism in plants, has rapidly emerged as an invaluable tool to suppress gene expression in a sequence-specific manner in all organisms, including mammals. However, in recent years, a new type of genomic immunity mediated by RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged and has sparked intense interest as a potential treatment strategy for a variety of diseases, including viral infections, cancer and degenerative diseases [1] [2] [3] [4] . In RNAi, long double-stranded (ds) RNA generated during viral infection is cleaved by an enzyme termed Dicer into short, 21-23 nucleotide (nt) dsRNA molecules termed small interfering (si)RNAs that mediate sequence-specific gene silencing [5, 6] . A landmark development in the field occurred with the discovery that the introduction of 21-nt-long synthetic RNA resembling the Dicer-processed siRNA into mammalian cells induces sequence-specific gene silencing without evoking the interferon response [10] .
cord-314753-xflhxb13	2017	The percentage of reads mapping to RNA virus genomes in the rRNA-depleted BBV Panel samples was between 40 and 150-fold higher than in corresponding untreated controls. The depth plots in Fig. 3 again show unbiased and even coverages across both genomes, and the percentages of reads mapping to viral targets was again much higher in the rRNA-depleted sample than in the untreated comparator (61-fold and 85-fold for HCV and HPgV respectively). By depleting host-derived nucleic acids and making modifications to an existing library preparation protocol to account for ultra-low RNA input quantities, we have been able to reconstruct effectively full-length genomes of HCV, HEV and HIV from plasma samples with viral loads of 10 4 IU/ml (copies/ml for HIV) and substantial fractions of complete genomes at 10 3 IU/ml. Additionally, our system was able to recover viral sequences from a panel of diverse RNA viruses diluted in human plasma, with a broad correlation between the genomic coverage and depth metrics and approximate concentration.
cord-315687-stgj6olw	2006	To characterize this intra-host SIV diversity, we performed sequence analyses of clonal viral envelope (env) V1V2 and gag p27 variants present in individual SIVsm-infected sooty mangabeys over time. Although phylogenetic analyses of SIV sequences reveal considerable viral genetic diversity between different infected individuals [19] , the magnitude of intra-animal viral diversity, the substrate for selection in cross-species transmission events, has not been studied. The pre-existence of viral env variants in naturally infected SMs that are capable of replicating to high levels in a new host species pointed to the importance of SIVsm diversity in the reservoir host in enabling cross-species transmission. Here we describe extraordinarily high intra-host SIVsm env V1V2 diversity in naturally infected SMs, maintained by its high replication rate and positive selection most likely mediated by antibody responses. The similar levels of viral variation may also indicate that selective forces acting on env V1V2 are comparable in both SIVsm-infected natural mangabey reservoir hosts and in HIV-infected humans.
cord-315918-12rbbe8c	2019	
cord-316273-vo6j8zb0	2011	On the one hand, they acquired a domain to bind to a specific cellular protein, named "receptor." On the other hand, they developed in a different manner, according to the genus of the virus, a function of fusion that allows the destabilization of the membrane and the opening of a pore through which the genetic material will enter the cell. Thus, we need to distinguish cell surface molecules such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans, DC-SIGN, or integrins that can enhance infections by concentrating retroviruses onto cells (Bounou et al., 2002; Geijtenbeek et al., 2000; Jinno-Oue et al., 2001; Mondor et al., 1998; Pohlmann et al., 2001; Saphire et al., 2001) from authentic receptors that induce conformational changes in EnvGP that are a prerequisite for fusion of the viral and cellular membranes.
cord-316534-ep7ezoko	2010	
cord-316789-nb4437qs	2011	Studies in which Drosophila melanogaster individuals carrying transgenes of animal viruses were used to analyze the action of animal viral proteins on the cell are reviewed. At the same time, it is commonly known that in addition to these proteins serving the structural function viral genomes contain genes responsible for finer aspects of interaction with host cells: cell proliferation (in fact, isolation of oncogenes was made on the basis of this property) and cell apoptosis. Drosophila was successfully used to study viral genes and proteins inhibiting programmed death (apoptosis) of host cells. The authors of the work [19] cloned the HIV tat gene in the pCasPeR vector containing the hs promoter capable of heat shock activation of transgene expression in all tissues.
cord-316904-g7dli0a8	1998	Indeed, although wasting is not universally observed in AIDS patients, the wasting syndrome in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive individual is generally utilized to establish the diagnosis of AIDS 1 and is defined by a decrease in body mass greater than 10% in the absence of concomitant opportunistic infections, malignancies, and other identifiable causes of weight loss. 33 It is against this background presentation of the interacting factors contributing to malnutrition and functional impairment in HIVinfected patients-namely anorexia, malabsorption, hypermetabolism, lethargy, and impaired fat and protein metabolism-that the role of cytokines in the AIDS wasting syndrome is discussed in the following sections. In addition to their pleiotropic actions on many body systems, they could potentially contribute to the wasting and cachexia of AIDS by their ability to induce anorexia, alter energy expenditure, increase muscle proteolysis and net protein breakdown, and initiate various abnormalities of lipid metabolism.
cord-317037-1qydcc5e	2020	Virus-infected cells secrete various lipid-bound vesicles, including endosome pathway-derived exosomes and microvesicles/microparticles that are released from the plasma membrane. HIV-infected U1 macrophages upon Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) treatment enhanced the packaging of IL-6 in EVs; IL-8 served as a biomarker for HIV patients with altered immune function due to alcohol and tobacco abuse [20, 116, 117] Host protein APOBEC3G Inhibit replication of viral infectivity factor (vif) -deficient and wild-type HIV-1 in recipient cells [118] miRNA vmiR-88 and vmiR-99 Hepatocytes secreted exosomes participate in virus replication [142] Viral miRNAs HBV-miR-3 Represses viral protein production and HBV replication [143] HTLV-1 Viral proteins gp61, Tax, and HBZ Increase cell-to-cell contact and promote a potential increase in viral spread [144] Zika Viral genetic material and protein RNA and ZIKV-E EVs derived from Infected C6/36 cells promote infection and activation of monocytes with enhanced TNF-α mRNA expression.
cord-317213-vhprfb1o	2016	This review presents an overview on how the POC-associated nanotechnology, currently applied for the identification of nucleic acids, proteins and antibodies, might be further exploited for the detection of infectious pathogens: although still premature, future integrations of nanoparticles with biological markers that target specific microorganisms will enable timely therapeutic intervention against life-threatening infectious diseases. • no tagging is required • about two orders of magnitude more sensitive than some common colorimetric techniques • selectivity down to the level of single-base mismatch • quantitative signal intensity varied with the length of target RNA sequence (Nam et al., 2004) Analyte: nucleotide sequence indicative of anthrax lethal factor Sample size: 30 μl Assay time: 3-4 h Detection range: 500 zM-5 fM Performance:
cord-317277-rr9zue4l	2020	Cell-free viral particles can be released into the extracellular space through different mechanisms, such as: (a) cell lysis induced by viral proteins, as is the case for many non-enveloped viruses such as reoviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses and picornaviruses (Giorda and Hebert, 2013; Hu et al., 2012; Nieva et al., 2012) ; (b) by budding directly from the plasma membrane, where virions acquire their envelope, as is the case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), influenza, paramyxoviruses, and pneumoviruses (Lorizate and Krausslich, 2011; Votteler and Sundquist, 2013; Weissenhorn et al., 2013) ; (c) by exocytosis of intracellularly assembled viral particles, as is the case for bunyaviruses, flaviviruses and coronaviruses (Cifuentes-Munoz et al., 2014; Lorizate and Krausslich, 2011) . An interesting observation made for alphaviruses is that the filopodia-like extensions are not able to transfer cytosolic or plasma membrane components, suggesting they are not openended connections like TNTs. Instead, viral particles are hypothesized to bud into a protected space at the filopodial tip and then rapidly enter the target cell, preventing access of neutralizing antibodies.
cord-317533-xpfqdeqv	2008	Objective To determine the role of HCoV‐NL63 in infants and young children hospitalised with acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) in Cape Town, South Africa. A number of respiratory viruses including influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses, adenovirus and the recently described human metapneumovirus (hMPV) play an important role in acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) in children. In the South African setting, where the prevalence of HIV is high, all infant respiratory samples are routinely screened for CMV as in our setting this virus is a major cause of pneumonia in HIV-infected children. In conclusion these findings suggest that although HCoV-NL63 is circulating in the community it plays a minor role in severe respiratory tract infections in young children who require hospitalisation. A novel pancoronavirus RT-PCR assay: frequent detection of human coronavirus NL63 in children hospitalised with respiratory tract infections in Belgium Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children
cord-317988-1buh1wm0	2020	At follow-up, in the first month of responding to COVID-19, engaging in more social distancing behaviors was related to difficulty accessing food and medications and increased cancelation of health care appointments, both by self and providers. These results suggest social responses to COVID-19 adversely impacted the health care of people living with HIV, supporting continued monitoring to determine the long-term effects of co-occurring HIV and COVID-19 pandemics. 15 High prevalence of substance use and co-occurring underlying health conditions have the potential to amplify the severity of COVID-19 in people living with HIV. 43 Although people with HIV will recognize their increased risks due to an immune suppressive condition, the added burden of smoking and other substance use, as well as underlying conditions common to HIV infection, have not been included in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports of severe case outcomes and have not been included in public health messaging.
cord-317990-61is0hgm	2020	have recently noted, the spread of medical mistrust and public health misinformation evident in the current COVID-19 pandemic mirrors long-standing challenges in the HIV epidemic [1] . Accordingly, we can take lessons learned from the HIV epidemic about the spread of public health information and its effects on behavior change apply them to the current pandemic. This Note focuses on social networks and the popular opinion leader model, which may be key in disseminating trusted information about COVID-19 in a rapidly changing public health landscape. Yet, engaging trusted community leaders and social influencers to disseminate accurate public health information may help overcome these challenges to address inequities reduce COVID-19 stigma, and strengthen norms that contribute to sustained behavior change (e.g. social distancing, mask wearing, hand washing). Aligned with social distancing guidelines for COVID-19 prevention, we are using online social networks as an efficient and effective way to disseminate accurate information and influence community norms and behaviors [36] .
cord-318272-spt0oea0	2020	''Nanovaccines'' have been explored to elicit a strong immune response with the advantages of nano-sized range, high antigen loading, enhanced immunogenicity, controlled antigen presentation, more retention in lymph nodes and promote patient compliance by a lower frequency of dosing. The role of different nanovaccines in activating various arms of immunity with an intent to abate the use of frequent booster doses as vaccines for tuberculosis, malaria, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), influenza, and cancer are discussed. Polyanhydride-based nanoparticles encapsulating F1-V antigen when administered intranasally induced an immune response that persisted for 23 weeks and elicited a high anti-F1-V IgG1 antibody response post-vaccination and conferred long-lived protective immunity against Yersinia pestis infections compared to recombinant F1-V antigen [47] . Another interesting strategy for developing personalized biomimetic cancer nanovaccines is the use of cancer cell membrane coated virus for increased adjuvanticity, infectivity and oncolytic activities to generate a strong anti-tumor immune response.
cord-318363-1mv5j4w2	2020	Additional risk factors for the development or exacerbation of PTSD symptoms include a prior history of trauma or mental health disturbances, depressed or anxious mood, significant concurrent life stressors (e.g., financial problems, job loss, relationship stress), low social connectedness or support, sleep disturbance, substance use, and emotional numbing or detachment (Colvonen, Straus, Acheson, & Gehrman, 2019; Cusack et al., 2019; Germain, McKeon, & Campbell, 2017; Hancock & Bryant, 2018; Shalev et al., 2019; Steenkamp et al., 2017; Vujanovic & Back, 2019) . That is, a specific type of individual difference factor like anxiety sensitivity is linked to a particular type of problem (e.g., anxiety disorder, worsening of a chronic respiratory illness, severity of hazardous drinking) via a specified mediating process (e.g., smoking, sleep disruption) in the context of certain moderating variables (e.g., higher levels of COVID-19 stress burden).
cord-318570-wj7r6953	2020	If active infection is confirmed, subsequent blood tests are performed to determine the stage of disease and need for treatment, including a hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantitative DNA level or viral load, a hepatitis B eAg and eAb assay and liver function tests to determine whether an elevated aminotransferase (ALT) indicative of liver inflammation or other signs of impaired liver function are present. POCs usually require small amounts of body fluids (for example, a finger-prick blood sample or oral swab), short turn-around time, and are generally easy to use with minimal required training and therefore can be provided to people in a variety of community and outreach settings by a broad range of trained workers [22] and are scalable to rapidly reach large populations as has been seen with the highly successful Egyptian national hepatitis C screening program [23] .
cord-318587-ewvnkdr2	2020	We evaluated the suitability of EBOV GP pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to measure the neutralising ability of plasma from EVD survivors, when compared to results from a live EBOV neutralisation assay. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of EBOV GP pseudotyped HIV-1 and VSV systems to measure neutralisation by EVD survivor plasma, in comparison with results from a live EBOV neutralisation assay. To determine the optimal pseudotyped virus input to use in the HIV-and VSV-based assays, neutralisation of different amounts of the EBOV GP pseudotyped viruses by plasma from a Guinean EVD survivor donor or human anti-EBOV GP mAb KZ52 was assessed. When IC 50 values of EBOV GP pseudotyped HIV-1 neutralisation of the 30 EVD survivor and 10 negative plasma samples were compared with GMT values for the live EBOV neutralisation assay, a positive correlation (r s = 0.54) was determined using the nonparametric Spearman correlation coefficient (Fig. 5a) and this was statistically significant (p = 0.0004).
cord-318591-ssnlfjap	2020	
cord-319002-xmsfkaoc	2014	Studies in populations other than in Europe and the US have confirmed the importance of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected individuals, with recent work in Taiwan showing this to be the most common respiratory complication of HIV infection in those with CD4 counts above 200 cells/μL [9] . This may be due to the high levels of immunocompromise in this population despite the availability of ART, although an increase in invasive pneumococcal disease was found amongst women in that study, suggesting that general uptake of the childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV; which now forms part of the childhood immunization schedule in South Africa) may be particularly effective at reducing rates of invasive pneumococcal disease amongst HIV-infected adults in this community. Several interventions can be made that have been shown to reduce this risk; these include: the use of ART and achievement of an undetectable plasma HIV load, smoking cessation, and the uptake of the pneumococcal and influenza immunizations, which international guidelines recommend for HIV-infected individuals.
cord-319043-hczwgf6o	2012	We hypothesized that by minimizing the affinity of the peptides to the viral fusion site (using short fragments from the core); we would mainly identify the contribution of the conjugated lipid moiety to antiviral activity. This exclusive inhibitory activity of sphinganine-based peptides (sphingopeptides) was further observed in a wider spectrum of viral entry systems, consisting of different HIV strains (wildtype HXB2 and LAI) and different target cells (TZM-bl reporter cells and Jurkat T cells), as well as in cell-cell fusion assay (Fig. 2) . Thus, we hypothesized that its dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine) backbone may penetrate into the site of membrane fusion mediated by the HIV Env. To investigate this, we conjugated sphinganine as well as other lipids to short, otherwise inert, peptides from the HIV-1 Env core and their antiviral activities were investigated in several types of HIV-1 infection assays.
cord-319116-2ts6zpdb	2018	Since the number of reports describing the presence of G4s in virus genomes has boomed in the past 2 years and treatment with several G4 ligands has shown potentially interesting therapeutic activity, we here aim at presenting, organizing and discussing an up-to-date close-up of the literature on G4s in viruses and the classes of molecules that have shown antiviral activity by viral G4 targeting. The research of G4s in the HIV-1 genome has been quite productive, concerning not only the two RNA viral genome copies, but also the integrated proviral genome, specifically For each virus the following information is shown: virion structure and dimension, genome size and organization; schematic representation of the G4 (red dots) location in the viral genomes or in the mRNA and G4 binding proteins; number of G4s assessed through bioinformatics analysis, according to the corresponding references; G4 ligands reported to date to display antiviral effect and corresponding references.
cord-319263-g49jma8n	2020	title: Physical Distancing in COVID-19 May Exacerbate Experiences of Social Isolation among People Living with HIV We have discussed that people living with HIV (PLHIV) are at greater risk of experiencing social isolation [13] . Therefore, due to the various shelter-in-place and physical distancing measures, it is likely that this disease is resulting in more social isolation, and in greater severity, than previously experienced among PLHIV. Among participants with poor self-rated physical health, of whom 42% are living with HIV, 87% experienced loneliness. This study provides further support for the notion that social isolation and loneliness can have a tangible impact on the health of an individual. Therefore, it is necessary to also focus on evaluating mental health of PLHIV, during and after the COVID-19 control measures, to better understand and address loneliness in this population.
cord-319354-jbain7n6	2019	For example, lectins from Bryothamnion triquetrum (BTL) and Bryothamnion seaforthii (BSL) have been used to differentiate human colon carcinoma cell variants, 10 while the algal (cyanobacterial) lectin cyanovirin-N (CV-N) shows not only potent antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2, but also against influenza virus and Ebola virus. Given the potent anti-HIV activity of several lectins, and their pronounced effect on syncytium formation in SupT1-HUT-78/HIV-1 co-cultures, the binding of the lectins to the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 and the cellular CD4 receptor was investigated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology. The leguminous lectins (DLasiL, DSclerL, ConBr, ConM) appeared to show higher binding to the three glycoproteins than the algal (SfL, HML) lectins (Table S1 †) . Thus, these and other lectins might act as antiviral compounds efficiently preventing viral entry into the host cells, which generally occurs through specific interactions of the lectins with glycans exposed on the gp120 (and gp41) glycoproteins (in the case of HIV) of the virus surface.
cord-319609-y0gdjn64	2010	
cord-320116-63yvpuqx	2019	Immunization with a multimerized version of this anti-idiotype induced the proliferation of transgenic murine B cells expressing the iglb12 heavy chain in vivo, despite the presence of deletion and anergy within this population. Using anti-idiotypes specific for the inferred germline version of b12 (iglb12) as baits for single B cell sorting, we identified a subset of human germline BCRs using V H 1-3 with some heavy chain CDRH3 similarity to iglb12. Identification of iglb12-like BCRs using anti-iglb12 idiotypes We next assessed whether the anti-iglb12 idiotypes could be used to identify B cells expressing iglb12-like BCRs from within the polyclonal human B cell repertoire of HIV-uninfected individuals using single B cell sorting followed by RT-PCR amplification and sequencing of heavy and light chain genes. To our knowledge, this study represents the first time antiidiotypes have been used to identify and analyze naive B cells expressing BCRs with similarities to the inferred germline sequence of a broadly neutralizing HIV-1-specific antibody.
cord-320156-xs936r6u	2014	OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of WUPyV and KIPyV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) hospitalization in HIV-infected and -uninfected children; and probe the role of pneumococcal co-infection. Co-infections with other respiratory-viruses were detected in 65.5% of WUPyV-positive LRTIs and in 75.0% of KIPyV-positive LRTIs. Among HIV-uninfected children, there was a lower incidence of hospitalization for clinical pneumonia episodes in which KIPyV (80%; 95% CI: 41, 93) and WUPyV (49%; 95% CI: 9, 71) were identified among PCV9-recipients compared to placebo-recipients. The aim of this study was to determine the burden and clinical features of WUPyV and KIPyV infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children hospitalized for LRTIs. Furthermore, as an exploratory analysis we used the design of a RCT of a 9-valent PCV (PCV9) to probe whether pneumococcal co-infection may contribute to hospitalization for PyV-associated pneumonia.
cord-320832-q1oojklw	2020	
cord-321773-5fw9abzl	2018	Given the crucial roles of DDX5 in RNA biology, several RNA viruses were found to interact with the protein to promote viral replication (Table 1) , including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) [16] , human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) [17] , hepatitis C virus (HCV) [18] , Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) [19] , porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) [20] , and influenza virus [21] . There are several studies that focus on specific inhibitors or drugs of the host DEAD-box helicase to inhibit virus replication or treat cancers [65] [66] [67] , but it remains to be determined whether small molecular inhibitors of the interaction between DDX5 and Rev can be found. The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX5 acts as a positive regulator of Japanese encephalitis virus replication by binding to viral 3 UTR The DEAD-box RNA helicase 5 positively regulates the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by interacting with viral Nsp9 in vitro
cord-322256-mv9ll0h4	2020	We reflect on how this relates to (1) testing, including contact tracing; (2) health system redesign; (3) telehealth; (4) health disparities; (5) political denial, with inadequate and uncoordinated governmental response; (6) occupational exposure; and (7) complex reactions among healthcare providers. Experiences with HIV and partner services has taught us the critical role of public health collaboration to promote contact tracing to ensure that individuals who have been exposed to an infectious disease receive appropriate counseling, testing, and treatment [2] . The differences in routes of transmission render COVID-19 many fold more dangerous than HIV in the health care setting and mandates the need for ensuring adequate PPE for healthcare workers and others providing care for individuals exposed by aerosols and contact with patients with COVID-19 and cannot be overstated.
cord-322503-fynprt6f	2020	Our aim was to perform pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic correlations by comparing simulated free plasma and lung concentration values achieved using different dosing regimens of lopinavir/ritonavir with EC(50,unbound) and EC(90,unbound) values of lopinavir against SARS‐CoV‐2. To address this possibility, we utilized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to simulate the unbound lung concentration of lopinavir achieved by 400/100 mg twice daily dose of lopinavir/ritonavir in both Caucasians and Chinese populations. 14, 15 Therefore, we derived unbound EC 50 (EC 50,unbound ) values against SARS-CoV-2 from various literature reports and compared it against the predicted C u,lung values to determine if clinically used doses of 400/100 mg twice a day would reach efficacious lung concentrations in Caucasian and Chinese populations. The impact of protein binding on PK/PD assessments were then assessed by comparing the predicted total and unbound lung concentrations of 400/100 mg twice daily lopinavir/ritonavir with EC 50 and EC 50,unbound values of lopinavir against SARS-CoV-2 respectively.
cord-322581-v96k4yxg	2011	Summary The aim of this study is to describe the impact of an education intervention programme on nurses'' willingness to care for HIV-positive people in Lithuania. The MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, ERIC databases, and Lithuanian AIDS Centre were searched for relevant English-language citations between 2000 and 2010 using the following search terms: education intervention, HIV, Lithuania, nurse, and willingness to take care. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of an intervention programme on nurses'' willingness to take care of HIV-positive people in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to ascertain what kind of impact the intervention has on nurses'' willingness to take care of HIV-positive people or those with AIDS in Lithuania.
cord-322915-zrjx31ev	2009	Evidence of the importance of natural products in the discovery of leads for the development of drugs for the treatment of human diseases is provided by the fact that close to half of the best selling pharmaceuticals in 1991 were either natural products or their derivatives. In addition to the antibiotic-resistance problem, new families of anti-infective compounds are needed to enter the marketplace at regular intervals to tackle the new diseases caused by evolving pathogens. 28 Among the novel class of antimicrobial agents used in treating resistance to Gram-positive infections, we can also mention the cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin produced by Streptomyces roseosporus. 44 Other applications include antitumor drugs, enzyme inhibitors, gastrointestinal motor stimulator agents, hypocholesterolemic drugs, ruminant growth stimulants, insecticides, herbicides, coccidiostats, antiparasitics vs coccidia, helminths and other pharmacological activities. Considering that animal health research and the development of new anti-infective product discovery have decreased, the discovery of new antibiotics has decreased over the past 15 years, with few new drug approvals.
cord-323261-1of5ertf	2018	Considering the low priority of health policies since the economic reform, the limitation of the "third sector" activity permitted in authoritarian China, together with the political sensitivity of the HIV/AIDS problem in the country, this article aims to explain the proliferation of HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs in China with the usage of the securitization framework in the field of international relations (IR). Based on the discourse analysis of the official documents and newspaper articles, it is argued that Chinese national leaders followed suit the international move (i.e. UNSC Resolution 1308) to securitize HIV/AIDS in the country, framing HIV/ AIDS as a threat with social, political, economic, and security implications. Along with the weakening of international securitization efforts and the rise of Chinese government''s involvement in managing NGOs in the post-Global Fund era, the continuous proliferation of NGOs is further complicated by the fragmented nature of HIV/AIDS-focused civil society groups in China.
cord-324034-6cmztvyf	2020	
cord-324056-cvvyf3cb	2011	Owing to the increasing recognition that health is fundamental to the broader UN goals of fostering the international rule of law, global security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and world peace, health issues have now taken a more prominent place than they had in the United Nation''s first 50 years. GAVI also supports innovative financing Box 3 The goals and targets of the US government global health initiative HIV/AIDS: The US President''s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief will: (1) support the prevention of more than 12 million new HIV infections; (2) provide direct support for more than 4 million people on treatment; and (3) support care for more than 12 million people, including 5 million orphans and vulnerable children. Reflecting the emergence of the new era in global health governance, in 1998 the Rockefeller Foundation established an initiative to create innovative new public-private partnerships, including the Medicines for Malaria Venture, the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, and the International Partnership on Microbicides.
cord-324137-nau83mjv	2018	Several reports convincingly demonstrate antimicrobial activity of quadruplex-binding ligands against clinically challenging pathogens, including HIV-1, HCV, Ebola virus, Plasmodium falciparum, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An earlier study reports that, following concatemeric replication of HHV-1, the cleavage of unit length genomes and their encapsidation is achieved by the binding of virus proteins to a DNA secondary structure formed by a DNA packaging sequence (pac-1) [50] . G4s have been shown to inhibit the transcription or translation of structural and nonstructural proteins in viruses, deleteriously affecting the virus loads and their pathogenicity; the stabilization of these quadruplexes with ligands has been investigated as a potential mechanism for targeting viruses. Negative regulation of virus transcription, translation or replication by quadruplex motifs in virus genomes forms the basis of using G4-binding ligands as antiviral agents. G-quadruplex forming structural motifs in the genome of Deinococcus radiodurans and their regulatory roles in promoter functions
cord-324690-82qsirnk	2020	Over the past decade, three different vaccine approaches have been implemented, possible correlates of protection identified, and two have moved through clinical evaluation to advanced clinical trials. Analysis of the correlates of protection seen in the non-human primate studies point to qualitatively different responses than those observed in RV144, and the trials are evaluating in silico designed immunogens to present the most globally conserved HIV sequences to trigger quantitatively superior CD8 + T cell responses [8, 9] . The Antibody Mediated Protection (AMP) trials are currently evaluating VRC01, the CD4 binding site targeted bNAb, to determine the ability of this single antibody to prevent HIV infection in women in Southern Africa and MSM and transgender persons in the Americas [13] . The authors thank the trial participants, community members, activists and researchers who have so willingly participated in the challenging work of HIV vaccine discovery and development.
cord-324829-0nz0qioh	2017	
cord-324984-ojrpsdt9	2020	
cord-325300-wawui0fd	2000	No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings.
cord-325936-rwxg187r	2020	To minimize risk to participants, live SARS-CoV-2 vaccine challenge trials would need to recruit participants who, in the-likely-event of infection, would remain at relatively low fatality risk. Shortly after HIV sterilizing cure trials transplanted allogenic stem cell in participants, with well over a thousand times the fatal risk of SARS-Cov-2 infection in healthy young participants [17, 18] , AIDS activist David Evans interviewed the participants of these risky trials and concluded, "We should recognize their great capacity to understand the risks they may confront as research participants and, after a careful ethical and scientific review, respect the motivations of those who decide that the benefits of knowing that their contributions may help others outweighs the risks" [19] . That is not the case for COVID-19, which means that adequately communicating about and assessing potential risks and benefits of participating in a challenge study and ensuring appropriate informed consent may be impossible.
cord-326558-6tss9ydx	2019	CONCLUSIONS: In this work, we presented VirBin, a new contig binning tool for distinguishing contigs from different viral haplotypes with high sequence similarity. These methods usually estimate the bin number by aligning metagenomic data to a pre-established marker gene database, and then assign assembled contigs to different bins using sequence composition information and read coverage levels. We evaluate the haplotype number estimation and clustering performance of VirBin on both simulated and mock HIV quasispecies sequencing data. It uses bowtie2 to map reads to a set of universal genes and infers the within-species strains abundances by Fig. 3 The recall and precision of contig binning results by MaxBin. X-axis represents each haplotype, in decreasing order of relative abundance. Although abundance-based clustering has been used for contig binning from multiple samples [15, 19] , existing tools are not designed Fig. 7 The pipeline of VirBin to tackle key challenges of distinguishing contigs of different haplotypes.
cord-326642-kc85pev4	2015	title: Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009–2014 After adjusting for age, HIV serostatus, and respiratory viral coinfection, the attributable fraction for PIV was 65.6% (95% CI [confidence interval], 47.1–77.7); PIV contributed to SARI among HIV-infected and -uninfected children <5 years of age and among individuals infected with PIV types 1 and 3. Parainfluenza virus causes substantial severe respiratory disease in South Africa among children <5 years of age, especially those that are infected with HIV. In this study, we aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HIV-infected and -uninfected children and adults hospitalized with PIV-associated pneumonia in South Africa. Parainfluenza virus is associated with a significant amount of severe respiratory disease in South Africa among children <5 years of age, especially those that are infected with HIV.
cord-326725-0jgw083h	2013	These measures include selection of donors, screening of donations and plasma pools for markers of infection with known viruses, and a manufacturing process with a high capacity to inactivate and/or remove viruses by selected steps validated for their virus reduction capacity. [7] [8] [9] Although screening for viral markers by serology and virus nucleic acid by nucleic acid testing (NAT) ensures that nearly all plasma units entering production are free of HBV, HCV, and HIV, inactivation and removal steps are necessary to reduce any viruses that may enter the plasma pool during a "window period" before markers can be detected. 46 Although B19V was reduced by dry heat in validation studies, the reduction factor may not be sufficient for complete inactivation of the virus load in the final product; asymptomatic B19V infection was detected in a patient who received FVIII concentrate treated at 80°C for 72 hours.
cord-326744-eled2tgo	2020	28 Attributing racial disparities to underlying conditions implicitly blames communities of color for COVID-19 disparities due to poor health decisions; but there is ample literature showing how social determinants contribute to worse health outcomes in communities of color, 29 including well-cited HIV research studies of youth, gay men, and PWID, which show that HIV disparities persist in black communities despite similar or fewer behavioral risks than whites. A CDC demonstration project that scaled up HIV testing efforts in black and Latino communities in the District of Columbia dramatically reduced the proportion of concurrent AIDS diagnoses at first positive test; 46 and encouraging data from a recent study 35 show shifts in COVID-19 testing from wealthier and white neighborhoods to poorer and more diverse neighborhoods in cities initially hit by the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-326833-boxgt4kb	2020	
cord-327135-4c2flue4	2016	Interferon (IFN) lambda (IFN-λ or type III IFN) gene polymorphisms were discovered in the year 2009 to have a strong association with spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in human hosts. Three independent groups conducted genome-wide association studies (GWASs) involving treatment response to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, in three different geographical regions of the world, and reported that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFNL locus (Figure 1 ), had strong association with treatment-induced HCV clearance irrespective of ethnicity and geographical location of the hosts. 49 In stark contrast, a dominant model of inheritance (of the non-beneficial IFNL SNP minor allele) has consistently given the best explanation on the observed phenotypes in association studies with both spontaneous clearance and IFN-based treatment response in chronic HCV infections.
cord-327324-4c4a4bfz	2020	title: Tuberculosis and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: an inflammatory danger signal in the time of COVID-19 Active tuberculosis has a transcriptomic signature dominated by a neutrophil-driven type 1 and 2 interferoninducible gene profile. The exaggerated inflammation that characterizes HIV-tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is triggered by Toll-like receptor and inflammasome signalling [14] . Male sex and diabetes have been identified in virtually every study as risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection, associated in the largest study to date with an adjusted hazard ratio for in-hospital death of 1.99 (male sex) and 1.50 for controlled (HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol) and 2.36 for uncontrolled DM [18] . Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies HIV-tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is characterized by Toll-like receptor and inflammasome signalling Complement pathway gene activation and rising circulating immune complexes characterize early disease in HIV-associated tuberculosis
cord-327461-ohgkgvry	2020	title: Monetary incentives and peer referral in promoting digital network-based secondary distribution of HIV self-testing among men who have sex with men in China: study protocol for a three-arm randomized controlled trial Digital network-based secondary distribution is considered as an effective model to enhance HIV self-testing (HIVST) among key populations. We describe a three-arm randomized controlled trial to examine the effect of monetary incentives and peer referral in promoting digital network-based secondary distribution of HIVST among MSM in China. Our trial aims to enable more Chinese MSM to receive HIV self-testing, reach more first-time HIV testing alters, and identify more people with an HIV-positive (reactive) result by implementing the photo-verified HIV self-testing method under different scenarios, i.e., standard secondary distribution, secondary distribution with monetary incentives and secondary distribution with monetary incentives plus peer-referral links. Hypothesis 2: Compared with standard secondary distribution, secondary distribution with monetary incentives plus peer referral will promote index MSM to distribute more HIVST kits to people within their social network.
cord-328287-3qgzulgj	2014	Then based on the gene expression, PPI and signalling pathways data, we investigate the comorbidity association of these 2 infective pathologies with other 7 diseases (heart failure, kidney disorder, breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, bone diseases, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes). The differential gene expression profiling strongly suggests that the response of SARS affected patients seems to be mainly an innate inflammatory response and statistically dysregulates a large number of genes, pathways and PPIs subnetworks in different pathologies such as chronic heart failure (21 genes), breast cancer (16 genes) and bone diseases (11 genes). To observe the association of SARS and HIV infections with other 7 important diseases (chronic heart failure, kidney disorders, breast cancer, parkinson, osteoporosis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes), we have collected mRNA microarray raw data associated with each disease from the Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) accession numbers are GSE9006, GSE9128, GSE15072, GSE7158, GSE8977 and GSE7621 [59] .
cord-329223-f84gjxm1	2011	In contrast to several other antiviral lectins however, GRFT treatment induces only minimal changes in secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by epithelial cells or human PBMC, has no measureable effect on cell viability and does not significantly upregulate markers of T-cell activation. When freshly-isolated PBMC were pre-incubated for 24 hrs with GRFT at various concentrations, washed and then infected with HIV-1 R5 strain BaL (without adding new compound), GRFT inhibited viral replication for 9 days of cell culture (Fig. 2) . In addition, the numbers of CD4 2 /CD25 + cells were elevated when PBMC were cultured in presence of PHA or ConA compared to their PBS and GRFT counterpart (Fig. 6 , left panel and data not shown). The heat map shown in Fig. 9A indicates that cells exposed for 24 hours to GRFT Lec-(1 and 8 mM), and low concentrations of GRFT (0.1 mM ) and CV-N (0.05 mM) showed comparable gene expression profiles to those that were incubated in presence of PBS alone.
cord-329361-0mpbau1b	2012	Inside eukaryotic cells, small RNA duplexes, called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), activate a conserved RNA interference (RNAi) pathway which leads to specific degradation of complementary target mRNAs through base-pairing recognition. The practical use of RNAi therapy for HIV infection will depend on overcoming several challenges, including the ability to establish long-term expression of siRNA without off-target effects and the capacity to counteract mutant escape viruses. [4] Hence, in plants and Drosophila, when a cell they have sequence specificity for silencing mRNAs, these small is infected by a virus, an RNAi response is triggered by the foreign RNAs potentially represent a future class of antiviral drugs. [42] silencing of viral RNA and transient suppression of HIV replicaobserved that an siRNA targeted to nef rapidly elicited the emertion over a period of 3 to 4 days in single round infection of gence of siRNA-resistant viruses with point mutations in the nef cultured cells have been achieved.
cord-329396-cl28bjnd	2020	In our prior bio-behavioral research conducted with MSM with treated HIV infection who use meth, those who provided a urine sample that was reactive for stimulants (i.e., meth or cocaine) displayed differential expression of genes and 2-directional perturbation of pathways relevant to systemic immune activation and inflammation [25] . The clinical relevance of these findings is supported by the fact that markers of systemic immune activation and inflammation are implicated in multiple, chronic medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV, which have been identified as key risk factors for COVID-19 progression [28, 29] . Smoking is a prevalent mode of administration for meth and crack-cocaine that could enhance local immune dysregulation in the lungs and modify the expression of ACE-2 receptors to increase vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression. Further clinical research is needed to characterize the psychiatric consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and test novel mHealth approaches to improve adherence to social distancing guidelines in MSM who use meth and other stimulants.
cord-329482-haenltxn	2020	According to the World Bank, almost 24 million fewer people will escape poverty in East Asia and the Pacific because of the financial impact of COVID-19 in 2020 [9] . Among the LMICs in sub-Saharan Africa, COVID-19 could push these countries farther into a spiral of poverty, ravaging their already tenuous health systems [2, 5] . During the HIV outbreak, a significant limited reproductive health care and family planning services were available to women. According to the United Nations, an unrelated crisis impacting women worldwide are the spikes in domestic violence due to COVID-19 lockdowns [7] . Additionally, women who are transgender and are living with HIV are disproportionately impacted by intimate partner violence [24] , stay at home COVID-19 orders could exacerbate their wellbeing. A pandemic of the poor: social disadvantage and the U.S. HIV epidemic Gender-Based Violence Increases Risk of HIV/AIDS for Women in Sub-Saharan Africa -Population Reference Bureau
cord-329890-wg23sa1u	2007	Abstract A comparative analysis of the 2002–2003 infectious disease outbreak, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the HIV/AIDS epidemic that has affected the world over the past two decades reveals the significant role of socio-cultural beliefs and attitudes in the shaping of people''s lifestyles and approaches to the control and prevention of epidemics. The second assumption is that in contrast to SARS, the overall negative public ''image'' of HIV/AIDS as a disease associated with particular types of individuals tends to weaken people''s perception of susceptibility and, correspondingly, tends to discourage public support for robust preventive efforts at the community level. The second assumption to be explored here is that in contrast to SARS, the overall negative social ''image'' of HIV/AIDS as a disease associated with particular types of individuals tends to weaken people''s perception of susceptibility and, correspondingly, tends to discourage public support for robust preventive efforts at the community level.
cord-330465-16j5vm7h	2020	The aim of this study was the synthesis and evaluation of in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity for phosphate derivatives of 3-carboxyacylbetulin 3–5 as well as an in silico study of new compounds as potential ligands of the C-terminal domain of the HIV-1 capsid–spacer peptide 1 (CA-CTD-SP1) as a molecular target of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. In vitro studies showed that 28-diethoxyphosphoryl-3-O-(3′,3′-dimethylsuccinyl)betulin (compound 3), the phosphate analog of bevirimat (betulinic acid derivative, HIV-1 maturation inhibitor), has IC(50) (half maximal inhibitory concentration) equal to 0.02 μM. In order to check the potential toxic properties of the compounds 3-5, docking study of phosphate betulin derivatives to cellular proteins was carried out. According to the results of docking (Table S1 ) obtained from AutoDock Vina, four potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors (BVM, betulinic acid, and compounds 4 and 6) were selected based on a lower negative dock energy value.
cord-330581-g5r2b043	2007	C. AP-1 protein family profiling for DNA-binding activity of an ELISA-based transcription factor assay kit using nuclear extracts (4 mg per sample) from human monocytes cultured for 1 h in the presence or absence of p17-and AP-1-specific oligonucleotides immobilized to a 96-well plate. Due to the large number of primary monocytes required for the analysis of transcription factor DNA-binding activity in protein nuclear extracts, we further investigated the involvement of AP-1 transcription factor in p17-induced MCP-1 transcriptional events using the monocytic cell line THP-1, which constitutively expresses p17Rs on its surface (data not shown). Among these, the HIV-1 matrix protein p17 has been recently identified as a critical determinant in AIDS pathogenesis as it binds to a cellular receptor expressed on immune cells and enhances viral replication and infectivity (De Francesco et al., 1998) , through a combination of different effector functions (De Francesco et al., 2002; Vitale et al., 2003) .
cord-330698-9t24jo8s	2012	Finally, endogenous retrovirus and retrotransposon elements deposited in our genomes millions of years ago can be released from cells within microvesicles, suggestive of a viral origin of the microvesicle system or perhaps of an evolutionary conserved system of virus-vesicle codependence. Microvesicles released by infected cells contain specific components of the cell and the virus, many of which facilitate the ability of virions to persist in a hostile antiviral immune environment [44, 55, 56, 58] . During HSV-1 infection the release of microvesicles, formerly known as L-particles containing viral tegument proteins and glycoproteins, can prime surrounding cells for productive infection and reduce immune rejection [48] [49] [50] . In the case of the human CMV, microvesicles released by infected cells present the C-type lectin family molecule expressed on dendritic cells-used in capture and internalization of pathogens-in complex with the CMV glycoprotein B. Also, the convergence of these pathways may explain the observations of virus-like particles, which can be exosomes or shed microvesicles containing viral proteins or nucleic acids.
cord-330800-s91zfzfi	2020	e nucleic acid amplification tests are very popular in the diagnosis of viral infections caused by several viruses, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), dengue virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), influenza viruses, Zika virus (ZIKV), Ebola virus, and coronavirus [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] . Owing to high sensitivity and specificity, short turnaround time for results, and ease of performance [33, 61] , most laboratories across the globe employ real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of medical DNA and RNA viruses in clinical specimens. For example, Co-Diagnostics (Salt Lake City, USA) has developed real-time RT-PCR kit (Logix Smart COVID-19 test) for qualitative detection of nucleic acid from the SARS-CoV-2 in lower respiratory samples (e.g., bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, and tracheal aspirate) and upper respiratory specimens (e.g., oropharyngeal swabs, nasal swabs, and nasopharyngeal swabs). LAMP is another isothermal nucleic acid amplification method that is extensively utilized for sensitive, specific, rapid, and cost-effective detection of both DNA and RNA viruses in human specimens.
cord-330852-n7j0c4ne	2012	By adding data from functional studies like Cys scanning and electrophysiological measurements as mentioned as well as computational modeling data (Sansom and Kerr, 1993; Sansom et al., 1997; Zhong et al., 1998) , an approximate structural model of the tetrameric assembly of the TMDs of M2 with the histidines and tryptophans as important pore lining residues has been generated. Amiloride derivatives block ion channel activity and enhancement of virus-like particle budding caused by HIV-1 protein Vpu Backbone structure of the amantadine-blocked trans-membrane domain M2 protein channel from influenza A virus Molecular dynamics investigation of membrane-bound bundles of the channel-forming transmembrane domain of viral protein U from the Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV-1 Influenza B virus BM2 protein has ion channel activity that conducts protons across membranes Three-dimensional structure of the channel-forming trans-membrane domain of virus protein "u" (Vpu) from HIV-1
cord-330970-6kkqoh7f	2009	
cord-331289-02411gfv	2015	In general, clinicians assess the level of risk associated with the use of blood/ plasma-derived products by evaluating factors such as patient characteristics (e.g. age, immune status, geographical location, lifestyle) and the nature of the pathogen (e.g. physical characteristics, level of virulence, chronicity of infection, prevalence). Current donor selection and screening practices have improved our ability to detect or reduce the presence of pathogens in blood/plasma-derived products; for example, the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI) with HIV/HBV/HCV has fallen to near or less than 1 per million transfused units [14, 15] . Since TTV is often detected in healthy individuals and is not associated with any particular disease, routine screening for this virus is not considered to be necessary; even a test with excellent sensitivity/specificity would not contribute to increase the level of safety of blood/plasma-derived products with regard to TTV.
cord-331673-xv1tcugl	2020	
cord-331879-w7008uyy	2020	However, the conditions faced by specific populations vary according to social, structural and environmental factors, including stigma and discrimination, criminalization, social and economic safety nets and the local epidemiology of HIV and COVID‐19, which determine risk of exposure and vulnerability to adverse health outcomes, as well as the ability to comply with measures such as physical distancing. Significant heterogeneity in the COVID‐19 pandemic, the underlying HIV epidemic and the ability of key populations to protect themselves means that people who inject drugs and sex workers face particular challenges, including indirect impacts as a result of police targeting, loss of income and sometimes both. Global networks, including the International Network of People who use Drugs (INPUD), the Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP), the Global Network of People Living with HIV (GNP+) and MPact Global Action for Gay Men''s Health and Rights have issued statements calling for urgent action to protect their communities and to address population-specific needs for prevention, care and treatment [9,18-20].
cord-332093-iluqwwxs	2016	
cord-332396-nattdect	2020	
cord-332569-af8oq2d6	2017	
cord-332588-k4tghibp	2020	
cord-332610-t99l3zii	2008	The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in ''epidemiologic history''a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response.
cord-333405-ji58jbct	2004	Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections.
cord-333622-0ddutmdd	2008	title: Mechanisms of HIV non-progression; robust and sustained CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses to p24 antigen correlate with control of viraemia and lack of disease progression after long-term transfusion-acquired HIV-1 infection Early studies on this cohort of TAHIV patients led to the identification of the Sydney Blood Bank Cohort (SBBC) of long-term survivors [8] , and that an attenuated nef-deleted strain of HIV-1, transmitted from a single donor resulted in slow to non-progression in these individuals [9] . In addition to the well described host genetic factors which may prolong non-progression [7] , recent studies have suggested an influence from innate immune mechanisms, including polymorphisms that decrease TLR function thereby reducing immune activation upon exposure to infections diseases [18] , or the FcγRIIA polymorphism (R/R) which is strongly associated with progressive HIV disease as a result of impaired elimination of HIV immune complexes [19] .
cord-333655-lylt7qld	2013	In sum, it appears that the dimeric lectin galectin-1 can enhance HIV-1 infection efficiency by cross-linking viral and host cell glycans and thereby promoting firmer adhesion of the virus to the target cell surface and facilitating virus-receptor interactions (Ouellet et al., 2005; Mercier et al., 2008; St-Pierre et al., 2011; Sato et al., 2012) . As has been shown for IAV, acquisition or deletion of glycosylation sites may affect crucial steps in the viral infection/replication process (e.g. receptor binding, fusion, release of newly formed virions) (Ohuchi et al., 1997; Wagner et al., 2000; Tsuchiya et al., 2002; Kim & Park, 2012) , alter the capacity of the virus to avoid induction of/recognition by virus-specific antibodies (glycan shielding) Wei et al., 2010; Wanzeck et al., 2011; Kim & Park, 2012; Job et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2013) , and modulate viral interaction with various immune system lectins (Reading et al., 2007; Vigerust et al., 2007; Reading et al., 2009; Tate et al., 2011a, b) .
cord-333730-qsx0m68e	2020	However, some immunosuppressants or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) show antiviral activity and may be safely used or even beneficial in patients with selected concomitant viral infections. In vitro anti-CMV properties of leflunomide were not through blocking the replication of viral DNA, so it is effective even in patients with direct antiviral drug-resistance history. The combination of MMF and highly active antiretroviral therapy improved the control of viral replication and delayed viral-load rebound in a randomized pilot study (n = 17 The effectiveness of thalidomide for KS might be related to anti-angiogenesis, and experts hypothesized the modulation of the immune system to trigger an antiviral action. Although in most instances, the antiviral activity of DMARDs is based on in vitro or small-scale controlled studies, this property would be useful in the choice of DMARDs for patients with concomitant viral infections. Effects of hydroxychloroquine on immune activation and disease progression among HIV-infected patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial
cord-334010-gxu0refq	2016	The sema-domain is the [18, 43] Fusion with host cell membrane Sialic Acid and attachment [43] 3-5 million cases Worldwide [78, 105] SARS-CoV Spike(S) glycoprotein [25, 115] Membrane fusion [115] 8422 within the duration of 1st November 2002 to 7th August 2003 occurring worldwide [113, 114] Hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 [55, 98] Binding to Host receptor and Conformational change necessary for membrane fusion [98] 130 to 150 million people globally [103, 106] Human immunodeficiency virus 1 gp120, gp160, gp41 [16] Intracellular transport [16] 35 million globally up to 2013 [83, 104, 108, 112] Zaire Ebola virus Spike Protein Gp1-Gp2 [64] Primary Host cell activation [64] up to 28th June 2015 total 27,550 cases [107, 110, 111] Dengue virus E (dimer) [64] Host cell fusion and attachment [64] WHO reported recently that there are 390 million dengue infections per year globally [109] .
cord-334104-mphz1aye	2005	
cord-334133-61om170g	2005	For example, the GL envelope protein of equine arteritis virus is proposed to have 1 or 3 MSDs (Snijder and Meulenberg, 1998) , the M protein of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus and equine arteritis virus, and the S antigen of hepatitis B virus are proposed to have three or four MSDs (Prange and Streeck, 1995; Risco et al., 1995; Snijder and Meulenberg, 1998) , and the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B (Pellett et al., 1985) , and the Epstein -Barr virus 58 kDa latent protein Hennessy et al., 1984) both have multiple MSDs. Based on an analysis of their sequence and structure, we propose that the gp41 transmembrane region and C-terminal tail of all HIV-1 clades A to D can exist in two conformations, with either 1 MSD (the conventional structure) or with 3 MSDs. We suggest that these are, respectively, the majority and minority forms of intracellular Env. In the 3-MSD form, MSD 1 and MSD 2 are separated by a highly conserved beta turn, while the MSD 2 and MSD 3 support an unstructured hydrophilic loop/minor ectodomain of 41 residues that in clade B strains is highly antibody-reactive and involved in fusion.
cord-334454-cqaado3u	2016	title: The Use of Recombinant Feline Interferon Omega Therapy as an Immune-Modulator in Cats Naturally Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus: New Perspectives More than summarizing the main conclusions about rFeIFN-ω in cats, this review emphasizes the immune-modulation properties of IFN therapy, opening new perspectives for its use in retroviral infections. Firstly, the effect of rFeIFN-ω licensed protocol in cats living in an animal shelter was evaluated, assessing clinical improvement and monitoring concurrent viral excretion (namely herpesvirus, calicivirus, and coronavirus) [26] . Following the same methodology of previous studies, the clinical improvement, concurrent viral excretion, APP profiles, and different hematology and biochemistry parameters in FIV-infected cats treated with the oral protocol were assessed. Only one study had previously reported that the licensed protocol does not change viremia or proviral load in treated FIV-infected cats, suggesting that this compound may not act on acquired immunity [17] .
cord-334855-s0ci3r8w	2019	Here, we identified novel activities of obatoclax and emetine against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), echovirus 1 (EV1), human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in cell cultures. The expected response of the emetine-obatoclax drug combination on the viability of FLUAV-and mock-infected RPE cells was calculated using Bliss reference model [29] . After the initial screening, we identified four compounds (obatoclax, emetine, niclosamide and ganciclovir) that at none-cytotoxic concentrations rescued cells from virus-mediated death (Figure 2A) . Table S1 : Compounds, their suppliers and catalogue numbers; Table S2 : Developmental status of broad-spectrum antivirals used in the study; Table S3 : Human viruses and associated diseases; Figure S1 : The expected response of the emetine-obatoclax drug combination on the viability of FLUAV-and mock-infected RPE cells, as measured with the CTG assay using the Bliss reference model; Figure S2 
cord-337315-qv8ycdhe	2017	13 Similar surveillance could help identify behavioural risk factors and high-risk subgroups for zoonotic infections such as Ebola -potentially before diseases of pandemic potential are identified in clinical settings or major outbreaks occur in communities. When designed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, integrated surveillance requires that both behavioural risk factors -i.e. exposure variables -and disease-indicator outcome variables be measured in behavioural surveys. 22 In the development of pandemic-threat warning systems, integrated biological-behavioural surveillance can be tightly focused on specific viral families in the high-risk population subgroups that live in identified hotspots and are environmentally or occupationally exposed to animals. The remainder of this article presents an overview of issues relevant to the design of rigorous behavioural surveys to assess the spillover of emerging zoonotic disease and the associated transmission risk factors, which is the first step in designing effective integrated surveillance.
cord-337458-dc90ecfe	2018	In this review, we define the components of a diagnostic to include: (1) the target biomarker, an endogenous indicator of a disease state, which is most often a pathogen or host protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid sequence, (2) sample preparation, which allows for biomarker isolation, purification, and/or concentration from complex biological matrices, (3) molecular recognition elements, which specifically capture and detect the target biomarker, (4) signal generation and amplification, and (5) instrumentation for signal read-out. 113, 114 In subsequent studies, the group developed and optimized a hand-held, easy-to-use device 85, 115 (Figure 8A ) in which HRP2-bound, IMAC-functionalized magnetic beads were directly transferred to the sample pad of commercial malaria lateral flow assays. If combined with one of the sample preparation strategies discussed previously (section 3) or integrated with paper or another field-ready substrate, this Ir(III)-based detection strategy could produce a robust and sensitive assay that is applicable in low-resource diagnostic settings.
cord-337659-x4oywbrj	2008	Although one might argue that the principal difference in the infectious disease threat today versus say 10, 25, or 50 years ago is bioterrorism, the resources spend on preparing for a bioterror attack is viewed by most scientists as grossly exorbitant [6] , particularly considering the small numbers of individuals who have been or could be affected by this type of attack and considering the relatively low medical relevance or prevalence of the diseases caused by the limited number of highpriority bioterror bioagents, the socalled ''''category A select agents.'''' And, while admittedly the preparedness and surveillance measures put in place for one has certainly helped to protect against the other (the improved global response to and curtailment of SARS coming after the anthrax bioterrorist attacks is a prime example of this), most scientists feel that the limited resources available from an already overburdened system should instead be used for studying and preparing against the looming and potentially more devastating infectious disease threats from natural or accidental exposure [7] , which could affect millions of people and animals and could have huge health and economic consequences.
cord-337720-kmwft059	2020	As HIV care, research participation, and workplace settings are being transitioned to virtual and telephone-based methods, women living with HIV experiencing violence are less able to connect to critical social and protective networks [18] . As such, necessary social distancing measures have the potential to impact the rates and consequences of IPV, increasing social isolation and mental health concerns, which taken together can hinder women living with HIV''s access to, and use of, HIV treatment and violence support, further than they already experience [9, 17] . As social distancing measures limit access to supports, such as family, friends, and health care provides, that help women living with HIV cope with experiences of violence and histories of trauma, research is needed to understand the unique ways in which women living with HIV have developed resilience and coping strategies during COVID-19 restrictions and how these can be best supported.
cord-337897-hkvll3xh	2009	The earlier work was to investigate a set of experimentally determined (synthesized) functional peptides to find some conserved amino acids, referred In protease cleavage site prediction, we commonly use peptides with a fixed length. The bio-basis function method has been successfully applied to various peptide classification tasks, for instance, the prediction of trypsin cleavage sites [ 9 ] , the prediction of HIV cleavage sites [ 10 ] , the prediction of hepatitis C virus protease cleavage sites [ 16 ] , the prediction of the disorder segments in proteins [ 7 , 17 ] , the prediction of protein phosphorylation sites [ 18 , 19 ] , the prediction of the O-linkage sites in glycoproteins [ 20 ] , the prediction of signal peptides [ 21 ] , the prediction of factor Xa protease cleavage sites [ 22 ] , the analysis of mutation patterns of HIV-1 Fig. 9 .
cord-338438-q5fis2v8	2020	In this Note, we describe considerations for integrating technologies, such as telemedicine; social media, mobile applications (apps), and chatbots; and biosensors/wearables into clinical HIV care delivery and research, as well as case examples of current uses of these technologies in adapting to the changing clinical and research needs among populations at risk for and/living with HIV as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social media, chatbots, and mobile apps have been studied across a number of clinical and public health settings, including patient outreach, screening and monitoring; intervention delivery; remote vital sign assessment; as well for providing treatment recommendations and retaining patients in care. COVID-19 will continue to impact the way that technologies are integrated into HIV clinical care and research long after the removal of social distancing policies, making it important to begin investing in the knowledge, infrastructure, and implementation of these technologies now to be prepared for the future.
cord-338572-5ifc2lx6	2020	We present the clinical outcomes of HIV patients hospitalized for COVID‐19 in a matched comparison with historical controls. Data on baseline clinical characteristics and hospital course was documented and compared with that of a matched control group of COVID‐19 patients who had no history of HIV. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of HIV infected patients hospitalized for COVID‐19, there was no difference in mortality, ICU admission and the need for mechanical ventilation when compared to a matched control of COVID ‐19 patients with HIV. We evaluated their clinical outcomes and compared them to that of a well-matched control group of patients with no HIV. These data points included HIV-associated characteristics such as most recent CD4+ T cells, CD4/CD8 ratio, ( obtained by flow cytometry Clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients were compared to that of a propensity matched cohort of COVID-19 patients who had no history of HIV infection.
cord-338594-wft7yy6j	2017	In particular, polymorphisms of the human IFITM3 gene have been shown to affect disease severity and progression in influenza A virus (FLUAV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, respectively. Employing previously characterized samples from two cohorts of SIV-infected rhesus macaques, we investigated the relationship between these rhIFITM3 polymorphisms and both AIDS-free survival time and virus load. Polymorphisms in several immune-relevant gene loci such as MHC or KIR are associated with the transmission and course of disease in SIV infected rhesus macaques and HIV-1 infected humans [36, 37] . Immune-related IFITM proteins have been established as important antiviral effectors of the interferon response, and a polymorphism in the human IFITM3 gene has been found to be associated with disease severity and progression in FLUAV and HIV-1 infection [27, 33] . Notably, all polymorphism in the coding region were silent and strong evidence for an association of rhIFITM3 polymorphisms with disease progression and viral load in SIV infected animals was not obtained.
cord-338654-ma9ayu80	2020	The current state of COVID-19 disease transmission has left our public health approaches to be heavily dependent on social and behavioral change strategies to halt transmissions. We focus on multiple levels of intervention including intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and social factors, each of which provide a reference point for understanding and elaborating on social/behavioral lessons learned from HIV prevention and treatment research. We focus on multiple levels of intervention including intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and social factors, each of which provide a reference point for understanding and elaborating on social/behavioral lessons learned from HIV prevention and treatment research. The model has multiple foci, including intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and social factors, each of which provide a reference point for understanding and elaborating on social/behavioral lessons learned from HIV prevention and treatment research. Interventions to address stigma have been developed that target individuals, health care workers, communities, and social figures, which will likely find new purpose in COVID-19 (Andersson et al., 2020; Rao et al., 2019; Stangl et al., 2013) .
cord-338804-nreqluol	2014	Viral interactions with these receptors can have a significant impact upon several aspects of viral pathogenesis, including determining the cell or tissue tropism of a virus or even whether a virus can efficiently infect and cause disease in a specific host species. Therefore, viruses that are defective in their ability to antagonize the host type I interferon system are often unable to replicate and spread efficiently within the host, illustrating the importance of viral immune evasion strategies in determining whether a virus will be pathogenic ( Figure 2) . (b) If the virus effectively interferes with the type I interferon response, interferon will be prevented from inducing a robust antiviral state within the host, and the virus is able to replicate to higher levels, will spread more efficiently, and may cause more severe disease. Therefore, like other aspects of viral pathogenesis, a complex series of virus-host interactions determines whether infection with cancer associated viruses ultimately results in disease development.
cord-339341-c2o42b5j	2005	This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact.
cord-339796-gccnvh0z	2015	The MPER in the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) interacts with the lipid bilayers through a cluster of tryptophan (Trp) residues and a C-terminal cholesterol-interacting motif. We found that elimination of the membrane-active elements in MPER peptides, namely, penta Trp→alanine (Ala) substitutions and the disruption of the C-terminal cholesterol-interacting motif through deletion inhibited the anti-viral effect against the pseudotyped HIV-1. The secondary structure study revealed that the penta-Trp→Ala substitutions also increased the helical content in the MPER sequence, which prompted us to study the biological relevance of such mutations in pre-fusion Env. We observed that Ala mutations of Trp664, Trp668 and Trp670 in MPER moderately lowered the intracellular and intraviral contents of Env while significantly elevating the content of another viral structural protein, p55/Gag and its derivative p24/capsid. Here we describe the roles of the Trp residues in the membrane-active MPER sequence in anti-HIV fusion inhibitor design and a surprising role in the biosynthesis of viral structural proteins.
cord-339879-92esdjy9	2012	The BNtAb IgG1 b12 was the first neutralizing MAb selected from a phage-displayed Fab (antibody fragment composed of one constant and one variable domain of the heavy (CH1 and VH) and the light (CL and VL) chains linked together) library derived from an HIV-1-infected donor (See section 3.1.1.1.1.) [41] . At the end of the second round, selected phages displaying longer inserts of 40 to 50 AA corresponding to the N-and C-terminal regions of Gag were identified, revealing the presence of two distinct antigenic regions in Gag. This study demonstrated that gene-fragment phage display could be used to identify epitopes targeted by polyclonal Abs. Although they occur at a very low frequency in humans, antibodies targeting host proteins involved in HIV-1 infection have been reported in immunized animals. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 human monoclonal antibodies that bind discontinuous epitopes in the viral glycoproteins can identify mimotopes from recombinant phage peptide display libraries
cord-340389-0fybiybv	2020	In the current study, we aimed to determine the CCR5-Δ32 allele frequency in the Turkish Cypriot population with 326 subjects, 141 men (43.1%) and 185 (56.9%) women. In the current study, we aimed to determine the CCR5-Δ32 allele frequency in the Turkish Cypriot population. As the results of our study suggest, most of the Turkish Cypriot population is at greater risk of HIV infection and faster disease progression due to a very low frequency of the Δ32 allele. By keeping the greater risk in mind and using studies like ours, a dialog with health authorities must begin in order to develop a more structured and up-to-date strategy for testing and preventing HIV with the hopes of eliminating HIV/AIDS from the Turkish Cypriot population. Frequencies of 32 base pair deletion of the (Delta 32) allele of the CCR5 HIV-1 co-receptor gene in Caucasians: a comparative analysis
cord-340489-yo3cp5vs	2008	Die Wirksamkeit von BVDU bei VZV-Infektionen (Varizellen und Zoster) immunkompromittierter Patienten ist durchaus sehr gut und vergleichbar der von i.v. verabreichtem Aciclovir, jedoch fällt die Nutzen-Risiko-Betrachtung insgesamt auch bei VZV-Therapie zu Gunsten von Aciclovir aus, da BVDU eher mutagen zu sein scheint und nicht zusammen mit 5-Fluorouracil (Zytostatikum) gegeben werden darf. In klinischen Studien konnte durch Anwendung von ACV bei EBV-Infektionen auch die Virusausscheidung deutlich vermindert werden, ein wesentlicher Einfluss auf den Krankheitsverlauf ließ sich nicht erreichen. Typisch für viele opportunistische Erreger ist, dass sie weit verbreitet sind und nach einer Primärinfektion, die bereits vor der HIV-Infektion stattfindet, zu latenten Infektionen führen. Die Prophylaxe von Infektionen bereits vor deren erstem Auftreten (Primärprophylaxe) oder nach der ersten Episode (Sekundärprophylaxe) ist weiterhin eine wichtige Aufgabe bei der Betreuung HIV-positiver Patienten, auch wenn opportunistische Infektionen durch die antiretrovirale Therapie insgesamt seltener geworden sind.
cord-340619-3tjquzx8	2020	title: Case report: one case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient co-infected by HIV with a normal CD4(+) T cell count Here we reported a special case with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection, which showed a prolonged viral shedding duration. Most importantly, the patient had a prolonged viral shedding duration of SARS-CoV-2 about 28 days. Here we reported a case of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection who had a prolonged viral shedding duration about 28 days. [11] reported a patient with kidney transplantation who had a prolonged viral shedding duration for 63 days. This is the first report of a patient co-infected with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 who showed a prolonged viral shedding duration. The lymphocyte count of our case was also less than 2.0 × 10 9 /L, which might be a co-factor for the prolonged viral shedding duration. Viral shedding prolongation in a kidney transplant patient with COVID-19 pneumonia
cord-340703-vtuy806l	2020	We aimed to evaluate the bone mineral density (BMD) in naïve antiretroviral (ARV) treated HIV positive patients comparing native Italian group (ItG) to a Migrants group (MiG) upon arrival in Italy. Lumbar site low BMD is an initial condition of bone loss in HIV young patients, especially in female migrants. Our study aims to emphasize the burden of bone health in naïve ARV HIV positive patients and compare the bone density of the native Italian population group (ItG) with that of HIV Migrants (MiG) upon arrival in Italy. Finally, in Table 3 , we report the logistic regression analysis between Low BMD variable (dichotomous) and the independent variables: Gender (dichotomous), BMI (continuous), Hydroxy-Vitamin D (continuous), CD4 (continuous), and Previous Fractures (dichotomous) for the total sample, ItG, and MiG. Our previous reports [13, 14] on the prevalence of Low-BMD in HIV mono-infected patients who underwent ARV therapy showed higher percentage rates of osteopenia (44.9%) and osteoporosis (20.9%) than an agerelated healthy Italian population (18%) [16] .
cord-340763-cxnu9g8y	2015	title: Directed Evolution of a Yeast-Displayed HIV-1 SOSIP gp140 Spike Protein toward Improved Expression and Affinity for Conformational Antibodies Because the intrinsic instability and complexity of this trimeric glycoprotein has greatly impeded the development of immunogens that properly represent the structure of native envelope, this platform addresses an essential need for methodologies with the capacity to rapidly engineer HIV spike proteins towards improved homogeneity, stability, and presentation of neutralizing epitopes. The rationally designed d-SOSIP variant and a mutant with disrupted CD4 binding site (CD4bs)-specific Ab binding (d-SOSIP D368R) were displayed as Aga2 fusion proteins on yeast ( Fig. 2A ), and compared for display level and binding to a panel of HIV bnAbs together with the well-characterized and folded YU2 gp120 core [47] and an unrelated viral envelope protein (E2) derived from Hepatitis C virus (HCV E2) as positive and negative controls Fig. 2) .
cord-340777-d1vwjqk6	2020	3 This last point has led some guidelines to suggest that PEP use more than once warrants preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is the use antiretroviral medications before a potential HIV exposure to prevent seroconversion. 4, 5 To inform this decision and address high seroconversion rates among PEP patients, we began offering PEP2PrEP to patients who (1) initiated PEP at our sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing clinic, (2) reported good adherence to the PEP, and (3) had no serologic or physical evidence of HIV infection. Extracted data focused on demographics (age, gender, income), sexual and drug use practices (sex practices, gender of partners, substance use), mental health (depression, anxiety, using the patient health questionnaire 9 [PHQ9], and generalized anxiety 7 scale [GAD7], respectively), reason for PEP use and follow-up details (practices that warranted PEP, symptoms, test results), and information on PrEP visits (attendance, symptoms, results).
cord-340879-gu91cact	2017	title: Isolation and Characterization of a Phaseolus vulgaris Trypsin Inhibitor with Antiproliferative Activity on Leukemia and Lymphoma Cells The intent of the present study was to isolate a trypsin inhibitor from the gold bean and to test it for inhibitory action on tumor cells, viral enzymes, and fungal growth. Gold bean trypsin inhibitor is also devoid of any inhibitory effect on HIV-1 integrase and SARS coronavirus proteinase. Gold bean trypsin inhibitor is also devoid of any inhibitory effect on HIV-1 integrase and SARS coronavirus proteinase. A lectin, an antifungal protein and a trypsin inhibitor can be isolated from the gold bean [24, 25] . A homodimeric sporamin-type trypsin inhibitor with antiproliferative, hiv reverse transcriptase-inhibitory and antifungal activities from wampee (clausena lansium) seeds The isolation of two proteins, glycoprotein i and a trypsin inhibitor, from the seeds of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
cord-341097-c96hm610	2020	To facilitate aggregation across studies, we defined three types of data dictionary (data element, forms, and permissible values) and created a simple information model for each type. The presented study is limited to data dictionary analysis, although the motivation is to later analyze a large body of past HIV data elements to inform data-driven consensus on CDEs. This study is part of a larger research project titled ''Identification of Research Common Data Elements in HIV/AIDS using data science methods'' [12] . We use the term Forms Data Dictionary (or forms dictionary in shorter form) to refer to a data dictionary that provides a full list of titles and descriptions of all Case Report Forms (CRFs) used in the study (or other relevant metadata for data element grouping). Use of categorical data elements in research is extremely common and, as stated earlier, most studies would be expected to provide a permissible value dictionary.
cord-341155-3d64mso0	2010	Human viruses are also frequent inhabitants of the human mouth, and their presence in saliva may be caused by the direct transfer of saliva from infected individuals, a bloodborne infection of the salivary glands, infection of the oral mucosa, or serumal exudates from diseased periodontal sites. Caries risk is assessed by the levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in stimulated saliva (94, 96) , and salivary transmission of cariogenic bacteria frequently occurs from the mother to her child (92, 100) . As high quantities of salivary Epstein-Barr virus DNA can be recovered from fully edentulous patients (155) , the occurrence of the virus in saliva may not be a reliable indicator of its subgingival level or of the periodontitis disease status. Taken together, the saliva of HIV-infected persons is a risk factor for the transmission of several virulent herpesvirus species, and patients receiving HAART cannot be assumed to be less infectious for herpesviruses than individuals not receiving HAART.
cord-341298-mqpovrms	2016	Requirements for an ideal biological warfare agent may include: availability; ease of production; stability after production; a susceptible population (human or animal); absence of specific treatment; ability to incapacitate or kill the host; appropriate particle size in aerosols so that the virus can be carried long distances by prevailing winds and inhaled deeply into the lungs of unsuspecting victims; ability to be disseminated via food or water; and, the availability of a vaccine to protect certain groups. Classification of viral agents that are considered to be of concern for bioterrorism and biowarfare and those that have been weaponized or studied for offensive or defensive purposes as part of former or current national biological weapons programs incapacitating (eg, VEE) or lethal infections (EEE case fatality rates range from 50 to 75%) (Sidwell and Smee, 2003) . An Australian research group (Jackson et al., 2001) was investigating virally vectored immunocontraceptive vaccines based on ectromelia virus, the causative agent of the disease termed mousepox.
cord-341304-jdvzpvdx	2020	In December 2019, China reported a cluster of pneumonia patients infected by a new virus from the coronavirus family called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus quickly spread around the world and infected millions of people, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. On March 22, 2020, a 67-year-old female with a past medical history of asthma, coronary artery disease (status post-coronary artery bypass graft two years ago), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and HIV on antiretroviral medications [bictegrav/emtricit/tenofov ala (Biktarvy® 50-200-25 mg tablet, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA) and darunavir/cobicistat (Prezcobix® 800 mg-150 mg tablet, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium)] was brought in by emergency medical services (EMS) for progressively worsening shortening of breath associated with weakness and two episodes of watery non-bloody diarrhea for one day. showed clinical improvement in the first case of COVID-19 in the United States after the use of remdesivir [8] .
cord-341323-mw352rr1	2020	We are moving away from siloed stigma research on individual health conditions (e.g. HIV, mental health), social identities (e.g. race, sexual orientation) and practices (e.g., sex work, drug use) [15] . Intersecting stigmasuch as racism and povertyinteract with HIV-related stigma to harm health engagement and outcomes [16, 17] and may present analogous barriers to COVID-19 testing and treatment [14] . There are complex associations between HIV-related stigma and age, whereby older persons living with HIV may experience reduced health effects of stigma [21, 22] . The contact approach involves people who have experienced the stigma being targeted (e.g. persons living with HIV, persons experiencing COVID-19 stigma) delivering the intervention to provide a face to the pandemic that in turn can foster empathy and reduce othering [26, 27] . Creating space for stories of COVID-19 that reveal stigma and solidarity, of front-line healthcare workers'' experiences, and of people living in quarantine, can reduce fear and spark empathy by helping us to see ourselves and our communities reflected in the pandemic [28] .
cord-341503-3cvtoc2j	2020	Much of the evidence needed to fully inform clinical and public health responses is not yet available, making COVID-19 uniquely vulnerable to a proliferation of disinformation, misinformation, and medical mistrust, including what are often called "conspiracy beliefs" [6, 7] . The purpose of this commentary is to suggest that understanding the etiologies of disinformation, misinformation, and medical mistrust must be an important component of the public health response to COVID-19. It is vital to consider how people, as individuals and as members of groups, experience and interpret social and economic inequality, and how those experiences affect their trust in or mistrust of evidence-based public health messaging, as well as their readiness to accept any promulgated misinformation or disinformation [64] . Public health and medical professionals have a responsibility to communicate science in an effective, accurate and accessible manner, without bias-and with the understanding that structural racism and other forms of oppression are root causes of inequality-driven mistrust.
cord-341838-lkz8ro90	2020	The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of HIVinfected patients with a probable/proven diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection who have been regularly followed up by our hospital. As in the general population, the large majority of our patients were males, but their mean age was nearly 10 years lower than that observed in HIV-negative COVID-19 patients. 16 Furthermore, the findings of this study document favourable outcomes in HIV patients treated mainly with integrase inhibitors (11% protease inhibitors), which apparently indicates that antiretroviral therapy does not play a key role, A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 8 although a potentially protective effect of tenofovir cannot be ruled out given its recently reported effect against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In conclusion, our findings suggest that HIV-positive patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are not at greater risk of severe disease or death than HIV-negative patients.
cord-342076-3a6aky7i	2012	
cord-342719-bdxb45us	2020	All five patients received consecutive serological test, and four of five patients had seroconversion by one month after the symptom onset, which were similar to non-HIV-infected patients. 1 Ample studies have demonstrated that PLWH generally show poor serological response to other viruses or viral antigens such as hepatitis B vaccine, 2 especially for PLWH with a high HIV viral load and decreased CD4+ T-cell. 2 One previous report described that an untreated HIV case had seroconversion of SARS-CoV-2 two months after symptoms appeared. ART occurred similarly to that in COVID-19 patients without HIV infection. Absence of seroconversion, as was observed in our Case 2, has been reported particularly in mild 1 or asymptomatic patients. 5 We highlighted that seroconversion of SARS-CoV-2 was similar between well-controlled PLWH and patients without HIV. One case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient co-infected by HIV with a low CD4(+) T-cell count Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 at 8 weeks postinfection in asymptomatic patients.
cord-342936-43u7afl3	2007	Perhaps more importantly, such carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) may force the virus to delete at least part of its glycan shield to escape drug pressure 5 ; this might result in the initiation of an immune response against uncovered immunogenic envelope epitopes. Although such a mechanism may be efficient for a first-line inactivation of HIV, CBA-exposed HIV strains may decrease the efficiency of LCs to eliminate HIV, but at the same time may compromise the ability of the virus to be efficiently transmitted by DCs. The interactions of several CBAs have been extensively investigated, including: the prokaryotic CV-N and actinohivin; a variety of plant lectins, including Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA) and UDA; the non-peptidic low-molecular-weight antibiotic PRM-A; and the monoclonal antibody 2G12 with the HIV-envelope gp120 and/or several glycan structures.
cord-343470-w215pzdc	2020	Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated not only by genomic enhancers and promoters, but also by covalent modifications added to both chromatin and RNAs. Whereas cellular gene expression may be either enhanced or inhibited by specific epigenetic modifications deposited on histones (in particular, histone H3), these epigenetic modifications can also repress viral gene expression, potentially functioning as a potent antiviral innate immune response in DNA virus-infected cells. First, the viral protein VP16, which is packaged into the tegument layer of incoming virions, recruits host proteins, including host-cell factor 1 (HCF-1) and octamer-binding factor (Oct-1), in order to form a complex that recruits the histone demethylases lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and Jumonji domain 2 (JMJD2) family members as a means to remove repressive H3K9 marks from viral immediate early promoters 42 Upon entry into the cell nucleus, the DNA of many viruses initiates the replication process adjacent to subnuclear structures called pro-myelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs).
cord-344084-z4t2wkgk	2020	
cord-345342-04tvuj9f	2020	This case describes the clinical course of a symptomatic kidney transplant recipient with HIV who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. A 50-year-old HIV+ (CD4 395 cells/µL, CD4% 28%, HIV RNA < 20 copies/mL) African-American male with deceased donor kidney transplantation 14 months earlier for end-stage renal disease secondary to HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN)/focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) presented to the Emergency Department (ED) complaining of fevers for two days, with temperatures to 101°F, chills, nasal congestion, and mild cough. All rights reserved There have been reported cases of COVID-19 in HIV-infected patients and cases of COVID-19 in transplant recipients [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . However, this case is the first detailed report of an HIVpositive kidney transplant recipient who developed and recovered from COVID-19. Case Report: A Kidney Transplant Patient with Mild COVID-19 Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: Does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation?
cord-345771-3v2avxiv	2020	We encourage governments in countries that have a high prevalence of people living with HIV to implement multimonth dispensing of antiretroviral therapy to safeguard both patients with HIV and health care workers from coronavirus disease 2019. 2,3 However, as with other infectious diseases, it is expected that PLHIV who are not virally suppressed and/or on antiretroviral therapy (ART) might be at an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, severe disease, and poor health outcomes. Thus, policy makers-including the U.S. President''s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief-are encouraging countries to provide PLHIV with a multimonth supply of ART as a key strategy to safeguard PLHIV and health care workers involved in providing HIV services. As a key strategy to safeguard patients and health care workers providing HIV services, MMD also reduces clinic visits, improves viral suppression, encourages social distancing, and potentially saves patients from the dual threat of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV.
cord-346153-9162w7il	2008	Although known as respiratory pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and its sister coronaviruses frequently cause enteric symptoms. Although known as respiratory pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and its sister coronaviruses frequently cause enteric symptoms. However, the coronavirus copy number in some studies showed an increase between day 5 and day 10, so that maximal infectivity followed the fever, 7 leading perhaps to a false sense of security amongst those caring for SARS patients. e reason for these interactions are incompletely understood, but intriguing recent study show that in uenza and respiratory syndrome virus are both capable of causing a persistent inhibition of the innate response to bacterial superinfection, and therefore to increased bacterial replication and disease. Highly pathogenic strains of in uenza also cause intense systemic symptoms, sometimes associated with gastrointestinal disease. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection
cord-346314-o9fjpqaj	2012	Pathway analysis and network reconstruction revealed that Tat expression specifically resulted in the nucleolar enrichment of proteins collectively participating in ribosomal biogenesis, protein homeostasis, metabolic pathways including glycolytic, pentose phosphate, nucleotides and amino acids biosynthetic pathways, stress response, T-cell signaling pathways and genome integrity. Following the detailed annotation of the quantitative abundance changes in the nucleolar protein composition upon Tat expression, we focussed on the Tat-affected cellular complexes and signalling pathways associated with ribosome biogenesis, spliceosome, molecular chaperones, DNA replication and repair and metabolism and discuss their potential involvement in HIV-1 pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the quantitative changes in the nucleolar proteome of Jurkat T cells constitutively expressing HIV-1 Tat (86aa) versus their Tat-negative counterpart, using stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) technology, followed by ESI tandem mass spectrometry and implemented the experimental approach described in Figure 1A .
cord-346424-gfccstoz	2011	RESULTS: Silencing ADAM10 expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) 48 hours before infection significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and in CD4(+ )cell lines. In studies reported herein, it was found that transfecting cells with ADAM10 small interfering RNA (siRNA) dramatically inhibited replication of X4 and R5 HIV-1 strains, both in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and in CD4 + cell lines. Figure 1A shows that ADAM10 silencing effectively inhibited R5-tropic HIV-1 replication when human monocyte-derived macrophages were transfected with siRNAs 48 h prior to infection. To determine whether ADAM10 is required for entry or HIV-1 reverse transcription, small non-genomic DNA was isolated from control-and ADAM10 siRNA-transfected macrophages at 48 h post-infection for quantification by real-time PCR. To determine the effect of silencing cellular genes on HIV-1 replication, TZM-bl cells or primary human macrophages were transfected with siRNA SMARTpools for 48 h prior to infection.
cord-346557-s6c7d70y	2020	Given that social distancing measures may yet last for several months [20] , and potentially even longer for older and immune-compromised GBQT2+ [21] , it is important to take this opportunity to study the impact of social distancing on marginalized populations-particularly if COVID-19 We recruited participants using promotional materials in French and English shared by various partner organizations across the country through newsletters, listservs, and social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter). The eligibility criteria restricted participation to individuals who identified as men or another gender other than women (e.g., non-binary, genderqueer, agender; inclusive of trans men and Two-Spirit people); identified as gay, bisexual, queer, asexual, or other non-heterosexual identity (inclusive of Two-Spirit) and/or have reported having had sex with another man in the last 5 years; were at least 15 years of age; lived in Canada; provided informed consent; completed a questionnaire in either French or English; and did not already participate in this study cycle.
cord-347356-uc9dqhyq	2020	OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to systematically review current studies reporting on clinical outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV) infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The aim of this systematic review was to identify studies that discuss PLHIV who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and that report whether coinfection results in a greater risk of adverse outcomes and, furthermore, whether controlled HIV infection vs. A comprehensive literature search was carried out in Global Health, SCOPUS, Medline and EMBASE to identify articles that discussed HIV-positive patients and the clinical implications of HIV infection in COVID-19 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines [13] . [21] , also highlighted a case study of a HIV patient with SARS-CoV2 co-infection, diagnosis of viral pneumonia was made on clinical examination and chest CT findings.
cord-347710-ff64y6ef	2020	hnRNPs involve in a large number of cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcription regulation, RNP assembly and stabilization, RNA export, virus replication, histone-like nucleoid structuring, and even intracellular immunity. 6, 13 It is well known that Hsp90 not only interacts and contributes to RNA polymerase assembly and nuclear import of some (−) ssRNA viruses (e.g., PB2 of influenza virus), but plays crucial roles in the folding process of viral capsid proteins and virion assemblies as well. 17, 18 As a critical component of cellular protein surveillance, the ATP-dependent molecular chaperone protects cells from damage caused by stress and takes part in a number of folding processes, including folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, recognition and refolding of misfolded or aggregated proteins, solubilization or degradation of proteins, transporting proteins, assembly or disassembly of oligomeric protein complexes, and the regulation of certain natively folded proteins.
cord-347992-coby2m6e	2010	Although ribozymes and DNAzymes have been extensively assayed as potential therapeutic agents, and different clinical trials have already tested their efficiency against various diseases [49] [50] [51] [52] , very few reports have described the direct application of in vitro selection strategies in the development of potentially therapeutic catalytic nucleic acids. Molecular studies have shown that this aptamer binds to the cell surface protein nucleolin and inhibits the activity of NF-KB, a ubiquitous transcription factor, through intracellular complex formation [108] . In a different approach, SELEX has been performed with the E2F1 protein to find in vitro selected RNA aptamers that bind to and inhibit E2F activity. Astier-Gi''s group described the characterization of two DNA aptamers (27v and 127v) that specifically bind to hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA polymerase (NS5B), inhibiting its activity in vitro [146] . In vitro selection procedures for identifying DNA and RNA aptamers targeted to nucleic acids and proteins
cord-348409-oxjd263z	2019	Areas covered: The architectural traits of filamentous viruses and their derivatives, IAVs, facilitate the display of specific antigenic peptides which induce antibody production to prevent or curtail infection. The creation of Random Peptide Libraries (RPL), where random oligopeptides are fused to major capsid proteins (gp3 or gp8) and displayed on individual inovirus clones creating a random variety of IAVs which can be used for vaccine design via epitope mapping using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Through this breakthrough technology which was the subject matter of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 (see ''Expert Commentary'' below), inovriuses displaying oligopeptides mimicking antigens (or specific epitopes of an antigen) can be used to vaccinate hosts thus inducing the desired antibody production. Unlike previous studies, which used a single specific peptide fused to a inovirus, four different antigenic peptides were displayed by inoviruses in a cocktail of recombinant IAVs. The induction of a cellular response completely vaccinated 1/3 of the pigs in the study and reduced the number of cysticerci in all other pigs [61] .
cord-349104-p0egfpx9	2020	Yet immunocompromised status alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, may not necessarily predict severe illness presentations and poorer clinical outcomes as indicated by recent reports of COVID‐19‐infected solid organ transplant recipients and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Yet immunocompromised status alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, may not necessarily predict severe illness presentations and poorer clinical outcomes as indicated by recent reports of COVID-19-infected solid organ transplant recipients and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). COVID-19, HIV, hydroxychloroquine, immunocompromised, orthotopic liver transplantation Solid organ transplant recipients living with HIV uniquely demonstrate features of both immune suppression and immune activation, as evidenced by the increased rates of allograft rejection in such patients. We hope to contribute to the literature of COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients by describing an orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipient with well-controlled HIV who experienced a mild flu-like illness attributed to SARS-CoV-2.
cord-349358-leicos9j	2006	During the past few years, it has been demonstrated that RNAi, induced by specifically designed double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, can silence gene expression of human viral pathogens both in acute and chronic viral infections. Likewise, expression vectors of siRNAs specific for two different regions of the WNV genome protected 293T cells from WNV infection, and significantly reduced viral RNA replication and virus production [35] . From the reports on the use of siRNA against human viral pathogens causing acute disease, we could learn that for each specific pathogen infecting a specific cell lineage or tissue, we would probably need to perform an indepth assessment, with proper in vitro and in vivo models, and develop specific delivery systems. The most challenging part of RNAi approaches for chronic viral infections is to design the best delivery method that would facilitate the targeting of the specific organ/cells with the appropriate expression system, for durable intracellular levels of gene-silencing effect.
cord-349790-dezauioa	2020	Methods: We systematically searched indexed academic literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 2000 to April 2019 for peer-reviewed articles that substantively engaged in discussion of ethical issues in the use of pathogen genome sequencing technologies for diagnostic, surveillance and outbreak investigation. We systematically searched indexed academic literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 2000 to April 2019 for peer-reviewed articles that substantively engaged in discussion of ethical issues in the use of pathogen genome sequencing technologies for diagnostic, surveillance and outbreak investigation. Implementation science research may also inform best practices for discussing the meaning and limitations of sequence data and cluster membership with community members and help to identify acceptable and evidence-based approaches that impose the least risk to persons within specific contexts. Many noted that there are important reasons to ensure that the public and individuals understand the uses of data collected as part of a sequencing studies, and the potential risks.
cord-350221-8u6q3wfa	2017	We used giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) derived from HeLa cells that stably express the CD4 receptor and CCR5 co-receptor (CD4 + /CCR5 + ), investigated the lateral partitioning of both receptors in these membranes, and imaged the preferred regions of HIV binding and fusion at the single-particle level (Fig. 1A) . Recognition of Lo/Ld membrane boundaries by HIV Next, we examined whether and how HIV envelope (Env) particles interact with GPMVs. Murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) pseudotyped with HIV gp120/gp41 and fluorescently labeled with mKO-Gag were incubated with CD4 + /CCR5 + GPMVs. We visualized bound particles by epifluorescence microscopy and found that they migrate along The preparation of large-scale phase-separated GPMVs facilitates the study of the lateral distribution of CD4 and CCR5 and the role of ordered lipid domains in HIV entry.
cord-350443-ca5avyjf	2012	This study reviews trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context, discusses the current epidemiological state of these infections and their implications for disease surveillance and public health interventions. The total number of diagnosed and death cases were estimated by multiplying morbidity and mortality rates by the overall Chinese population in the study years. In 2008, the three most frequently reported disease types included viral hepatitis (38.3%), bacterial infections (33.3%) and STIs and HIV (9.8%), which account for 5.4, 4.8 and 1.4 million diagnosed cases respectively during the period 2005-2008 (Table 1) . Second, the rapid rise in the number of notified cases of STIs, especially HIV infection, and viral hepatitis in China is associated with growth of the sex industry, increasingly frequent risky sexual behaviours and an increasing number of sexual partners in the general Chinese population.
cord-350540-s6is9ndm	2020	title: COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupts HIV Continuum of Care and Prevention: Implications for Research and Practice Concerning Community-Based Organizations and Frontline Providers Community-based organizations (CBOs) employ frontline service providers-social workers, health educators, navigators-to help (1) individuals of unknown HIV status access testing; (2) those at high-risk for HIV but who test negative to access physicians who can prescribe PrEP; Nonetheless, community-engaged research suggests that, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, these frontline providers had not been consistent in how often or in how they linked clients to care continuum services. Providers having day-to-day interactions with clients in primary care, outpatient, and prevention settings are poised to help PLWH and vulnerable individuals overcome HIV-related stigma, PrEP stigma, inadequate health insurance, and can help improve HIV testing rates [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] .
cord-350569-dtxtjtfo	2020	In most SSA countries the ethic or value of personal autonomy or self-determination is promoted as primary in HIV testing decision-making. Without rethinking the value of autonomy in HIV testing decision-making, the article cautions that attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and the UNAIDS fast-track strategy that explicitly call to end the epidemic by 2030 will not be feasible for SSA. 9 My article interrogates the personal autonomy arguments and reaches a conclusion that the philosophy surrounding the value is problematic, as well as, it is silent on the ethics of the actual implications of an autonomous decision in HIV testing (Selemogo 2010) . HIV testing ethics, in particular informed consent requirements that are now premised on personal autonomy, should reflect a human being who is unique and yet a creature of the inescapable inculcating environment that makes her the ''I That Is We''.
cord-350571-6tapkjb6	2017	Possible solutions might be to use shared communication tools like Internet based communication programs and to introduce the patient as a participant at the IMRs. Please specify your abstract type: Research abstract Background and objective: International good pharmacy practice guidelines describe how pharmacists should counsel the patients about their medicines, offer additional services where needed, and intervene at drug related problems. Please specify your abstract type: Descriptive abstract (for projects) Background and objective: In order to improve the medication reconciliation and to implement training programs for the medical team in an associated to general hospital nursing (ASNH) home we measured the discrepancies between pharmacy registered treatments (PRT) and medical prescriptions (MP), and we analysed potentially inappropriate prescriptions according to ''''American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria'''' and ''''STOPP-START 2014 criteria.
cord-351004-h6fde7vm	2020	METHODS: This is a case series that included 14 PLWH with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection who were evaluated at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, between March 20, 2020, and April 30, 2020. CONCLUSION: Although the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 among PLWH cannot be fully ascertained by this report, it adds to the data that suggest that HIV-positive patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are not at a greater risk of severe disease or death as compared to HIV-negative patients. This is a case series that included 14 PLWH who were evaluated in the Henry Ford Hospital (HFH) emergency department for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection, between March 20, 2020, and April 30, 2020. Our case series, the current published literature on HIV and SARS-CoV-2, and the published data from HFH on COVID-19 patients without known HIV supports the theory that there is not an excess morbidity and mortality among PLWH affected by COVID-19 compared with the general public.
cord-351740-779g8tr1	2020	We report the first autopsy case of HIV-infected individual with COVID-19 as the cause of death. The first confirmed case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was reported in China in December 2019. To the best of our knowledge, this manuscript represents the first published report of an autopsy performed on an HIV infected patient with cause of death attributed to COVID-19. The final cause of death was SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in HIV infected patient. In accord to what is already published, the lung findings on the index patient showed early phase of diffuse alveolar damage with associated microthrombi which is seen in COVID-19. Whilst HIV infected people on treatment with normal CD4 count and low viral load may not be at a high risk of serious illness, the presence of other chronic conditions may increase their overall risk (7) The fact that SARS-CoV-2 can cause transient immune deficiency, it denotes that HIV and COVID-19 interaction may have adverse immunological and clinical outcomes.
cord-353012-rxhi8wd2	2016	Mechanistic studies showed that teicoplanin blocks Ebola virus entry by specifically inhibiting the activity of cathepsin L, opening a novel avenue for the development of additional glycopeptides as potential inhibitors of cathepsin L-dependent viruses. Considering that the inhibitory dose of teicoplanin on the activity of cathepsin L is higher than that required for Ebola virus infection inhibition, a cell viability assay was performed to confirm that the inhibitory effect is not due to cytotoxicity (Fig. 6C) . Ebola trVLP system (28) , which can simulate the life cycle of wild-type Ebola viruses to a large extent, was applied to investigate whether teicoplanin and its glycopeptide antibiotic homologs dalbavancin, oritavancin, telavancin, and vancomycin can also inhibit the entry of Ebola trVLPs. Accordingly, the p4cis plasmid encoding Renilla luciferase, VP40, GP, and VP24 was transfected into HEK293T cells along with plasmids expressing T7 RNA polymerase, NP, VP35, VP30, and L viral proteins to produce Ebola trVLPs (Fig. 7A) .
cord-353895-tgn1kk07	2020	Studies in South Africa, Kenya, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have shown that most patients with HIV admitted to hospital have already been on antiretroviral therapy (often for years) but they either stop treatment or are on a treatment regimen that is not effectively suppressing the virus. In South Africa, in particular, tracking the mortality of young people using systems at the local level helped monitor the effectiveness of HIV programmes. 20 Hopefully, this step will improve patient outcomes by incentivising effective interventions for advanced HIV disease and support for people who have stopped treatment to re-enter care. 17 Third, we can move towards a variety of outcomeoriented global health programmes beyond HIV, for which measures of success move from the number of patients receiving services to explicit reductions in mortality rates.
cord-354029-mp5r82g4	2005	Despite their differences, common principles for how fusion proteins function are emerging: In response to an activating trigger, the metastable fusion protein converts to an extended, in some cases rodlike structure, which inserts into the target membrane via its fusion peptide. Although several viral fusion proteins, such as influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein (Env), have emerged as paradigms, it is important to realize that there are many distinguishing features among viral fusion proteins (Table 1 ). We now review a lipid rearrangement model and focus on the roles of different regions of viral fusion proteins in choreographing the structural changes that the membranes undergo throughout the fusion cascade (Fig. 3) . Cellular membrane-binding ability of the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope transmembrane protein gp41 Role of the N-terminal peptides of viral envelope proteins in membrane fusion
cord-354050-kcn67stj	2017	Most of what we know about the antiviral activities of IFITM proteins results from work using IAV and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which perform pH-dependent fusion reactions in endosomes to gain access to the cell interior [22] . As the primary determinant for virus-cell attachment and the subsequent fusion reaction, the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) was suspected to play an important role in whether or not HIV-1 and related lentiviruses are subject to inhibition by IFITM proteins. In addition to restricting virus entry, recent findings indicate that IFITM proteins perform antiviral functions impacting late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. This antiviral activity is enhanced upon expression of an IFITM3 mutant that is defective for endocytosis, indicating that restriction of HIV-1 virion infectivity is performed at the plasma membrane [5] . Nonetheless, the recent identification of Env variants that are resistant to the IFITM3-mediated restriction of virion infectivity confirms this viral protein as an important determinant.
cord-354374-rtgjjglc	2000	Colonic CMV infection can occur in association with infection elsewhere in the GI tract including the oesophagus, which usually results in dysphagia and odynophagia, and the pancreatico-biliary tree, which results from AIDS-related cholangiopathy or pancreatitis and manifests as pain in the upper abdomen. However, with the exception of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpes simplex virus (HSV), which are established aetiological agents of disease in the GI tract in patients with HIV, the role of other enteric viruses remains controversial. Between 44% and 82% of HIV patients with chronic diarrhoea have a pathogen that is readily identifiable using a well-established diagnostic protocol that includes stool culture, microscopy and histological examination of biopsies obtained by endoscopy of the upper and lower GI tract [1] [2] [3] [4] . • What role do non-CMV enteric viruses, particularly adenovirus, have in HIV-related diarrhoea?
cord-354790-xx6imhzb	2016	31 In addition to controlling the viral propagation by these mechanisms, the opsonization of viral particles and/or infected cells by therapeutic antiviral mAbs of the IgG type leads to the formation of immune complexes (ICs) recognizable by the FcγRs expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as DCs. This can potentially affect the endogenous antiviral adaptive immune response of passive immunotherapy-treated individuals. Moreover, as the in vivo activity of anti-HIV-1 bNAbs, including viral load control, was recently shown to crucially depend on Fc effector functions, 53,54 an important issue is identifying that Fc-FcγRs interactions are involved in the induction of vaccinelike effects by antiviral mAbs. To understand the mechanisms underlying the enhancement of antiviral responses by ICs, several in vitro studies have addressed whether antibody-mediated viral uptake by DCs could lead to stronger activation of these cells and the development of stronger virus-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses in an Fc-dependent manner.
cord-354972-nc496v6s	2020	As of 8 August 2020, there have been over 1.2 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Africa, with 29,833 deaths reported (Africa CDC) There is concern that the pandemic may pose an even greater risk to countries in Africa owing to their weak health-care infrastructure, large burden of co-infections, including HIV-1 and tuberculosis, and ongoing outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infections such as Ebola virus (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Lassa haemorrhagic fever (Nigeria) that will divert much-needed resources away from the fight against COVID-19 (ref. Given the optimistic development timeline of 12-18 months before any vaccines could be available for widespread use, it is clear that these efforts will not Box 1 | Potential impact of climate on SArS-coV-2 dissemination the comparatively low incidence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COviD19) in africa has raised the possibility that climate could influence the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-Cov-2).
cord-354974-bh2expef	2016	BACKGROUND: We used data from 4 years of pediatric severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) sentinel surveillance in Blantyre, Malawi, to identify factors associated with clinical severity and coviral clustering. A total of 605 SARI cases (26.8%) had warning signs, which were positively associated with HIV infection (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–3.9), respiratory syncytial virus infection (aRR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3–3.0) and rainy season (aRR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6–3.8). In the context of a low-income population with multiple drivers of immune compromise (eg, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, malnutrition, and malaria) [11] , we conducted active surveillance at a large urban teaching hospital in Malawi to estimate the incidence of childhood SARI and explore the association of SARI clinical severity with HIV infection and clustering of respiratory viral coinfection. After adjustment for age, sex, and HIV status, rainy season recruitment was significantly associated with SARI with warning signs in influenza virus-positive patients with SARI (aRR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.37-8.53; analysis not shown).
cord-355318-qm79gz8w	2020	Knowledge of other viral respiratory diseases suggests that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 could be modulated by seasonally varying environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Thus, if climate factors do play a role in COVID-19 infection rates, the concurrence of transition of southern hemisphere countries to their winter season with the mid-stages of the disease transmission trajectory is of concern, especially with respect to containment policy and health system resource allocation. Environmental variables considered in preprint and peer-reviewed publications as modulators of SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates include mean, minimum and/or maximum daily temperature, and diurnal temperature range; an undefined ''humidity'' variable, relative humidity, specific humidity and absolute humidity; dew point temperature; rainfall; wind speed or wind power; air pressure; some metric of solar or UV radiation; and ''air quality'' (Supplementary Tables S1 and S2 ). The general prevalence of climatologically-coupled seasonal signals and environmental variable modulation seen in the majority of other viral respiratory diseases creates the expectation for a similar effect on SARS-CoV-2 and in COVID-19 epidemiology.
cord-355439-eqtk51q3	2020	Surveillance data, such as those available from South Africa or Wuhan, will provide the most complete picture of COVID-19 risk among PLWH (e.g., by not restricting to PLWH who are in care and who are more likely to have wellcontrolled HIV disease); however clinical data, such as those from Madrid, may provide the most depth (e.g., by allowing examination of the role of comorbidities, medications, and COVID-19 treatments) as long as potential selection bias is considered. Despite some good telehealth outcomes for some PLWH, telehealth has the potential to exacerbate disparities in care for people with lower socio-economic status: lack of necessary technology and services, technology literacy, and safe, confidential surroundings to participate fully in telehealth may be barriers to engagement in care (32 distancing restrictions if they need to go outside their homes to access alcohol or other drugs, or critically, medication assisted treatments (such as methadone or buprenorphine).
cord-355475-kdubhh73	2020	An early survey in May and June 2020 of practicing dentists in private practice and public health settings in the United States (U.S.), a short 2 months after the first COVID-19 wave and national shortages of personal protective equipment caused offices to move to emergency only dental care, showed that 99.7% of offices had implemented enhanced infection control procedures. While hope for a COVID-19 vaccine to quell transmission is widespread, we must not lose sight of the fact that diverse vaccine development technologies and novel drug discovery efforts made today will benefit our response to the next pandemic. 14 When the diversity of oral mucosal and salivary gland disorders were observed in HIV/AIDS patients, international collaborative groups such as the European Community We learned from HIV disease management that the antiretroviral drugs can have acute and long-term toxicities including ulcers, xerostomia/parotid lipomatosis, taste disturbances, perioral paresthesia, erythema multiforme and facial fat wasting.
cord-355541-5sctqkwr	2005	This review analyses the major challenges in developing an aids vaccine, in particular the mechanisms involved in viral escape from the immune response, and summarizes the results obtained with the different prototypes of therapeutic and preventive vaccines. In order to develop a vaccine, it is necessary to know the genes of the pathogen involved in the induction of a specific immune response, and to use experimental models to test the efficacy of the virus. The most conclusive experimental data on the role of the cellular response in the control of viral replication come from studies in which selective depletion of CD8 lymphocytes in macaques infected with SIV leads to a huge increase in viremia and accelerated evolution to aids 22 . These types of preparation have failed as preventive vaccines in animal models, since they have not achieved protective immunity, probably due to the fact that the humoral response induced against HIV proteins is erratic and of reduced potency.