Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 30 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3262 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 HCW 10 COVID-19 8 hcw 6 SARS 4 covid-19 4 PPE 2 vaccination 2 study 2 China 1 uptake 1 test 1 respiratory 1 preprint 1 pod 1 mask 1 case 1 api 1 Taiwan 1 Santé 1 Mycobacterium 1 Methodology 1 March 1 Mali 1 ICP 1 HIV 1 COVID19 1 August Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 667 % 594 patient 496 study 468 hcw 441 infection 403 hospital 389 case 363 vaccination 345 health 324 risk 318 worker 280 care 238 healthcare 228 disease 203 symptom 197 outbreak 184 transmission 177 time 174 uptake 174 staff 172 day 165 datum 158 influenza 154 test 150 pandemic 147 contact 144 number 139 work 139 mask 138 result 134 analysis 133 screening 133 population 133 exposure 132 level 124 use 123 rate 119 group 115 area 113 proportion 113 period 112 model 112 individual 107 author 106 nurse 105 determinant 103 factor 101 ward 99 survey 98 community Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 599 HCW 462 COVID-19 343 SARS 245 PPE 213 CoV-2 159 Health 117 HCWs 101 China 79 March 66 Coronavirus 60 al 57 HIV 56 Table 53 PCR 52 de 49 Disease 49 Care 49 . 44 Hospital 42 Healthcare 41 Wuhan 40 TB 40 ICU 39 et 39 Workers 37 ICP 36 April 34 Control 33 Prevention 32 IgM 31 UK 31 IgA 28 Department 27 J 27 IgG 27 CI 26 World 26 May 25 US 25 Mali 25 COVID19 24 National 24 NHS 23 IQR 23 Diseases 23 Australia 23 August 22 sha 22 N95 22 Italy Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 330 we 154 it 140 they 49 them 24 themselves 19 i 12 us 9 you 7 she 6 one 6 he 6 em 3 iga1 3 him 1 itself 1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 3124 be 711 have 244 use 238 test 233 include 216 report 115 work 110 do 104 show 93 perform 91 increase 89 base 87 infect 86 compare 84 find 80 require 80 follow 80 face 78 provide 76 suggest 71 identify 69 relate 67 associate 66 confirm 62 wear 62 take 60 recommend 60 describe 59 make 59 give 58 need 54 link 51 suspect 51 occur 50 study 49 protect 49 develop 49 allow 48 perceive 47 reduce 47 assess 46 prevent 45 consider 44 expose 43 regard 43 estimate 42 accord 41 result 41 present 41 cause Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 393 not 273 positive 247 high 238 - 195 covid-19 168 other 152 low 151 asymptomatic 150 also 138 more 125 respiratory 124 symptomatic 117 only 117 non 117 clinical 114 significant 102 most 95 first 91 severe 89 such 88 medical 81 however 79 available 78 well 75 negative 73 likely 72 surgical 68 personal 67 protective 65 psychological 65 early 60 acute 59 possible 58 infectious 57 patient 57 close 55 mental 54 new 54 important 53 general 52 social 52 large 51 as 50 current 49 respectively 46 similar 46 different 44 potential 44 least 44 hcw Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 most 22 least 20 high 16 good 16 Most 8 low 5 large 3 late 3 great 2 bad 1 tough 1 busy 1 big 1 HCW/1136 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 63 most 22 least 1 well Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 doi.org 1 www.surveymonkey.com 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk 1 www.graphpad.com 1 www.epicov.org 1 covid19.who.int Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 16 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.23.20180125 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03 1 http://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PPE-SAFE 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/480/s1 1 http://www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk/research/ 1 http://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/confInterval1/ 1 http://www.epicov.org/epi3/ 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08 1 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06171-9 1 http://covid19.who.int/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 lindsay.grayson@austin.org.au Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 cov-2 test positivity 6 hcw had lower 4 hcw had higher 4 hcw testing positive 4 hcws testing positive 3 hcw tested positive 3 study did not 2 % reporting exposure 2 % were female 2 cases had identical 2 cases increased gradually 2 cov-2 test result 2 hcw are often 2 hcw had similar 2 hcw have pressure 2 hcw reporting exposure 2 hcw using advanced 2 hcw was low 2 hcw were younger 2 infection was most 2 infection were similar 2 patient facing hcw 2 staff tested positive 2 studies describing protection 2 studies had broader 2 studies have also 2 studies is available 2 studies used kap 2 study has several 2 study was not 2 test were not 2 tests were positive 2 transmission is well 2 uptake was significantly 2 workers test positive 1 % did not 1 % had also 1 % had detectable 1 % had ever 1 % had igg2 1 % had not 1 % had severe 1 % reported more 1 % were male 1 % were married 1 % were not 1 % were positive 1 case did not 1 case suggesting direct 1 case was asymptomatic Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 % were not at 1 case were not fully 1 covid-19 are not adequate 1 covid-19 was not overly 1 hcw are not only 1 hospitals had no systematic 1 infections are not specific 1 outbreaks did not always 1 patient had no symptoms 1 patient was not clinically 1 patients had no information 1 patients is not enough 1 studies found no association 1 studies found no difference 1 studies showed no relation 1 test were not signi 1 test were not significantly A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-310508-zgqbfmzl author = Alavi-Moghaddam, Mostafa title = A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak from Wuhan City in China, Rapid Need for Emergency Departments Preparedness and Response; a Letter to Editor date = 2020-02-02 keywords = HCW; respiratory summary = This report to World Health Organization (WHO), raised global public health concern because this is the third coronavirus âȂŞassociated acute respiratory illness outbreak. Clinical care of patients with suspected 2019-nCoV should focus on early recognition, immediate isolation (separation), implementation of appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) measures and provision optimized supportive care. Both the health care worker (HCW) and the suspected case of acute respiratory illness (ALI) should wear a medical mask and the patient should better be directed to a separate area, an isolation room if available. At the time being, emergency preparedness and response for providing appropriate care to the patients suspected to coronavirus-associated acute respiratory illness (abovementioned plans) should be developed and implemented in the emergency departments, as the frontline of treating human infections of 2019-nCov in the hospitals. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance doi = nan id = cord-262653-v1to1mrp author = Asad, H. title = Health Care Workers and Patients as Trojan Horses: a COVID19 ward outbreak date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; HCW summary = Subsequent investigation over a 14 day period revealed symptoms in 23 staff members and five linked cases in patients on the same ward. Staff members and patients can act as Trojan horses carrying infection into and around the hospital, setting up unexpected transmission events. An in house real time PCR assay for COVID-19 was carried out on dry throat swabs taken from symptomatic patients and staff members working on the ward. HCW cases were defined as (A) a member of staff from the affected ward and (B) compatible symptoms for COVID-19 (C) onset of infection during the outbreak period. Four of the five staff members with very early onset of infection were working with the index case during the likely infectious period ( Figure 3 ). In this case infection was most likely introduced by an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic HCW and then transferred via a longstanding patient from ITU to a previously negative medical ward. doi = 10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100073 id = cord-266261-6h7c26xg author = Bharati, Joyita title = COVID‐19 pandemic in limited‐resource countries: Strategies for challenges in a dialysis unit date = 2020-07-12 keywords = HCW summary = key: cord-266261-6h7c26xg authors: Bharati, Joyita; Ramachandran, Raja; Kumar, Vivek; Kohli, Harbir Singh title: COVID‐19 pandemic in limited‐resource countries: Strategies for challenges in a dialysis unit cord_uid: 6h7c26xg The rapid surge of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought unique challenges. In the absence of universal testing, apprehensions related to inadvertent exposure to COVID-19 positive patient was increasing among health-care workers (HCW) and patients, which was crucial to be addressed to maintain functionality of the unit. A risk stratification algorithm after inadvertent exposure to COVID-19 positive patient was adapted from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to educate HCW. 1,2 A flow-chart simplified the interpretation of CDC tables for risk stratification which were found intricate by HCW. Protocol for hemodialysis unit during COVID-19 pandemic. guidance for risk assessment and public health management of healthcare personnel with potential exposure in a healthcare setting to patients with coronavirus disease The authors declare no conflicts of interest. doi = 10.1111/nep.13748 id = cord-028273-22swinc6 author = Cabrini, Luca title = Yesterday heroes, today plague doctors: the dark side of celebration date = 2020-07-01 keywords = hcw summary = The Coordinating Center of the "COVID-19 Lombardy ICU-Network", therefore, promoted an exploratory survey to assess the incidence of episodes of discrimination experienced by specialists and trainees in Anesthesiology and in Intensive Care Medicine. Overall, 159 HCWs (25%) reported at least 1 episode of discrimination involving themselves, their colleagues or family members. Sadly, the "not in my backyard" principle seems to apply to HCWs, who are celebrated as long as they stay confined in hospitals, and this discrimination is also being extended to their families. Healthcare systems administrators and policy-makers should employ every means to minimize the risk of infection among HCWs by providing adequate PPE and training. There is a good chance that as long as we are presented as heroes continuously facing death, we will suffer discrimination; such portrayal erroneously belabours the risk of being infected by HCWs, making it seem a very probable option. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06166-4 id = cord-264522-u61m4x9l author = Crupi, Robert S. title = Linking Emergency Preparedness and Health Care Worker Vaccination Against Influenza: A Novel Approach date = 2016-11-16 keywords = HCW; pod; vaccination summary = In the 2008–2009 influenza season, Flushing Hospital Medical Center (FHMC; New York) adopted a "push/pull" point-of-dispensing (POD) vaccination model that was derived from emergency preparedness planning for mass vaccination and/or prophylaxis to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether occurring naturally or due to bioterrorism. In the 2008-2009 influenza season, Flushing Hospital Medi cal Center (FHMC; New York) adopted a "push/pull" point-ofdispensing (POD) vaccination model that was derived from emergency preparedness planning for mass vaccination and/or prophylaxis to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether occurring naturally or due to bioterrorism. Conclusions: This model provides a novel approach for institutions to improve their HCW influenza vaccination rates within a limited period through exercising emergency preparedness plans for infectious disease outbreaks. Conclusions: This model provides a novel approach for institutions to improve their HCW influenza vaccination rates within a limited period through exercising emergency preparedness plans for infectious disease outbreaks. doi = 10.1016/s1553-7250(10)36073-9 id = cord-282280-5pggpbrq author = Doornekamp, Laura title = Determinants of Vaccination Uptake in Risk Populations: A Comprehensive Literature Review date = 2020-08-27 keywords = HCW; ICP; study; uptake; vaccination summary = The following concepts are used: (1) predisposing factors, including baseline characteristics of studied populations; (2) information factors, including information retrieved via media, social contacts and HCW; (3) awareness, of the infectious agent being present or a vaccine being available; (4) knowledge (either examined or self-evaluated), about the consequences of the infection, or about the efficacy and duration of protection of vaccination; (5a) perceived risk of the infection, which is divided into perceived severity of the disease and perceived susceptibility to get infected; (5b) perceived risk of vaccination, including vaccine-specific considerations such as fear of side-effects and trust in the effectiveness of the vaccine; (6) attitude, defined as a person''s disposition to respond favourably or unfavourably to vaccinations [14] , often reflected by a person''s general believes about vaccinations; (7) social influence, which can be social norms imposed by family, friends or religion, but also recommendations from a healthcare professional or tour guide; (8) self-efficacy, defined as beliefs in one''s own capacity to perform certain behaviour [15] ; (9) intention to behaviour, expressed by people before they perform the behaviour; (10) barriers and facilitators, that withhold individuals from or enable them to certain behaviour, such as time, costs, or accessibility. doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030480 id = cord-301299-flb5wwzg author = García, Inés Suárez title = SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in a hospital in Madrid, Spain date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; case; hcw summary = AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 among healthcare workers (HCWs) between February 24(th) to April 30(th), 2020 in a hospital in Madrid, Spain. Therefore, we designed a retrospective cohort study whose aim was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs in a hospital in Madrid, Spain. During the study period, HCWs experiencing symptoms consistent with probable COVID-19 were instructed to present at the Occupational Health outpatient clinic, where they were managed according to the hospital protocol: a nasopharyngeal swab was collected and analysed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for SARS-CoV-2. A case of COVID-19 was defined as any HCW presenting to the Occupational Health outpatient clinic with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 and with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.020 id = cord-306247-259zacce author = Garnica, Marcia title = COVID-19 in hematology: data from a hematologic and transplant unit date = 2020-09-06 keywords = HCW; covid-19 summary = We addressed our preparation to face COVID-19 pandemic in a Hematological and Stem Cell Transplant Unit in Brazil during the first two months of COVID-19 pandemic and described COVID-19 cases in patients and health care workers (HCW). Despite a decrease in the number of procedures, the Transplant Program performed 8 autologous and 4 allogeneic SCT during the period, and 49 onco-hematological patients were admitted to continuing their treatments. Although we observed a high frequency of COVID-19 among patients and HCW, showing that SARS-CoV-2 is disseminated in Brazil, hematological patients were safely treated during pandemic times. 8 In this manuscript, we address our preparation to face the COVID-19 pandemic during the first two months and describe COVID-19 documented cases in patients and health care workers (HCW): from diagnosis to outcomes. This is a case series study from hematological patients treated from March 12 th to May 21 th in Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, a quaternary level hospital, reference for stem cell transplantation (SCT), and solid organ transplant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. doi = 10.1016/j.htct.2020.08.004 id = cord-322451-cwpz4akv author = Hsin, Dena Hsin-Chen title = Heroes of SARS: professional roles and ethics of health care workers date = 2004-07-27 keywords = HCW; SARS; Taiwan summary = To examine the professional moral duty of health care workers (HCWs) in the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003. In a number of countries in order to encourage HCW, the government and the public started to give the title of ''hero'' to nurses and doctors who are working in the frontline of SARS outbreak. While the ethical ideal of self-less sacrifice of life for curing disease is promoted in the public image and media, discussions with HCW in several countries suggests that being a hero is not what modern medical practice is for some HCWs. Most HCWs in Taiwan are working in the commercial hospital, where the hirer pushes them to focus their effort of work on business competition rather than the basic role of helpers to human''s health. Nurses'' professional care obligation and their attitudes towards SARS infection control measures in Taiwan during and after the 2003 epidemic doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.06.005 id = cord-336837-rerp1g1w author = Jones, Nick K title = Effective control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between healthcare workers during a period of diminished community prevalence of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = Methodology; SARS; hcw summary = These data demonstrate how infection prevention and control measures including staff testing may help prevent hospitals from becoming independent ''hubs'' of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and illustrate how, with appropriate precautions, organizations in other sectors may be able to resume on-site work safely. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA was performed with real-time RT-PCR using throat and nose swab samples of HCWs from Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CUHNFT) and their symptomatic household contacts. In the HCW symptomatic and HCW symptomatic household contact screening arms combined (reflecting all individuals with self-reported symptoms at the time of testing), 13/771 (1.7%) tests were positive, which was significantly lower than 30/221 (13%) in the original study period (Fisher''s exact test p<0.0001). In particular, during the last 2 weeks of the study period (11th to 24th May 2020), we identified only four positive SARS-CoV-2 samples from 2016 tests performed, two from the HCW asymptomatic and two from the HCW symptomatic/symptomatic household contact arms. doi = 10.7554/elife.59391 id = cord-316266-6m9g3bdr author = Jones, Peter title = What proportion of healthcare worker masks carry virus? A systematic review date = 2020-06-24 keywords = HCW; mask summary = CONCLUSIONS: Although limited, current evidence suggests that viral carriage on the outer surface of surgical masks worn by HCW treating patients with clinical respiratory illness is low and there was not strong evidence to support the assumption that mask use may increase the risk of viral transmission. During the current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) pandemic, the Ministry of Health (MOH) and District Health Boards (DHB) have not recommended routine use of surgical masks for healthcare workers (HCW) in emergency departments (ED) in New Zealand (NZ). Articles were included if they were clinical studies that reported virus detection on masks worn by HCW. Systematic review evidence from a previous coronavirus pandemic suggests that general use of masks may be protective for HCW in this setting, 20 21 with a Number Needed to Treat (NNT) of six to prevent one HCW infection (meta-analysis of case control studies). doi = 10.1111/1742-6723.13581 id = cord-286932-2gjnpqqa author = Lee, Yung title = Impact of hospital lockdown secondary to COVID-19 and past pandemics on surgical practice: A living rapid systematic review date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; HCW; study summary = title: Impact of hospital lockdown secondary to COVID-19 and past pandemics on surgical practice: A living rapid systematic review We included studies that assessed postoperative patient outcomes or protection measures for surgical personnel during epidemics. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights postoperative patient outcomes during worldwide epidemics including the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies specific safety measures to minimize infection of healthcare workers. Studies reporting outcomes of patients undergoing surgery during an epidemic-caused hospital lockdown and studies investigating the impact of lockdown on surgical HCW and surgical practice were included. 23,29,35 Fourteen studies described modifying the roles of HCW during epidemics, including formation of an "Emergency Incident Command Team" to identify and separate infected patients from other patients, allowing only essential personnel to be present during procedures, and assigning staff to conduct patient screening full-time. 21 No infections or adverse outcomes were reported for HCW during the SARS epidemics (0/128) from the included studies. doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.11.019 id = cord-333460-4ui8i9u5 author = Li, Qing title = The Psychological Health Status of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study in Guangdong, China date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; HCW summary = title: The Psychological Health Status of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study in Guangdong, China Similar to SARS and MERS, front-line healthcare workers (HCW) may be in direct contact with and have to care for patients and suspected cases of COVID-19; they are therefore at a particularly high risk of infection. The aim of our study was to assess the psychological status of HCW in Guangdong Province, China, and to identify coping strategies during the outbreak of COVID-19. However, surprisingly, the mean scores of the SAS (42.9) and SDS (47.8) of HCW indicated that they were in the normal range for both anxiety and depression, which seemed to differ from the results of previous studies on SARS and MERS (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) . doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.562885 id = cord-252250-hhdawwjf author = Menon, Vikas title = Ethical dilemmas faced by health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: Issues, implications and suggestions date = 2020-04-28 keywords = HCW summary = title: Ethical dilemmas faced by health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: Issues, implications and suggestions In this regard, we point out a few moral and ethical dilemmas that can be faced by health care workers (HCW) while attending the call of duty: J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 2. 4. Setting up of a COVID support cell in every institution would serve as a one stop resource for mental and physical health care needs of HCW''s. We hope that the measures outlined above would assist institutions and team leaders in providing the best possible working conditions for their staff and health care workers. Mental Health Needs of Health Care Workers Providing Frontline COVID-19 Care Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102116 id = cord-253833-0lajhqn5 author = Misra-Hebert, Anita D title = Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers risk of infection and outcomes in a large, integrated health system. date = 2020-08-19 keywords = SARS; covid-19; hcw summary = [7] [8] [9] 11 A recent prospective study in the United Kingdom and US suggested a ve-fold increased risk for HCW caring for patients with COVID-19 compared to HCW not caring for patients with COVID-19, even with the use of PPE 12 while another study of HCW in a large healthcare system showed a decrease in positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 associated with a universal masking recommendation. In this study, we aimed to assess whether HCW are at higher risk for COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 related hospitalization, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission compared to non-HCW using advanced statistical methodology to account for various confounders. [7] [8] [9] [10] 12 The fact that HCW identi ed as patient-facing had a signi cantly higher odds for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity suggests an increased risk of COVID-19 infection with work exposure. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-61235/v1 id = cord-261173-lnjh56ts author = Misra-Hebert, Anita D. title = Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers’ Risk of Infection and Outcomes in a Large, Integrated Health System date = 2020-09-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19; hcw summary = In this study, we aimed to assess whether HCW are at higher risk for COVID-19 infection, COVID-19-related hospitalization, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission compared to non-HCW using advanced statistical methodology to account for various confounders. 23 For the outcomes of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission of COVID-19 testpositive patients, the propensity score covariates are those that were found associated with COVID-19 hospitalization outcome in our previous work including age, race, ethnicity, gender, smoking history, body mass index, median income, population per housing unit, presenting symptoms (including fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, diarrhea, vomiting), comorbidities (including asthma, hypertension, diabetes, immunosuppressive disease), medications (including immunosuppressive treatment, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]), and laboratory values (including pre-testing platelets, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, chloride, and potassium). [7] [8] [9] [10] 12 The fact that HCW identified as patient facing had a significantly higher odds for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity suggests an increased risk of COVID-19 infection with work exposure. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-06171-9 id = cord-297879-6xb25uhx author = Moncunill, G. title = SARS-CoV-2 infections and antibody responses among health care workers in a Spanish hospital after a month of follow-up date = 2020-08-25 keywords = August; HCW; SARS; preprint summary = A follow-up survey one month after the baseline (April-May 2020) measured SARS-CoV-2 infection by real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and IgM, IgA, IgG and subclasses to the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by Luminex. We found that 9.3% (95% CI: 7.1-12.0) of the participants were seropositive and the cumulative prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (considering a past or current positive result to either antibody testing or rRT-PCR) was 11.2% (95% CI: 8.8-14.1). We measured IgM, IgG, and IgA isotypes and subclasses, and assessed the factors associated with new infections as well as levels and kinetics of antibodies. Levels (median fluorescence intensity, MFI) of IgM, IgG, and IgA against receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein stratified by asymptomatic participants and participants who reported COVID-19 compatible symptoms at recruitment (month 0, M0), month 1 (M1) or at both visits (M0&M1). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.23.20180125 id = cord-329350-qrxl5o1e author = Pan, Angelo title = Suggestions from Cremona, Italy - two months into the pandemic at the frontline of COVID-19 in Europe date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; HCW summary = We have had to care for high numbers of severely ill patients with limited resources, i.e. ventilators and specialists in respiratory failure management, often with a lack of health-care workers (HCW): a terrible situation. 1. Education first: it is difficult to organize continuing HCW education in an emergency setting, but it is necessary to implement courses on infection control and prevention (ICP) and on COVID-19 management. HCW need to be rapidly updated on necessary competencies required to manage highly infectious patients with respiratory failure. C. COVID-19 management: "fast and dirty" courses on should be organized on general principles of respiratory insufficiency, blood gas analysis, oxygen therapy, venous thromboembolism prevention, antivirals and anti-inflammatory drugs use (7) . while waiting for possible new waves, we are working on education on PPE, HH, and ventilation, and programming how to dedicate general ward and ICU to manage new COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.038 id = cord-256705-gexh2wtd author = Prescott, K. title = COVID-19: how prepared are front-line healthcare workers in England? date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; HCW summary = In view of this, a cross-sectional survey of front-line healthcare workers (HCWs) at two large acute NHS hospital trusts in England was undertaken to assess their confidence and perceived level of preparedness for the virus. As such we carried out an online cross sectional questionnaire based survey of front line HCW at two large acute NHS hospital Trusts in England to ascertain how prepared they felt to manage COVID-19. We designed an online cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey using Online Surveys (formerly BOS) to ascertain how confident and prepared front line HCW felt in managing potential COVID-19 cases. At the time the survey went live work in both hospital Trusts had already begun to prepare front line HCW for COVID-19. As the threat of COVID-19 grows, we wanted to assess how confident our front line HCW felt to manage possible cases. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.031 id = cord-311539-pbzb0jjt author = Puro, V. title = Clustered Cases of Pneumonia among Healthcare Workers over a 1-year Period in Three Italian Hospitals: Applying the WHO SARS Alert date = 2006 keywords = HCW summary = BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) alert should be raised when two or more healthcare workers (HCW) in the same health care unit fulfil the SARS clinical criteria, with onset of illness in the same 10-day period. To detect the possible re-emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the implementation of an alert system based on the surveillance of healthcare workers (HCW): an alert should be raised when two or more HCW in the same health care unit fulfil the clinical criteria for SARS, with onset of illness in the same 10-day period [1] . To try to determine the minimum number of pneumonia alert cases that should define a SARS alert cluster in Italy, we analyzed sickness absences longer than 7 days, which occurred among HCW employed in three Italian hospitals in 2003. doi = 10.1007/s15010-006-5604-8 id = cord-325778-y5miy24f author = Quigley, Ashley L. title = Estimating the Burden of COVID-19 on the Australian Healthcare Workers and Health System date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; HCW summary = We aimed to estimate the burden of COVID-19 on Australia healthcare workers and the health system by obtaining and organizing data on HCW infections, analyzing national HCW cases in regards to occupational risk and analyzing healthcare outbreak. METHODS: We searched government reports and websites and media reports to create a comprehensive line listing of Australian healthcare worker infections and nosocomial outbreaks between January 25(th) and July 8(th), 2020. Many studies have also shown that hospitals not only present a high exposure setting for respiratory infections in HCW 17, 18 but that presenteeism is a key risk factor in disease transmission and extension of an outbreak 19 . Analysis of the infection status of the health care workers in Wuhan during the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study COVID-19 and the Risk to Health Care Workers: A Case Report COVID-19: the case for health-care worker screening to prevent hospital transmission doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103811 id = cord-291810-eq7pjltx author = Reusken, Chantal B title = Rapid assessment of regional SARS-CoV-2 community transmission through a convenience sample of healthcare workers, the Netherlands, March 2020 date = 2020-03-26 keywords = March; hcw summary = To rapidly assess possible community transmission in Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands, healthcare workers (HCW) with mild respiratory complaints and without epidemiological link (contact with confirmed case or visited areas with active circulation) were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To rapidly assess possible community transmission in Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands, healthcare workers (HCW) with mild respiratory complaints and without epidemiological link (contact with confirmed case or visited areas with active circulation) were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Furthermore, in hospital B in Breda, which has offered low-threshold testing for employees with respiratory complaints since 2 March 2020, several healthcare workers (HCW) had tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A focus on HCW would simplify sampling, at such short notice, of adequate numbers of people with mild respiratory symptoms (coughing and/or sore throat and/or common cold) and without a known epidemiological link for SARS-CoV-2 exposure (travel to high-risk areas, close contact with confirmed case). doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.12.2000334 id = cord-296306-xcomjvaa author = Rivett, Lucy title = Screening of healthcare workers for SARS-CoV-2 highlights the role of asymptomatic carriage in COVID-19 transmission date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; HCW; PPE; SARS; test summary = Significant differences exist in the availability of healthcare worker (HCW) SARS-CoV-2 testing between countries, and existing programmes focus on screening symptomatic rather than asymptomatic staff. Table 3 outlines the total number of SARS-CoV-2 tests performed in each screening group (HCW asymptomatic, HCW symptomatic, and HCW symptomatic household contact) categorised according to the ward with the highest anticipated risk of exposure to high; ''amber'', medium; ''green'', low; . Three subgroups of SARS-CoV-2 positive asymptomatic HCW Each individual in the HCW asymptomatic screening group was contacted by telephone to establish a clinical history, and COVID-19 probability criteria ( Table 1) were retrospectively applied to categorise any symptoms in the month prior to testing ( Figure 2 ). 12/30 (40%) individuals from the HCW asymptomatic screening group reported symptoms > 7 days prior to testing, and the majority experiencing symptoms consistent with a high probability of COVID-19 had appropriately self-isolated during that period. doi = 10.7554/elife.58728 id = cord-282675-s4zmffj3 author = Sagaon-Teyssier, Luis title = Assessment of mental health outcomes and associated factors among workers in community-based HIV care centers in the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Mali date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; HCW; HIV; Mali; Santé summary = title: Assessment of mental health outcomes and associated factors among workers in community-based HIV care centers in the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Mali Mental health in ARCAD Santé PLUS''s CHW in Mali seemed to be associated with uncertainty about COVID-19 at the beginning of the outbreak, as suggested by the relationship between the (un)availability of face masks and insomnia, depression, and anxiety. The relationship discovered between the density of nurses in HIV care services and workers'' psychological outcomes not only highlights areas for improvement in the management of mental health among ARCAD Santé PLUS''s HCW during the current COVID-19 outbreak, but also provides insight into how these workers'' performance in HIV-related care could be improved in the short and long terms. doi = 10.1016/j.hpopen.2020.100017 id = cord-353988-xoxmugi8 author = Saleiro, Sandra title = Tuberculose em profissionais de saúde de um serviço hospitalar date = 2007-12-31 keywords = HCW; Mycobacterium summary = Material and methods: All HCW (73) from Hospital São João''s ENT Unit who had been in contact with two in-patients with active TB underwent TB screening. Material and methods: All HCW (73) from Hospital São João''s ENT Unit who had been in contact with two in-patients with active TB underwent TB screening. Microbiology diagnosis was obtained in 7 cases by sputum smear, n=2; culture exam in bronchial lavage, n=4 and histological exam of pleural tissue, n=1. The HCW with suspected TB were evaluated via chest X-ray, mycobacteriological sputum smear, bronchofibroscopy with bronchial lavage, diagnostic thoracocentesis and pleural biopsy. Um dos 9 casos de tuberculose apresentava derrame pleural esquerdo, que foi estudado, tendo para esse efeito sido realizada toracocentese diagnóstica (ADA: 119 U/L; exame directo e cul-in 6 patients, pulmonary nodules in 2 and pleural effusion in 1 (Fig. 3) . Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease among health care workers doi = 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30376-7 id = cord-351022-8y43jhmu author = Schwartz, Carmela title = A dynamic response to exposures of healthcare workers to newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients or hospital personnel, in order to minimize cross transmission and need for suspension from work during the outbreak date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; hcw summary = title: A dynamic response to exposures of healthcare workers to newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients or hospital personnel, in order to minimize cross transmission and need for suspension from work during the outbreak Jerusalem and its surroundings is the area with the highest prevalence of COVID-19 patients in Israel (2) .Health care workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of exposure to infected persons (3) , and concern aroused early in the course of the epidemic that a substantial number of HCWs might need to be suspended from work. After two weeks (on March 20), during which over 250 HCWs were sustained from work, the need A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 8 for home isolation was redefined according to the following principles: 1) if the index case was symptomatic at the time of exposure (e.g., fever or chills, respiratory symptoms, loss of smell or taste), all close contacts were sent to home isolation for 14 days following exposure date. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa384 id = cord-335638-p84nmtfp author = Swaminathan, Ashwin title = Personal Protective Equipment and Antiviral Drug Use during Hospitalization for Suspected Avian or Pandemic Influenza(1) date = 2007-10-17 keywords = PPE; api; hcw summary = This study aimed to estimate the resource needs that a hospital might face in the fi rst few hours of management of a single patient who sought treatment with possible avian or pandemic infl uenza (API) or similar highly virulent respiratory infection. The study outcome measures were the following: 1) number of close contacts associated with the API patient during the initial 6 hours of patient management, including how many of these were HCW close contacts; 2) the total number of exposures experienced by close contacts; 3) overall quantity and type of PPE items (gowns, gloves, N95 masks, eyewear) actually used during the simulation by HCW close contacts and ancillary HCWs; 4) overall "opportunities for PPE item use" for HCW close contacts and ancillary HCWs (i.e., actual use plus missed opportunities for appropriate PPE use); and 5) stratifi cation of HCW close contacts into medium-or low-risk groups for the purpose of recommending antiviral postexposure prophylaxis. doi = 10.3201/eid1310.070033 id = cord-284640-tl9nmvog author = Tabah, Alexis title = Personal protective equipment and intensive care unit healthcare worker safety in the COVID-19 era (PPE-SAFE): An international survey date = 2020-06-13 keywords = HCW; PPE; covid-19 summary = PURPOSE: To survey healthcare workers (HCW) on availability and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) caring for COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). While pain, heat stress and fluid loss with using Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPR) were predicted by experimental data (14) , there are no real-life reports of this issue when using PPE that is available to HCWs. The objective of this study was to describe the current reported practices, availability, training, confidence in the use and adverse effects due to extended use of PPE by HCWs from around the world caring for COVID-19 patients who require ICU management. This survey provides a snapshot of the reported availability, perceived adequacy of training and provided protection, adverse effects and usage of PPE among HCW managing COVID-19 patients in critical care environments from across the globe. doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.06.005 id = cord-332083-135iic7m author = Xia, Wei title = The Physical and Psychological Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Health Care Workers in Wuhan, China: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study date = 2020-09-29 keywords = China; HCW; PPE summary = INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to rapidly quantify the safety measures regarding donning and doffing personal protective equipment, complaints of discomfort caused by wearing personal protective equipment, and the psychological perceptions of health care workers in hospitals in Wuhan, China, responding to the outbreak. Detailed donning and doffing procedures are described in the Supplementary Figure The purpose of this study was to rapidly quantify the safety measures of donning and doffing PPE, complaints of discomfort caused by wearing PPE, and the psychological perceptions of HCWs in hospitals in Wuhan, China, responding to the COVID-19 outbreak. Because our participants were all HCWs in Wuhan hospitals, we divided their demographic information as follows: the demographic variables included sex (male or female); age (20-30 years, 30-40 years, 40-50 years, and >50 years); occupation (physician, nurse, pharmacist, medical technician, or other); workplace (a designated hospital for patients critically ill with severe COVID-19; an undesignated hospital for patients uninfected with COVID-19; and Fangcang Hospital for patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19); and department (general isolation ward, intensive care unit [ICU], emergency department for patients with fevers, and other). doi = 10.1016/j.jen.2020.08.004 id = cord-311151-mrsjhjh4 author = Zhang, Yuemei title = Estimating Preventable COVID19 Infections Related to Elective Outpatient Surgery in Washington State: A Quantitative Model date = 2020-03-20 keywords = COVID19; HCW summary = Methods: Using previously published information on elective ambulatory or outpatient surgical procedures and publicly available data on COVID19 infections in the US and on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, we calculated a transmission rate and generated a mathematical model to predict a lower bound for the number of healthcare-acquired COVID19 infections that could be prevented by canceling or postponing elective outpatient surgeries in Washington state. 11 Given the current status of the COVID19 outbreak, the US Surgeon General, 12 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 13 American College of Surgeons (ACS), 14 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), and Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) 15 have recommended considering rescheduling or postponing some elective surgeries with the goal of conserving limited resources, such as ventilators and ICU beds, and mitigating the risk of "exposing other inpatients, outpatients, and health care providers to the risk of contracting COVID-19" from asymptomatic but infectious patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.18.20037952