Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 78 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38152 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78 HBV 25 HCV 18 dna 18 RNA 18 HIV 17 cell 15 patient 14 virus 11 PCR 8 NAT 7 infection 7 donor 7 blood 7 HLA 7 Fig 6 test 6 result 6 platelet 6 method 6 IFN 6 Hospital 5 study 5 group 5 figure 5 anti 5 RHD 5 RBC 5 DAT 5 ABO 4 protein 4 antibody 4 Transfusion 4 TRALI 4 SARS 4 HIV-1 4 FFP 4 DNA 3 system 3 expression 3 disease 3 NTCP 3 Hepatitis 3 HCC 3 CMV 3 CHB 3 Background 2 viral 2 vaccine 2 treatment 2 transfusion Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 11890 blood 11798 % 10535 patient 7855 cell 6070 virus 6009 donor 5361 infection 5204 transfusion 4522 result 4474 study 3839 method 3740 group 3503 antibody 3447 platelet 3085 sample 3026 level 2944 treatment 2817 protein 2803 hepatitis 2768 disease 2675 case 2650 day 2637 liver 2582 time 2408 system 2341 risk 2284 unit 2240 test 2186 antigen 2173 plasma 2151 year 2113 donation 1952 product 1838 type 1832 therapy 1782 control 1780 effect 1776 response 1765 assay 1750 expression 1747 factor 1728 analysis 1702 conclusion 1678 datum 1667 dna 1622 p 1621 rate 1574 number 1528 use 1524 gene Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 5233 HBV 2423 B 2196 HCV 2044 al 1685 et 1663 . 1575 C 1491 HIV 1417 RNA 1401 RBC 1082 DNA 1043 PCR 946 T 835 Blood 748 - 733 HCC 733 Background 643 HLA 637 Hepatitis 636 Hb 624 ABO 613 Study 608 hepatitis 592 D 586 RHD 585 A 549 HIV-1 529 Transfusion 529 Design 497 Case 485 mg 483 Studies 478 Summary 478 NAT 469 L 467 Rh 464 Conclusions 444 M 441 S 441 IFN 425 Fig 424 II 407 HBsAg 405 University 400 CHB 391 Hospital 370 China 362 NTCP 342 • 341 PLT Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 3300 we 3154 it 1000 they 550 them 500 i 258 he 173 she 122 us 83 one 56 you 39 itself 33 themselves 11 himself 9 2h5-a14 7 ourselves 7 me 7 him 6 p210bcr 6 her 3 igg4 3 herself 2 ccr5Δ32 1 yourself 1 wt/ 1 srbcs 1 s 1 ours 1 oneself 1 magpixv 1 isgf3 1 interleukin-10 1 imb-26 1 ihscs 1 i8r 1 hsp70 1 hsp60 1 his 1 eyp001 1 e7-and 1 dnaja3 1 c.1136c 1 6a 1 2h5 1 -tocopherol 1 -procleix Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 60792 be 9582 have 5607 use 2811 show 2427 include 2142 increase 1949 associate 1890 perform 1709 base 1702 compare 1668 do 1570 detect 1554 find 1553 report 1499 follow 1459 test 1447 reduce 1379 develop 1354 identify 1306 treat 1282 cause 1208 determine 1178 provide 1145 relate 1145 receive 1141 evaluate 1116 require 1115 aim 1088 induce 1082 occur 1076 observe 924 collect 922 infect 909 decrease 895 give 888 obtain 885 indicate 860 suggest 834 result 829 improve 816 lead 791 transfuse 790 make 784 consider 762 demonstrate 746 remain 723 contain 718 need 697 investigate 695 involve Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5984 - 4385 not 3426 high 3190 anti 2814 viral 2806 positive 2663 also 2244 clinical 2213 more 2210 other 1917 human 1903 low 1749 only 1731 well 1662 specific 1662 negative 1574 most 1522 significant 1521 however 1501 chronic 1477 different 1409 red 1384 such 1329 first 1275 non 1185 immune 1166 new 1162 significantly 1158 severe 1147 acute 1130 as 1006 respectively 971 important 947 further 941 antiviral 852 whole 826 common 809 available 806 large 775 single 757 effective 747 early 744 then 713 long 706 many 703 several 701 major 700 molecular 684 possible 680 total Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 449 most 216 least 194 Most 177 high 154 good 64 low 49 large 47 great 24 safe 20 bad 19 late 18 common 18 close 16 big 15 preS1 14 strong 12 old 11 young 9 small 8 early 8 AuNPs 6 near 6 easy 5 long 5 fresh 4 -E 3 simple 3 short 3 postsurgery 3 clear 3 HBcAb 3 E(13.4 3 226/303 3 -H 3 -Diagast 2 wide 2 weak 2 steep 2 southernmost 2 rcDNA 2 Least 1 ≤180 1 ® 1 vs117.8±21.3 1 tDC 1 swD 1 strict 1 sharp 1 postt 1 poor Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1125 most 185 least 27 well 5 highest 3 pres1 1 s2&3 1 rcdna 1 lowest 1 hbcab 1 freshest 1 fast 1 cm² Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 dx.doi.org 6 doi.org 5 bit.ly 4 orcid.org 3 www.nrlqa.net 3 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3 www.mederrors.com. 3 www.hsph.harvard.edu 3 blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 www.virologyj.com 2 www.cdc.gov 2 swissmodel.expasy.org 2 kns.cnki.net 2 github.com 2 en.nhc.gov 1 zha 1 www.syfpeithi 1 www.rcsb.org 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih 1 www.megasoftware.net 1 www.medcalc.org 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.isbtweb.org 1 www.google.com 1 www.finngen.fi 1 www.fda.gov 1 www.expertmed.it 1 www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk 1 www.chinarareblood.cn)was 1 www.cbs.dtu.dk 1 www.atgc-montpellier 1 www 1 vakser.compbio.ku.edu 1 va 1 tree.bio.ed.ac.uk 1 talk.ictvonline.org 1 talk.ictvonline 1 talk 1 sparks-lab.org 1 servicesn.mbi.ucla.edu 1 scholar.google.com.br 1 robetta.bakerlab.org 1 raptorx.uchicago.edu 1 quantpsy.org 1 protein.ict.ac.cn 1 prosa.services.came.sb 1 predictprotein.org 1 ontocrf.costisa.com 1 insignia.cbcb.umd 1 genome.lbl.gov Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 3 http://www.nrlqa.net 3 http://www.mederrors.com. 3 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cearegistry 3 http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi 2 http://www.virologyj.com/content/2/1/70 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 2 http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html 2 http://swissmodel.expasy.org 2 http://kns.cnki.net/ 2 http://github.com/rrwick/Porechop 2 http://en.nhc.gov 1 http://zha 1 http://www.syfpeithi 1 http://www.rcsb.org/structure/3nvq 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih 1 http://www.megasoftware.net 1 http://www.medcalc.org/calc/odds_ratio.php 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/10/3/102/ 1 http://www.isbtweb.org/working-parties/red-cell-immunogenetics-and-bloodgroup-terminology/ 1 http://www.google.com/earth 1 http://www.finngen.fi/ 1 http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBlood 1 http://www.expertmed.it 1 http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/jpred4/ 1 http://www.chinarareblood.cn)was 1 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetMHC/ 1 http://www.atgc-montpellier 1 http://www 1 http://vakser.compbio.ku.edu/resources/gramm/grammx/ 1 http://va 1 http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tempest/ 1 http://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv_wikis/flaviviridae/w/sg_flavi/38/ 1 http://talk.ictvonline 1 http://talk 1 http://sparks-lab.org/server/SPIDER2/ 1 http://servicesn.mbi.ucla.edu/Verify3D/ 1 http://scholar.google.com.br/ 1 http://robetta.bakerlab.org/submit 1 http://raptorx.uchicago.edu 1 http://quantpsy.org 1 http://protein.ict.ac.cn/TreeThreader/ 1 http://prosa.services.came.sb 1 http://predictprotein.org 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0082-2269 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5971-2622 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1676-3235 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6801-0705 1 http://ontocrf.costisa.com/en/web/asia 1 http://insignia.cbcb.umd Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 yuan.hu@fda.hhs.gov 1 qixiaolong@vip.163.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 cells were then 15 patients were positive 14 cells were co 13 levels were significantly 12 infection is still 12 transfusion related acute 10 cells did not 10 donors were more 10 patient did not 10 patients do not 10 platelets were not 10 samples were positive 10 treatment did not 9 % tested patients 9 blood is not 9 infection is usually 9 patients are not 9 patients are often 9 patients were not 9 patients were randomly 9 results were not 9 studies are necessary 8 antibodies are not 8 antibodies are present 8 cases were positive 8 cells were also 8 donors was not 8 infection does not 8 infection is common 8 patients were negative 8 samples were not 7 % had low 7 % were positive 7 donors did not 7 infection is more 7 infection is not 7 infections are asymptomatic 7 methods are available 7 patient was not 7 samples were then 7 transfusion is still 7 treatment is not 6 % were hiv 6 % were male 6 % were passive 6 % were regular 6 antibodies are anti 6 blood is available 6 cells are not 6 cells do not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 cells are not available 4 patient had no history 3 antibodies are not clinically 3 antibodies are not generally 3 antibodies had no apparent 3 antibodies had no effect 3 antibodies were not anymore 3 blood was not less 3 cell was not present 3 cells do not consistently 3 donors had no major 3 donors have no intention 3 groups did not significantly 3 groups has not statistical 3 levels are not relevant 3 methods are not sufficiently 3 patient had no transfusion 3 patient was not essentially 3 patients is not clear 3 platelets were not available 3 results show no evidence 3 results showed no discrepancies 3 transfusion are not well 3 transfusions are not consistent 3 treatment did not significantly 3 treatment is not available 2 % had no confidence 2 blood is not infectious 2 blood is not routinely 2 donor has not yet 2 donors were not able 2 patients showed no significant 2 patients were not subsequently 2 study found no significant 2 transfusion had no effect 1 % had no aetiology 1 % had no awareness 1 % had no change 1 % had no clinical 1 antibodies are not commercially 1 antibodies are not detectable 1 antibody is not demonstrable 1 antibody was not reactive 1 antigens are not fully 1 antigens occur not infrequently 1 antigens were not mixed 1 b has no m2 1 b showed no effect 1 blood is not always 1 cases have no hbv A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-331731-c2r0kfaz author = Anugwom, Chimaobi M title = Inverse association between chronic hepatitis B infection and COVID-19: immune-exhaustion or coincidence? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = HBV summary = doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa592 id = cord-258665-8q3tsggm author = Aydın, Hakan Berk title = Pixelated colorimetric nucleic acid assay date = 2020-03-01 keywords = DNA; HBV summary = doi = 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120581 id = cord-007562-4hcs0z65 author = Bijlenga, G. title = Proposal for vaccination against SARS coronavirus using avian infectious bronchitis virus strain H from The Netherlands date = 2005-07-19 keywords = HBV; anti summary = title: Proposal for vaccination against SARS coronavirus using avian infectious bronchitis virus strain H from The Netherlands HBV DNA testing by NAT of all the collected units of blood should be adopted by all the blood banks, in order to possibly achieve zero risk of transfusion transmitted HBV infection and also to reduce the rejection rate of the precious units of collected blood by testing for anti HBc. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 has resulted in a number of infections and deaths among healthcare workers (HCWs) and those in contact with SARS-infected persons. Development and use of the H strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus from The Netherlands as a vaccine: a review Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus The carboxyl-terminal 120-residue polypeptide of infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protect chickens from acute infection doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.04.010 id = cord-003993-3bozjfv7 author = Cagliani, Rachele title = Mode and tempo of human hepatitis virus evolution date = 2019-10-25 keywords = Fig; HBV; HCV; hepatitis; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.09.007 id = cord-350393-j80k2v21 author = Chen, Liping title = Clinical characteristics in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2/HBV co‐infection date = 2020-07-15 keywords = HBV; SARS summary = doi = 10.1111/jvh.13362 id = cord-255697-trig04hd author = Cheng, Vincent Chi-Chung title = Viral Infections, an Overview with a Focus on Prevention of Transmission date = 2016-10-24 keywords = HBV; HIV; SARS; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00514-2 id = cord-318143-s4q059g8 author = Cheng, Zhikui title = Sodium selenite suppresses hepatitis B virus transcription and replication in human hepatoma cell lines date = 2015-10-16 keywords = Fig; HBV; SeO summary = doi = 10.1002/jmv.24366 id = cord-026112-58sa5z03 author = Dehghani-Dehej, Farzaneh title = Prevalence of HCV and/or HBV coinfection in Iranian HIV-infected patients date = 2020-04-24 keywords = HBV; HCV; HIV summary = doi = 10.2217/fvl-2019-0066 id = cord-331289-02411gfv author = Di Minno, Giovanni title = Current concepts in the prevention of pathogen transmission via blood/plasma-derived products for bleeding disorders() date = 2015-07-20 keywords = B19; HBV; HIV; NAT; blood; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.blre.2015.07.004 id = cord-286719-1xjmlwqr author = Draz, Mohamed Shehata title = Applications of gold nanoparticles in virus detection date = 2018-02-15 keywords = AuNPs; Fig; HBV; HCV; HIV; RNA; assay; detection; dna; virus summary = The developed AuNP-based detection techniques are reported for various groups of clinically relevant viruses with a special focus on the applied types of bio-AuNP hybrid structures, virus detection targets, and assay modalities and formats. These techniques represent the majority of molecular techniques applied in virus detection and include various types of target amplification techniques (e.g., PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), transcription-mediated amplification, and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification), signal amplification techniques (e.g., branched DNA and hybrid capture), and probe amplification techniques (e.g., ligase chain reaction and strand-displacement amplification). [70] developed an impedimetric electrochemical assay for the detection of AIV M gene sequences based on measuring changes in the impedimetric behavior of the electrode when the target DNA hybridizes with the capture DNA probes immobilized onto its surface and is subsequently labeled by AuNPs via streptavidin/ biotin interaction (Fig. 12C) . doi = 10.7150/thno.23856 id = cord-344084-z4t2wkgk author = Ellwanger, Joel Henrique title = Beyond HIV infection: neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases date = 2020-05-30 keywords = CCR5; CCR5Δ32; HBV; HCV; HIV; WNV; infection summary = The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. In agreement with studies showing that CCR5Δ32 homozygous genotype is a risk factor for symptomatic WNV infection in humans, Ccr5-/-WNV-infected mice showed a reduced capacity of viral control, increased disease severity, impaired leukocyte trafficking towards the brain, and high mortality rates than Ccr5 wild-type mice. In conclusion, although tissue analysis and evidence obtained in vitro suggest that the CCR5 is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of HPV, most studies point to a lack of involvement of CCR5Δ32 in susceptibility to HPV infection or HPV-associated diseases. doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040 id = cord-275104-imqmyqhz author = Fioravanti, Jessica title = Effector CD8+ T cell-derived interleukin-10 enhances acute liver immunopathology date = 2017-09-30 keywords = CD8; HBV; IL-10 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.04.020 id = cord-265472-b1s4stvz author = Guimarães, Luísa Eça title = Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date = 2015-10-31 keywords = ASIA; BCG; HBV; adjuvant; autoimmune; disease; patient; vaccination; vaccine summary = In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia) doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003 id = cord-002706-m3y35ozx author = Guo, Fang title = HBV core protein allosteric modulators differentially alter cccDNA biosynthesis from de novo infection and intracellular amplification pathways date = 2017-09-25 keywords = Fig; HBV; Hepatitis; dna; nucleocapsid summary = Interestingly, in addition to inhibiting nucleocapsid assembly and subsequent viral genome replication, we have now demonstrated that HAPs and SBAs differentially modulate the biosynthesis of covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA from de novo infection and intracellular amplification pathways by inducing disassembly of nucleocapsids derived from virions as well as double-stranded DNA-containing progeny nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm. Inspired by the observation that a small molecule compound targeting the capsid protein of dengue virus has dual effects on both the assembly and disassembly (or uncoating) of the viral capsids [22] , we hypothesized that HBV CpAMs may not only disrupt capsid assembly, but also alter the structure and function of assembled nucleocapsids and consequentially affect viral DNA replication and/or cccDNA synthesis. doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006658 id = cord-276565-vkbu581j author = He, Qing title = Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Pre-existing Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multicenter Report date = 2020-09-11 keywords = HBV summary = title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Pre-existing Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multicenter Report There are no data yet focusing on the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients with underlying liver disease, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Thus, it is indispensable to study the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with preexisting HBV infection. Data were obtained from a cohort (coronavirus disease 2019-hepatitis B virus-Chinese Portal Hypertension Diagnosis and Monitoring Study Group, COVID-HBV-CHESS) to consecutively monitor COVID-19 patients in 10 designed hospitals of 8 provincial administrative regions in China ( Figure 1a ). In the COVID-HBV-CHESS study, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with pre-existing HBV infection for the first time, to our best knowledge; only by multicenter analysis can we follow-up COVID-19 with underlying liver disease, such as HBV infection. doi = 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000924 id = cord-017012-yl0vanuh author = Herberg, Jethro title = Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date = 2009 keywords = BKV; CMV; HBV; HIV; HIVAN; acute; case; disease; infection; patient; renal summary = Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_52 id = cord-296222-w5m23ikh author = Hu, Song title = Hepatitis B virus upregulates host expression of α-1,2-mannosidases via the PPARα pathway date = 2016-11-21 keywords = HBV; MAN1C1; expression summary = doi = 10.3748/wjg.v22.i43.9534 id = cord-015941-4fz79wzf author = Hu, Yuan title = Molecular Techniques for Blood and Blood Product Screening date = 2018-11-10 keywords = HBV; HCV; PCR; blood; dna summary = Through the application of molecular biology, biological and biochemical analyses have been revolutionized, and nucleic acid, gene-based techniques have been developed to screen blood and plasma donations for evidence of very recent and earlier viral infections that might otherwise be missed by conventional serologic testing. Because NAT detects a virus''s genetic material instead of waiting for the body''s response, the formation of antibodies, as with many current tests, it offers the opportunity to reduce the window period during which an infecting agent is undetectable by traditional tests [21] , thus further improving blood safety. One reason for this is that currently available blood screening technologies detect core antibodies or surface antigens, which appear up to 8 weeks after infection. The anti-HBc test developed in 1987 detects an antibody to the hepatitis B virus that is produced during and after infection. Detection of HIV-1 and HCV infections among antibody-negative blood donors by nucleic acid-amplification testing doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-95111-9_2 id = cord-017948-fqhl1qb4 author = Hu, Yuan title = Molecular Techniques for Blood and Blood Product Screening date = 2012-04-05 keywords = HBV; HCV; PCR; blood; dna summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-3970-7_28 id = cord-324984-ojrpsdt9 author = Ji, Xingyue title = Medicinal chemistry strategies toward host targeting antiviral agents date = 2020-02-14 keywords = CCR5; HBV; HCV; HIV-1; RNA; antiviral; inhibitor; virus summary = In addition, host proteins are not under the genetic control of viral genome, and hence HTAs possess much higher genetic barrier to drug resistance as compared with DAAs. In recent years, much progress has been made to the development of HTAs with the approval of chemokine receptor type 5 antagonist maraviroc for human immunodeficiency virus treatment and more in the pipeline for other viral infections. 3 Altogether, targeting host factors is a very promising strategy with possibility to address the critical challenges faced with the DAAs. In this review, we summarize the recent advances made in HTAs from a medicinal chemistry standpoint, and the host targets are generally classified into three different categories based on the development stage of their corresponding inhibitors/modulators, namely the ones which reached Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, that have entered clinical trials and those in preclinical studies. doi = 10.1002/med.21664 id = cord-002282-ldfa616a author = Joung, Young Hee title = The Last Ten Years of Advancements in Plant-Derived Recombinant Vaccines against Hepatitis B date = 2016-10-13 keywords = HBV; expression; plant; vaccine summary = Another important advantage as emerging vaccine is the more effective activation of key aspects of the immune response to achieve potent immune stimulation and to provide immunological memory for long-lasting protection [22, 23] Plant-based platforms including whole plant, organs or cell and expression technology to produce target antigens of interest are diverse [38] [39] [40] . In the case of plant-derived HBV vaccines, the first report was on the expression of the small hepatitis B surface antigen (S-HBsAg) in transgenic tobacco plants. In the transgenic tobacco plant transformed with the S-HBsAg gene controlled by the 35S promoter, expression levels were very low: less than 0.01% total soluble protein and less than 10 ng/g fresh weight in leaf tissues. Expression of the human hepatitis B virus large surface antigen gene in transgenic tomato plants Oral immunization of human with transgenic lettuce expressing hepatitis B surface antigen doi = 10.3390/ijms17101715 id = cord-001515-x11t9pbv author = Kosinska, Anna D. title = Therapeutic vaccination and immunomodulation in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: preclinical studies in the woodchuck date = 2014-12-23 keywords = HBV; IFN; WHV summary = Several innovative approaches combining antiviral treatments using nucleos(t)ide analogues, with prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccines, new hepadnaviral antigens or recombinant adenoviral vectors were tested in the woodchuck model. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) and its HBV-like woodchuck hepatitis virus are a useful preclinical animal model for developing new therapeutic approaches in chronic hepadnaviral infections. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) and its HBV-like woodchuck hepatitis virus are a useful preclinical animal model for developing new therapeutic approaches in chronic hepadnaviral infections. The results of these studies clearly showed that combination of antiviral treatment and vaccination is more effective in inducing virus-specific T cell responses than therapeutic vaccination alone. The DNA prime-AdV boost immunization strategy was further used as a therapeutic vaccine against chronic WHV infection in combination with antiviral treatment with ETV. T-helper cell response to woodchuck hepatitis virus antigens after therapeutic vaccination of chronically-infected animals treated with lamivudine doi = 10.1007/s00430-014-0379-5 id = cord-002253-ll5a0urm author = Kunanopparat, Areerat title = Increased ATG5-ATG12 in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and their role in apoptosis date = 2016-10-07 keywords = ATG12; HBV; HCC; notch summary = doi = 10.3748/wjg.v22.i37.8361 id = cord-300642-c7adeis1 author = Lai, Andrew SH title = Viral nephropathy date = 2006 keywords = HBV; HCV; HIV; renal summary = 6 In hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN), production of circulating cryo globulins is induced as an abnormal host response to infection. 7 In acute renal failure associated with infection by hantavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, the pathogenetic mechanisms of interstitial nephritis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and multiorgan failure-rather than formation of immune complexes-are predominant. 24, 34 In a recent analysis comparing 10 adult nephrotic patients with HBV-related membranous nephropathy who received lamivudine with 12 matched historical control subjects who presented in the pre-lamivudine era, lamivudine significantly improved proteinuria, aminotransferase levels, and renal outcome over a 3-year period. The FSGS variant of HIVAN is the most commonly reported chronic renal disease associated with HIV infection. 58 Most patients with HIV-associated thrombotic microangiopathy/hemolytic uremic syndrome present with acute renal failure, microscopic hematuria, and non-nephrotic proteinuria. Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection: case report and literature review doi = 10.1038/ncpneph0166 id = cord-353467-wbtzvm4i author = Lambert, Carsten title = Functional incorporation of green fluorescent protein into hepatitis B virus envelope particles date = 2004-12-05 keywords = GFP; GFP.S; HBV; SHA summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.031 id = cord-351295-4toxlskr author = Lanave, Gianvito title = Identification of hepadnavirus in the sera of cats date = 2019-07-23 keywords = DCH; HBV; dna summary = doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-47175-8 id = cord-305085-bv7udg9k author = Lawrence, Robert M. title = Chapter 13 Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding date = 2011-12-31 keywords = CMV; HBV; HCV; HIV; HTLV; MRSA; Nile; West; breast; infant; infection; milk; mother; transmission summary = Postnatal exposure of susceptible infants to CMV, including premature infants without passively acquired maternal antibodies against CMV, infants born to CMV-seronegative mothers, and immunodeficient infants, can cause significant clinical illness (pneumonitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia).* In one study of premature infants followed up to 12 months, Vochem et al 430 found CMV transmission in 17 of 29 infants (59%) exposed to CMV virolactia and breastfed compared with no infants infected of 27 exposed to breast milk without CMV. 38, 104, 121 Laboratory reports demonstrate the presence of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus in breast milk as well as various immunologic factors that could block or limit infection.* A dose-response relationship has been observed, correlating the HIV viral load in human milk as well as a mother'' s plasma viral load with an increased transmission risk for the breastfed infant. 76 No case of transmission of yellow fever virus from an infected mother to her infant via breastfeeding or breast milk has been reported. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0788-5.10013-6 id = cord-333220-tcvs4beg author = Lee, Szu-Yuan title = Compact optical diagnostic device for isothermal nucleic acids amplification date = 2008-08-12 keywords = HBV; LAMP; dna; reaction summary = doi = 10.1016/j.snb.2008.03.008 id = cord-002687-ql6zo8ka author = Li, Dan title = A potent human neutralizing antibody Fc-dependently reduces established HBV infections date = 2017-09-26 keywords = 2h5-a14; ADCC; HBV; HDV; RNA; cell; dna; figure summary = doi = 10.7554/elife.26738 id = cord-286334-d9v5xtx7 author = Li, Rui title = Analysis of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from different species sheds some light on cross-species receptor usage of a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV date = 2020-04-30 keywords = ACE2; CHIKV; China; ECMO; Fig; HBV; HCV; Hubei; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.013 id = cord-267709-i2loz1xb author = Li, Tongya title = Human Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Inhibits IFNα-Induced IFITM1 Expression by Interacting with BAF200 date = 2019-05-09 keywords = BAF200; HBV; figure; flag; ifitm1 summary = doi = 10.3390/v11050427 id = cord-308382-h8ldbzip author = Lin, Serena Y. C. title = Origin and dissemination of hepatitis B virus genotype C in East Asia revealed by phylodynamic analysis and historical correlates date = 2018-10-17 keywords = Asia; HBV summary = doi = 10.1111/jvh.13006 id = cord-307044-4czeehkq author = Liu, Jiaye title = Longitudinal Changes of Liver Function and Hepatitis B Reactivation in COVID‐19 Patients with Pre‐existing Chronic HBV Infection date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; HBV; SARS summary = doi = 10.1111/hepr.13553 id = cord-293646-d4qcckh1 author = Meanwell, Nicholas A. title = Chapter 22. Non-HIV antiviral agents date = 2003-12-31 keywords = HBV; HCV; RNA; inhibitor summary = doi = 10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38023-6 id = cord-003018-qrt07zmz author = Miyakawa, Kei title = Development of a cell-based assay to identify hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors targeting the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide date = 2018-05-04 keywords = HBV; NTCP; cell; figure; surface summary = Using a www.oncotarget.com flow cytometer-based screening assay with Dox-treated and untreated iNTCP cells, we identified a hybridoma clone producing anti-NTCP mAb, clone 9A8 ( Figure 2B ). To test whether the 9A8 antibody can inhibit HBV infection, we pretreated iNTCP cells and primary human hepatocytes with 9A8 mAb and subsequently infected cells with wild type HBV and HBV encoding a luciferase reporter gene (HBV-NL) [21] . iNTCP cells (G) and primary human hepatocytes (H) were infected with HBV or its reporter virus (HBV-NL) respectively, in the presence of 9A8 mAb. Anti-HBs mAb (clone 33A4, which recognizes the PreS1 domain) was used as a control. In this study, we generated iNTCP cells, which have high NTCP expression and high susceptibility to HBV infection, and also developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes cell-surface NTCP. Although primary hepatocytes express NTCP at low levels for the uptake of bile acids, endogenous NTCP in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines is not sufficient to achieve successful infection with HBV in vitro. doi = 10.18632/oncotarget.25348 id = cord-340503-zwdewiu1 author = Mokhtarzadeh, Ahad title = Nanomaterial-based biosensors for detection of pathogenic virus date = 2017-10-13 keywords = HBV; biosensor; detection; dna; virus summary = Electron microscopy Viral particle Hours Broad spectrum; rapid method Necessity for presence of around 10 6 virus particles/mL for detection; similarity of morphologies [11] Hemagglutination assay Viral protein Hours Easy; inexpensive Poor sensitivity; necessity for fresh reagents [12] ELISA Viral protein Hours Only one incubation step; no hook effect at high analyte concentrations Limited concentration range in which the analyte can be quantified without sample dilution; and that the antigen or antibody produce the same response and not distinguishable in a one step [13] PCR Viral nucleic acid Hours Extremely high sensitivity; Easy to set up Extremely liable to contamination; Not easy to quantitate results; High degree of operator skill required [14] As an example for HIV, a type of virus that gradually attacks the immune system and makes it harder to fight off infections and diseases in infected body, a QDs-based rapid capture and imaging system was developed by Kim et al. doi = 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.005 id = cord-275795-ee7qyw5h author = Monette, Anne title = T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders date = 2018-10-24 keywords = CD4; CD8; CNS; HBV; IFN; RNA; RSV; VZV; cell; infection; virus summary = We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates. Since that time, the occurrence of epidemics and outbreaks are now at lower risk, following the introduction of massive vaccination programs able to induce immune system targeting of viruses causing severe disorders affecting distinct geographical locations, and with many epidemiological reports demonstrating long-term efficacy of viral control of non-naïve populations. This approach is being developed to use virus-infected cell-killing antibodies that produce an antiviral environment; these termed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies, which are predicted to link innate and adaptive immune responses, and is becoming possible due to new technologies for rapid isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies targeting conserved regions of influenza virus, reviewed in Jegaskanda et al. doi = 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006 id = cord-016704-99v4brjf author = Nicholson, Felicity title = Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date = 2005 keywords = HBV; HIV; Health; Kingdom; United; disease; infection; risk summary = doi = 10.1385/1-59259-913-3:235 id = cord-032183-yqqqe325 author = Ning, Qin title = Antiviral Therapy for AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure) date = 2019-05-21 keywords = CHB; DNA; HBIG; HBV; HCC; IFN; LAM; patient summary = Patients awaiting liver transplantation because of HBV-related end-stage liver disease or liver cancer should be given nucleoside analogues with strong HBV inhibition and low drug-resistance, or nucleotides analogues combination treatment, in order to reduce viral load and prevent graft re-infection. The objective of antiviral treatment for HBV-ACLF is to reduce viral load at an appreciably high rate, thereby promoting reduction in hepatocyte cell death and improved survival outcomes by prevention of decompensation related multiorgan complications in this group of severely ill patients. Response-Guided Therapy 4006 study [126] suggested continuous treatment with LAM (10 years) delayed clinical progression in patients with chronic hepatitis and advanced fibrosis by significantly reducing the incidence of the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic decompensation. doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_5 id = cord-334150-t6n95laz author = PENG, LIANG title = Serum proteomics analysis and comparisons using iTRAQ in the progression of hepatitis B date = 2013-09-18 keywords = ACLF; HBV summary = The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in serum protein levels in the progression of hepatitis B using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis, in addition to comparing the serum protein levels of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), patients with hepatitis B virus-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-induced ACLF) and normal individuals. Five of those proteins, C-reactive protein precursor, hemoglobin β chain variant Hb S-Wake, apolipoprotein J precursor, platelet factor 4 precursor and vitronectin, which demonstrated the greatest differences in their expression levels and the most significant correlation with liver diseases, were subsequently verified using western blotting. The purpose of this study was to analyze serum protein levels using iTRAQ in normal controls, as well as patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and HBV-induced ACLF, and to verify those results using western blotting. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in serum protein levels in patients with CHB and HBV-induced ACLF, respectively, compared with healthy controls using iTRAQ and western blotting. doi = 10.3892/etm.2013.1310 id = cord-264488-989t9ld1 author = Park, Il-Hyun title = Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by ligand-mediated activation of RNase L date = 2014-02-06 keywords = HBV; RNA summary = doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.01.021 id = cord-030369-4dn02a35 author = Peng, Liang title = Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Tests of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis (Liver Failure) date = 2019-05-21 keywords = ACLF; AECHB; ALF; CHB; HBV; HRS; acute; cell; dna; failure; hepatitis; liver; patient; severe summary = Once pulmonary infection is present, the disease condition will likely deteriorate, directly causing death; (3) a majority of infections are nosocomial infection, and pathogens are usually resistant to common antibiotics, making therapy challenging; (4) the pathogens causing infection are diverse but mainly Gram-negative bacteria, although the incidence of Gram-positive and fungal infections is increasing; (5) infection is closely related to the prognosis for liver failure patients. Although their clinical manifestation differ significantly, the "coexistence of acute and chronic failures" is shared by failures of all those organs; (2) CLF classification has been generally recognized at home and abroad, and the necessity of classification are further proved by the difference between CLF and the other three types; (3) CLF cases are relatively large in proportion (nearly 30%), which is still increasing (since the proportion of ALF/SALF are lowering); (4) Complications of CLF are common and are found in various forms, with bad prognosis; (5) In CLF patients with correlation to HBV, virus replication are commonly found, which is closely related to decompensation. doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_1 id = cord-252586-fuaoelgb author = Phillips, Sandra title = Alisporivir Inhibition of Hepatocyte Cyclophilins Reduces HBV Replication and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Production date = 2014-10-08 keywords = CYPA; DNA; HBV; figure summary = METHODS: Liver-derived cell lines producing full-length HBV and HBsAg particles, owing to stable (HepG2215) or transient (HuH-7) transfection, or infected with HBV (HepaRG cells; Invitrogen [Carlsbad, CA]), were incubated with alisporivir or NIM811 alone, or alisporivir in combination with a direct antiviral (telbivudine). Alisporivir treatment of HepG2215 cells resulted in a progressive reduction of secreted and intracellular, nucleocapsid-associated HBV DNA dependent on both drug concentration and time of drug exposure ( Figure 1A and B). NIM811 treatment of HepG2215 and of HepaRG cells also reduced the secreted and intracellular nucleocapsidassociated HBV DNA, however, its antiviral effect was lower than alisporivir (Supplementary Figure 3) . As stated earlier, alisporivir at 5 mg/mL reduced intracellular HBV-DNA levels by 73% and 58% in HuH-7 and HepG2215 cells, respectively, after 72 hours of treatment ( Figure 1B and D) . doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.10.004 id = cord-000736-6f8vyziv author = Pripuzova, Natalia title = Development of Real-Time PCR Array for Simultaneous Detection of Eight Human Blood-Borne Viral Pathogens date = 2012-08-17 keywords = HBV; HIV-1; PCR; RNA summary = FINDINGS: We developed a real-time PCR array capable of simultaneously detecting eight human viral pathogens: human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and -2), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1 and -2), vaccinia virus (VACV) and West Nile virus (WNV). The analytical sensitivity of each primer set was determined in the single virus testing using FDA/CBER panels (kindly provided by Dr. Stephen Kerby, FDA/CBER) consisting of various amounts of the viruses (0-1,000 genome copies/ml) spiked into the ''''normal'''' human plasma. The results of sensitivity testing of the real-time PCR array primer sets specific for HIV-1, HIV-2, HBV, HCV, and WNV the with FDA/CBER analytical plasma panels. Tm and C(t) values obtained with primer sets specific for HIV-1, HCV, or HBV in testing of 17 human clinical samples in the format of PCR array targeting eight different viruses. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0043246 id = cord-312965-5hcb15xc author = Qi, Yan-fei title = In vitro anti-hepatitis B and SARS virus activities of a titanium-substituted-heteropolytungstate date = 2011-11-23 keywords = ADV; HBV summary = doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.11.003 id = cord-274080-884x48on author = Rumlová, Michaela title = In vitro methods for testing antiviral drugs date = 2018-06-30 keywords = HBV; HCV; HIV-1; RNA; cell; dna; protein; viral; virus summary = For the majority of animal viruses, the activation of these fusion or penetration mechanisms occurs through conformational changes and structural rearrangements in viral surface proteins and/or the whole virion shell that may destabilize the capsid core. D: Three mechanisms (I.-III.) of DNA viruses replication are shown: (I): Following entry and uncoating, the DNA genome is transported to the nucleus; products of early genes (regulatory proteins, transcription factors) regulate the synthesis of viral enzymes (e.g. DNA polymerase) required for genome replication; expression of late genes encoding structural capsid proteins in the cytosol, they are then transported into nucleus where packaging and pre-assembly take place; preassembled procapsids exit the nucleus and leave the cell (e.g. Herpesviruses). Here, we provide an overview of in vitro methods, including cell-based assays, that may be suitable for screening of antivirotics that interfere with the key steps of viral life cycles and target either virus or cell-encoded proteins required for the infectivity. doi = 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.016 id = cord-318853-mxyxwkhx author = Sallie, Richard title = Replicative homeostasis II: Influence of polymerase fidelity on RNA virus quasispecies biology: Implications for immune recognition, viral autoimmunity and other "virus receptor" diseases date = 2005-08-22 keywords = HBV; HCV; RNA; cell; protein; receptor; viral; virus summary = doi = 10.1186/1743-422x-2-70 id = cord-009636-5kddituy author = Shirbaghaee, Zeinab title = Different applications of virus‐like particles in biology and medicine: Vaccination and delivery systems date = 2015-12-22 keywords = HBV; HPV; VLP; cell; protein summary = doi = 10.1002/bip.22759 id = cord-287151-4hlvrfeh author = Steinmann, J title = Surrogate viruses for testing virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants date = 2004-04-30 keywords = HBV; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2003.12.030 id = cord-001247-pxzbirqd author = Sun, Lu title = A new unconventional HLA-A2-restricted epitope from HBV core protein elicits antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes date = 2014-03-22 keywords = Fig; HBV; HLA summary = Our data therefore provide insights into the structure characteristics of this unconventional epitope binding to MHC-I molecules, as well as epitope specific CTL activity that orchestrate T cell response and immune evasion in HBV infected patients. To identify immune-dominant HBV-specific CTL epitopes, especially epitopes from HBc protein, is therefore necessary for monitoring T cell responses during disease progression, as well as for developing epitope-based therapeutic vaccines against CHB (Inchauspe and Michel, 2007; Gordon et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2013a, b) . To further determine the epitope-specific CTLs, fresh PBMCs from HLA-A2 + AHB patients were stimulated with HBc141-149 peptide and detected by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISPOT assays. In this study, we identified a new HLA-A2-restricted CD8 + T cell epitope HBc141-149 by screening an overlapping 9-mer peptide pool covering HBV core protein. doi = 10.1007/s13238-014-0041-4 id = cord-297077-p604vvbi author = Tai, Dar‐In title = A global perspective on hepatitis B‐related single nucleotide polymorphisms and evolution during human migration date = 2017-11-06 keywords = Africa; Asia; HBV summary = doi = 10.1002/hep4.1113 id = cord-325280-4whzcmqv author = Takizawa, Naoki title = Current landscape and future prospects of antiviral drugs derived from microbial products date = 2017-10-11 keywords = HBV; RNA; dna; virus summary = doi = 10.1038/ja.2017.115 id = cord-350964-0jtfc271 author = Van Nguyen, Dung title = Detection and Characterization of Homologues of Human Hepatitis Viruses and Pegiviruses in Rodents and Bats in Vietnam date = 2018-02-28 keywords = HBV; HEV; Rattus; virus summary = doi = 10.3390/v10030102 id = cord-285505-8norumv6 author = Vere Hodge, R. Anthony title = Meeting report: 27th International conference on antiviral research, in Raleigh, NC, USA date = 2014-09-16 keywords = HBV; HCV; HIV; RNA; TDF; USA; dna summary = doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.08.009 id = cord-264713-38dlh3wg author = Vernet, Guy title = Molecular diagnostics in virology date = 2004-08-20 keywords = HBV; HCV; HIV; NAT summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.06.003 id = cord-022607-34hj17sn author = Wain‐Hobson, Simon title = Editing HBV into oblivion date = 2004-11-24 keywords = HBV summary = doi = 10.1002/hep.20499 id = cord-347710-ff64y6ef author = Wan, Qianya title = Stress proteins: the biological functions in virus infection, present and challenges for target-based antiviral drug development date = 2020-07-13 keywords = A71; ATP; HBV; HCV; HIV-1; Heat; Hsc70; Hsp27; Hsp90; RNA; cell; dna; protein; virus summary = hnRNPs involve in a large number of cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcription regulation, RNP assembly and stabilization, RNA export, virus replication, histone-like nucleoid structuring, and even intracellular immunity. 6, 13 It is well known that Hsp90 not only interacts and contributes to RNA polymerase assembly and nuclear import of some (−) ssRNA viruses (e.g., PB2 of influenza virus), but plays crucial roles in the folding process of viral capsid proteins and virion assemblies as well. 17, 18 As a critical component of cellular protein surveillance, the ATP-dependent molecular chaperone protects cells from damage caused by stress and takes part in a number of folding processes, including folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, recognition and refolding of misfolded or aggregated proteins, solubilization or degradation of proteins, transporting proteins, assembly or disassembly of oligomeric protein complexes, and the regulation of certain natively folded proteins. doi = 10.1038/s41392-020-00233-4 id = cord-009813-o8ai730r author = Wang, Wei title = Major vault protein plays important roles in viral infection date = 2019-11-26 keywords = AP-1; HBV; IFN; MVP summary = doi = 10.1002/iub.2200 id = cord-321481-vrfwczve author = Watashi, Koichi title = NTCP and Beyond: Opening the Door to Unveil Hepatitis B Virus Entry date = 2014-02-19 keywords = HBV; NTCP; infection; virus summary = doi = 10.3390/ijms15022892 id = cord-280643-n8qjorqk author = Wu, Kai-Lang title = Inhibition of Hepatitis B virus gene expression by single and dual small interfering RNA treatment date = 2005-04-26 keywords = Fig; HBS; HBV summary = To circumvent the problem that mutation in HBV genome may result in resistance when siRNA is further developed as an anti-viral drug, in this study, we established a dual small interfering RNA (siRNA) expression system, which could simultaneously express two different siRNA molecules that can specifically target two genes. To test the effectiveness of this system, we applied this new approach to express simultaneously two different 21-bp hairpin siRNA duplexes that specifically attack the HBs and HBx genes of HBV, respectively, in Bel-7402 and HepG2.2.15 cells. Results indicated that dual siRNA could simultaneously inhibit the expression of HBs and HBx gene by 83.7% and 87.5%, respectively, based on luciferase assays. Results indicated that the levels of HBV core associ-ated DNA were significantly decreased in the cells transfected by HBSXsiRNA, HBS 1 siRNA, HBS 2 siRNA, and HBX 2 siRNA with reduction rate of 90.2%, 85.7 %, 81.3%, and 60.4%, respectively, compared with that of vector control (Fig. 5a) . doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.001 id = cord-352988-9ey3ir5e author = Xiang, Yang-fei title = Effects of 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose from P. emblica on HBsAg and HBeAg secretion in HepG2.2.15 cell culture date = 2010-10-08 keywords = HBV; cell summary = A polyphenolic compound, 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (1246TGG), was isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Phyllanthus emblica L. Results indicates that treatment with 1246TGG (6.25 μg/mL, 3.13 μg/mL), reduced both HBsAg and HBeAg levels in culture supernatant, yet the inhibitory effects tend to decline with the assay time. Here, we investigated the anti-HBV activity of 1246TGG by detecting the HBsAg and HBeAg secretion levels in HepG2.2.15 cell culture, a cell line derived by transfection of cloned HBV DNA into human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 and used to assay for anti-HBV agents [4] . To determine the inhibitory effects of 1246TGG on HBV antigen secretion, cells were treated with 1246TGG at concentrations of 6.25µg/mL and 3.13µg/mL every 3 d during the 10 d treatment period. A cell culture assay for compounds which inhibit hepatitis B virus replication doi = 10.1007/s12250-010-3144-y id = cord-318570-wj7r6953 author = Xiao, Yinzong title = Point-of-Care Tests for Hepatitis B: An Overview date = 2020-10-02 keywords = HBV; HIV; Hepatitis; POC; test summary = doi = 10.3390/cells9102233 id = cord-320106-thre6r63 author = Xu, Zhihui title = Association of hepatitis B virus mutations in basal core promoter and precore regions with severity of liver disease: an investigation of 793 Chinese patients with mild and severe chronic hepatitis B and acute-on-chronic liver failure date = 2010-09-17 keywords = BCP; HBV summary = doi = 10.1007/s00535-010-0315-4 id = cord-000794-l565gha4 author = Yan, Huan title = Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus date = 2012-11-13 keywords = HBV; HDV; NTCP; RNA; figure summary = Here, by using near zero distance photo-cross-linking and tandem affinity purification, we revealed that the receptor-binding region of pre-S1 specifically interacts with sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), a multiple transmembrane transporter predominantly expressed in the liver. Photoreactive ligand peptides for identification of interacting protein(s) of pre-S1 domain of L envelope protein To identify the pre-S1 interacting molecule(s), we employed a photo-cross-linking approach using a synthetic peptide derived from the native pre-S1 peptide with particular residues replaced by eLife digest Liver diseases related to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) kill about 1 million people every year, and more than 350 million people around the world are infected with the virus. In this study, by employing a unique approach of tandem affinity purification combined with MS analysis against a Tupaia hepatocyte proteome database established by deep sequencing, we revealed that the liver bile acid transporter, NTCP, specifically interacts with a key region in the pre-S1 domain of the HBV envelope L protein. doi = 10.7554/elife.00049 id = cord-027860-s97hdhh6 author = Zeimet, Anthony title = Infectious Diseases date = 2020-06-22 keywords = HBV; HCV; HIV; HSV; PPD; SOR; States; UTI; United; antibiotic; cause; infection; patient; treatment summary = Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1160-8.10016-8 id = cord-296979-8r851j4t author = Zhong, Ying title = Host genes regulate transcription of sperm-introduced hepatitis B virus genes in embryo date = 2017-10-31 keywords = HBV; PCR; gene; sperm summary = doi = 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.08.009 id = cord-025634-31n5fvex author = Zhuge, Shurui title = The prevalence of occult HBV infection in immunized children with HBsAg-positive parents: a hospital-based analysis date = 2020-05-29 keywords = HBV; OBI; PCR summary = title: The prevalence of occult HBV infection in immunized children with HBsAg-positive parents: a hospital-based analysis BACKGROUND AND OBJECT: The risk of occult HBV infection (OBI) in children whose mothers are HBV carriers has received more widespread attention, but there were few reports to focus on the children with HBsAg-positive parents. In this study, we aimed at exploring the prevalence of OBI in hepatitis B-vaccinated children with HBV-positive mothers and/or fathers, trying to identify the risk factors of OBI. Forty-six [14.10% (95% CI 10.3-17.9%)] HBsAg-negative children were detected HBV DNA positive by nested PCR, which were confirmed through sequencing analysis. To our acknowledgement, this is the first study to explore the prevalence of OBI among hepatitis B vaccinated children with HBsAg-positive parents lived in HBV highly endemic areas. There is an equal potential risk of occult HBV infection in children with the HBsAg-positive father and mother. doi = 10.1007/s12072-020-10055-9 id = cord-313627-g1iqhsdk author = Zou, Xiaojing title = Characteristics of liver function in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and chronic HBV co-infection date = 2020-06-15 keywords = HBV; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.06.017 id = cord-000083-3p81yr4n author = nan title = Poster Exhibition date = 2009-01-31 keywords = ADV; AFP; Background; CHB; China; DNA; ETV; HBV; HCC; HCV; Hepatitis; Hospital; IFN; LAM; NAFLD; NASH; PCR; RFA; RNA; SVR; University; aim; alt; cell; conclusion; group; level; liver; method; patient; result; study; treatment summary = R. China Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the early virologic response for prediction of achievement of HBeAg seroconversion and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA negativity after two years of lamivudine treatment in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods: A total of 620 patients who tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and were referred to Chiba University Hospital between February 1985 and March 2008 were included in the study, and their following characteristics were analyzed: age, gender, the status of HBeAg, ALT, HBV-DNA level, and PLT. Methods: A total of 60 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 32 (53.3%) were HBeAg positive (group A) while 28(46.7%) were HBeAg negative (group B) were included in this study after meeting the following criteria: age 18 to 60 years, HBsAg positive for more than 6 months, serum HBV-DNA was >5 log(10) copies/mL and ALT more than two times the upper normal limit. doi = 10.1007/s12072-009-9123-4 id = cord-004605-gsi4yxzj author = nan title = Prüfung und Deklaration der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren: Stellungnahme des Arbeitskreises Viruzidie* beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) sowie des Fachausschusses „Virusdesinfektion“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) und der Desinfektionsmittelkommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM) date = 2004 keywords = Desinfektionsmitteln; HBV; Viren; Wirksamkeit summary = title: Prüfung und Deklaration der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren: Stellungnahme des Arbeitskreises Viruzidie* beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) sowie des Fachausschusses „Virusdesinfektion" der Deutschen Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) und der Desinfektionsmittelkommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM) Ziel dieses Arbeitskreises war es, wissenschaftlich begründete Anforderungen an die Prüfung der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren und die entsprechenden Prüfmethoden als Voraussetzung für eine sachgerechte Deklaration zusammenzustellen. Die Deklaration "begrenzt viruzid" erfolgt künftig, wie im Folgenden begründet, auf der Basis von Prüfungen unter Verwendung relevanter Testviren, die den Rückschluss auf die Wirksamkeit auch gegen HIV, HCV und HBV zulassen. Auch die Auslobung der Wirksamkeit gegen HIV setzt eine Prüfung unter Verwendung von HIV in Zellkulturen voraus, welche jedoch aufgrund der Gefährlichkeit des Virus (Schutzstufe 3) nicht erstrebenswert ist. doi = 10.1007/s00103-003-0754-7 id = cord-005953-5z89yeb6 author = nan title = Abstracts des 114. Internistenkongresses 2008 date = 2008 keywords = Gruppe; HBV; HZV; IFN; MHC; Patienten; Studie; Therapie; Zellen; der; die; eine; expression; ldl; mit; patient; und; von summary = doi = 10.1007/s00063-008-1026-y id = cord-006856-b1w25ob5 author = nan title = 19th Meeting of the Austrian Society of Transplantation, Transfusion, and Genetics, October 26–28, 2005 date = 2005 keywords = CMV; HBV; HCV; HSCT; PBSC; Patienten; cell; day; die; donor; graft; patient; recipient; transplantation summary = Egr-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) gene expression was examined in left ventricular biopsies of explanted failing hearts in 28 ICM and 42 DCM patients, as well as in 12 donor grafts before reperfusion (control), at 10, 30, 60 minutes after reperfusion, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 posttransplant weeks, using real-time RT-PCR. The risk of transplant-related mortality (TRM) due to graft-versushost disease (GvHD) is higher in male recipients of female stem cells compared with female patients receiving a graft from a female donor. We therefore analyzed a single-center cohort of 72 high-risk patients transplanted with a related or unrelated stem cell graft after nonmyeloablative conditioning for outcome (acute and chronic GvHD, TRM, relapse, and survival). Four patients between the age of 34 and 44 years underwent allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation (SCT) from HLA-identical sibling or unrelated donors at our institution. doi = 10.1007/s10353-005-0216-6 id = cord-010088-s9tfvtao author = nan title = Oral Abstracts date = 2013-11-01 keywords = HBV; HCV; HLA; HNA; HPA; ISBT; Japan; NAT; PRT; TRALI; antibody; blood; cell; donor; patient; platelet; transfusion summary = These include ''incorrect blood component transfused'' events, where the blood component was intended for another recipient (frequently due to errors in patient identification at the time of collection of the pre-transfusion sample, or at the time of bedside administration), or did not meet the patient''s special needs (such as a patient with a red cell antibody who did not receive the required antigen-negative unit). Methods: Eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study included the following: transfusion of Rh D positive platelets, no anti D detectable before transfusion, no previous exposure to Rh D positive blood components, and results of follow-up testing of anti-D in patients serum available. In addition, the allelic frequency of Hpdel was calculated to be 0.015 by a genetic study of a limited number of the Japanese individuals, suggesting that Hp deficiency might distribute among the Japanese population as a phenotype of serum Hp. Aims: In this report, we present the results obtained from a hemovigilance survey carried out between 1998 and 2012, in which Hp deficiency was identified among Japanese patients who had experienced nonhemolytic TRs (NHTRs), and those obtained from a screening of Hp-deficient Japanese healthy blood donors. doi = 10.1111/vox.12100_1 id = cord-010092-uftc8inx author = nan title = Abstract of 29th Regional Congress of the ISBT date = 2019-06-07 keywords = ABO; AIHA; Alinity; Background; Blood; CD34; Conclusions; DAT; December; HBV; HCV; HDFN; HEV; HIV; HLA; Health; Hospital; January; NAT; National; PBM; PCR; PLT; RBC; RHD; RNA; Red; SCD; Service; Summary; Transfusion; aim; anti; cell; dna; donation; donor; group; method; patient; platelet; result; sample; study; test summary = Prospective testing of blood donations in endemic areas of the U.S. revealed 0.38% of donors were positive for Babesia DNA or antibodies (Moritz, NEJM, 2016) Aims: -To report results of ongoing Babesia clinical trial -To explain significance of Babesia as a TT infection Methods: In cobas â Babesia for use on the cobas â 6800/8800 Systems, is a qualitative polymerase chain reaction nucleic acid amplification test, developed to detect in whole blood (WB) donor samples the 4 Babesia species that cause human disease: B. In sensitivity analyses, there were two discrepant results for HIV testing, three for HCV, and five for anti-HBc. Summary/Conclusions: Elecsys â infectious disease parameters on the cobas e 801 analyser demonstrate high specificity/sensitivity for screening first-time blood donor samples, with similar clinical performance to other commercially available assays. doi = 10.1111/vox.12792 id = cord-010119-t1x9gknd author = nan title = Abstract Presentations from the AABB Annual Meeting San Diego, CA ctober 7‐10, 2017 date = 2017-09-04 keywords = ABO; Anti; Background; Blood; CD36; Case; Center; DAT; DTT; Design; FDA; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; IPC; MTP; Medical; Medicine; NAT; PCR; PLT; RBC; RHD; Red; Studies; Study; System; TPE; University; WBC; ZIKV; Zika; cd341; cell; conclusion; day; dna; donor; finding; method; patient; platelet; result; sample; table; test; transfusion; type summary = Conclusion: The wide distribution in the concentration of bioactive lipids among 405 stored RBC units suggests that lipid degradation is highly donor-Background/Case Studies: To ensure availability of biological products to hospitals, blood banks have developed and validated multiple storage conditions for each of their products to maximize shelf life and quality. 1 The Department of Blood Transfusion, The PLA General Hospital, 2 The Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, PLA Background/Case Studies: Recently, multi researches have reported that longer term-stored red blood cells(RBCs) units were associated with increased risks of clinically adverse events, especially in critically ill patients. Weak D types 1, 2 and 3 express all the major RhD epitopes and these patients can be managed as RhD-positive, which may lead to a reduction in unnecessary Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) administration and conservation of RhD-negative RBCs. Study Design/Method: RHD genotyping was performed on all patient samples with weaker than expected or discrepant RhD typing results, utilizing a commercially available genotyping kit manufactured by Immucor (RHD BeadChip). doi = 10.1111/trf.14286 id = cord-023346-8sqbqjm1 author = nan title = MONDAY: POSTERS date = 2005-06-08 keywords = ABO; DAT; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; NAT; PCR; RBC; RHD; RNA; TRALI; Transfusion; anti; antibody; blood; cell; dna; donor; group; method; patient; platelet; result; study; system; test summary = • enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility. doi = 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00652.x id = cord-023354-f2ciho6o author = nan title = TUESDAY PLENARY SESSION 3 TUESDAY: POSTERS date = 2005-06-08 keywords = ABO; DAT; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; NAT; PCR; RBC; RHD; RNA; TRALI; Transfusion; anti; antibody; blood; cell; dna; donor; group; method; patient; platelet; result; study; system; test summary = • enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility. doi = 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00654.x id = cord-023364-ut56gczm author = nan title = EDUCATION DAY MONDAY: PLENARY SESSION 1 MONDAY: PARALLEL SESSIONS date = 2005-06-08 keywords = ABO; DAT; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; NAT; PCR; RBC; RHD; RNA; TRALI; Transfusion; anti; antibody; blood; cell; dna; donor; group; method; patient; platelet; result; study; system; test summary = • enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility. doi = 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00651.x