cord-000083-3p81yr4n	2009	R. China Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the early virologic response for prediction of achievement of HBeAg seroconversion and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA negativity after two years of lamivudine treatment in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods: A total of 620 patients who tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and were referred to Chiba University Hospital between February 1985 and March 2008 were included in the study, and their following characteristics were analyzed: age, gender, the status of HBeAg, ALT, HBV-DNA level, and PLT. Methods: A total of 60 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 32 (53.3%) were HBeAg positive (group A) while 28(46.7%) were HBeAg negative (group B) were included in this study after meeting the following criteria: age 18 to 60 years, HBsAg positive for more than 6 months, serum HBV-DNA was >5 log(10) copies/mL and ALT more than two times the upper normal limit.
cord-000736-6f8vyziv	2012	FINDINGS: We developed a real-time PCR array capable of simultaneously detecting eight human viral pathogens: human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and -2), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1 and -2), vaccinia virus (VACV) and West Nile virus (WNV). The analytical sensitivity of each primer set was determined in the single virus testing using FDA/CBER panels (kindly provided by Dr. Stephen Kerby, FDA/CBER) consisting of various amounts of the viruses (0-1,000 genome copies/ml) spiked into the ''''normal'''' human plasma. The results of sensitivity testing of the real-time PCR array primer sets specific for HIV-1, HIV-2, HBV, HCV, and WNV the with FDA/CBER analytical plasma panels. Tm and C(t) values obtained with primer sets specific for HIV-1, HCV, or HBV in testing of 17 human clinical samples in the format of PCR array targeting eight different viruses.
cord-000794-l565gha4	2012	Here, by using near zero distance photo-cross-linking and tandem affinity purification, we revealed that the receptor-binding region of pre-S1 specifically interacts with sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), a multiple transmembrane transporter predominantly expressed in the liver. Photoreactive ligand peptides for identification of interacting protein(s) of pre-S1 domain of L envelope protein To identify the pre-S1 interacting molecule(s), we employed a photo-cross-linking approach using a synthetic peptide derived from the native pre-S1 peptide with particular residues replaced by eLife digest Liver diseases related to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) kill about 1 million people every year, and more than 350 million people around the world are infected with the virus. In this study, by employing a unique approach of tandem affinity purification combined with MS analysis against a Tupaia hepatocyte proteome database established by deep sequencing, we revealed that the liver bile acid transporter, NTCP, specifically interacts with a key region in the pre-S1 domain of the HBV envelope L protein.
cord-001247-pxzbirqd	2014	Our data therefore provide insights into the structure characteristics of this unconventional epitope binding to MHC-I molecules, as well as epitope specific CTL activity that orchestrate T cell response and immune evasion in HBV infected patients. To identify immune-dominant HBV-specific CTL epitopes, especially epitopes from HBc protein, is therefore necessary for monitoring T cell responses during disease progression, as well as for developing epitope-based therapeutic vaccines against CHB (Inchauspe and Michel, 2007; Gordon et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2013a, b) . To further determine the epitope-specific CTLs, fresh PBMCs from HLA-A2 + AHB patients were stimulated with HBc141-149 peptide and detected by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISPOT assays. In this study, we identified a new HLA-A2-restricted CD8 + T cell epitope HBc141-149 by screening an overlapping 9-mer peptide pool covering HBV core protein.
cord-001515-x11t9pbv	2014	Several innovative approaches combining antiviral treatments using nucleos(t)ide analogues, with prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccines, new hepadnaviral antigens or recombinant adenoviral vectors were tested in the woodchuck model. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) and its HBV-like woodchuck hepatitis virus are a useful preclinical animal model for developing new therapeutic approaches in chronic hepadnaviral infections. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) and its HBV-like woodchuck hepatitis virus are a useful preclinical animal model for developing new therapeutic approaches in chronic hepadnaviral infections. The results of these studies clearly showed that combination of antiviral treatment and vaccination is more effective in inducing virus-specific T cell responses than therapeutic vaccination alone. The DNA prime-AdV boost immunization strategy was further used as a therapeutic vaccine against chronic WHV infection in combination with antiviral treatment with ETV. T-helper cell response to woodchuck hepatitis virus antigens after therapeutic vaccination of chronically-infected animals treated with lamivudine
cord-002253-ll5a0urm	2016	
cord-002282-ldfa616a	2016	Another important advantage as emerging vaccine is the more effective activation of key aspects of the immune response to achieve potent immune stimulation and to provide immunological memory for long-lasting protection [22, 23] Plant-based platforms including whole plant, organs or cell and expression technology to produce target antigens of interest are diverse [38] [39] [40] . In the case of plant-derived HBV vaccines, the first report was on the expression of the small hepatitis B surface antigen (S-HBsAg) in transgenic tobacco plants. In the transgenic tobacco plant transformed with the S-HBsAg gene controlled by the 35S promoter, expression levels were very low: less than 0.01% total soluble protein and less than 10 ng/g fresh weight in leaf tissues. Expression of the human hepatitis B virus large surface antigen gene in transgenic tomato plants Oral immunization of human with transgenic lettuce expressing hepatitis B surface antigen
cord-002687-ql6zo8ka	2017	
cord-002706-m3y35ozx	2017	Interestingly, in addition to inhibiting nucleocapsid assembly and subsequent viral genome replication, we have now demonstrated that HAPs and SBAs differentially modulate the biosynthesis of covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA from de novo infection and intracellular amplification pathways by inducing disassembly of nucleocapsids derived from virions as well as double-stranded DNA-containing progeny nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm. Inspired by the observation that a small molecule compound targeting the capsid protein of dengue virus has dual effects on both the assembly and disassembly (or uncoating) of the viral capsids [22] , we hypothesized that HBV CpAMs may not only disrupt capsid assembly, but also alter the structure and function of assembled nucleocapsids and consequentially affect viral DNA replication and/or cccDNA synthesis.
cord-003018-qrt07zmz	2018	Using a www.oncotarget.com flow cytometer-based screening assay with Dox-treated and untreated iNTCP cells, we identified a hybridoma clone producing anti-NTCP mAb, clone 9A8 ( Figure 2B ). To test whether the 9A8 antibody can inhibit HBV infection, we pretreated iNTCP cells and primary human hepatocytes with 9A8 mAb and subsequently infected cells with wild type HBV and HBV encoding a luciferase reporter gene (HBV-NL) [21] . iNTCP cells (G) and primary human hepatocytes (H) were infected with HBV or its reporter virus (HBV-NL) respectively, in the presence of 9A8 mAb. Anti-HBs mAb (clone 33A4, which recognizes the PreS1 domain) was used as a control. In this study, we generated iNTCP cells, which have high NTCP expression and high susceptibility to HBV infection, and also developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes cell-surface NTCP. Although primary hepatocytes express NTCP at low levels for the uptake of bile acids, endogenous NTCP in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines is not sufficient to achieve successful infection with HBV in vitro.
cord-003993-3bozjfv7	2019	
cord-004605-gsi4yxzj	2004	title: Prüfung und Deklaration der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren: Stellungnahme des Arbeitskreises Viruzidie* beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) sowie des Fachausschusses „Virusdesinfektion" der Deutschen Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) und der Desinfektionsmittelkommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM) Ziel dieses Arbeitskreises war es, wissenschaftlich begründete Anforderungen an die Prüfung der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren und die entsprechenden Prüfmethoden als Voraussetzung für eine sachgerechte Deklaration zusammenzustellen. Die Deklaration "begrenzt viruzid" erfolgt künftig, wie im Folgenden begründet, auf der Basis von Prüfungen unter Verwendung relevanter Testviren, die den Rückschluss auf die Wirksamkeit auch gegen HIV, HCV und HBV zulassen. Auch die Auslobung der Wirksamkeit gegen HIV setzt eine Prüfung unter Verwendung von HIV in Zellkulturen voraus, welche jedoch aufgrund der Gefährlichkeit des Virus (Schutzstufe 3) nicht erstrebenswert ist.
cord-005953-5z89yeb6	2008	
cord-006856-b1w25ob5	2005	Egr-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) gene expression was examined in left ventricular biopsies of explanted failing hearts in 28 ICM and 42 DCM patients, as well as in 12 donor grafts before reperfusion (control), at 10, 30, 60 minutes after reperfusion, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 posttransplant weeks, using real-time RT-PCR. The risk of transplant-related mortality (TRM) due to graft-versushost disease (GvHD) is higher in male recipients of female stem cells compared with female patients receiving a graft from a female donor. We therefore analyzed a single-center cohort of 72 high-risk patients transplanted with a related or unrelated stem cell graft after nonmyeloablative conditioning for outcome (acute and chronic GvHD, TRM, relapse, and survival). Four patients between the age of 34 and 44 years underwent allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation (SCT) from HLA-identical sibling or unrelated donors at our institution.
cord-007562-4hcs0z65	2005	title: Proposal for vaccination against SARS coronavirus using avian infectious bronchitis virus strain H from The Netherlands HBV DNA testing by NAT of all the collected units of blood should be adopted by all the blood banks, in order to possibly achieve zero risk of transfusion transmitted HBV infection and also to reduce the rejection rate of the precious units of collected blood by testing for anti HBc. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 has resulted in a number of infections and deaths among healthcare workers (HCWs) and those in contact with SARS-infected persons. Development and use of the H strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus from The Netherlands as a vaccine: a review Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus The carboxyl-terminal 120-residue polypeptide of infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protect chickens from acute infection
cord-009636-5kddituy	2015	
cord-009813-o8ai730r	2019	
cord-010088-s9tfvtao	2013	These include ''incorrect blood component transfused'' events, where the blood component was intended for another recipient (frequently due to errors in patient identification at the time of collection of the pre-transfusion sample, or at the time of bedside administration), or did not meet the patient''s special needs (such as a patient with a red cell antibody who did not receive the required antigen-negative unit). Methods: Eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study included the following: transfusion of Rh D positive platelets, no anti D detectable before transfusion, no previous exposure to Rh D positive blood components, and results of follow-up testing of anti-D in patients serum available. In addition, the allelic frequency of Hpdel was calculated to be 0.015 by a genetic study of a limited number of the Japanese individuals, suggesting that Hp deficiency might distribute among the Japanese population as a phenotype of serum Hp. Aims: In this report, we present the results obtained from a hemovigilance survey carried out between 1998 and 2012, in which Hp deficiency was identified among Japanese patients who had experienced nonhemolytic TRs (NHTRs), and those obtained from a screening of Hp-deficient Japanese healthy blood donors.
cord-010092-uftc8inx	2019	Prospective testing of blood donations in endemic areas of the U.S. revealed 0.38% of donors were positive for Babesia DNA or antibodies (Moritz, NEJM, 2016) Aims: -To report results of ongoing Babesia clinical trial -To explain significance of Babesia as a TT infection Methods: In cobas â Babesia for use on the cobas â 6800/8800 Systems, is a qualitative polymerase chain reaction nucleic acid amplification test, developed to detect in whole blood (WB) donor samples the 4 Babesia species that cause human disease: B. In sensitivity analyses, there were two discrepant results for HIV testing, three for HCV, and five for anti-HBc. Summary/Conclusions: Elecsys â infectious disease parameters on the cobas e 801 analyser demonstrate high specificity/sensitivity for screening first-time blood donor samples, with similar clinical performance to other commercially available assays.
cord-010119-t1x9gknd	2017	Conclusion: The wide distribution in the concentration of bioactive lipids among 405 stored RBC units suggests that lipid degradation is highly donor-Background/Case Studies: To ensure availability of biological products to hospitals, blood banks have developed and validated multiple storage conditions for each of their products to maximize shelf life and quality. 1 The Department of Blood Transfusion, The PLA General Hospital, 2 The Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, PLA Background/Case Studies: Recently, multi researches have reported that longer term-stored red blood cells(RBCs) units were associated with increased risks of clinically adverse events, especially in critically ill patients. Weak D types 1, 2 and 3 express all the major RhD epitopes and these patients can be managed as RhD-positive, which may lead to a reduction in unnecessary Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) administration and conservation of RhD-negative RBCs. Study Design/Method: RHD genotyping was performed on all patient samples with weaker than expected or discrepant RhD typing results, utilizing a commercially available genotyping kit manufactured by Immucor (RHD BeadChip).
cord-015941-4fz79wzf	2018	Through the application of molecular biology, biological and biochemical analyses have been revolutionized, and nucleic acid, gene-based techniques have been developed to screen blood and plasma donations for evidence of very recent and earlier viral infections that might otherwise be missed by conventional serologic testing. Because NAT detects a virus''s genetic material instead of waiting for the body''s response, the formation of antibodies, as with many current tests, it offers the opportunity to reduce the window period during which an infecting agent is undetectable by traditional tests [21] , thus further improving blood safety. One reason for this is that currently available blood screening technologies detect core antibodies or surface antigens, which appear up to 8 weeks after infection. The anti-HBc test developed in 1987 detects an antibody to the hepatitis B virus that is produced during and after infection. Detection of HIV-1 and HCV infections among antibody-negative blood donors by nucleic acid-amplification testing
cord-016704-99v4brjf	2005	
cord-017012-yl0vanuh	2009	Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) .
cord-017948-fqhl1qb4	2012	
cord-022607-34hj17sn	2004	
cord-023346-8sqbqjm1	2005	• enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility.
cord-023354-f2ciho6o	2005	• enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility.
cord-023364-ut56gczm	2005	• enhancement of automation/computerisation; • process control to provide an ''error-free pathway''; • (national) surveillance and trend analysis of results, preferably based on national working standards; • significantly increased sensitivity, especially from development of antigen/antibody ''combi'' assays (e.g. for HIV, and recently, for HCV); • awareness of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutants and design of assays to cope with this; • extension of range of agents and markers tested for (varies in different countries); • increasing range of assays available for testing donors with a relevant history of exposure to malaria or Chagas'' disease infection (for retrieval of otherwise wasted blood); • European Union''s in vitro diagnostics directive: this has caused some problems and reduced flexibility.
cord-025634-31n5fvex	2020	title: The prevalence of occult HBV infection in immunized children with HBsAg-positive parents: a hospital-based analysis BACKGROUND AND OBJECT: The risk of occult HBV infection (OBI) in children whose mothers are HBV carriers has received more widespread attention, but there were few reports to focus on the children with HBsAg-positive parents. In this study, we aimed at exploring the prevalence of OBI in hepatitis B-vaccinated children with HBV-positive mothers and/or fathers, trying to identify the risk factors of OBI. Forty-six [14.10% (95% CI 10.3-17.9%)] HBsAg-negative children were detected HBV DNA positive by nested PCR, which were confirmed through sequencing analysis. To our acknowledgement, this is the first study to explore the prevalence of OBI among hepatitis B vaccinated children with HBsAg-positive parents lived in HBV highly endemic areas. There is an equal potential risk of occult HBV infection in children with the HBsAg-positive father and mother.
cord-026112-58sa5z03	2020	
cord-027860-s97hdhh6	2020	Although common upper respiratory bacterial pathogens, such as Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, may be isolated from patients with acute bronchitis, their relevance is questionable because these bacteria can be present in the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. In the treatment of Bordetella pertussis, early administration of a macrolide antibiotic and patient isolation will likely decrease coughing paroxysms and limit spread of disease (Braman, 2006) (SOR: A). Risk factors for Pseudomonas infection include severe structural lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis) and recent antibiotic therapy, health care-associated exposures or stay in hospital (especially in the ICU). Patients who present with severe infection or whose infection is progressing despite empiric antibiotic therapy should be treated more aggressively; the treatment strategy should be based on results of appropriate Gram stain, culture, and drug susceptibility analysis. For suspected MRSA skin infections, oral treatment options include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline of purulent material when performing incision and drainage in the event that the patient fails to improve and antibiotic coverage becomes necessary.
cord-030369-4dn02a35	2019	Once pulmonary infection is present, the disease condition will likely deteriorate, directly causing death; (3) a majority of infections are nosocomial infection, and pathogens are usually resistant to common antibiotics, making therapy challenging; (4) the pathogens causing infection are diverse but mainly Gram-negative bacteria, although the incidence of Gram-positive and fungal infections is increasing; (5) infection is closely related to the prognosis for liver failure patients. Although their clinical manifestation differ significantly, the "coexistence of acute and chronic failures" is shared by failures of all those organs; (2) CLF classification has been generally recognized at home and abroad, and the necessity of classification are further proved by the difference between CLF and the other three types; (3) CLF cases are relatively large in proportion (nearly 30%), which is still increasing (since the proportion of ALF/SALF are lowering); (4) Complications of CLF are common and are found in various forms, with bad prognosis; (5) In CLF patients with correlation to HBV, virus replication are commonly found, which is closely related to decompensation.
cord-032183-yqqqe325	2019	Patients awaiting liver transplantation because of HBV-related end-stage liver disease or liver cancer should be given nucleoside analogues with strong HBV inhibition and low drug-resistance, or nucleotides analogues combination treatment, in order to reduce viral load and prevent graft re-infection. The objective of antiviral treatment for HBV-ACLF is to reduce viral load at an appreciably high rate, thereby promoting reduction in hepatocyte cell death and improved survival outcomes by prevention of decompensation related multiorgan complications in this group of severely ill patients. Response-Guided Therapy 4006 study [126] suggested continuous treatment with LAM (10 years) delayed clinical progression in patients with chronic hepatitis and advanced fibrosis by significantly reducing the incidence of the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic decompensation.
cord-252586-fuaoelgb	2014	METHODS: Liver-derived cell lines producing full-length HBV and HBsAg particles, owing to stable (HepG2215) or transient (HuH-7) transfection, or infected with HBV (HepaRG cells; Invitrogen [Carlsbad, CA]), were incubated with alisporivir or NIM811 alone, or alisporivir in combination with a direct antiviral (telbivudine). Alisporivir treatment of HepG2215 cells resulted in a progressive reduction of secreted and intracellular, nucleocapsid-associated HBV DNA dependent on both drug concentration and time of drug exposure ( Figure 1A and B). NIM811 treatment of HepG2215 and of HepaRG cells also reduced the secreted and intracellular nucleocapsidassociated HBV DNA, however, its antiviral effect was lower than alisporivir (Supplementary Figure 3) . As stated earlier, alisporivir at 5 mg/mL reduced intracellular HBV-DNA levels by 73% and 58% in HuH-7 and HepG2215 cells, respectively, after 72 hours of treatment ( Figure 1B and D) .
cord-255697-trig04hd	2016	
cord-258665-8q3tsggm	2020	
cord-264488-989t9ld1	2014	
cord-264713-38dlh3wg	2004	
cord-265472-b1s4stvz	2015	In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia)
cord-267709-i2loz1xb	2019	
cord-274080-884x48on	2018	For the majority of animal viruses, the activation of these fusion or penetration mechanisms occurs through conformational changes and structural rearrangements in viral surface proteins and/or the whole virion shell that may destabilize the capsid core. D: Three mechanisms (I.-III.) of DNA viruses replication are shown: (I): Following entry and uncoating, the DNA genome is transported to the nucleus; products of early genes (regulatory proteins, transcription factors) regulate the synthesis of viral enzymes (e.g. DNA polymerase) required for genome replication; expression of late genes encoding structural capsid proteins in the cytosol, they are then transported into nucleus where packaging and pre-assembly take place; preassembled procapsids exit the nucleus and leave the cell (e.g. Herpesviruses). Here, we provide an overview of in vitro methods, including cell-based assays, that may be suitable for screening of antivirotics that interfere with the key steps of viral life cycles and target either virus or cell-encoded proteins required for the infectivity.
cord-275104-imqmyqhz	2017	
cord-275795-ee7qyw5h	2018	We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates. Since that time, the occurrence of epidemics and outbreaks are now at lower risk, following the introduction of massive vaccination programs able to induce immune system targeting of viruses causing severe disorders affecting distinct geographical locations, and with many epidemiological reports demonstrating long-term efficacy of viral control of non-naïve populations. This approach is being developed to use virus-infected cell-killing antibodies that produce an antiviral environment; these termed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies, which are predicted to link innate and adaptive immune responses, and is becoming possible due to new technologies for rapid isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies targeting conserved regions of influenza virus, reviewed in Jegaskanda et al.
cord-276565-vkbu581j	2020	title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Pre-existing Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multicenter Report There are no data yet focusing on the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients with underlying liver disease, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Thus, it is indispensable to study the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with preexisting HBV infection. Data were obtained from a cohort (coronavirus disease 2019-hepatitis B virus-Chinese Portal Hypertension Diagnosis and Monitoring Study Group, COVID-HBV-CHESS) to consecutively monitor COVID-19 patients in 10 designed hospitals of 8 provincial administrative regions in China ( Figure 1a ). In the COVID-HBV-CHESS study, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with pre-existing HBV infection for the first time, to our best knowledge; only by multicenter analysis can we follow-up COVID-19 with underlying liver disease, such as HBV infection.
cord-280643-n8qjorqk	2005	To circumvent the problem that mutation in HBV genome may result in resistance when siRNA is further developed as an anti-viral drug, in this study, we established a dual small interfering RNA (siRNA) expression system, which could simultaneously express two different siRNA molecules that can specifically target two genes. To test the effectiveness of this system, we applied this new approach to express simultaneously two different 21-bp hairpin siRNA duplexes that specifically attack the HBs and HBx genes of HBV, respectively, in Bel-7402 and HepG2.2.15 cells. Results indicated that dual siRNA could simultaneously inhibit the expression of HBs and HBx gene by 83.7% and 87.5%, respectively, based on luciferase assays. Results indicated that the levels of HBV core associ-ated DNA were significantly decreased in the cells transfected by HBSXsiRNA, HBS 1 siRNA, HBS 2 siRNA, and HBX 2 siRNA with reduction rate of 90.2%, 85.7 %, 81.3%, and 60.4%, respectively, compared with that of vector control (Fig. 5a) .
cord-285505-8norumv6	2014	
cord-286334-d9v5xtx7	2020	
cord-286719-1xjmlwqr	2018	The developed AuNP-based detection techniques are reported for various groups of clinically relevant viruses with a special focus on the applied types of bio-AuNP hybrid structures, virus detection targets, and assay modalities and formats. These techniques represent the majority of molecular techniques applied in virus detection and include various types of target amplification techniques (e.g., PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), transcription-mediated amplification, and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification), signal amplification techniques (e.g., branched DNA and hybrid capture), and probe amplification techniques (e.g., ligase chain reaction and strand-displacement amplification). [70] developed an impedimetric electrochemical assay for the detection of AIV M gene sequences based on measuring changes in the impedimetric behavior of the electrode when the target DNA hybridizes with the capture DNA probes immobilized onto its surface and is subsequently labeled by AuNPs via streptavidin/ biotin interaction (Fig. 12C) .
cord-287151-4hlvrfeh	2004	
cord-293646-d4qcckh1	2003	
cord-296222-w5m23ikh	2016	
cord-296979-8r851j4t	2017	
cord-297077-p604vvbi	2017	
cord-300642-c7adeis1	2006	6 In hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN), production of circulating cryo globulins is induced as an abnormal host response to infection. 7 In acute renal failure associated with infection by hantavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, the pathogenetic mechanisms of interstitial nephritis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and multiorgan failure-rather than formation of immune complexes-are predominant. 24, 34 In a recent analysis comparing 10 adult nephrotic patients with HBV-related membranous nephropathy who received lamivudine with 12 matched historical control subjects who presented in the pre-lamivudine era, lamivudine significantly improved proteinuria, aminotransferase levels, and renal outcome over a 3-year period. The FSGS variant of HIVAN is the most commonly reported chronic renal disease associated with HIV infection. 58 Most patients with HIV-associated thrombotic microangiopathy/hemolytic uremic syndrome present with acute renal failure, microscopic hematuria, and non-nephrotic proteinuria. Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection: case report and literature review
cord-305085-bv7udg9k	2011	Postnatal exposure of susceptible infants to CMV, including premature infants without passively acquired maternal antibodies against CMV, infants born to CMV-seronegative mothers, and immunodeficient infants, can cause significant clinical illness (pneumonitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia).* In one study of premature infants followed up to 12 months, Vochem et al 430 found CMV transmission in 17 of 29 infants (59%) exposed to CMV virolactia and breastfed compared with no infants infected of 27 exposed to breast milk without CMV. 38, 104, 121 Laboratory reports demonstrate the presence of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus in breast milk as well as various immunologic factors that could block or limit infection.* A dose-response relationship has been observed, correlating the HIV viral load in human milk as well as a mother'' s plasma viral load with an increased transmission risk for the breastfed infant. 76 No case of transmission of yellow fever virus from an infected mother to her infant via breastfeeding or breast milk has been reported.
cord-307044-4czeehkq	2020	
cord-308382-h8ldbzip	2018	
cord-312965-5hcb15xc	2011	
cord-313627-g1iqhsdk	2020	
cord-318143-s4q059g8	2015	
cord-318570-wj7r6953	2020	
cord-318853-mxyxwkhx	2005	
cord-320106-thre6r63	2010	
cord-321481-vrfwczve	2014	
cord-324984-ojrpsdt9	2020	In addition, host proteins are not under the genetic control of viral genome, and hence HTAs possess much higher genetic barrier to drug resistance as compared with DAAs. In recent years, much progress has been made to the development of HTAs with the approval of chemokine receptor type 5 antagonist maraviroc for human immunodeficiency virus treatment and more in the pipeline for other viral infections. 3 Altogether, targeting host factors is a very promising strategy with possibility to address the critical challenges faced with the DAAs. In this review, we summarize the recent advances made in HTAs from a medicinal chemistry standpoint, and the host targets are generally classified into three different categories based on the development stage of their corresponding inhibitors/modulators, namely the ones which reached Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, that have entered clinical trials and those in preclinical studies.
cord-325280-4whzcmqv	2017	
cord-331289-02411gfv	2015	
cord-331731-c2r0kfaz	2020	
cord-333220-tcvs4beg	2008	
cord-334150-t6n95laz	2013	The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in serum protein levels in the progression of hepatitis B using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis, in addition to comparing the serum protein levels of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), patients with hepatitis B virus-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-induced ACLF) and normal individuals. Five of those proteins, C-reactive protein precursor, hemoglobin β chain variant Hb S-Wake, apolipoprotein J precursor, platelet factor 4 precursor and vitronectin, which demonstrated the greatest differences in their expression levels and the most significant correlation with liver diseases, were subsequently verified using western blotting. The purpose of this study was to analyze serum protein levels using iTRAQ in normal controls, as well as patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and HBV-induced ACLF, and to verify those results using western blotting. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in serum protein levels in patients with CHB and HBV-induced ACLF, respectively, compared with healthy controls using iTRAQ and western blotting.
cord-340503-zwdewiu1	2017	Electron microscopy Viral particle Hours Broad spectrum; rapid method Necessity for presence of around 10 6 virus particles/mL for detection; similarity of morphologies [11] Hemagglutination assay Viral protein Hours Easy; inexpensive Poor sensitivity; necessity for fresh reagents [12] ELISA Viral protein Hours Only one incubation step; no hook effect at high analyte concentrations Limited concentration range in which the analyte can be quantified without sample dilution; and that the antigen or antibody produce the same response and not distinguishable in a one step [13] PCR Viral nucleic acid Hours Extremely high sensitivity; Easy to set up Extremely liable to contamination; Not easy to quantitate results; High degree of operator skill required [14] As an example for HIV, a type of virus that gradually attacks the immune system and makes it harder to fight off infections and diseases in infected body, a QDs-based rapid capture and imaging system was developed by Kim et al.
cord-344084-z4t2wkgk	2020	The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. In agreement with studies showing that CCR5Δ32 homozygous genotype is a risk factor for symptomatic WNV infection in humans, Ccr5-/-WNV-infected mice showed a reduced capacity of viral control, increased disease severity, impaired leukocyte trafficking towards the brain, and high mortality rates than Ccr5 wild-type mice. In conclusion, although tissue analysis and evidence obtained in vitro suggest that the CCR5 is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of HPV, most studies point to a lack of involvement of CCR5Δ32 in susceptibility to HPV infection or HPV-associated diseases.
cord-347710-ff64y6ef	2020	hnRNPs involve in a large number of cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcription regulation, RNP assembly and stabilization, RNA export, virus replication, histone-like nucleoid structuring, and even intracellular immunity. 6, 13 It is well known that Hsp90 not only interacts and contributes to RNA polymerase assembly and nuclear import of some (−) ssRNA viruses (e.g., PB2 of influenza virus), but plays crucial roles in the folding process of viral capsid proteins and virion assemblies as well. 17, 18 As a critical component of cellular protein surveillance, the ATP-dependent molecular chaperone protects cells from damage caused by stress and takes part in a number of folding processes, including folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, recognition and refolding of misfolded or aggregated proteins, solubilization or degradation of proteins, transporting proteins, assembly or disassembly of oligomeric protein complexes, and the regulation of certain natively folded proteins.
cord-350393-j80k2v21	2020	
cord-350964-0jtfc271	2018	
cord-351295-4toxlskr	2019	
cord-352988-9ey3ir5e	2010	A polyphenolic compound, 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (1246TGG), was isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Phyllanthus emblica L. Results indicates that treatment with 1246TGG (6.25 μg/mL, 3.13 μg/mL), reduced both HBsAg and HBeAg levels in culture supernatant, yet the inhibitory effects tend to decline with the assay time. Here, we investigated the anti-HBV activity of 1246TGG by detecting the HBsAg and HBeAg secretion levels in HepG2.2.15 cell culture, a cell line derived by transfection of cloned HBV DNA into human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 and used to assay for anti-HBV agents [4] . To determine the inhibitory effects of 1246TGG on HBV antigen secretion, cells were treated with 1246TGG at concentrations of 6.25µg/mL and 3.13µg/mL every 3 d during the 10 d treatment period. A cell culture assay for compounds which inhibit hepatitis B virus replication
cord-353467-wbtzvm4i	2004