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  Clostridium botulinum mainly type E Tavakoli and Imani Fooladi 2011 The processing is insufficient to kill the


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  Anwendung der papierchromatographisehen Analyse auf dem Fettgebiet 4 Mitt Uber 5ls iurereiehe SamenOle


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  Fanzo 2019 Fanzo 2019 In particular there are unexploited opportunities through increasing availability of and access


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  the World Health Organization International Organization for Epizootics and Food and Agriculture Organization


id: cord-331255-t85yioyl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Dams and Disease Ecological Design and Health Impacts of Large Dams Canals and Irrigation Systems Feeding


id: cord-342972-bjv8biop
type: ORG
entity:
  Food and Agriculture Organization International Fund for Agricultural Development UNICEF World Food Program


id: cord-342972-bjv8biop
type: ORG
entity:
  the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition Brussels Food and Agriculture Organization


id: cord-342972-bjv8biop
type: DISEASE
entity:
  hypertension coronary heart disease stroke cancer asthma diabetes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease


id: cord-347884-zpzncgiv
type: ORG
entity:
  Key Considerations for Repatriation Quarantine of Travellers in Relation to the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus


id: cord-347884-zpzncgiv
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Cimicifuga rhizoma Meliae cortex Coptidis rhizoma Phellodendron cortex and Sophora subprostrata radix


id: cord-344948-cve3mqd8
type: ORG
entity:
  Food Security Policy Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development State of Food Security and Nutrition


id: cord-328562-g5i838b3
type: ORG
entity:
  CrossRef 2 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Household Food Security


id: cord-328562-g5i838b3
type: ORG
entity:
  Station United States Census Bureau CP03 Comparative Economic Characteristics CP02 Comparative Social Characteristics


id: cord-328562-g5i838b3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Kindergarten cohort Development and Validity of a 2 Item Screen to Identify Families at Risk for Food Insecurity Implementation


id: cord-342755-4jx0h0y5
type: LAW
entity:
  COVID 19 Food Security Position Ninth Special Emergency Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government


id: cord-351785-d35kqobp
type: ORG
entity:
  the Mississippi Delta A Participatory Regional Partnership Approach to Promote Nutrition and Physical Activity Through Environmental and Policy Change


id: cord-351785-d35kqobp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Assessment of a Healthy Corner Store Program FIT Store in Low Income Urban and Ethnically Diverse Neighborhoods


id: cord-355055-7m8on8ct
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Producer to Consumer The Effectiveness of the Good Affordable Food Intervention for Adults with Low Socioeconomic Status and Small Incomes Food Safety


id: cord-306000-odct9kt7
type: GGP
entity:
  E l i g i b i l i t y A p p r o v a l p d f s a g AFQjCNGrBocrLivJlbrG_c8CgbWAdYJCfw e a E l i g i b i l i t y A p p r o v a l p d f s a g AFQjCNFpYAXNlQug4xkvVwqHotGf8arS9Q o m u r l q h t t p s f n s p r o d e a E l i g i b i l i t y A p p r o v a l p d f s a g AFQjCNHaiKuwgHAKsQcdJeAkfiMvDLuZqg


id: cord-306000-odct9kt7
type: ORG
entity:
  the United States Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention supported Nutrition and Obesity Policy Research and Evaluation Network


id: cord-352538-cb3j2y1s
type: ORG
entity:
  the Australian National Centre for Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security ANCORS


id: cord-352501-5c78kq0w
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Generational Differences in Perceptions of Food Health Risk and Attitudes toward Organic Food and Game Meat


id: cord-352501-5c78kq0w
type: ORG
entity:
  Front A Review of the Principles and Applications of Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Characterize Meat Fat and Meat Products


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  membrane antigens b cells CD3 CD19 CD45 CD19 CD5 CD45 CD19 CD23 CD45 CD19 CD25 CD45 CD19 CD40 CD45 CD19 CD86 CD45 CD3 CD4 CD40L CD45 CD19 CD45RA CD27 CD45


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: GGP
entity:
  house dust mite tablet Matsuoka T 1 Kuroda Y 1 Igarashi S 1 Fukano C 2 Natsui K 2 Ohashi Doi K 2 Masuyama K 1 1


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: GGP
entity:
  Smiljkovic D 3 Blatt K 3 Selb R 4 Stoecklinger A 5 Keller W 2 Valent P 3 Niederberger V 4 Thalhamer J 5 Valenta R 6 Flicker S 6 Background Bet v 1


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: GGP
entity:
  Phl p 1 P 0 05 despite the lower concentration of pollen In Günzburg 66 children had no sensitization at all compared to 58 in Munich 80 of the


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: GGP
entity:
  CD19 CD45 CD19 CD5 CD45 CD19 CD23 CD45 CD19 CD25 CD45 CD19 CD40 CD45 CD19 CD86 CD45 CD3 CD4 CD40L CD45 CD19 CD45RA CD27 CD45


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: ORG
entity:
  between University of Health Sciences Ankara Child Hospital The Children Allergy and Immunology Clinic


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Cabrera V Barrios J Callero A González CE Pérez E Martínez JA Hospital Universitario Nuestra Sra de la Candelaria Santa Cruz


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  5 p phenylenediamine 2 5 colophony 2 5 n isopropyl n fenil 4 fenilendiamin 2 5 mercaptobenzothiazole 2 5 benzocaine 2 5


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: DISEASE
entity:
  grasses grass and olive olea sIgE tot for Phleum pratense and Olea europaea and some sIgE CRD rPhl p 1 rPhl p 5 rPhl p 7 rPhl p 12 rOle1 and nOle7 were determined Physicians


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Pacitto A Bizzarri I Isidori C Tarsia M Esposito S Università degli Studi di Perugia Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche


# url

id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
domain: policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk
url:
  http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/missing-out-onsmall-is-beautiful-the-eus-failure-to-deliv-er-on-policy-commitme-620288


# bib

id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
title: Übersicht Über neue ernährungswissenschaftliche Publikationen
author: Ühlein, E.
date: 1964-02-01
txt: ./txt/cord-006636-xgikbdns.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006636-xgikbdns.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102153/
doi: 10.1007/bf02021334
abstract: nan
summary:
  L. : Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-deficicnt female rat. H.: Effect of dietary protein and fat on growth, protein utilization, and carcass composition of pigs fed purified diets. Effect of food fats on concentration of ketone bodies and citric acid level in blood and tissues Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-defieient female rat The effect on the serum cholesterol levels of the consumption of a special dietary fat with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids in elderly people Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism


id: cord-009729-69swjzic
author: nan
date: 2013-06-27
txt: ./txt/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163758/
doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3265
summary:
  Risk ranking of chemical hazards into categories of potential concern was based on the outcomes of the national residue control plans (NRCPs), as defined in Council Directive 96/23/EC for the period 2005-2010, and of other testing programmes, as well as on substance-specific parameters such as the toxicological profile and the likelihood of the occurrence of residues and contaminants in sheep and goats. It is recommended regarding chemical hazards, that FCI should be expanded for sheep and goats produced in extensive systems to provide more information on the specific environmental conditions where the animals are produced and that future monitoring programmes should be based on the risk of occurrence of chemical residues and contaminants, taking into account the completeness and quality of the FCI supplied, and the ranking of chemical substances into categories of potential concern, which ranking needs to be regularly updated.

title:
  Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats

abstract:
  A risk ranking process identified Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats. As these are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system using risk‐based interventions was proposed. Further studies are required on T. gondii and pathogenic VTEC. If new information confirms these hazards as a high risk to public health from meat from sheep or goats, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Other elements of the system are risk‐categorisation of flocks/herds based on improved Food Chain Information (FCI), classification of abattoirs according to their capability to reduce faecal contamination, and use of improved process hygiene criteria. It is proposed to omit palpation and incision from post‐mortem inspection in animals subjected to routine slaughter. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account FCI, which should be expanded to reflect the extensive production systems used, and the ranking of chemical substances, which should be regularly updated and include new hazards. Control programmes across the food chain, national residue control plans, feed control and monitoring of environmental contaminants should be better integrated. Meat inspection is a valuable tool for surveillance and monitoring of animal health and welfare conditions. Omission of palpation and incision would reduce detection effectiveness for tuberculosis and fasciolosis at animal level. Surveillance of tuberculosis at the slaughterhouse in small ruminants should be improved and encouraged, as this is in practice the only surveillance system available. Extended use of FCI could compensate for some, but not all, the information on animal health and welfare lost if only visual post‐mortem inspection is applied.


id: cord-012022-r3xkpwte
author: Keeble, Matthew
date: 2020-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-012022-r3xkpwte.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-012022-r3xkpwte.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7400536/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145190
summary:
  title: Use of Online Food Delivery Services to Order Food Prepared Away-From-Home and Associated Sociodemographic Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional, Multi-Country Analysis Odds of any online food delivery service use were lower per additional year of age (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.95) and greater for respondents who were male (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.35, 1.66), that identified with an ethnic minority (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.38, 1.78), were highly educated (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.90), or living with children (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 2.44, 3.01). Overall, 15% of respondents across Australia, Canada, Mexico, the UK, and the USA reported online food delivery service use in the past 7 days, however, almost two thirds of respondents had purchased food prepared away-from-home directly from food outlets but had not used an online food delivery service.

title:
  Use of Online Food Delivery Services to Order Food Prepared Away-From-Home and Associated Sociodemographic Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional, Multi-Country Analysis

abstract:
  Online food delivery services like Just Eat and Grubhub facilitate online ordering and home delivery of food prepared away-from-home. It is poorly understood how these services are used and by whom. This study investigated the prevalence of online food delivery service use and sociodemographic characteristics of customers, in and across Australia, Canada, Mexico, the UK, and the USA. We analyzed online survey data (n = 19,378) from the International Food Policy Study, conducted in 2018. We identified respondents who reported any online food delivery service use in the past 7 days and calculated the frequency of use and number of meals ordered. We investigated whether odds of any online food delivery service use in the past 7 days differed by sociodemographic characteristics using adjusted logistic regression. Overall, 15% of respondents (n = 2929) reported online food delivery service use, with the greatest prevalence amongst respondents in Mexico (n = 839 (26%)). Online food delivery services had most frequently been used once and the median number of meals purchased through this mode of order was two. Odds of any online food delivery service use were lower per additional year of age (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.95) and greater for respondents who were male (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.35, 1.66), that identified with an ethnic minority (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.38, 1.78), were highly educated (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.90), or living with children (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 2.44, 3.01). Further research is required to explore how online food delivery services may influence diet and health.


id: cord-014687-0am4l5ms
title: SPR 2012
author: nan
date: 2012-03-29
txt: ./txt/cord-014687-0am4l5ms.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014687-0am4l5ms.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7080092/
doi: 10.1007/s00247-012-2356-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  This presentation will focus on recent developments that have lead to a better understanding of the embryopathogenesis for fibropolycystic liver diseases (including choledochal cysts and Caroli disease), histopathological findings that have led to new classification systems for of pediatric vascular anomalies, technological advances and contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging that are useful to characterize and limit the differential diagnosis of hepatic masses. Disclosure: Dr. Annapragada has indicated that he is a stock holder and consultant for Marval Biosciences Inc. Paper #: PA-067 Cardiovascular Image Quality Using a Nanoparticle CT Contrast Agent: Preliminary Studies in a Pig Model Rajesh Krishnamurthy, Radiology, Texas Children''s Hospital, rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org; Ketan Ghaghada, Prakash Masand, Abhay Divekar, Eric Hoffman, Ananth Annapragada Purpose or Case Report: Image quality in a separate study using a long circulating, liposomal-based nanoscale blood pool iodinated contrast agent (NCTX) suggests clinical utility in pediatrics, potentially reducing difficulties in contrast-CT of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) including the size of intravenous cannula, need for accurate timing, inability to simultaneously opacify multiple targets of interest (requiring repeated contrast administration and/or repeated imaging).


id: cord-015569-vy49r1zd
author: nan
date: 2012-05-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7109919/
doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjs052
abstract: nan
title:
  Abstracts from the 45(th) Annual Meeting of Japanese Association for the Stusy of Taste and Smell (JASTS 2011), Kanazawa, Japan, October 5-7(th), 2011 (The president of the meeting was Dr. Takaki Miwa, Kanazawa Medical University)


id: cord-016295-1uey49ou
title: Arctic health problems and environmental challenges in Greenland
author: Mulvad, Gert
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-016295-1uey49ou.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016295-1uey49ou.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120540/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-48514-8_21
abstract: nan
summary:
  A large part of the diet still stem from seafood, fish or sea animals, but imported fabricated foods are expected to continue to take over an increasing part of their energy consumption (Deutch 2004 , Mulvad 1996 . In Greenland high contents of organic contaminants are found in people , Deutch 1998 and the pollution has reached a level of concern. A great amount of evidence from epidemiological studies and clinical trials support a theory of protective effect against coronary heart disease for fish consumption and intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids (Jul et al. The major characteristic of recent health and social problems in Greenland are (compared to Denmark): low mean lifetime expectancy, high infant mortality, increasing rates of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, high rate of infectious diseases (tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis B virus infection, Helicobacter pylori infection, meningitis), high rate of suicide, high rate of lethal accidents, high rate of legal abortions, domestic violence, tobacco, alcohol and drug abuse, mental health are stressed by unstable family relationships, contamination of the traditional diet (Chief Medical Officer 2000) .


id: cord-016593-t0dn27bc
title: Food as a New Human and Livelihood Security Challenge
author: Spring, Úrsula Oswald
date: 2009
txt: ./txt/cord-016593-t0dn27bc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016593-t0dn27bc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120936/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-68488-6_33
summary:
  Their understanding of food sovereignty includes: a.) local production and trade of agricultural products with access to land, water, native seeds, credits, technical support and financial facilities for all participants; b.) women are the main food producers worldwide 1) and they are often in charge of transformation and local trade; c.) therefore, access to land, credit and basic production means for women and girls at home and in the community is a guarantee of food security, but it is also able to overcome the violent and unjust patriarchal structures within families, communities, social organizations, countries, and global economic systems; d.) inclusion of the indigenous, women, and peasants in regional and national rural policy and decision-making processes related to agriculture and food sovereignty; e.) the basic right to consume safe, sufficient, and culturally accepted non-toxic food, locally produced, transformed and sold, since food is more than intake of proteins and calories: it is a cultural act of life; f.) the rights of regions and nations to establish compensations and subsidies to get protection from dumping and artificial low prices as a result of subsidies in industrialized countries; g.) the obligation of national and local governments to improve the food disposal of its citizens through stimulus of production and transformation of food, subsidies, and economic programmes to achieve food sovereignty in basic crops; discounts in urban poor regions, able to guarantee the basic food basket; popular kitchens; breakfast in schools, and special food for undernourished babies and pregnant mothers;

abstract:
  As a result of a process of “regressive globalization” (Kaldor/Anheier/Glasius 2003; Oswald 2008b) and of an increasing concentration of wealth in few hands, the economic gap has widened between North and South and within the countries between rich and poor, which has often affected the survival of social groups.


id: cord-016840-p3sq99yg
author: Bales, Connie Watkins
date: 2008-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016840-p3sq99yg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121257/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-385-5_29
summary:
  Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2).

title:
  Minimizing the Impact of Complex Emergencies on Nutrition and Geriatric Health: Planning for Prevention is Key

abstract:
  Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. In urban areas with high population densities and heavy reliance on power-driven devices for day-to-day survival, CEs can precipitate a rapid deterioration of basic services that threatens nutritionally and medically vulnerable older adults. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. The most effective strategy for coping with CEs is to have detailed, individualized pre-event preparations. When a CE occurs, the immediate relief efforts focus on establishing access to food, safe water, and essential medical services.


id: cord-017154-h8hxroos
title: One Health and Food Safety
author: Wielinga, Peter R.
date: 2014-07-19
txt: ./txt/cord-017154-h8hxroos.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017154-h8hxroos.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121645/
doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_10
summary:
  Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been—in some settings—dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Given that 70 % of the rural population in poor countries is dependent on livestock as working animals to survive (FAO 2002) , the effect of these animals carrying a zoonotic disease can be dramatic, both relative to human health directly, but also as it affects the potential to earn an income. For global infectious disease safety national authorities report to WHO important outbreaks of human disease which have the potential of cross-border spread, under the auspices of the International Health Regulations (IHR) (WHO 2005) . Collaboration between the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission and the OIE have generated important guidance on how an integrated approach and the prudent use of antimicrobials may reduce the emergence of AMR in (food-)animals and subsequently in humans.

abstract:
  Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore food becomes an important vehicle for many zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decades has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. One Health formulates clearly both the need for, and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. Here we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food derived from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. Some diseases have global epidemic—or pandemic—potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural- and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been—in some settings—dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are ‘neglected diseases’ in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. Here we will discuss these three different foodborne disease categories, paying extra attention to the important problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In addition, we present some of the One Health inspired solutions that may help reduce the threat of several of the foodborne diseases discussed.


id: cord-017225-6ofi6mg5
title: Human Rights Issues
author: Wei, Yuwa
date: 2018-12-10
txt: ./txt/cord-017225-6ofi6mg5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017225-6ofi6mg5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121730/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3699-7_8
summary:
  In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public''s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public''s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation.

abstract:
  Contemporary China is plagued by a wide range of human rights related issues and problems. In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public’s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. Most of all, these problems concern nearly every Chinese citizen’s well-being and impact on their personal prosperity, as well as the prosperity of the nation as a whole. These problems are mainly associated with failures in environmental protection, food safety, and medical security.


id: cord-017615-zjr6csla
title: Food Security in an Insecure Future
author: Hillman, John R.
date: 2016-11-25
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122219/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_12
abstract:
  Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. Many Arab countries demonstrate nearly all the features of those countries classified as poor, less developed, or failing to achieve the eight Millennium Goals. Even the economies of the richer oil-exporting countries in the Region have been seriously damaged by the downturn in oil and gas prices as new sources come on stream elsewhere and demand falls as a result of renewable sources of energy becoming available.


id: cord-017731-xzfo5jjq
title: Foodborne Disease in the Middle East
author: Todd, Ewen C. D.
date: 2016-11-25
txt: ./txt/cord-017731-xzfo5jjq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017731-xzfo5jjq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122377/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_17
summary:
  Food safety is a concern worldwide and according to the World Health Organization, developing countries are probably more at risk of foodborne illness because many of these, including those in the Middle East, have limited disease surveillance and prevention and control strategies. Like many other parts of the developing world, foodborne disease surveillance is limited and outbreaks are most often reported through the Press but with insufficient detail to determine the etiological agents and the factors contributing to the outbreaks, leading to speculation to the cause by those interested or responsible for food prevention and control. Thus, the main foodborne disease issues are with homemade, restaurant and street food, where isolated claims of illness are followed up by inspections and possible punitive action by public health agencies responsible for food safety.

abstract:
  Food safety is a concern worldwide and according to the World Health Organization, developing countries are probably more at risk of foodborne illness because many of these, including those in the Middle East, have limited disease surveillance and prevention and control strategies. Specifically, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the third highest estimated burden of foodborne diseases per population, after the African and South-East Asia regions. However, it is difficult to determine what the burden is since little is published in peer-reviewed journals or government reports for public access. This chapter reviews 16 autonomous nations, namely, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (KSA), Syrian Arab Republic (Syria), United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen. Countries range in size from Bahrain with 1.8 million inhabitants to Pakistan with a population of 184 million. Agriculture and local food production is much influenced by water availability for irrigation. Water shortages are most severe in the Gulf countries which rely on aquifers, desalination, and recycled waste water for most of their water supplies. This means that most food is imported which is expensive if not subsidized through petrodollars. This impacts food security which is a particular concern in countries under conflict, particularly, Syria, Yemen and Iraq. Gastrointestinal infections are frequent in this region from Salmonella Typhi and other Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, parasites, and more rarely from Aeromonas, Yersinia enterocolitica, Brucella spp., and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Reports indicate that children are the most susceptible and that many isolates are multidrug resistant. Chemical contamination of water supplies and crops are probably more of a concern than published reports indicate, because of widespread indiscriminate use of fertilizers, antibiotics, and pesticides, coupled with increased industrial pollution affecting the water supplies. Like many other parts of the developing world, foodborne disease surveillance is limited and outbreaks are most often reported through the Press but with insufficient detail to determine the etiological agents and the factors contributing to the outbreaks, leading to speculation to the cause by those interested or responsible for food prevention and control. However, there are some well investigated outbreaks in the region that have those details, and reveal where the shortcomings of both the establishments and the inspection systems have been. Where the causative agents are known, the kinds of pathogens are generally similar to those found in the West, e.g., Salmonella, but many outbreaks seem to have short incubation periods that point to a toxin of some kind of chemical or biological origin, but these are almost never identified. Because of sectarian warfare, residents and refugees have been given food that has made them sick and solders? have been deliberately poisoned. Research has been focused on microbial contamination of locally-sold foodstuffs and manager and employee knowledge of food safety and hygienic conditions in food preparation establishments. An innovative pilot project in Qatar is to use seawater and sunlight for raising crops through the Sahara Forest Project. All countries have some kind of food establishment inspection system, but they tend to be punitive if faults are found in management or employees on the premises rather than being used for their education for improving food safety. Restaurants may be closed down and owners and employees fined for often unspecified infringements. However, some food control agents are moving towards employee training through seminars and courses before problems occur, which is a good disease prevention strategy. Unfortunately, many of the food handlers are from Asian countries with languages other than Arabic and English, which makes effective food safety communication and training difficult. Tourists visiting popular resorts in Turkey and Egypt have suffered from foodborne illnesses, usually of unknown origin but poor hygienic conditions are blamed with law suits following, and the adverse publicity affects the long-term viability of some of these resorts. Food exports, important for local economies, have occasionally been contaminated resulting in recalls and sometimes illnesses and deaths, notably fenugreek seeds from Egypt (E. coli O104:H4), pomegranate arils from Turkey (hepatitis A virus), and tahini from Lebanon (Salmonella). Overall, in recent decades, the Middle East has made strides towards improving food safety for both residents and foreign visitors or ex-pat workers. However, within the countries there are large discrepancies in the extent of effective public health oversight including food safety and food security. Currently, almost all of the countries are involved to a greater or lesser extent in the civil wars in Syria and Yemen, or are affected through political tensions and strife in Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Turkey. In addition, the current overproduction of oil on a world-wide scale has led to a rapid decrease in revenues to most Gulf states. All this points to a severe setback, and an uncertain foreseeable future for improvements in obtaining both sufficient and safe food for residents in this region.


id: cord-018902-oninjtsn
title: Commercial Buildings
author: Kowalski, Wladyslaw
date: 2009-07-09
txt: ./txt/cord-018902-oninjtsn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018902-oninjtsn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123903/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-01999-9_18
summary:
  Another alternative for improving air quality in office buildings and reducing the incidence of disease transmission between office workers is to locate recirculating UV units or Upper Room systems around the building to deal with local problems. Air disinfection systems that use UV have little or no effect on non-microbiological contaminants but if pathogens or allergens are the cause of the problem then UV systems may be applied to reduce the hazard. Many molds like Aspergillus and Penicillium are common contaminants of the outdoor and indoor air that can grow on food and although they are not food pathogens they are potential inhalation hazards for food industry workers. UV air disinfection systems may also be useful in controlling airborne hazards that result from hazards are created by industrial food processes that forcibly aerosolize contaminants.

abstract:
  Applications for UVGI systems in commercial buildings vary with the type of building, but virtually every type of building can benefit from the use of in-duct air disinfection and many buildings can benefit from the use of other types of UV systems. The health hazards and microbiological problems associated with various types of commercial buildings are often unique to the type of facility. The problem of air quality is paramount in commercial office buildings while the problem of biocontamination is of the highest concern in the food industry. Other types of buildings have their own microbial concerns and even their own standards. The pharmaceutical industry has the highest aerobiological air quality standards (and lowest airborne microbial levels) while the other extreme, the agricultural industry, has the highest airborne microbial levels and unique aerobiological concerns. The individual problems of these facilities are addressed in the following sections, and industry experience relating to UV applications are discussed, along with recommendations for how UV systems can be applied. The specific types of UVGI systems are described in previous chapters and these should be referred to for detailed information on such applications.


id: cord-022650-phsr10jp
title: Abstracts TPS
author: nan
date: 2018-08-14
txt: ./txt/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159469/
doi: 10.1111/all.13539
abstract: nan
summary:
  0685 | Skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in adult allergy clinic in a tertiary hospital: a 12-year retrospective study Results: Five different human sera were screened for specific IgE level against 29 different allergen sources using test methods of three different suppliers. Conclusion: This multicenter prospective study confirmed that stepwise single-dose OFC to egg will help to clarify the severity of egg allergy, and will contribute to improved food allergy manageMethod: The study design was a retrospective cohort study extracting data from the electronic chart of children older than 4 years who visited our out-patient clinic for egg or milk allergy and who underwent an oral food challenge test (OFC) twice within 24 months between November 2013 and December 2017. Results: In the base case analysis, using Italy clinical practice patients with moderate-to severe allergic rhino-conjunctivitis (SS ranging from 6 to 15 points) and a mean age at entry of 21 years, both SCIT and SLIT were associated with increased cost but superior efficacy compared to pharmacotherapy alone.


id: cord-022830-tvt58gtn
title: Fate of Foodborne Viruses in the “Farm to Fork” Chain of Fresh Produce
author: Li, Dan
date: 2015-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-022830-tvt58gtn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022830-tvt58gtn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7162173/
doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12163
summary:
  In order to supply a basis to identify possible prevention and control strategies, this review intends to demonstrate the fate of foodborne viruses in the farm to fork chain of fresh produce, which include the introduction routes (contamination sources), the viral survival abilities at different stages, and the reactions of foodborne viruses towards the treatments used in food processing of fresh produce. In order to determine a basis to identify possible prevention and control efforts, this article reviewed the transmission routes and viral persistence of foodborne viruses (mainly NoVs and HAV) during the farm-to-fork chain of fresh produce, as well as the effect of treatments used in food processing of fresh produce on viruses. In this section the effect of radiation, both nonionizing and ionizing radiation, and high-pressure processing (HPP) will be discussed as nonthermal inactivation treatment options for enteric viruses in fresh produce.

abstract:
  Norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are the most important foodborne viruses. Fresh produce has been identified as an important vehicle for their transmission. In order to supply a basis to identify possible prevention and control strategies, this review intends to demonstrate the fate of foodborne viruses in the farm to fork chain of fresh produce, which include the introduction routes (contamination sources), the viral survival abilities at different stages, and the reactions of foodborne viruses towards the treatments used in food processing of fresh produce. In general, the preharvest contamination comes mainly from soli fertilizer or irrigation water, while the harvest and postharvest contaminations come mainly from food handlers, which can be both symptomatic and asymptomatic. Foodborne viruses show high stabilities in all the stages of fresh produce production and processing. Low‐temperature storage and other currently used preservation techniques, as well as washing by water have shown limited added value for reducing the virus load on fresh produce. Chemical sanitizers, although with limitations, are strongly recommended to be applied in the wash water in order to minimize cross‐contamination. Alternatively, radiation strategies have shown promising inactivating effects on foodborne viruses. For high‐pressure processing and thermal treatment, efforts have to be made on setting up treatment parameters to induce sufficient viral inactivation within a food matrix and to protect the sensory and nutritional qualities of fresh produce to the largest extent.


id: cord-022839-l0tx596g
title: It must be green: meeting society’s environmental concerns
author: Dawson, T L
date: 2008-03-18
txt: ./txt/cord-022839-l0tx596g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022839-l0tx596g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7162251/
doi: 10.1111/j.1478-4408.2008.00124.x
summary:
  Present trends in the coloration of foods with natural dyes rather than synthetic ones, increasing consumption of organic products (including fibres) and energy‐saving trends in dye application methods, fuels and lighting, as well as the means of capturing solar energy, are discussed. Reacting to pressure from consumer groups and general public demand, much has been achieved in the display of data on packaged processed food with regards to its components and nutritional value, as well as there being an indication of the presence of any additives such as preservatives and colours, all identified by E-numbers. Greener processes for the manufacture of dyes and related chemicals Having accepted that, at least as far as the coloration of textiles is concerned, we must continue to rely on manufactured dyes, there are many possibilities that they may in the future be synthesised using greener chemistry; for example, using less energy, eliminating or more efficiently recycling organic solvents or achieving higher yields with minimal by-product formation.

abstract:
  Consumers today are increasingly demanding goods which not only conform to the public’s image of being ‘eco‐friendly’ and ‘organic’ but of having been produced ‘ethically’. Meeting such high ideals has a down side, both in higher costs and often in that of having to accept more distant suppliers. Present trends in the coloration of foods with natural dyes rather than synthetic ones, increasing consumption of organic products (including fibres) and energy‐saving trends in dye application methods, fuels and lighting, as well as the means of capturing solar energy, are discussed. The discovery of some interesting and historic green colours, the wider use of green (in both senses of the word) products and green chemistry’s future role in producing them are also reviewed.


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
author: Dávalos, Alberto
date: 2019-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163523/
doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1688
summary:
  This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2''‐O‐methylation at 3'' end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used.

title:
  Literature review of baseline information on non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) to support the risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified plants for food and feed

abstract:
  This report is the outcome of an EFSA procurement (NP/EFSA/GMO/2016/01) reviewing relevant scientific information on ncRNA and on RNA interference(RNAi) that could support the food and feed risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified (GM) plants. Information was retrieved through key words and key questions covering the stability and degradation of ncRNAs after oral ingestion, the passage of ncRNAs from food and feed to human and animal organs and tissues via the gastrointestinal tract and other barriers, as well as the potential effects on the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system or the entire organism.Full description of the strategy used for the literature search and for studies selectionis provided and the number of retrieved publications is reported. This report is divided into four partsdiscussing the kinetics of exogenous ncRNAs in humans and animals, with focus on ingested ncRNAs (Part 1); the possible effects of ncRNAs on the gastrointestinal tract (Part 2), systemically(Part 3)and on the immune system (Part 4). This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2’‐O‐methylation at 3’ end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Literature data indicate that chemically unmodified and unformulated ncRNAs exhibit very low stability in the gastrointestinal tract and in biological fluids and, in general, do not elicit major biological effects.This report also provides an overview of the RNA content in plant‐derived foods and diets and discusses the controversies on the presence of dietary exogenous RNAs in the biological fluids of humans and animals and their effects. Finally, gaps in the scientific literature are highlighted and recommendations provided


id: cord-022903-08ugoxns
author: Jensen, Bent Borg
date: 2016-05-02
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163604/
doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1024
abstract: nan
title:
  Extensive Literature Search on the ‘Effects of Copper intake levels in the gut microbiota profile of target animals, in particular piglets’


id: cord-022910-kjs6je2u
author: Martel, Cyril
date: 2010-10-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163639/
doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-75
abstract: nan
title:
  Bibliographic review on the potential of microorganisms, microbial products and enzymes to induce respiratory sensitization


id: cord-023963-8hede7cz
title: Food allergy 2020: learning from the past, looking to the future
author: Nowak-Wegrzyn, Anna
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-023963-8hede7cz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023963-8hede7cz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7180025/
doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.03.015
abstract: nan
summary:
  At the end of January 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued approval for the first drug for peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT), giving hope to many 4-to 17-year old children with peanut allergy and their caregivers. Should the diagnosis of peanut allergy be confirmed with an oral food challenge before initiating OIT? Capucilli et al 2 performed a comprehensive PubMed literature search of reviews and clinical articles discussing peanut or other food-related allergic reactions, accidental exposures, or anaphylaxis pertinent to avoidance diet or comparative with OIT trials. They concluded that considering the increased risk of anaphylaxis during the first year of OIT, peanut avoidance remains a viable option for long-term peanut allergy management and should be discussed with all patients with food allergy seeking novel therapies. They postulate this as an important area for future research to gain better accuracy in predicting patients at the highest risk of severe food-induced anaphylaxis.


id: cord-025763-lz0chxab
title: The impact of COVID‐19 on food retail and food service in Canada: Preliminary assessment
author: Goddard, Ellen
date: 2020-05-06
txt: ./txt/cord-025763-lz0chxab.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025763-lz0chxab.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264603/
doi: 10.1111/cjag.12243
summary:
  The impacts fall into two major categories, the first being the actual impacts of public health on individuals, on employees in retail and food service, and on individuals throughout the rest of the supply chain, and the second being the dramatic change in what and where people want to buy their food. 6. Grocery store chains attempt to deal with the surplus of certain foods arising from reduced demand from food service through diversion to consumer-ready retail products. It is difficult to predict exactly what might happen in the food service and food retail sectors as Canada recovers from the economic and public health effects of this COVID-19 outbreak. Actions taken under the states of emergency imposed to deal with the pandemic in Canada have changed the reality of food purchasing and the confidence people have in the ability of the food retail system to maintain consistent food and grocery availability. The impact of COVID-19 on food retail and food service in Canada: Preliminary assessment

abstract:
  COVID‐19 has imposed a series of unique challenges on the food retail and food service sectors in Canada. Almost overnight, the roughly 30% of the food dollar that Canadians have been spending on food away from home has shifted to retail.


id: cord-025768-tz5jajeb
title: Food security and Canada''s agricultural system challenged by COVID‐19
author: Deaton, B. James
date: 2020-04-26
txt: ./txt/cord-025768-tz5jajeb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025768-tz5jajeb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264657/
doi: 10.1111/cjag.12227
summary:
  The loss of income associated with COVID-19 is expected to increase measures of food insecurity as derived from the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), conducted by Statistics Canada. Importantly, by this measure, the income shock associated with COVID-19 will likely increase the prevalence of households identified as food insecure. Another unique aspect of COVID-19 is that the policies of social distancing significantly limit the range of public agency, university, organizational, and entrepreneurial responses that might accompany other recoveries and serve to stabilize household income-thereby reducing food insecurity. From the perspective of food insecurity as measured by the Canadian Community Health Survey, COVID-19 is a unique "income shock" that is expected to increase the prevalence of household food insecurity. Moreover, because this income shock is associated with unique detrimental health effects, COVID-19 has the potential to increase the proportion of households identified as "moderately" and "severely"'' food insecure.

abstract:
  The effect of COVID‐19 on Canadian food security is examined from two different perspectives. COVID‐19 creates a unique “income shock” that is expected to increase the prevalence of household food insecurity. This food insecurity can be measured by utilizing the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). More fundamentally, COVID‐19 heightens household concern about the capacity of the Canadian food system to ensure food availability. Despite surges in demand and supply chain disruptions, we currently do not observe broad, rapid appreciation in food prices. This suggests that there is an adequate supply of food for the near term. There is less certainty over intermediate and longer time periods because so many factors are in flux, particularly the rate of increases in sicknesses and deaths across the country and globally. Data on these health factors and elements of the food supply chain are needed to predict beyond a short time frame. In this regard, we discuss three ongoing considerations—ease of capital flows, international exchange, and maintaining transportation—that will help ensure food availability in the longer run.


id: cord-027473-8zerjwa0
title: Water and Pathogenic Viruses Inactivation—Food Engineering Perspectives
author: Roos, Yrjö H.
date: 2020-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-027473-8zerjwa0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027473-8zerjwa0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305474/
doi: 10.1007/s12393-020-09234-z
summary:
  The large number of virus species, differences in spreading, likelihood of foodborne infections, unknown infective doses, and difficulties of infective virus quantification are often limiting experimental approaches to establish accurate data required for detailed understanding of virions'' stability and inactivation kinetics in various foods. The stability of enteric viruses, human norovirus (HuNoV), and hepatitis A (HAV) virions in food materials and their resistance against inactivation in traditional food processing and preservation is well recognized. The small size, concentration, and a tiny infective dose of virions besides the need of host cells for reproduction of viral material result in challenges in studies analyzing virus survival and infectiousness in food, water, and the environment [60] . Here, we summarize studies reporting on virus survival and degradation kinetics with critical evaluation of the importance of known data to understanding losses of virus infectivity in normal circumstances, and particularly as affected by water from a food engineering and safety perspective.

abstract:
  Water is an essential component of food structures and biological materials. The importance of water as a parameter affecting virion stability and inactivation has been recognized across disciplinary areas. The large number of virus species, differences in spreading, likelihood of foodborne infections, unknown infective doses, and difficulties of infective virus quantification are often limiting experimental approaches to establish accurate data required for detailed understanding of virions’ stability and inactivation kinetics in various foods. Furthermore, non-foodborne viruses, as shown by the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic, may spread within the food chain. Traditional food engineering benefits from kinetic data on effects of relative humidity (RH) and temperature on virion inactivation. The stability of enteric viruses, human norovirus (HuNoV), and hepatitis A (HAV) virions in food materials and their resistance against inactivation in traditional food processing and preservation is well recognized. It appears that temperature-dependence of virus inactivation is less affected by virus strains than differences in temperature and RH sensitivity of individual virus species. Pathogenic viruses are stable at low temperatures typical of food storage conditions. A significant change in activation energy above typical protein denaturation temperatures suggests a rapid inactivation of virions. Furthermore, virus inactivation mechanisms seem to vary according to temperature. Although little is known on the effects of water on virions’ resistance during food processing and storage, dehydration, low RH conditions, and freezing stabilize virions. Enveloped virions tend to have a high stability at low RH, but low temperature and high RH may also stabilize such virions on metal and other surfaces for several days. Food engineering has contributed to significant developments in stabilization of nutrients, flavors, and sensitive components in food materials which provides a knowledge base for development of technologies to inactivate virions in foods and environment. Novel food processing, particularly high pressure processing (HPP) and cold plasma technologies, seem to provide efficient means for virion inactivation and food quality retention prior to packaging or food preservation by traditional technologies.


id: cord-030027-273pjajl
title: Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Effects of Low-Calorie and Non-Calorie Sweeteners
author: Moriconi, Eleonora
date: 2020-07-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7378387/
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00444
abstract:
  Since excessive sugar consumption has been related to the development of chronic metabolic diseases prevalent in the western world, the use of sweeteners has gradually increased worldwide over the last few years. Although low- and non-calorie sweeteners may represent a valuable tool to reduce calorie intake and prevent weight gain, studies investigating the safety and efficacy of these compounds in the short- and long-term period are scarce and controversial. Therefore, future studies will need to elucidate the potential beneficial and/or detrimental effects of different types of sweeteners on metabolic health (energy balance, appetite, body weight, cardiometabolic risk factors) in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the impact of different sweeteners on central nervous system, gut hormones and gut microbiota is important, given the strong implications that changes in such systems may have for human health. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the current evidence for the neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of sweeteners, as well as their impact on gut microbiota. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages of the use of sweeteners in the context of very-low calorie ketogenic diets.


id: cord-252959-ktet18wl
author: Lim, Jong-Min
date: 2018-05-30
txt: ./txt/cord-252959-ktet18wl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252959-ktet18wl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9024295
doi: 10.1155/2018/9024295
summary:
  Subjects for whom the following criteria were applicable were excluded from the experiment: individuals with a body mass index (BMI) under 18 or over 35; individuals who exceeded the normal maximum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels by 2-fold; females who were pregnant or were breast-feeding; females of childbearing age who did not agree to use contraceptives via medically proven methods (e.g., condoms, lubricant, and femidom) during the test period; individuals with a fasting plasma dextrose concentration over 126 mg/dL; individuals with high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg); individuals continuously using medicine that could affect the effectiveness assessment (hyperlipidemia medicine, steroid medicines, hormone medicines, immunosuppressants, and antibiotics); individuals who require continuous treatment for psychiatric disorders such as anorexia, depression, and manic depression; individuals with systemic diseases such as immunity-related diseases, serious hepatic and renal insufficiencies, malignant tumors, pulmonary disease, collagenosis, multiple sclerosis, allergic skin conditions, and other autoimmune diseases; individuals with a medical history of drugs and clinically significant allergic reactions; individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disorders that could affect the absorption of the test foods or a history of gastrointestinal surgery (excluding a simple appendectomy or hernia operation); individuals who consumed medicine or herbal medicines within a month of participation in the experiment which could affect immunity; individuals who participated in a different human study or clinical test and took experimental products within 3 months of participation in this experiment (excluding human studies with cosmetics); and individuals whom the researchers otherwise determined might have difficulty completing the experiment.

title:
  Ingestion of Exopolymers from Aureobasidium pullulans Reduces the Duration of Cold and Flu Symptoms: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Intervention Study

abstract:
  AIM: The objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of exopolymers from Aureobasidium pullulans (EAP) on the incidence of colds and flu in healthy adults. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study at the onset of the influenza season. A total of 76 subjects (30–70 years of age) were recruited from the general population. The subjects were instructed to take one capsule per day of either EAP or a placebo for a period of 8 weeks. The duration of cold and flu symptoms, a primary variable in assessing effectiveness, and serum cytokine levels as well as WBC counts as secondary variables were also evaluated. RESULTS: EAP was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the duration of cold and flu symptoms, a primary variable in assessing effectiveness. Although cold and flu symptom levels were not significantly different at a significance level of 5%, the cold and flu symptom levels of the EAP group were less severe compared to the placebo group. No statistically significant changes of serum cytokine levels as well as WBC counts were observed. CONCLUSION: The results showed that EAP is a useful pharmaceutical and functional food material for preventing and treating colds and flu.


id: cord-253175-77wlciz3
title: Agri-food tech discovers silver linings in the pandemic
author: Fairbairn, Madeleine
date: 2020-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-253175-77wlciz3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253175-77wlciz3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10052-6
doi: 10.1007/s10460-020-10052-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Our curiosity on this point stems from our participation in a collaborative study with agri-food researchers across three University of California campuses (https ://after proje ct.sites .ucsc.edu/) that is investigating Silicon Valley''s recent foray into food and agriculture as sites of innovation and investment. As the virus has carved its exponential path through our economic and social lives, the agri-food tech sector has undertaken an almost instantaneous repositioning. Neo-Malthusian productivism was always a dubious underpinning given the prevalence of over-production in agriculture (a vast problem about which the tech industry seems curiously unaware), and food safety could actually prove to be a more apposite frame for agri-food tech solutionism. She studies the political economy of agriculture, including the financial sector''s growing interest in acquiring farmland and, more recently, the Silicon Valley agri-food tech sector. She is also the recipient of the 2015 Excellence in Research Award from the Agriculture, Food and Human Values Society.


id: cord-253181-j1gbj1vi
title: Microbes in Our Food, an Ongoing Problem with New Solutions
author: Prüβ, Birgit M.
date: 2020-09-08
txt: ./txt/cord-253181-j1gbj1vi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253181-j1gbj1vi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090584
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9090584
summary:
  Despite an increasing number of techniques that are designed to mitigate microbial contamination of food and the resulting food borne disease outbreaks, the United States and many other countries across the world continue to experience impressive numbers of such outbreaks. This Special Issue will include basic research approaches that are aimed at enhancing our understanding of how contamination occurs throughout the food processing chain, as well as more immediate and applied approaches to the development and use of novel anti-microbials to combat microbes in food. The Special Issue entitled "Development of Novel Anti-Microbials to Reduce Bacterial Contamination of Food" is dedicated to finding new solutions to an ongoing problem. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States (CDC; www.cdc.gov) list seven outbreaks of Escherichia coli (serotypes O103, O157:H7, O121, O26), 12 outbreaks of Salmonella enterica (serovars Enteriditis, Newport, Javiana, Dublin, Uganda, Concord, Carrau, Schwarzengrund, Infantis), four outbreaks of Listeria monocytogenes, and two outbreaks of Cyclospora between January of 2019 and August of 2020 (Table 1 ).

abstract:
  Despite an increasing number of techniques that are designed to mitigate microbial contamination of food and the resulting food borne disease outbreaks, the United States and many other countries across the world continue to experience impressive numbers of such outbreaks. Microbial contamination can occur during activities that take place in the pre-harvest environment or in the processing facility post-harvest. Current treatments of food that are aimed at reducing bacterial numbers may be only partially effective because of the development of bacterial resistance, the formation of bacterial biofilms, and inactivation of the treatment compound by the food products themselves. This Special Issue will include basic research approaches that are aimed at enhancing our understanding of how contamination occurs throughout the food processing chain, as well as more immediate and applied approaches to the development and use of novel anti-microbials to combat microbes in food. Novel techniques that aim to evaluate the efficacy of novel anti-microbials are included. Overall, we present a broad spectrum of novel approaches to reduce microbial contamination on food at all stages of production.


id: cord-254738-rsgdqk1x
author: Nikolova, Milena S.
date: 2021-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-254738-rsgdqk1x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254738-rsgdqk1x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012813808300006X
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813808-3.00006-x
summary:
  The stories were selected to demonstrate that behavior-smart thinking works with different scale, at different levels and can be effectively applied to commercial challenges such as optimising experience design or to complicated sustainability issues such as food waste and climate footprint. The second case presents a recently developed technology-enabled tool for the restaurant industry that translates the complicated science of estimating the carbon footprint of different foods into a simple-to-understand system categorizing meals from low-to high-impact. Case 6 takes the reader to beautiful Iceland and discusses its experience with the Iceland Academy, an online platform using behavior-smart design to ensure that travelers arrive at the destination prepared for the unusual weather conditions, rugged terrains, and specific cultural norms. Västmanland, a small regional destination in Sweden, is the first to experiment with behavior-smart thinking as vehicle for optimizing commercial and sustainability practices among local tourism businesses.

title:
  Chapter 6 Best practices and approaches using behavior-smart thinking in 10 tourism industry scenarios

abstract:
  This chapter provides ten practical case studies illustrating application of behavioural thinking in different contexts across the travel industry. The practical examples come from a wide variety of entities – from young innovative startup companies to clever destinations experimenting with new management models. The stories were selected to demonstrate that behavior-smart thinking works with different scale, at different levels and can be effectively applied to commercial challenges such as optimising experience design or to complicated sustainability issues such as food waste and climate footprint.


id: cord-255018-dhkz23co
author: Chamorro, Melina Fernanda
date: 2020-05-24
txt: ./txt/cord-255018-dhkz23co.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255018-dhkz23co.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32448223/
doi: 10.1186/s12906-020-02952-1
summary:
  In this study we focus on native and exotic plants with edible fleshy fruits (PEFF) that grow in Patagonia; that is, species that may be wild, cultivated or in an intermediate state of domestication, which bear fruit that is distinguished by its flavor, preferably sweet, and its use principally as a food resource. In this study we propose a cross-sectional approach which enables exotic and native species richness, local foods, medicines and their use patterns to be evaluated, and which will also help us understand in greater depth, from an ethnobotanical perspective, that diet and health are linked concepts. The principal functional species according to the CIF values were the native Aristotelia chilensis, Ribes magellanicum, Ephedra ochreata, Berberis microphylla, Fragaria chiloensis, Luma apiculata and Amomyrtus luma, and the exotic Sambucus nigra, Rosa rubiginosa and Prunus cerasus ( Table 2) .

title:
  Native and exotic plants with edible fleshy fruits utilized in Patagonia and their role as sources of local functional foods

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Traditionally part of the human diet, plants with edible fleshy fruits (PEFF) contain bioactive components that may exert physiological effects beyond nutrition, promoting human health and well-being. Focusing on their food-medicine functionality, different ways of using PEFF were studied in a cross-sectional way using two approaches: a bibliographical survey and an ethnobotanical case study in a rural community of Patagonia, Argentina. METHODS: A total of 42 studies were selected for the bibliographical review. The case study was carried out with 80% of the families inhabiting the rural community of Cuyín Manzano, using free listing, interviews, and participant observation. In both cases we analyzed species richness and use patterns through the edible consensus and functional consensus indices. Local foods, ailments, medicines and drug plants were also registered. RESULTS: The review identified 73 PEFF, the majority of which (78%) were native species, some with the highest use consensus. PEFF were used in 162 different local foods, but mainly as fresh fruit. Of the total, 42% were used in a functional way, in 54 different medicines. The principal functional native species identified in the review were Aristotelia chilensis and Berberis microphylla. In the case study 20 PEFF were in current use (50% were native), and consensus values were similar for native and exotic species. These were used in 44 different local foods, mainly as fresh fruit. Only 30% were recognized for their functional value by inhabitants (mainly as gastrointestinal and respiratory treatments). The species with the highest functional consensus were the exotic Sambucus nigra and Rosa rubiginosa, followed by the native A. chilensis, Ribes magellanicum and B. microphylla. Infusions also constituted important local functional foods. CONCLUSIONS: This survey highlights the importance of studying the different local functional foods to depict the biocultural diversity of a human society. The preparation of different beverages and herbal medicines was relevant, and would be a promising subject to investigate in the future. The living heritage of PEFF appears to have undergone hybridization processes, such that exotic species play an increasingly significant role.


id: cord-255097-5nuhvs99
title: Muck, brass and smoke: Policy post-exceptionalism in the agri-food sector()
author: Attorp, Adrienne
date: 2020-08-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32904551/
doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.050
abstract:
  Governance is well recognized as shifting boundaries of responsibilities for doing things among key partners. What is less clear is how exactly power relations are altered and where power is concentrated as new forms of governance emerge. In our article we use the concept of policy post-exceptionalism to critically assess ‘Going for Growth’, a strategic action plan that, until the recent past, underpinned the Northern Ireland agri-food industry. The agri-food sector has an important and prominent role in the Northern Ireland economy. The Going for Growth strategy illustrates how particular interests within the sector are supported by government, as demonstrated through the Renewable Heat Initiative and a scheme promoting anaerobic digestors. Using policy post-exceptionalism to scrutinize the strategy, our research shows what can go wrong when a transition to post-exceptionalism occurs. While Going for Growth purported to represent the wider interests that one might expect to find in a post-exceptionalist approach to agri-food governance, in fact the concentration of power with corporate actors left little space for the inclusion of wider interests. We conclude that this strategy represented a move towards tense post-exceptionalism, creating at least one political scandal, raising questions of legitimacy and transparency and fundamentally undermining political viability of wider government. It is an extreme case of what can happen when post-exceptionalist policymaking goes wrong.


id: cord-256645-m0t8hwco
title: Food Insecurity in Households with Young Children: A Test of Contextual Congruence
author: Denney, Justin T.
date: 2020-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-256645-m0t8hwco.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256645-m0t8hwco.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32823047/
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113275
summary:
  In the current study, we investigate the role of congruence -the degree to which individual (or household) and neighborhood conditions align or diverge -across poverty, education and race/ethnicity in relation to household food insecurity. Instead, we examine whether congruence across poverty, education, and race/ethnicity at the individual and neighborhood-level associates with household food insecurity risk. Model 1a shows that among this lower to moderate income sample, after adjusting for relevant household and child-level covariates, living in a high poverty neighborhood is not associated with the odds of household food insecurity. To address this gap in the literature on neighborhood health effects, as well as food insecurity research, we use a framework of contextual congruence to investigate the degree to which individual and neighborhood-level alignment (or divergence) across poverty, education and race/ethnicity associates with household food insecurity risk.

abstract:
  Household food insecurity, an inability to provide adequate nutrition for a healthy, active lifestyle, affects nearly 1 in 7 households with children in the United States. Though rates of food insecurity declined to pre-recession levels just prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, they are now once again increasing. As a result, in one of the wealthiest countries in the world, millions of young children continue to grow up in households that struggle daily with a problem that is often associated with the developing world. The result is both immediate and long-term health and development deficits for children. We propose that the degree of demographic and socioeconomic congruence between the households of young children and their neighborhood of residence lends unique insights to food insecurity. We examine this using the ECLS-K 2010-2011 for children in families with incomes below 400 percent of the federal poverty line (N = 8,600). Results show that congruence between household and neighborhood education and race/ethnicity associates with the likelihood of experiencing food insecurity. For example, households with non-Hispanic black children living in neighborhoods with high proportions of non-Hispanic blacks have significantly lower probabilities of food insecurity than similar households living in neighborhoods with smaller black populations. Similarly, more highly educated families experience lower probability of food insecurity in high education neighborhoods than when they reside in low education neighborhoods. Focusing on neighborhood risk factors as absolute and independent contributors limits our understanding of how families experience food insecurity as well as any policy efforts to address it.


id: cord-264074-aq5cfh20
title: Reducing food loss and waste: Five challenges for policy and research
author: Cattaneo, Andrea
date: 2020-09-21
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919220301780
doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101974
abstract:
  Despite broad agreement in policy circles on the need to reduce food loss and waste (FLW), considerable gaps in information still exist. This paper identifies policy-relevant information gaps, summarizes recent research that tries to fill these gaps and identifies five challenges for researchers, policymakers and practitioners in reducing FLW. The five challenges identified are: (i) measuring and monitoring FLW, (ii) assessing benefits and costs of FLW reduction and the tradeoffs involved, (iii) designing FLW-related policies and interventions under limited information, (iv) understanding how interactions between stages along food value chain and across countries affect outcomes of FLW reduction efforts, (v) preparing for income transitions and the shifting relative importance of losses and waste as economies develop.


id: cord-265544-5ynmn8ua
title: Why Does Animal-Based Food Loss and Waste Matter?
author: Lipinski, Brian
date: 2020-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-265544-5ynmn8ua.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265544-5ynmn8ua.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfaa039
doi: 10.1093/af/vfaa039
abstract: nan
summary:
  Compared to other commodities, animal-based foods (e.g., meat, milk/dairy, and fish/seafood) are lost or wasted to a Implications • Food loss and waste is an increasingly important issue for companies and governments to address, with implications for the economy, the environment, and general human well-being. • Companies within the food industry can address food loss and waste through measurement and action in their own supply chains, partnership with other businesses and through creative re-uses of food that would otherwise go to waste. At the international level, the most significant step has been the adoption of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) by the United Nations General Assembly, with SDG 12 seeking to "ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns." More specifically, the third target under this goal (Target 12.3) calls for halving per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reducing food losses along production and supply chains (including postharvest losses) by 2030.


id: cord-266746-c0urbl6l
title: Protein-Rich By-Products: Production Statistics, Legislative Restrictions, and Management Options
author: Hicks, T.M.
date: 2016-08-19
txt: ./txt/cord-266746-c0urbl6l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266746-c0urbl6l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012802391400001X
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802391-4.00001-x
summary:
  Overall, increased global demand for animal-based products requires a substantially greater increase in plant and other feed resources, which will subsequently generate a much larger volume of protein-rich materials than currently produced. Since then, concern over the risks posed by ABPs, including infectious diseases (such as swine fever, foot and mouth) and other contaminants (such as dioxins), to human and animal health, has resulted in strict regulations regarding their safe handling and disposal (cunningham, 2003 ; department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011). As such, most countries now have local regulations put in place that are typically broad in scope and directly affect any person or business that generates, uses, disposes, stores, handles, or transports food waste containing animal products and ABPs derived from the food processing industry. The regulations also control the use of ABPs as feed, fertilizer, and technical products with rules for their transformation via composting and biogas operations and their disposal via rendering and incineration (department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011).

abstract:
  Congruent to a rapidly growing population is the generation of horticultural and agricultural by-products and waste. The modern-day food cycle includes agricultural production, postharvest handling and storage, food processing and packaging, and distribution and retail, ending with consumption and waste disposal. Of these, agricultural production and postharvest handling and storage result in unintended losses and by-products whereas the other steps generally result in food waste. Approximately one-third of the worldwide food production is wasted each year. Although it is most desirable to prevent waste and by-product formation, followed by reuse or recycling, the formation of by-products and waste is inevitable, and management options must be innovative and also meet legislative requirements. However, management options are mostly a compromise between what is viewed acceptable based on legal requirements and local perceptions, and what is deemed technologically and financially feasible.


id: cord-267650-lcvbaguj
author: Bolte, Gabriele
date: 1998
txt: ./txt/cord-267650-lcvbaguj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267650-lcvbaguj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508516/
doi: 10.1023/a:1018844608861
summary:
  title: Postnatal Maturation of Rat Small Intestinal Brush Border Membranes Correlates with Increase in Food Protein Binding Capacity To investigate maturational changes of membranefood protein binding capacity, we studied bindingcharacteristics of brush border membranes isolated fromsmall intestines of newborn and adult rats. In accordance with results obtaine d with whole BBM in dot blots, isolate d membrane prote ins of adult rats showe d highe r binding capacitie s for PT-GLI, ALA, BLG, and O V A and more binding sites than ne wborn rats ( Figure 5 ). To e xclude that the se maturational diffe rences were due to methodical errors, e g, failure to isolate ne wborn BBM prote ins, lectin binding was studie d in western blots, too. Food prote in binding to BBM of ne wborn and adult rats was found to be spe ci® c with re gard to saturation and inhibition.

title:
  Postnatal Maturation of Rat Small Intestinal Brush Border Membranes Correlates with Increase in Food Protein Binding Capacity

abstract:
  To investigate maturational changes of membranefood protein binding capacity, we studied bindingcharacteristics of brush border membranes isolated fromsmall intestines of newborn and adult rats. Binding of biotinylated gliadin peptides, cow's milkproteins (α-casein, β-lactoglobulin,α-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin) and lectinswas assessed by a sensitive chemiluminescence blotassay. We found specific food protein binding with regardto saturation and inhibition. Maximal binding of mostfood proteins and several lectins to brush bordermembranes of newborn and adult rats was comparable, whereas binding of β-lactoglobulin wassubstantially less. Common or adjoining binding sitesfor the different food proteins tested were indicated bycorresponding membrane protein binding patterns and by inhibition properties of unrelated proteins.Compared to newborns, adult membrane vesicles as well asisolated membrane proteins showed higher bindingcapacities. Thus postnatal maturation of smallintestinal brush border membranes correlated withincreased food protein binding capacity.


id: cord-268716-lbxmteyn
author: Erokhin, Vasilii
date: 2020-08-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32785155/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165775
title:
  Impacts of COVID-19 on Trade and Economic Aspects of Food Security: Evidence from 45 Developing Countries

abstract:
  The stability of food supply chains is crucial to the food security of people around the world. Since the beginning of 2020, this stability has been undergoing one of the most vigorous pressure tests ever due to the COVID-19 outbreak. From a mere health issue, the pandemic has turned into an economic threat to food security globally in the forms of lockdowns, economic decline, food trade restrictions, and rising food inflation. It is safe to assume that the novel health crisis has badly struck the least developed and developing economies, where people are particularly vulnerable to hunger and malnutrition. However, due to the recency of the COVID-19 problem, the impacts of macroeconomic fluctuations on food insecurity have remained scantily explored. In this study, the authors attempted to bridge this gap by revealing interactions between the food security status of people and the dynamics of COVID-19 cases, food trade, food inflation, and currency volatilities. The study was performed in the cases of 45 developing economies distributed to three groups by the level of income. The consecutive application of the autoregressive distributed lag method, Yamamoto’s causality test, and variance decomposition analysis allowed the authors to find the food insecurity effects of COVID-19 to be more perceptible in upper-middle-income economies than in the least developed countries. In the latter, food security risks attributed to the emergence of the health crisis were mainly related to economic access to adequate food supply (food inflation), whereas in higher-income developing economies, availability-sided food security risks (food trade restrictions and currency depreciation) were more prevalent. The approach presented in this paper contributes to the establishment of a methodology framework that may equip decision-makers with up-to-date estimations of health crisis effects on economic parameters of food availability and access to staples in food-insecure communities.


id: cord-269821-j4w084u2
title: Extreme Events in a Globalized Food System
author: Gaupp, Franziska
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-269821-j4w084u2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269821-j4w084u2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S259033222030261X
doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.001
summary:
  A 1.5 C global warming is projected to lead to high risks of food-supply instabilities, including periodic food shocks across regions and spikes in food pricing, and our current trajectory has us on course to significantly exceed this threshold. 3 It is true that these trade networks could, for instance, help connect local producers to global markets and increase their incomes, but there is a risk that increasing network densities and complexities might lead to food insecurity in one part of the system as a result of the food system''s inherent response to a shock rather than as a result of the initial shock itself. Although it has been shown that global economic integration continues to strengthen our resilience to smaller shocks through trade adjustments, the current network structure and functional relations create higher vulnerabilities to so-called systemic risks. 4 Because those regions include important areas of crop production, such teleconnections have the potential to cause multiple, simultaneous breadbasket failures, posing a risk to global food security.

abstract:
  Our food systems are complex and globally interdependent and are presently struggling to feed the world’s population. As population grows and the world becomes increasingly unstable and subject to shocks, it is imperative that we acknowledge the systemic nature of our food system and enhance its resilience.


id: cord-270110-bamd8vps
author: Riley, Elizabeth
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-270110-bamd8vps.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270110-bamd8vps.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1557308720300470
doi: 10.1016/j.teln.2020.04.007
summary:
  The purpose of this article is to describe the use of three major models to aid with curriculum development, framework, and the evaluation process as a potential approach to planning online learning modules to teach nursing students about food insecurity screening, assessment, and care. The competency-based medical education framework and SEARCH mnemonic help to promote evidence-based learning guidelines into the curriculum using online learning modules to teach nursing students about food insecurity screening, assessment, and care as it relates to the SDOH. Based on these research points, nursing educators need to include education in the curricula for students regarding the complexity of food insecurity screening, assessment, the value of communication, and understanding the multifaceted referral process for appropriate resources. The use of a validated framework for education, a model for curriculum innovation, and interprofessional experts can aid educational institutions with the integration of appropriate learning resources and modules for nursing students to learn the proper screening, care, and impact of food insecurity as an SDOH.

title:
  Using an online learning module to teach nursing students about food insecurity as a social determinant of health

abstract:
  Currently, food insecurity is a lack of access to enough food for a healthy life that impacts approximately 40 million Americans and 821 million people worldwide. These statistics are expected to rise as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic drastically. Studies show that healthcare and nursing curricula are currently deficient in providing education to help healthcare providers combat food security and provide patient education. The purpose of this article is to discuss a curricular framework that can be implemented in both nursing and healthcare curricula to offer appropriate training for food insecurity assessment, care, and patient education.


id: cord-270488-5tdbv2on
title: The role of food science and technology in humanitarian response
author: Bounie, Dominique
date: 2020-06-23
txt: ./txt/cord-270488-5tdbv2on.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270488-5tdbv2on.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.006
doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.006
summary:
  i.e: a) How FST could contribute to go beyond nutritional requirements by developing foods that are ''fit for purpose'', i.e., satisfying consumer expectations in terms of convenience, taste, shelf life, enjoyment, preparation, cultural appropriateness, acceptability and value b) How the application of FST could better control the quality and safety of diets and food during processing and along the humanitarian supply chain, while minimizing wastes and energy losses, and c) How FST could contribute to strengthen food systems in disrupted environments and make them more resilient to shocks and inclusive by bringing value to destitute and vulnerable communities As a prerequisite, it is important to recognise that the implementation of any new FST solution, especially in fragile food systems, should be preceded by a careful needs assessment in the affected areas.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In humanitarian contexts, ensuring access to safe, nutritious, good quality and culturally appropriate food in the right quantity at the right time and place during an emergency or a protracted crisis is an enormous challenge, which is likely to increase given uncertainties such as climate change, global political and economic instability and emerging pandemics like COVID-19. Several international organizations and non-government organizations have well established systems to respond to food security emergencies. However, the role of food science and technology in humanitarian response is not well understood and is seldom considered in humanitarian circles. SCOPE AND APPROACH: The role of food science and technology in humanitarian response and the importance of addressing the requirements of the local consumers within the local food systems are discussed. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Humanitarian food aid policies focus on immediate and short-term assistance to save lives. The implementation of emergency programs and projects tends to induce dependency on aid, rather than strengthening local food systems and ensuring resilience. Transformative change must embrace innovation across the whole food system with an increased emphasis on food science and technology that addresses local food security, generates employment and contributes to the local economy. There needs to be a move beyond rehabilitating and increasing agricultural production to addressing the whole food system with a view to link humanitarian assistance and longer-term support to sustainable livelihoods and resilience.


id: cord-275578-9y90uj5h
title: Demographic Scenarios of Future Environmental Footprints of Healthy Diets in China
author: Han, Aixi
date: 2020-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-275578-9y90uj5h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275578-9y90uj5h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081021
doi: 10.3390/foods9081021
summary:
  First, China has committed to cutting its carbon intensity by 40-45% from 2005 levels by 2020 and reaching the peak levels before 2030 [30] ; secondly, climate change is expected to aggravate water scarcity in some regions by changing water regimes, both in terms of availability and variability; last but not least, rapid urbanization is shifting an increasing amount of arable land to urban areas, which is set to constrain the available land resources for food production. (3) Last but not least, by adopting the national age and gender-specific dietary guidelines, our results determine the minimal environmental impacts of the food system in China, which lays the foundation for future studies and for policymakers to evaluate the trade-offs with other sector policies as well as to explore potential synergies. We evaluated the minimum environmental footprints, including the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and ecological footprint (EF), of China''s food systems into 2100 under different demographic scenarios and using the national age-gender specified energy and nutrition intake requirements.

abstract:
  Dietary improvement not only benefits human health conditions, but also offers the potential to reduce the human food system’s environmental impact. With the world’s largest population and people’s bourgeoning lifestyle, China’s food system is set to impose increasing pressures on the environment. We evaluated the minimum environmental footprints, including carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF) and ecological footprint (EF), of China’s food systems into 2100. The minimum footprints of healthy eating are informative to policymakers when setting the environmental constraints for food systems. The results demonstrate that the minimum CF, WF and EF all increase in the near future and peak around 2030 to 2035, under different population scenarios. After the peak, population decline and aging result in decreasing trends of all environmental footprints until 2100. Considering age-gender specific nutritional needs, the food demands of teenagers in the 14–17 year group require the largest environmental footprints across the three indicators. Moreover, men’s nutritional needs also lead to larger environmental footprints than women’s across all age groups. By 2100, the minimum CF, WF and EF associated with China’s food systems range from 616 to 899 million tons, 654 to 953 km(3) and 6513 to 9500 billion gm(2) respectively under different population scenarios. This study builds a bridge between demography and the environmental footprints of diet and demonstrates that the minimum environmental footprints of diet could vary by up to 46% in 2100 under different demographic scenarios. The results suggest to policymakers that setting the environmental constraints of food systems should be integrated with the planning of a future demographic path.


id: cord-275617-jgpdohq6
author: van Asselt, E. D.
date: 2010-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-275617-jgpdohq6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275617-jgpdohq6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.12.010
doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.12.010
summary:
  The aim of this research is to explore the feasibility of a systematic approach to identify the most important critical factors related to changes in production chains that may lead to food safety problems. The usefulness of the thus obtained gross list of critical factors (presented in Tables 1-3) to identify dynamic production chains related to food safety risks was evaluated in an expert study using three case studies. According to the views of the experts of the in-depth interview (described in Section 2.3), the list of critical factors seemed to be complete for identifying critical factors indicating dynamics in production chains related to food safety risks. For the fruit case, the highest relative importance, both for indicating change in the production chain and related food safety risk, was attributed to ''''origin" with scores of 38.8 and 35.0 respectively. The expert study revealed that the compiled gross list of critical factors was complete for indicating dynamics in production chains related to food safety risks.

title:
  Selection of critical factors for identifying emerging food safety risks in dynamic food production chains

abstract:
  Abstract A pro-active emerging risk identification system starts with the selection of critical factors related to the occurrence of emerging hazards. This paper describes a method to derive the most important factors in dynamic production chains starting from a gross list of critical factors. The method comprised the semi-quantitative evaluation of the critical factors for a relatively novel product on the Dutch market and a related traditional product. This method was tested in an expert study with three case studies. The use of group discussion followed by individual ranking in an expert study proved to be a powerful tool in identifying the most important factors for each case. Human behaviour (either producers’ behaviour or human knowledge) was the most important factor for all three cases. The expert study showed that further generalization of critical factors based on product characteristics may be possible.


id: cord-277770-sbieo46s
author: Oni, Tolu
date: 2020-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-277770-sbieo46s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277770-sbieo46s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1810415
doi: 10.1080/16549716.2020.1810415
summary:
  In this current debate piece, focusing on two of the four risk factors that contribute to >80% of the NCD burden, we consider the possible ways that the restrictions put in place to control the pandemic, have the potential to impact on dietary and physical activity behaviours and their determinants. By considering mitigation responses implemented by governments in several LMIC cities, we identify key lessons that highlight the potential of economic, political, food and built environment sectors, mobilised during the pandemic, to retain health as a priority beyond the context of pandemic response. In rapidly urbanising low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), the realities of large overcrowded informal settlements, a double burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), malnutrition and the precarity of livelihoods [1] have raised added concerns about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Multisectoral government COVID-19 responses in these cities to address social inequities highlight the feasibility of economic, political, food and built environment sectors, mobilised during the pandemic, to support healthy eating and active living.

title:
  Implications of COVID-19 control measures for diet and physical activity, and lessons for addressing other pandemics facing rapidly urbanising countries

abstract:
  At the time of writing, it is unclear how the COVID-19 pandemic will play out in rapidly urbanising regions of the world. In these regions, the realities of large overcrowded informal settlements, a high burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases, as well as malnutrition and precarity of livelihoods, have raised added concerns about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in these contexts. COVID-19 infection control measures have been shown to have some effects in slowing down the progress of the pandemic, effectively buying time to prepare the healthcare system. However, there has been less of a focus on the indirect impacts of these measures on health behaviours and the consequent health risks, particularly in the most vulnerable. In this current debate piece, focusing on two of the four risk factors that contribute to >80% of the NCD burden, we consider the possible ways that the restrictions put in place to control the pandemic, have the potential to impact on dietary and physical activity behaviours and their determinants. By considering mitigation responses implemented by governments in several LMIC cities, we identify key lessons that highlight the potential of economic, political, food and built environment sectors, mobilised during the pandemic, to retain health as a priority beyond the context of pandemic response. Such whole-of society approaches are feasible and necessary to support equitable healthy eating and active living required to address other epidemics and to lower the baseline need for healthcare in the long term.


id: cord-279649-wllc0gl5
author: Kent, Katherine
date: 2020-09-02
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092682
doi: 10.3390/nu12092682
title:
  Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Insecurity in Australia during the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated economic vulnerabilities and disrupted the Australian food supply, with potential implications for food insecurity. This study aims to describe the prevalence and socio-demographic associations of food insecurity in Tasmania, Australia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional survey (deployed late May to early June 2020) incorporated the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form, and fifteen demographic and COVID-related income questions. Survey data (n = 1170) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression. The prevalence of food insecurity was 26%. The adjusted odds of food insecurity were higher among respondents with a disability, from a rural area, and living with dependents. Increasing age, a university education, and income above $80,000/year were protective against food insecurity. Food insecurity more than doubled with a loss of household income above 25% (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.02; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.71; p = 0.022), and the odds further increased with loss of income above 75% (AOR: 7.14; 95% CI: 2.01, 24.83; p = 0.002). Our results suggest that the prevalence of food insecurity may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among economically vulnerable households and people who lost income. Policies that support disadvantaged households and ensure adequate employment opportunities are important to support Australians throughout and post the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-280976-x7mhzhw9
title: The COVID19 pandemic crisis and the relevance of a farm-system-for-nutrition approach
author: Bhavani, R. V.
date: 2020-07-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837643/
doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01071-6
abstract:
  The Covid19 pandemic should be seen as a wake-up call for humanity, to reflect, rethink and redesign food systems that are safe, healthy, sustainable, and beneficial to all. This crisis has disrupted food supply chains, affecting lives and livelihoods. Hunger and malnutrition is expected to increase and the poor and vulnerable will suffer the most. There is urgent need to build resilient food systems. A location specific farm-system-for-nutrition approach, based on sustainable use of natural resources and local agri-food value chains can help improve household diet diversity and address nutrition deficiencies. The food-based approach can improve preparedness and resilience of communities to withstand the challenge posed by crises in general, and COVID19 in particular.


id: cord-280978-rtl5ut70
author: Lal, Rattan
date: 2020-06-23
txt: ./txt/cord-280978-rtl5ut70.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837634/
doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01058-3
summary:
  Home gardening can play an important role in advancing food and nutritional security during and after the COVD-19 pandemic, while also strengthening the provisioning of numerous ecosystem services (i.e., plant biodiversity, microclimate, water runoff, water quality, human health). The specific objective of this article is to describe: 1) properties of urban soils and their suitability for growing food, 2) home gardens and urban agriculture for food and nutritional security, 3) ecosystem services provisioned by HGUA, 4) soil management options to reduce risks of contamination of urban soils by heavy metals and other pollutants, and 5) the nexus thinking of waste and water management based on the concept of recycling nutrients and water for producing food, and advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (U.N. 2015) through HGUA. Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic

title:
  Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic

abstract:
  Despite a 2.3% increase in world cereal production in 2019 over 2018, the number of people facing severe food insecurity may double from 135 million in January 2020 to 265 million by the end of 2020. The problem of food and nutritional insecurity is severe in urban centers, where the global population is projected to increase (%/year) by 1.84, 1.63, and 1.44 between 2015 to 2020, 2020 to 2025, and 2025 to 2030, and it will increase overall from 54% in 2016 to 60% by 2030. The number of megacities (>10 million people) will increase from 34 in 2015 to 41 by 2030. The COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated food insecurity in urban centers because of the disruption in the food supply chain, aggravation of the physical and economic barriers that restrict access to food, and the catastrophic increase in food waste because of labor shortages. Thus, there is a need to adopt more resilient food systems, reduce food waste, and strengthen local food production. Enhancing availability at the household and community levels through home gardening and urban agriculture is an important strategy. Food production within the cities include small land farming in households, local community gardens, indoor and rooftop gardens, vertical farming, etc. Home gardening can play an important role in advancing food and nutritional security during and after the COVD-19 pandemic, while also strengthening the provisioning of numerous ecosystem services (i.e., plant biodiversity, microclimate, water runoff, water quality, human health). However, risks of soil contamination by heavy metals must be addressed.


id: cord-284094-owce4xg8
title: Homeless and hungry: food insecurity in the land of plenty
author: Fitzpatrick, Kevin M.
date: 2020-11-04
txt: ./txt/cord-284094-owce4xg8.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01115-x
doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01115-x
summary:
  As such, the primary intent of this paper was to examine specific hypotheses that explored the impact of both risks/stressors and resources on the reported food insecurity among homeless adults. Additionally, there were significant resources (access to medical services, and community connectedness) that were negatively related to food insecurity among homeless adults. We offer a unique contribution to this limited body of research on food insecurity among the homeless by highlighting the role that interaction with the criminal justice system and medical institutions playing in shaping an outcome critical to public health in the USA. Despite the present study''s findings that highlight the importance of health-related stressors, social and psychological resources for both the food insecurity literature generally, and the homeless literature specifically, we note some important limitations. Future research could include both a wider range of variables and a series of more complex models to further explicate the interrelationships between health stressors, resources and food insecurity among homeless persons.

abstract:
  Homelessness continues to challenge service providers in the United States where 600,000+ individuals are without their own place to stay on any given night. With significant barriers preventing access to food, homeless persons remain at risk for experiencing long-term food insecurity. As such, the primary intent of this paper was to examine specific hypotheses that explored the impact of both risks/stressors and resources on the reported food insecurity among homeless adults. Using a stratified quota sample, data were collected from homeless adults residing in two counties in Northwest Arkansas. One hundred and sixty-eight face-to-face interviews were conducted with homeless persons living in sheltered and unsheltered environments. We found a strong positive association with persons who had been arrested and reported food insecurity; anxiety symptoms and physical health symptoms were both positively related to food insecurity. Additionally, there were significant resources (access to medical services, and community connectedness) that were negatively related to food insecurity among homeless adults. Findings are discussed in the context of how important it is for service providers to have a clear picture of the health and well-being of their clientele, particularly as they work towards minimizing service disruption and maximizing client access to sustainable food sources.


id: cord-285208-thgxxz0d
title: Effect of Covid-19 on food security y: A cross-sectional survey
author: Elsahoryi, Nour
date: 2020-10-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33183533/
doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.026
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and subsequent quarantine could raise the risk of food inadequacy and nutrition deficiency crises. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on household food security in Jordan, determined the percentage of food security and the levels of food insecurity during the quarantine, determined the associated factor with food insecurity, and determined main food groups associated with FINS during the quarantine. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a Web-based validated questionnaire. The Food Insecurity Experience Scale was used to measure the food insecurity during the first four weeks of the quarantine, and a modified food consumption score was used to determine the number of times the household consumes each food group. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to describe, explore, and predict risk factors correlated with food insecurity among Jordanians, during the first four weeks of the quarantine. RESULTS: A total of 3129 Jordanians had responded to the assessment and fully answered the questionnaire. 23.1% of the total participants were severe food insecure, while 36.1% were moderate food insecure, 40.7% were food secure. The regression model demonstrated the monthly income per capita below the poverty line and a number of the family member (1–4 and 5–7) associated significantly with moderate food insecurity (OR: 5.33; 95% CI: 4.44–6.40, OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.47–0.86, OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58–0.98, respectively). As well as with the severe food insecurity (OR: 6.87; 95% CI: 5.542–8.512, OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.37–0.74, 0.64; 95% CI: 0.48–0.87, respectively). Age 18–30 years old (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.23–2.65) and living in a rented house (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.01–1.69) were associated significantly with severe food insecurity. Carbohydrates and the meat group were significantly related to food insecurity (p-value was <0.001 for both groups). CONCLUSION: Covid-19 and its subsequent quarantine have a tangible impact on food security levels for the populations. Awareness and strategies to support individuals at higher risks should be guided not only by the income but also by other risk factors identified in the present study as the number of persons in the family, younger adults (18–30 years old), and those who do not own their houses).


id: cord-285641-y5ianyqi
title: Nutritionally sensitive agriculture—an approach to reducing hidden hunger
author: Bamji, Mahtab S.
date: 2020-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004981/
doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-00760-x
summary:
  Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education–behavioural change communication. These findings are akin to those of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau surveys in India, which show that the cereal-based Indian diets are deficient in the consumption of micronutrient-rich foods like vegetables, fruits, legumes and animal products [3] . A recent study from the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, shows a high prevalence of vitamin deficiencies, particularly, vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, folic acid and vitamin D, assessed by subclinical status (blood values) and dietary intakes, in an apparently healthy urban adult population [4] . Hellen Keller International has supported an extensive programme of improved homestead gardens and backyard poultry in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines to increase the production and household availability of micronutrient-dense vegetables and fruits and eggs.

abstract:
  Cereal-based diets of the people in developing countries are qualitatively deficient in micronutrients—vitamins and minerals—due to low intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes and foods of animal origin. Consumption of nutritious millets has also come down in India. Calorie sufficiency may ensure protein sufficiency (though not protein quality), but it does not ensure adequacy of micronutrients. Studies in several countries in Asia, and India show that with education and advocacy even farmers with small and marginal land holdings can be persuaded to raise homestead vegetables and fruits gardens and increase household vegetables consumption. Backyard poultry also has good acceptance and impact on household egg consumption. For best results, the community, especially the mothers have to be educated about the importance of nutrition for health and wellbeing. Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education–behavioural change communication. Impact of nutrition gardens and backyard poultry with high egg-yielding breeds had positive impact on the household consumption of vegetables and eggs.


id: cord-287076-uxuff57y
title: Food Insecurity and COVID-19: Disparities in Early Effects for US Adults
author: Wolfson, Julia A.
date: 2020-06-02
txt: ./txt/cord-287076-uxuff57y.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32498323/
doi: 10.3390/nu12061648
summary:
  The short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are magnifying existing disparities and disproportionately affecting low-income, food-insecure households that already struggle to meet basic needs. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, and the associated social and economic response [10] (e.g., school closures, stay at home orders, business closures, and job losses) have the potential to dramatically increase food insecurity and its related health disparities among already at-risk populations. We designed a web-based (Qualtrics) survey to measure the initial effects of COVID-19 on low-income adults in the United States (US) in mid-March 2020, just as some states were beginning to implement school closures and "stay at home" orders. This study presents results from a national survey of low-income adults in the US in the days immediately following the first major policy steps to enforce COVID-19-related social distancing measures on a wide scale in the US.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically increased food insecurity in the United States (US). The objective of this study was to understand the early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic among low-income adults in the US as social distancing measures began to be implemented. On 19–24 March 2020 we fielded a national, web-based survey (53% response rate) among adults with <250% of the federal poverty line in the US (N = 1478). Measures included household food security status and COVID-19-related basic needs challenges. Overall, 36% of low-income adults in the US were food secure, 20% had marginal food security, and 44% were food insecure. Less than one in five (18.8%) of adults with very low food security reported being able to comply with public health recommendations to purchase two weeks of food at a time. For every basic needs challenge, food-insecure adults were significantly more likely to report facing that challenge, with a clear gradient effect based on severity of food security. The short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are magnifying existing disparities and disproportionately affecting low-income, food-insecure households that already struggle to meet basic needs. A robust, comprehensive policy response is needed to mitigate food insecurity as the pandemic progresses.


id: cord-288863-buis3y21
title: Innovations in Agriculture and Food Supply in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Henry, Robert
date: 2020-07-22
txt: ./txt/cord-288863-buis3y21.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32711125/
doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.07.011
abstract: nan
summary:
  Both of these trends will add to the demand for new crop varieties that satisfy the growing demands of consumers and drive additional research efforts including accelerated application of emerging plant breeding technologies (Henry, 2019a) for production in these rapidly evolving agricultural environments. In many developing countries, COVID-19 has severely impacted on employment and incomes creating a major food crisis for growing numbers of people unable to afford food. The adverse impact of COVID-19 on the global economy may also result in a renewed risk of accelerated population growth that could add significantly to food insecurity. Many responses to the pandemic have resulted in changes in agriculture and food production that may persist in the longer term. Plant sciences have a major role to play (Weng, 2020) in not only addressing the needs of a post-COVID world but also the long term challenges of climate change, population growth, environmental degradation and food security.


id: cord-289082-rr2y4vuc
title: Covid lays bare the brittleness of a concentrated and consolidated food system
author: Hendrickson, Mary K.
date: 2020-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-289082-rr2y4vuc.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32398891/
doi: 10.1007/s10460-020-10092-y
abstract: nan
summary:
  In a for-profit system, the boards and management of these companies have more power to decide what, where and how food is produced, who is doing the work, and even who gets to eat it than do farmers, workers, eaters or communities. In this for-profit system, food is simultaneously made cheap through the exploitation of nature, farmers and workers while being too expensive for poor households around the world. Covid-19 exposes the faults of concentrated power in food systems in coping with other slowermoving ecological disasters like soil degradation, decline in water quality and quantity and weather calamities due to climate change (Hendrickson et al. 5 See https ://www.wfp.org/news/covid -19-will-doubl e-numbe r-peopl e-facin g-food-crise s-unles s-swift -actio n-taken . To do that we must pursue worker rights, animal welfare, farmer viability and ecological sustainability simultaneously because they are all tied together. Power, Food and Agriculture: Implications for Farmers, Consumers and Communities


id: cord-290428-zrlqzbss
title: Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic
author: de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani, Christianne
date: 2020-07-12
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067
doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067
abstract:
  Optimal nutrition can improve well-being and might mitigate the risk and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review summarizes nutritional guidelines to support dietary counseling provided by dietitians and health-related professionals. The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system. Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected. There was no convincing evidence that food or food packaging is associated with the transmission of COVID-19, but good hygiene practices for handling and preparing foods were recommended. No changes to breastfeeding recommendations have been made, even in women diagnosed with COVID-19.


id: cord-291275-qylkm2tn
title: The challenges ahead for patients with feeding and eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Khosravi, Mohsen
date: 2020-09-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32922783/
doi: 10.1186/s40337-020-00322-3
abstract:
  The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) became a global pandemic only a few months after it emerged in China. Besides, this pandemic imposed adverse consequences on public health, particularly on the mental health status of individuals with serious mental illness. However, the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the patients with feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) are at this stage unclear. In this letter, the author seeks to acknowledge the risks of worsening FEDs during this uncertain period.


id: cord-293798-qc22cps9
title: Nanostructuring Biopolymers for Improved Food Quality and Safety
author: Gómez-Mascaraque, Laura G.
date: 2018-04-06
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128114490000025
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811449-0.00002-5
abstract:
  Food-grade biopolymers, apart from their inherent nutritional properties, can be tailored designed for improving food quality and safety, either serving as delivery vehicles for bioactive molecules, or as novel packaging components, not only improving the transport properties of biobased packaging structures, but also imparting active antibacterial and antiviral properties. In this chapter, the potential of different food-grade biopolymers (mainly proteins and carbohydrates but also some biopolyesters) to serve as encapsulating matrices for the protection of sensitive bioactives or as nanostructured packaging layers to improve transport properties and control the growth of pathogenic bacteria and viruses are described based on some developments carried out by the authors, as well as the most prominent works found in literature in this area.


id: cord-296129-rkadl46r
author: MacFall, Janet
date: 2015-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-296129-rkadl46r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296129-rkadl46r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0321-1
doi: 10.1007/s13412-015-0321-1
summary:
  Finally, a distributed food supply network supported with diverse agricultural products can increase resilience by providing access to diversified markets for producers and improved food access to consumers with more food choices, while expanding the need for skilled jobs supporting the regionally based food industry. As the two models below, North Carolina Central Piedmont Network and the South Carolina Food Hub demonstrate, decentralized models that link producers to consumers provide opportunities for farmers that utilize high-yield, low input techniques such as biointensive and other agroecological techniques a convenient and reasonable access to markets. Using biological and agricultural diversity to expand locally based, sustainable farming systems, foster new farmers and food entrepreneurs, and build distributed aggregation, processing and marketing networks that focus on triple bottom line benefits-environmental, social, and economic-have the potential to strengthen our food security and our communities, providing resilience to both acute and long-term stress.

title:
  Toward resilient food systems through increased agricultural diversity and local sourcing in the Carolinas

abstract:
  Biological and agricultural diversity are connected to food security through strengthened resilience to both anthropogenic and natural perturbations. Increased resilience to stress via increased biodiversity has been described in a number of natural systems. Diversity in food production can be considered on the following three levels: (a) genetic diversity as reflected in the range of cultivars which can be selected for production; (b) species diversity, captured through production of a wide range of crops on each farm; and (c) broad ecosystem diversity, described by the diversity of production between farms and within the broader food system. A network of locally based food producers and entrepreneurs provides opportunity for high diversity at each network stage, with increased adaptive capacity and the ability for rapid response to disturbance. We argue that production techniques that use carefully planned diverse plantings, such as biointensive cultivation, increase resilience by increased water use efficiency, yield and nutrient retention while reducing pressure from pests and pathogens. We present a model for a diverse, distributed food system in the North Carolina Piedmont and analyze an existing distributed network by a food hub in South Carolina. Through these models, we argue that a shift in the food network has the potential to increase local food security by having food more reliably available where it is needed and by contributing to local resilience through community economic development. The shift in food production and distribution systems serves multiple goals: When crop loss occurs, other crops still contribute to overall harvest, reducing net loss. Diverse on-farm production can support a more distributed network of food aggregators, processors, and markets than the current approach of large-scale consolidation. Finally, a distributed food supply network supported with diverse agricultural products can increase resilience by providing access to diversified markets for producers and improved food access to consumers with more food choices, while expanding the need for skilled jobs supporting the regionally based food industry.


id: cord-297489-uh3tx9jc
author: Lim, Hui-Rang
date: 2020-10-14
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0950329320303700
doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104101
title:
  Intention to purchase wellbeing food among Korean consumers: An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

abstract:
  Studies on consumers’ purchase intentions have been one of the focuses in academia; however, the complex decision-making process in terms of purchase intentions on well-being foods have not been well researched. This study applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model using its core constructs to predict consumers’ purchase intentions of well-being food, namely Yak-sun. Questionnaires were gathered using a convenient sampling method for those who have experienced Yak-sun food in September of 2014. A total of 269 responses were used for data analysis. The results of the study aligned with past studies that supported the applicability of the TPB model. All constructs including attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were found to have made a significant contribution to the prediction of intention to purchase Yak-sun food among Korean consumers. Perceived behavioral control showed the strongest influence on the behavioral intention of purchasing Yak-sun food. Based on the results, theoretical and practical implications were suggested.


id: cord-298184-4o5ffk7y
author: Veleva, Vesela
date: 2020-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-298184-4o5ffk7y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298184-4o5ffk7y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124658
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124658
summary:
  Based on the research findings the author proposes a new framework for the role of sustainable entrepreneurs as civic and political actors who not only offer innovative products and services, but help educate and influence key stakeholders, develop informal sustainability ecosystem, and thus create momentum for policy changes. This study aims to address some of these research gaps, by examining sustainable entrepreneurs'' business models, created impacts, current challenges and how they work with key stakeholders to overcome these and advance a shift to more SLs. This study is based on interviews with eight U.S.-based entrepreneurial companies focused on reducing material consumption and promoting SLs. The sustainable entrepreneurs in the study included Box Save, Fixit Clinic Newton, Food For Free, IRN Surplus, Joro, Preserve, Project Repat, and Semi-New Computers.

title:
  The Role of Entrepreneurs in Advancing Sustainable Lifestyles: Challenges, Impacts, and Future Opportunities

abstract:
  This paper examines the role of entrepreneurs in advancing sustainable lifestyles (SLs) to address climate change and social inequity. It is based on empirical study of eight U.S.-based sustainable entrepreneurs, focused on reducing material consumption. While business has a key role to play, many large companies are unwilling to promote SLs as this is contrary to their current business models which are focused on growing consumption and sales. This presents an opportunity for entrepreneurial companies with innovative business models who are passionate about sustainability and social impact, and better positioned to take risks and innovate. The research examined emerging business models for advancing SLs, key success factors and challenges reported by the entrepreneurs, the social and environmental impacts of their actions, and the future opportunities for scaling up such practices. The study found that entrepreneurs are well positioned to address simultaneously environmental and social issues, however, they lack resources to effectively measure these impacts to demonstrate an overall positive benefit and strengthen their value proposition. Promoting green attributes alone is not enough to change the behavior of most consumers. It is critically important to emphasize other benefits such as a product/service quality, time or cost savings, or social impact. Social media, formal and informal sustainability networks, IT, sustainability policies, and consumer awareness are key to developing viable business models and competitive strategies that are difficult to replicate. The study found that sustainable entrepreneurs often face “costly” sustainability actions and lack the power to change „the rules of the game“; for this they need to collaborate with other key stakeholders, including NGOs, policy makers, and progressive companies. Based on the research findings the author proposes a new framework for the role of sustainable entrepreneurs as civic and political actors who not only offer innovative products and services, but help educate and influence key stakeholders, develop informal sustainability ecosystem, and thus create momentum for policy changes.


id: cord-298678-hjxph9jm
title: Viral Contamination of Food
author: Petrović, T.
date: 2016-02-05
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012800723500005X
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800723-5.00005-x
abstract:
  A review of the relevant foodborne viruses is presented. Published data from scientific journals as well as the data presented in official reports and published on the Internet were used for this review. In the review, information is given for the main foodborne viruses, implicated virus species, and food matrices involved, some history data are given, as well as modes of transmission, and sources of the virus presence in food. Results of surveys on the presence of viruses in different kind of foods commodities (fresh produces and shellfish) and in some cases connections to caused outbreaks are presented. Also, possible zoonotic infection and implicated viruses that could be transmitted through food are given. Human Norovirus followed by hepatitis A virus are the most common foodborne viruses, which are transmitted by food consumed raw, such as shellfish, fresh vegetables, and berry fruit. In developed countries, hepatitis E virus is increasingly being recognized as an emerging viral foodborne pathogen that includes zoonotic transmission via pork products. The existing knowledge gaps and the major future expectations in the detection and surveillance of foodborne viruses are mentioned.


id: cord-299884-wp4ehemj
title: Integrated wetlands for food production
author: Chen, Ray Zhuangrui
date: 2016-07-31
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.007
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.007
abstract:
  Abstract The widespread use of compound pelleted feeds and chemical fertilizers in modern food production contribute to a vast amount of residual nutrients into the production system and adjacent ecosystem are major factors causing eutrophication. Furthermore, the extensive development and application of chemical compounds (such as chemical pesticides, disinfectants and hormones used in enhancing productivity) in food production process are hazardous to the ecosystems, as well as human health. These unsustainable food production patterns cannot sustain human living in the long run. Wetlands are perceived as self-decontamination ecosystems with high productivities. This review gives an overview about wetlands which are being integrated with food production processes, focusing on aquaculture.


id: cord-300163-06hbegx1
author: Harris, Jody
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-300163-06hbegx1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300163-06hbegx1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01064-5
doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01064-5
summary:
  We aimed to investigate effects of this multi-layered shock on production, sales, prices, incomes and diets for vegetable farmers in India as both producers and consumers of nutrient-dense foods. This paper uses novel empirical data to understand disruptions to production, livelihoods and diets in agricultural households in India, to draw lessons from COVID-19and particularly its effects on nutrient-dense perishable food items for making food systems more resilient. We use ordered logit regressions to analyse associations between the intensity of self-reported changes in vegetable livelihoods (quantity sold, prices, income) and diets (change in consumption per food group) due to COVID-19 and major household characteristics (farm size, gender of the farmer, and the number of produced vegetables). While we did not investigate the direct effects of sickness in farming households, the subsequent lockdown policy was perceived by farmers to have affected production (through lack of labour, storage and inputs); sales (through drops in demand and lack of transport); prices and income (with reductions due to lack of demand); and diets (in terms of ability to access the most nutrient-dense foods).

title:
  Food system disruption: initial livelihood and dietary effects of COVID-19 on vegetable producers in India

abstract:
  Disruption to food systems and impacts on livelihoods and diets have been brought into sharp focus by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to investigate effects of this multi-layered shock on production, sales, prices, incomes and diets for vegetable farmers in India as both producers and consumers of nutrient-dense foods. We undertook a rapid telephone survey with 448 farmers in 4 states, in one of the first studies to document the early impacts of the pandemic and policy responses on farming households. We find that a majority of farmers report negative impacts on production, sales, prices and incomes. Over 80% of farms reported some decline in sales, and over 20% of farms reported devastating declines (sold almost nothing). Price reductions were reported by over 80% of farmers, and reductions by more than half for 50% of farmers. Similarly, farm income reportedly dropped for 90% of farms, and by more than half for 60%. Of surveyed households, 62% reported disruptions to their diets. A majority of farm households reported reduced ability to access the most nutrient-dense foods. Around 80% of households reported ability to protect their staple food consumption, and the largest falls in consumption were in fruit and animal source foods other than dairy, in around half of households. Reported vegetable consumption fell in almost 30% of households, but vegetables were also the only food group where consumption increased for some, in around 15% of households. Our data suggest higher vulnerability of female farmers in terms of both livelihoods and diet, and differential effects on smaller and larger farms, meaning different farms may require different types of support in order to continue to function. Farms reported diverse coping strategies to maintain sales, though often with negative implications for reported incomes. The ability to consume one’s own produce may be somewhat protective of diets when other routes to food access fail. The impacts of COVID-19 and subsequent policy responses on both livelihoods and diets in horticultural households risk rolling back the impressive economic and nutrition gains India has seen over the past decade. Food systems, and particularly those making available the most nutrient-dense foods, must be considered in ongoing and future government responses.


id: cord-300574-nclkfw4h
author: Donno, Dario
date: 2018-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-300574-nclkfw4h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300574-nclkfw4h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128114469000095
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811446-9.00009-5
summary:
  Wild plant species are of interest to the food industry because of their ability to replace synthetic chemicals and nutraceuticals; however, the nutritional, economical, and sociocultural values of some neglected and underutilized natural resources have not yet been fully exploited. Some of these less well-known and underutilized fruits, which have the potential to provide novel sources of health-promoting agents, are presented in this chapter (i.e., Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, Crataegus azarolus L., Lycium barbarum L., Morus nigra L., and Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medicus). A diet containing high levels of fruits and vegetables has been associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases because, in addition to their high vitamin and mineral content, these foods also contain compounds with health-protective effects, in particular antioxidant and antiinflammatory compounds (Donno et al., 2013b) . Mulberries are sweet fruits and they play an important role in the food industry due to their high levels of bioactive compounds (mulberry fruits can vary in terms of their chemical composition and antioxidant properties).

title:
  Chapter 9 Nutraceuticals in Alternative and Underutilized Fruits as Functional Food Ingredients: Ancient Species for New Health Needs

abstract:
  Abstract A diet containing high levels of fruit has been associated with a lowered risk of chronic diseases as, in addition to their vitamin and mineral content, they also contain various compounds with health-protective effects, in particular antioxidant and antiinflammatory compounds. Wild plant species are of interest to the food industry because of their ability to replace synthetic chemicals and nutraceuticals; however, the nutritional, economical, and sociocultural values of some neglected and underutilized natural resources have not yet been fully exploited. Some of these less well-known and underutilized fruits, which have the potential to provide novel sources of health-promoting agents, are presented in this chapter (i.e., Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, Crataegus azarolus L., Lycium barbarum L., Morus nigra L., and Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medicus). Underutilized fruits could represent an opportunity for growers to gain access to these special markets where consumers place emphasis on high contents of nutrients that are capable of preventing degenerative diseases. The development of specific horticultural models for nutraceutical fruit production could be an interesting opportunity to obtain a highly standardized raw material for fresh or derived products.


id: cord-301423-stod75j2
title: Health behaviours during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: implications for obesity
author: Parekh, Niyati
date: 2020-08-04
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020003031
doi: 10.1017/s1368980020003031
abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a risk factor for severe complications and death from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Public health efforts to control the pandemic may alter health behaviors related to weight gain, inflammation, and poor cardiometabolic health, exacerbating the prevalence of obesity, poor immune health, and chronic diseases. DESIGN: We reviewed how the pandemic adversely influences many of these behaviors, specifically physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep, and dietary intakes, and provided individual level strategies that may be used to mitigate them. RESULTS: At the community level and higher, public health and health care professionals need to advocate for intervention strategies and policy changes that address these behaviors, such as increasing nutrition assistance programs and creating designated areas for recreation and active transportation, to reduce disparities among vulnerable populations. CONCLUSIONS: The long-lasting impact of the pandemic on health behaviors, and the possibility of a second COVID-19 wave, emphasize the need for creative and evolving, multi-level approaches to assist individuals in adapting their health behaviors to prevent both chronic and infectious diseases.


id: cord-306000-odct9kt7
author: McLoughlin, Gabriella M.
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-306000-odct9kt7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306000-odct9kt7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00476-0
doi: 10.1007/s11524-020-00476-0
summary:
  Reduced access to school meals during public health emergencies can accelerate food insecurity and nutritional status, particularly for low-income children in urban areas. We matched district census tract boundaries to demographic data from the 2018 American Community Survey and United States Department of Agriculture food desert data, and used geographic information systems (GIS) software to identify meal site locations relative to student population, areas of high poverty and high minority populations, and food deserts. The framework identifies opportunities for four key opportunities for intervention and action research that emphasize equity: (1) increase healthy options (e.g., increase access to healthy food retailers), (2) reduce deterrents (e.g., address threats to personal safety), (3) improve social and economic resources (e.g., offer nutrition assistance programs), and (4) build on community capacity (e.g., build strategic partnerships).

title:
  Addressing Food Insecurity through a Health Equity Lens: a Case Study of Large Urban School Districts during the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  Reduced access to school meals during public health emergencies can accelerate food insecurity and nutritional status, particularly for low-income children in urban areas. To prevent the exacerbation of health disparities, there is a need to understand the implementation of meal distribution among large urban school districts during emergencies and to what degree these strategies provide equitable meal access. Our case study of four large urban school districts during the COVID-19 pandemic aims to address these knowledge gaps. Guided by the Getting to Equity (GTE) framework, we conducted a mixed-methods study evaluating emergency meal distribution and strategy implementation in four large urban school districts (Chicago Public Schools, Houston Independent School District, Los Angeles Unified School District, and New York City Department of Education). We gathered data from school district websites on (1) meal service and delivery sites and (2) district documents, policies, communication, and resources. Using qualitative coding approaches, we identified unique and shared district strategies to address meal distribution and communications during the pandemic according to the four components of the GTE framework: increase healthy options, reduce deterrents, build on community capacity, and increase social and economic resources. We matched district census tract boundaries to demographic data from the 2018 American Community Survey and United States Department of Agriculture food desert data, and used geographic information systems (GIS) software to identify meal site locations relative to student population, areas of high poverty and high minority populations, and food deserts. We found that all districts developed strategies to optimize meal provision, which varied across case site. Strategies to increase healthy options included serving adults and other members of the general public, providing timely information on meal site locations, and promoting consumption of a balanced diet. The quantity and frequency of meals served varied, and the degree to which districts promoted high-quality nutrition was limited. Reducing deterrents related to using inclusive language and images and providing safety information on social distancing practices in multiple languages. Districts built community capacity through partnering with first responder, relief, and other community organizations. Increased social and economic resources were illustrated by providing technology assistance to families, childcare referrals for essential workers, and other wellness resources. Geospatial analysis suggests that service locations across cities varied to some degree by demographics and food environment, with potential gaps in reach. This study identifies strategies that have the potential to increase equitable access to nutrition assistance programs. Our findings can support (1) ongoing efforts to address child food insecurity during the pandemic and (2) future meal provision through programs like the Summer Food Service Program and Seamless Summer Option. Future research should further examine the rationale behind meal site placement and how site availability changed over time.


id: cord-307893-mvl0wrsj
title: Disciplines Associated with Food Safety: Food Virology
author: Goulter-Thorsen, R.M.
date: 2014-01-13
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012378612800024X
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-378612-8.00024-x
abstract:
  Food virology is a relatively young but important field in food safety. Viruses in general and human noroviruses in particular, are the leading cause of foodborne disease of known etiology in developed countries. Hepatitis A virus is also important, as are a number of emerging viruses. This article identifies the relevant viruses, describes their structural characteristics and the diseases they cause, and what is known about their epidemiological significance. It also describes why their transmission is so difficult to control, their detection difficult to achieve, and future research needs that will facilitate their study by food safety scientists.


id: cord-309108-ulvnn3we
author: Perdana, Tomy
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-309108-ulvnn3we.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309108-ulvnn3we.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S240584402031971X
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05128
summary:
  This paper discusses an optimization model for handling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic based on food supply network through regional food hubs (RFHs) under uncertainty. The locations for the development of RFHs and optimal logistics for the food network must be determined based on various general conditions and, at the time of a pandemic, by considering the entire community as victims affected by it. This model also addressed several uncertainties, such as food demand, food production, and distribution cost uncertainties using robust optimization (RO) that assumes that the uncertain parameters lie in an uncertainty set (Ben-Tal et al., 2009; Gorissen et al., 2015; Yanıko glu et al., 2019) . It aims to identify the best alternative RFH location and capacity and food distribution network; the maximum product fulfillment of each region; and the minimum logistic costs in red zones, defined as an area at the epicenter COVID-19 infection.

title:
  Scenarios for handling the impact of COVID-19 based on food supply network through regional food hubs under uncertainty

abstract:
  This paper discusses an optimization model for handling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic based on food supply network through regional food hubs (RFHs) under uncertainty. To this end, uncertainty is assumed in the demand and production data. During the Pandemic COVID-19 period, uncertainty has increased and the food supply chain system has changed. Thus, a new configuration of the food supply network requires analysis. In this paper, the concept of RFH is introduced to connect producers in rural areas and customers in urban areas. This paper determines the location and capacity of RFHs, the food supply network, the sum of maximum food supplies, and minimum logistics cost. This is done via a Multi-Objective Many-to-Many Location-Routing Problem model. Furthermore, since the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic is uncertain, robust optimization is employed to handle uncertainties. During the current pandemic, red zones are defined to indicate the severity of the pandemic in a region. In this paper, the numerical experiment is considered for three scenarios: when a region is in large-scale social distancing, partial social distancing, or normal conditions. This social distancing situation is based on the defined red zones. The optimal food supply network is obtained for the three scenarios and the best scenario among the three is identified.


id: cord-312647-71jdf5nt
author: Poole, Nigel
date: 2020-09-18
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101976
doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101976
title:
  Agri-nutrition research: Revisiting the contribution of maize and wheat to human nutrition and health

abstract:
  Research linking agriculture and nutrition has evolved since the mid-20th century. The current focus is on child-stunting, dietary diversity and ‘nutrient-rich’ foods in recognition of the growing burdens of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases. This article concerns the global dietary and health contribution of major cereals, specifically maize and wheat, which are often considered not to be ‘nutrient-rich’ foods. Nevertheless, these cereals are major sources of dietary energy, of essential proteins and micronutrients, and diverse non-nutrient bioactive food components. Research on bioactives, and dietary fibre in particular, is somewhat ‘siloed’, with little attention paid by the agri-nutrition research community to the role of cereal bioactives in healthy diets, and the adverse health effects often arising through processing and manufacturing of cereals-based food products. We argue that the research agenda should embrace the whole nutritional contribution of the multiple dietary components of cereals towards addressing the triple burden of undernutrition, micronutrient malnutrition, overweight/obesity and non-communicable diseases. Agri-nutrition and development communities need to adopt a multidisciplinary and food systems research approach from farm to metabolism. Agriculture researchers should collaborate with other food systems stakeholders on nutrition-related challenges in cereal production, processing and manufacturing, and food waste and losses. Cereal and food scientists should also collaborate with social scientists to better understand the impacts on diets of the political economy of the food industry, and the diverse factors which influence local and global dietary transitions, consumer behavioural choices, dietary change, and the assessment and acceptance of novel and nutritious cereal-based products.


id: cord-315510-vtt8wvm1
title: Optimizing global food supply chains: The case for blockchain and GSI standards
author: Keogh, John G.
date: 2020-10-16
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128189566000178
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818956-6.00017-8
abstract:
  This chapter examines the integration of GS1 standards with the functional components of blockchain technology as an approach to realize a coherent standardized framework of industry-based tools for successful food supply chains (FSCs) transformation. The globalization of food systems has engendered significant changes to the operation and structure of FSCs. Alongside increasing consumer demands for safe and sustainable food products, FSCs are challenged with issues related to information transparency and consumer trust. Uncertainty in matters of transparency and trust arises from the growing information asymmetry between food producers and food consumers, in particular, how and where food is cultivated, harvested, processed, and under what conditions. FSCs are tasked with guaranteeing the highest standards in food quality and food safety—ensuring the use of safe and authentic ingredients, limiting product perishability, and mitigating the risk of opportunism, such as quality cheating or falsification of information. A sustainable, food-secure world will require multidirectional sharing of information and enhanced information symmetry between food producers and food consumers. The need for information symmetry will drive transformational changes in FSCs methods of practice and will require a coherent standardized framework of best practice recommendations to manage logistic units in the food chain. A standardized framework will enhance food traceability, drive FSC efficiencies, enable data interoperability, improve data governance practices, and set supply chain identification standards for products and assets (what), exchange parties (who), locations (where), business processes (why), and sequence (when).


id: cord-315726-ltjurdrq
title: Food and Waterborne Illnesses
author: Acheson, D.W.K.
date: 2009-02-17
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001838
doi: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00183-8
abstract:
  There are many different biological, chemical, or radiological agents that when added to food can result in many different types of illness. Some may be rapidly fatal; others require long-term exposure to result in illness. Some lead to short-term illness and others result in long-term complications. The universe of such agents and situations is enormous. This article summarizes some of the principal foodborne microbiological agents that clinicians and those involved with public health have to deal with. While the range of agents is broad and the list is long there are several basic mechanisms such as ingestion of preformed toxins or toxin production once a microbe is present in the intestine that facilitate sorting these agents into some logical framework. However, at the end of the day it is always key to think about ingested agents as a cause for illness, whether that illness be confined to the intestinal system or more systemic. In principle all foodborne illness is preventable and of the key messages to consumers and health care professionals is to know if you or your patient is at greater risk from foodborne illness. If one is dealing with an ‘at risk’ patient, it is important they be educated on what foods to avoid and what precautions to take to minimize the likelihood of acquiring a foodborne illness. While treating most foodborne illness is straightforward, prevention is clearly the path of choice.


id: cord-317250-a5ni1s9e
title: Wine, food, and health
author: Jackson, Ronald S.
date: 2020-04-10
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012816118000012X
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816118-0.00012-x
abstract:
  Wine has historically been associated with religious rights, used as a salubrious beverage, employed as a medication as well as a medicinal solvent, and consumed as a food accompaniment. It is the last use that is most intimately associated in the minds of most modern consumers. Despite this, there is little flavor commonality on which pairing could be based. The first section of the chapter examines this feature and wine's primary role as a palate cleanser and food condiment. The synergistic role of food and wine in suppressing each other's least pleasant attributes is also explained. The final section deals with the latest evidence relating to the many beneficial health effects of moderate wine consumption, shortfalls in the data, headache induction, dental erosion, and conditions under which wine intake is contraindicated.


id: cord-317693-l08q2lhp
author: Jacob, Michelle Cristine Medeiros
date: 2020-07-07
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020002657
doi: 10.1017/s1368980020002657
title:
  Animal-based food systems are unsafe: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) fosters the debate on meat consumption

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: The current pandemic restarts a debate on permanently banning wildlife consumption in an effort to prevent further public health threats. In this commentary, we offer two ideas to enhance the discussion on foodborne zoonotic diseases in food systems. DESIGN: First, we focus on the probable consequences that the loss of access to wildlife could cause to the status of food and nutrition security of many people in developing countries that rely on bushmeat to subsist. Second, we argue that all animal-based food systems, especially the ones based on intensive husbandry, present food safety threats. CONCLUSION: To ban the access to bushmeat without a rational analysis of all human meat production and consumption in the global animal-based food system will not help us to prevent future outbreaks.


id: cord-321503-w2m078r1
title: COVID-19 and International Food Assistance: Policy Proposals to Keep Food Flowing
author: Cardwell, Ryan
date: 2020-06-28
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20301856?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105059
abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic is increasing the need for international food assistance, and disrupting the supply and delivery of food assistance. A series of unprecedented shocks is straining the capacity of food assistance organizations to reach vulnerable populations. We discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the demand and the supply of international food assistance, and we propose three policy changes that can keep food flowing to those in need. First, donor countries can prioritize humanitarian spending in aid-allocation decisions. Second, governments can exempt food assistance from trade barriers that impede procurement (export restrictions) and delivery (import tariffs). Third, donor countries can allow flexibility for implementing agencies by untying food assistance from domestic procurement and shipping restrictions. All of these suggestions are regulatory changes that can be made without requiring increased spending. These options are particularly relevant now because donor-country governments are entering economic recessions, and foreign aid budgets will be constrained.


id: cord-323703-fsj736dg
title: Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems
author: Patterson, Grace T.
date: 2020-08-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32904586/
doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100424
abstract:
  Our food systems are progressively more industrialized and consolidated with many modern food value chains involving multiple countries and continents, and as such being associated with changes in risk profile and impacts of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Disease outbreaks that sweep through a single region can have massive impacts on food supply, while severe outbreaks of human pathogens can disrupt agricultural labor supply or demand for products perceived as ‘unsafe’. Market pressures have generally rewarded production of cash crops for fuel and energy dense, low nutrient processed foods over production of fruits and vegetables for local consumption. Climbing rates of food-related NCDs and pre-existing conditions leave the population increasingly susceptible to infectious diseases that are often driven by or arise from the food system. Therefore disease and diet from our food systems cause impacts on human health, and human health issues can impact on the functioning of the food system. The COVID-19 outbreak is the most recent example of food system driven disease emergence and of massive supply and demand shocks in the food system, experienced as a direct and indirect result of this disease. The effects of the food system on disease spread (and vice versa) must be addressed in future plans to prevent and mitigate large scale outbreaks. Health policies must acknowledge the food system as the base of our health system, as must agri-food policy recognize the pre-eminence of human health (directly and indirectly) in decision making.


id: cord-323974-tonry3ys
title: Organizing for thoughtful food: a meshwork approach
author: Pavlovich, Kathryn
date: 2020-08-08
txt: ./txt/cord-323974-tonry3ys.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323974-tonry3ys.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10139-0
doi: 10.1007/s10460-020-10139-0
summary:
  Through a longitudinal qualitative case study, we place relationality and becoming at the centre of organizing food and food systems, demonstrating how entangled relationships can create a complex ontology through the meshwork knots, threads and weave. We show how issues of collective concern come together to form dynamic knots of interactions, how the threads within the meshwork indicate processes of movement, and how the weave suggests degrees of food system resilience—but always in flow. Our research question, "How does a meshwork approach contribute to our understanding of the organizing process within and between food systems, and indicate opportunities for positive change?" is considered through a qualitative case study, Out of our own back yard (Ooooby) in Aotearoa New Zealand, an organization that delivers food boxes of primarily organic, fresh and artisan foods from local growers. We have also contributed by demonstrating how entangled relationships in food matters can create a complex ontology of organizing through meshwork knots, threads and weave.

abstract:
  This paper provides an alternative narrative for organizing food systems. It introduces meshwork as a novel theoretical lens to examine the ontological assumptions underlying the shadow and informal dynamics of organizing food. Through a longitudinal qualitative case study, we place relationality and becoming at the centre of organizing food and food systems, demonstrating how entangled relationships can create a complex ontology through the meshwork knots, threads and weave. We show how issues of collective concern come together to form dynamic knots of interactions, how the threads within the meshwork indicate processes of movement, and how the weave suggests degrees of food system resilience—but always in flow. This theoretical approach thus provides a platform for addressing thoughtful concerns about “food matters” including the integrity of our global food system, the negative health and environmental impacts of industrialized food production, and food safety issues.


id: cord-324385-v8onclcc
title: Wither the self-sufficiency illusion? Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19
author: Woertz, Eckart
date: 2020-07-08
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01081-4
doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01081-4
abstract:
  Past approaches to food security in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) were informed by concerns about food availability. They aimed at domestic self-sufficiency and self-sufficiency by proxy (via farmland investments abroad). These strategies have failed. Water scarcity at home increasingly compromises agricultural production. Farmland investments abroad have not matched ambitious related announcements due to a complex mixture of commercial, socio-economic and political factors. They do not contribute meaningful quantities to the Gulf countries’ food imports. The failure of such strategies has prompted a shift of focus instead towards value chain management as a means to secure food availability. Rather than trying to fight food import dependence, the Gulf countries now accept and manage it. However, malnutrition that leads to high levels of obesity and diabetes constitutes a risk factor in the face of COVID-19. Food accessibility for vulnerable population segments such as migrant labour is another issue that requires yet further policy measures, such as safety nets – whose expansion would be politically controversial if not impossible, however.


id: cord-326922-bajpr5a2
author: Watson, C. James
date: 2020-11-02
txt: ./txt/cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326922-bajpr5a2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33140232/
doi: 10.1007/s13181-020-00814-3
summary:
  In the modern-day United States (US), medications are by-inlarge manufactured in commercial facilities, and this production is regulated and overseen by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Furthermore, a new form of large-scale compounding has become commonplace, whereby pharmacies produce bulk volumes of medications which are not available commercially, and broadly distribute them to healthcare practices and individual patients. Patient harm caused by compounded medications has been the focus of media, medical, and legislative attention in recent years, especially following a multistate, multi-fatality outbreak of fungal meningitis caused by contaminated steroid injections compounded at a pharmacy in Framingham, MA [2, 3, 5, 6] . We categorized errors under the conceptual framework described by Sarah Sellers, PharmD, MPH, former board member for the FDA''s Advisory Committee on Pharmacy Compounding, in testimony to the US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, namely, that "suprapotency," "subpotency," and "contamination" are the primary risks associated with pharmaceutical compounding [59] .

title:
  Pharmaceutical Compounding: a History, Regulatory Overview, and Systematic Review of Compounding Errors

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Medications are compounded when a formulation of a medication is needed but not commercially available. Regulatory oversight of compounding is piecemeal and compounding errors have resulted in patient harm. We review compounding in the United States (US), including a history of compounding, a critique of current regulatory oversight, and a systematic review of compounding errors recorded in the literature. METHODS: We gathered reports of compounding errors occurring in the US from 1990 to 2020 from PubMed, Embase, several relevant conference abstracts, and the US Food and Drug Administration “Drug Alerts and Statements” repository. We categorized reports into errors of “contamination,” suprapotency,” and “subpotency.” Errors were also subdivided by whether they resulted in morbidity and mortality. We reported demographic, medication, and outcome data where available. RESULTS: We screened 2155 reports and identified 63 errors. Twenty-one of 63 were errors of concentration, harming 36 patients. Twenty-seven of 63 were contamination errors, harming 1119 patients. Fifteen errors did not result in any identified harm. DISCUSSION: Compounding errors are attributed to contamination or concentration. Concentration errors predominantly result from compounding a prescription for a single patient, and disproportionately affect children. Contamination errors largely occur during bulk distribution of compounded medications for parenteral use, and affect more patients. The burden falls on the government, pharmacy industry, and medical providers to reduce the risk of patient harm caused by compounding errors. CONCLUSION: In the US, drug compounding is important in ensuring access to vital medications, but has the potential to cause patient harm without adequate safeguards.


id: cord-327748-8ob6okeh
title: Product Quality Risk Perceptions and Decisions: Contaminated Pet Food and Lead‐Painted Toys
author: Feng, Tianjun
date: 2010-07-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626691/
doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01459.x
abstract:
  In the context of the recent recalls of contaminated pet food and lead‐painted toys in the United States, we examine patterns of risk perceptions and decisions when facing consumer product‐caused quality risks. Two approaches were used to explore risk perceptions of the product recalls. In the first approach, we elicited judged probabilities and found that people appear to have greatly overestimated the actual risks for both product scenarios. In the second approach, we applied the psychometric paradigm to examine risk perception dimensions concerning these two specific products through factor analysis. There was a similar risk perception pattern for both products: they are seen as unknown risks and are relatively not dread risks. This pattern was also similar to what prior research found for lead paint. Further, we studied people's potential actions to deal with the recalls of these two products. Several factors were found to be significant predictors of respondents’ cautious actions for both product scenarios. Policy considerations regarding product quality risks are discussed. For example, risk communicators could reframe information messages to prompt people to consider total risks packed together from different causes, even when the risk message has been initiated due to a specific recall event.


id: cord-328562-g5i838b3
title: The Early Food Insecurity Impacts of COVID-19
author: Niles, Meredith T.
date: 2020-07-15
txt: ./txt/cord-328562-g5i838b3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328562-g5i838b3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072096
doi: 10.3390/nu12072096
summary:
  Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Compared to food secure households, new and consistently food insecure households were significantly more likely (p < 0.001) to find strategies to address physical or economic food access challenges helpful during COVID-19 (Table A11) .

abstract:
  COVID-19 has disrupted food access and impacted food insecurity, which is associated with numerous adverse individual and public health outcomes. To assess these challenges and understand their impact on food security, we conducted a statewide population-level survey using a convenience sample in Vermont from 29 March to 12 April 2020, during the beginning of a statewide stay-at-home order. We utilized the United States Department of Agriculture six-item validated food security module to measure food insecurity before COVID-19 and since COVID-19. We assessed food insecurity prevalence and reported food access challenges, coping strategies, and perceived helpful interventions among food secure, consistently food insecure (pre-and post-COVID-19), and newly food insecure (post COVID-19) respondents. Among 3219 respondents, there was nearly a one-third increase (32.3%) in household food insecurity since COVID-19 (p < 0.001), with 35.5% of food insecure households classified as newly food insecure. Respondents experiencing a job loss were at higher odds of experiencing food insecurity (OR 3.06; 95% CI, 2.114–0.46). We report multiple physical and economic barriers, as well as concerns related to food access during COVID-19. Respondents experiencing household food insecurity had higher odds of facing access challenges and utilizing coping strategies, including two-thirds of households eating less since COVID-19 (p < 0.001). Significant differences in coping strategies were documented between respondents in newly food insecure vs. consistently insecure households. These findings have important potential impacts on individual health, including mental health and malnutrition, as well as on future healthcare costs. We suggest proactive strategies to address food insecurity during this crisis.


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
author: Botreau, Hélène
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-329964-reoa8kcw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329964-reoa8kcw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2452263520300033
doi: 10.1016/bs.af2s.2020.09.001
summary:
  This chapter will proceed as follows: • Reflecting on how the existing challenges faced by women smallholder farmers were exacerbated by the structural causes of the food price crisis; • Examining major policy responses from governments and the private sector and analyzing their effectiveness in addressing the structural causes of the crisis; • Setting out the lessons learned from the major failures of this policy response; • Identifying key challenges and gaps in financial aid to women smallholder farmers and, more specifically, looking at the level of official development assistance (ODA) targeted to them since 2008; and • Providing policy recommendations to address all of these issues. 3.2.1.4.5 Growing role for multinational enterprise Since the food price crisis, global policy has given more space to the private sector: for instance, the G8 launched its New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition in Africa in May 2012, with a goal of "unleashing the potential of the private sector." Developing country governments, bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, and multinational firms have all joined in promoting private investment in agriculture in the Global South.

title:
  Gender inequality and food insecurity: A dozen years after the food price crisis, rural women still bear the brunt of poverty and hunger

abstract:
  The global food price crisis of 2007–08 had devastating impacts for the world's poorest people, especially for smallholder farmers and in particular for women, who face discrimination and a heavy burden of household responsibility. The international policy response to the crisis saw the launch of numerous new initiatives and instruments, but funding has been insufficient and policies have failed to address the structural deficiencies in the global food system. A dozen years on, in light of climate change and increased conflict, new policies are needed to reorient the food system so that it prioritizes smallholder communities, with a renewed focus on the needs and aspirations of women.


id: cord-330711-y65csypc
author: Zimmerer, Karl S.
date: 2020-07-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01088-x
doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01088-x
title:
  Informal food chains and agrobiodiversity need strengthening—not weakening—to address food security amidst the COVID-19 crisis in South America

abstract:
  The COVID-19 crisis is worsening food insecurity by undermining informal food chains. We focus on impacts involving the informal food chains that incorporate the resilience-enhancing biodiversity of food and agriculture known as agrobiodiversity. Our analysis addresses how informal food chains and agrobiodiversity are impacted by policies and interventions amidst COVID-19 disruptions. Our methodology relies on research in Peru with a focus on the cites and surrounding areas of Lima, Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, and Huánuco. We extend these insights to similar challenges and opportunities across western South America and other word regions. We utilize the four-part Agrobiodiversity Knowledge Framework to guide our examination of agrobiodiversity-related processes that interconnect governance, nutrition, agroecology, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results detail three links of informal food chains that are being disrupted and yet can offer resilience. These are food retailing, logistics and transportation, and seed systems. Utilization of the Agrobiodiversity Knowledge Framework cuts through highly complex issues to elaborate key food-security difficulties facing informal systems and how they can be strengthened to provide more resilience. We identify the specific roles of agrobiodiversity in resilience-enhancing processes that need strategic policy and program support. Results identify ways to augment the resilience of informal food chains using agrobiodiversity and the empowerment of social groups and organizations in urban food systems and rural communities. We conclude that the disruptions triggered by the global COVID-19 pandemic highlight the need to use agrobiodiversity as an instrument for resilience in informal food chains.


id: cord-331255-t85yioyl
title: Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production
author: Rohr, Jason R.
date: 2019-06-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32219187/
doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3
abstract:
  Infectious diseases are emerging globally at an unprecedented rate while global food demand is projected to increase sharply by 2100. Here, we synthesize the pathways by which projected agricultural expansion and intensification will influence human infectious diseases and how human infectious diseases might likewise affect food production and distribution. Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Indeed, our synthesis of the literature suggests that, since 1940, agricultural drivers were associated with >25% of all — and >50% of zoonotic — infectious diseases that emerged in humans, proportions that will likely increase as agriculture expands and intensifies. We identify agricultural and disease management and policy actions, and additional research, needed to address the public health challenge posed by feeding 11 billion people.


id: cord-333228-ejkgune0
title: Chapter 1 Introduction into nanotechnology and microbiology
author: Ball, Andrew S
date: 2019-12-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0580951719300091
doi: 10.1016/bs.mim.2019.04.003
abstract:
  Abstract The current chapter summaries the world of Microbiology and boom of Nanotechnology and how both the exciting fields come together to help men kind with various new applications in water, food, medical biology and immunology. Furthermore synthesis of nano materials utilising the potential of microorganisms also opens a newer avenue for ‘green’ synthesis.


id: cord-333432-dq2t1bbd
title: 15 Nanocomposite biosensors for point-of-care—evaluation of food quality and safety
author: D’Souza, Anisha A.
date: 2017-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-333432-dq2t1bbd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333432-dq2t1bbd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128043011000151
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804301-1.00015-1
summary:
  Nanosensors based on quantum dots for heavy metal and organophosphate pesticides detection, and nanocomposites as indicators for shelf life of fish/meat products, have served as important tools for food quality and safety assessment. Nanocomposite-based biosensors provide new solutions to tackle critical analytical evaluation and detection problems of contaminants and achieving quality and safety in the food industry. The chapter describes specific demands of nanocomposite-based nanosensors in addressing crucial segments related to food safety and quality, such as determining contamination, pesticide residues, antibiotics, shelf life and organoleptic assessment at point of care. Rapid, nondestructive detection of foodborne pathogens, pesticide residues and allergens with high analytical sensitivity are the major needs of the food industry (Murugaboopathi et al., 2013) . The nanocomposite-based nanosensors thus permit visual identification of pathogens at point-of-care without significant lag time, and serve as a simple technique for consumers to know the quality and safety of food products.

abstract:
  Abstract Nanosensors have wide applications in the food industry. Nanosensors based on quantum dots for heavy metal and organophosphate pesticides detection, and nanocomposites as indicators for shelf life of fish/meat products, have served as important tools for food quality and safety assessment. Luminescent labels consisting of NPs conjugated to aptamers have been popular for rapid detection of infectious and foodborne pathogens. Various detection technologies, including microelectromechanical systems for gas analytes, microarrays for genetically modified foods, and label-free nanosensors using nanowires, microcantilevers, and resonators are being applied extensively in the food industry. An interesting aspect of nanosensors has also been in the development of the electronic nose and electronic tongue for assessing organoleptic qualities, such as, odor and taste of food products. Real-time monitoring of food products for rapid screening, counterfeiting, and tracking has boosted ingenious, intelligent, and innovative packaging of food products. This chapter will give an overview of the contribution of nanotechnology-based biosensors in the food industry, ongoing research, technology advancements, regulatory guidelines, future challenges, and industrial outlook.


id: cord-333488-l5r1hl8x
title: COVID-19 pandemic changes the food consumption patterns
author: Eftimov, Tome
date: 2020-09-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.017
doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.017
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic affects all aspects of human life including their food consumption. The changes in the food production and supply processes introduce changes to the global dietary patterns. SCOPE AND APPROACH: To study the COVID-19 impact on food consumption process, we have analyzed two data sets that consist of food preparation recipes published before (69,444) and during the quarantine (10,009) period. Since working with large data sets is a time-consuming task, we have applied a recently proposed artificial intelligence approach called DietHub. The approach uses the recipe preparation description (i.e. text) and automatically provides a list of main ingredients annotated using the Hansard semantic tags. After extracting the semantic tags of the ingredients for every recipe, we have compared the food consumption patterns between the two data sets by comparing the relative frequency of the ingredients that compose the recipes. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Using the AI methodology, the changes in the food consumption patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic are obvious. The highest positive difference in the food consumption can be found in foods such as “Pulses/ plants producing pulses”, “Pancake/Tortilla/Outcake”, and “Soup/pottage”, which increase by 300%, 280%, and 100%, respectively. Conversely, the largest decrease in consumption can be food for food such as “Order Perciformes (type of fish)”, “Corn/cereals/grain”, and “Wine-making”, with a reduction of 50%, 40%, and 30%, respectively. This kind of analysis is valuable in times of crisis and emergencies, which is a very good example of the scientific support that regulators require in order to take quick and appropriate response.


id: cord-337659-x4oywbrj
title: Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world
author: Wilson, Brenda A.
date: 2008-07-31
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313416/
doi: 10.1002/cplx.20246
abstract:
  Biosecurity is emerging as a major global health priority for which innovative and unprecedented solutions are needed. Biosecurity is a challenging biocomplexity problem involving multifaceted processes such as interactions between humans and nonhuman biota, anthropogenic environmental and ecological factors, and socioeconomic and political pressures. Key to an effective biosecurity strategy will be fundamental understanding of evolutionary, anthropogenic and environmental driving forces at play in transmission and perpetuation of infectious diseases. Biosecurity solutions will depend on increased support of basic biomedical research and public education, enhanced healthcare preparedness, alternative strategies for ensuringsafety, and improved interagency cooperation regarding global health policy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008.


id: cord-338485-4zqeq1se
title: The next protein transition()
author: Aiking, Harry
date: 2018-07-27
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224418301213
doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.008
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals requires a relatively rapid transition towards a circular economy. Therefore, a multidisciplinary perspective is required to sketch why a transition from diets based primarily on animal proteins towards diets based primarily on plant proteins products is extremely urgent for both food security and sustainability. SCOPE AND APPROACH: This review starts out by identifying ecological, economic and social aspects of sustainable food consumption. Subsequently, it is argued how protein supply is underlying and linking the top-3 of anthropogenic impacts based on the planetary boundaries concept, i.e. 1) biodiversity loss, 2) nitrogen cycle acceleration, and 3) carbon cycle acceleration (resulting in climate change). These environmental impacts associated with current Western food consumption need to be reduced urgently. In order to address the inefficiencies inherent to current dietary patterns, therefore, a ranked list of more sustainable options is proposed, based on their order of magnitude. Addressing consumers, industry, and governmental stakeholders plus cultural aspects, challenges and options are sketched. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Clearly, a dietary transition from primarily animal towards plant protein products is required. Fortunately, new dietary guidelines are increasingly taking sustainability into account and the contours of a diet transition are slowly emerging.


id: cord-340497-8l3gw6sk
author: Avgoustaki, Dafni Despoina
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-340497-8l3gw6sk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340497-8l3gw6sk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2452263520300021
doi: 10.1016/bs.af2s.2020.08.002
summary:
  This way, inside the greenhouses, farmers can develop and maintain the desired microclimate and create a more predictable environment that enhances the final plant yield, achieving higher quality and reduced water consumption compared to open field crops. Greenhouses is a type of farming that can provide the option to connect with renewable energy resources in order to increase the sustainability of such systems and the energy efficiency of the various treatments that are necessary for mass food production (Manos and Xydis, 2019) . Indoor vertical farming is an innovative type of closed plant production system that provides the opportunity of a controlled-environment agriculture, which can be controlled according to the crop regardless of the weather conditions. In addition to the hydroponic systems that recirculate the nutrient solution and benefit greenhouse cultivations, vertical farms use systems that condense and collect the water that is transpired by plants at the cooling panel of the air conditioners and continuously recycle and reuse it for irrigation.

title:
  How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety?

abstract:
  Food safety is an important scientific field, but at the same time a discussion topic of modern society that occupies more and more space of our every day time, dealing with the preparation of food, with its nutritious value, and various transportation and storage ways aiming at preventing food-related sickness. This work compares traditional farming with greenhouses and indoor vertical farming focusing on the challenges and the opportunities for each category. The scope of this work was to stress the role of indoor vertical farming towards this direction. Indoor vertical farms can produce high quality and virus-free products that can be locally distributed, inside the urban environment that such investments take place, saving annually millions of tons CO2 emissions. Beyond that, in this work it was pointed out how energy plays a role in food safety in such systems. It was stressed that indoor vertical farms can act as a demand response aggregator. In large scale units it could play a role to adjust their production according to different electricity prices offered in different time zones throughout the day. This way, the owners under a multi-value business model will create the opportunity to the vertical farm owners not only to improve their production but at the same time absorb inexpensive electricity offered, by creating an additional profit mechanism (multiple revenue streams) under such an approach by entering into contracts with companies in a utility electric region.


id: cord-342463-rc4epbnn
title: Environmental impact of express food delivery in China: the role of personal consumption choice
author: Xie, Jingyi
date: 2020-08-27
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00961-1
doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00961-1
abstract:
  The online food ordering business in China is developing rapidly in recent years with considerable environmental impacts. However, the impacts caused by the express food delivery and the differences between the regions with different economic levels have seldom been quantified. Changing personal consumption behavior might help to reduce such impacts. But to what extent personal consumption changing could alter the environmental impacts caused by express food delivery remained uncertain. Thus, we have conducted a quantitative study based on the data collected from a 45-persons survey to determine the environmental impacts caused by the express food delivery in the different regions of China. Additionally, the reducible environmental impacts were estimated by establishing a scenario of personal consumption behavior changing. The results showed that each express food delivery order would generate 111.80 g CO(2) emission equivalent on average. Most (86%) of the CO(2) equivalent of the express food delivery came from the food packages. Compared to the orders in the second-class and third-class cities, the orders in the first-class cities had a significantly higher CO(2) equivalent due to the greater use of food packages. The results also demonstrated that by walking to take the food in the restaurants nearby (< 1 km), 68% of the CO(2) equivalent derived from the express food delivery could be reduced. People’s willingness to change consumption behavior plays an important role to achieve the environmental impact reduction.


id: cord-342755-4jx0h0y5
title: A COVID-19 opportunity: Applying a systems approach to food security and noncommunicable diseases
author: Murphy, Madhuvanti M.
date: 2020-08-14
txt: ./txt/cord-342755-4jx0h0y5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342755-4jx0h0y5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32818033/
doi: 10.26633/rpsp.2020.84
abstract: nan
summary:
  Food security in the context on COVID-19 was high on the agenda at the Ninth Special Emergency Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM on April 15, 2020, focusing on a regional approach instead of individual country approaches (4, 5) . In January 2019, the Lancet Commission report on "The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change" made explicit the need to not only coordinate policies, but target them in such a way that they create lasting systemic change across goals for sustainable develop, health, and climate change (7). One ongoing project in the CARICOM, the "Improving Household Nutrition Security and Public Health in the CAR-ICOM" has taken a systems approach to examine the drivers of unhealthy eating in the context of low agricultural production and food importation (8) .


id: cord-342972-bjv8biop
title: COVID-19, Food Insecurity, and Migration
author: Smith, Michael D
date: 2020-08-25
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32840610/
doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa270
abstract:
  In this policy piece, we investigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–food-insecurity migration channel and develop a policy agenda. The interaction between COVID-19 and the drop in economic activity will lead to increased food insecurity within and across countries. Higher food insecurity may act as a multiplier for the epidemic due to its negative health effects and increased migration. Research has shown that food insecurity affects within-country and cross-border migration. Besides the mean prevalence rate, the distribution of food insecurity affects the migration decision. The impacts of COVID-19 are particularly strong for people in the lower tail of the food-insecurity distribution. In the current context, the effect of food insecurity therefore could be increased migration, including both rural–urban migration and international migration. Importantly, the crisis might lead to a structural break in migration patterns. People might avoid heavily affected COVID-19 destination countries (e.g., United States, Italy, or Spain) and move to other countries. Due to the persistent nature of migration flows, this could have long-lasting effects.


id: cord-344948-cve3mqd8
title: COVID-19 impacts on agriculture and food systems in Nepal: Implications for SDGs
author: Adhikari, Jagannath
date: 2020-11-07
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X20308519?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102990
abstract:
  The objective of this study was to understand the impacts of COVID-19 crisis in agriculture and food systems in Nepal and assess the effectiveness of measures to deal with this crisis. The study draws policy implications, especially for farming systems resilience and the achievement of SDGs 1 and 2. The findings are based on (i) three panel discussions over six months with policy makers and experts working at grassroots to understand and manage the crisis, (ii) key informants' interviews, and (iii) an extensive literature review. Results revealed that the lockdown and transport restrictions have had severe consequences, raising questions on the achievement of SDGs 1 and 2, especially in the already vulnerable regions dependent on food-aid. This crisis has also exposed the strengths and limitations of both subsistence and commercial farming systems in terms of resiliency, offering important lessons for policy makers. Traditional subsistence farming appears to be somewhat resilient, with a potential to contribute to key pillars of food security, especially access and stability, though with limited contributions to food availability because of low productivity. On the other hand, commercial farming - limited to the periphery of market centres, cities, and emerging towns and in the accessible areas - was more impacted due to the lack of resilient supply networks to reach even the local market. Lower resiliency of commercial farming was also evident because of its growing dependence on inputs (mainly seeds and fertilizer) on distant markets located in foreign countries. The observation of crisis over eight months unleashed by the pandemic clearly revealed that wage labourers, indigenous people, and women from marginalized groups and regions already vulnerable in food security and malnutrition suffered more due to COVID-19 as they lost both external support and the coping mechanisms. The findings have implications for policies to improve both subsistence and commercial farming systems – in particular the former by improving the productivity through quality inputs and by diversifying, promoting and protecting the indigenous food system, while the latter through sustainable intensification by building reliant supply network linking farming with markets and guarantying the supply of inputs.


id: cord-345264-a6cepu5h
author: Lorenzo, Jose M.
date: 2017-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-345264-a6cepu5h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345264-a6cepu5h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128110317000030
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811031-7.00003-0
summary:
  This chapter focuses on general aspects, characteristics, and importance of main microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, molds, virus, and parasites) involved in food spoilage or contamination: known and recently discovered species; defects and alterations in foodstuff; most common food associated with each foodborne disease; resistance to thermal processing; occurrence in different countries; outbreaks; and associated symptoms. The butyric anaerobes, as these three Clostridium species causing spoilage in low-acid canned foods, are usually associated with spoilage of products with pH values between 3.9 and 4.5 producing blown cans and a butyric odor (Hersom & Hulland, 1980) . Diarrheal disease is often associated with protein rich foods (meat, vegetables, puddings, and milk products) and is thought to be caused by vegetative cells (ingested as viable cells or spores) that produce enterotoxins in the small intestine (Abee et al., 2011) .

title:
  Main Groups of Microorganisms of Relevance for Food Safety and Stability: General Aspects and Overall Description

abstract:
  Microbiology is important to food safety, production, processing, preservation, and storage. Microbes such as bacteria, molds, and yeasts are employed for the foods production and food ingredients such as production of wine, beer, bakery, and dairy products. On the other hand, the growth and contamination of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms is considered as one of the main causes to loss of foodstuff nowadays. Although technology, hygienic strategies, and traceability are important factors to prevent and delay microbial growth and contamination, food remains susceptible to spoilage and activity of pathogen microorganisms. Food loss by either spoilage or contaminated food affects food industry and consumers leading to economic losses and increased hospitalization costs. This chapter focuses on general aspects, characteristics, and importance of main microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, molds, virus, and parasites) involved in food spoilage or contamination: known and recently discovered species; defects and alterations in foodstuff; most common food associated with each foodborne disease; resistance to thermal processing; occurrence in different countries; outbreaks; and associated symptoms.


id: cord-345681-sj0ypr2c
title: Food System Workers are the Unexpected but Under Protected COVID Heroes
author: Parks, Courtney A
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-345681-sj0ypr2c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345681-sj0ypr2c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32584977/
doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa173
summary:
  Health care practitioners have surfaced as front-line workers addressing the urgent needs of the COVID-19 pandemic, and there remains much ground to gain in terms of providing adequate support and protection for these groups (5) . Some of these stimulus funds are appropriated to various industries and individuals with ∼$23.5 billion to assist farmers, most of which is designated for soy and corn producers (e.g., commodity crops), leaving out producers of "specialty crops" which include FVs. These measures may widen the nutrition gap in the USA, further deteriorating a limited food system to support healthy eating. As Congress considers additional COVID stimulus packages, appropriate workplace health and safety measures must be considered to better protect and support front-line food system workers; otherwise, there most likely will be longlasting, adverse effects on our food system and nation''s health.

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an occupational health risk to food system workers including farmers/producers, grocery store workers, emergency food system staff and volunteers (e.g., food pantry workers), and others. These food system workers have been pushed to the front-line of this pandemic, providing essential services that support food consumption for all Americans. Food system workers are some of the most economically vulnerable populations and are at risk of further financial disparities and contraction of COVID-19 during this pandemic. As we continue to grapple with the best strategies to support the food system and mitigate concerns around the spread of COVID-19, appropriate measures must be considered to better protect and support front-line food system workers that safeguard food access for all Americans.


id: cord-346098-gj10adoq
author: Oh, Ga-Eun (Grace)
date: 2020-07-16
txt: ./txt/cord-346098-gj10adoq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346098-gj10adoq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102614
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102614
summary:
  The findings suggest that, despite increasing concern for healthy eating, restrained consumers ironically show a preference for unhealthy food options when anticipating a dessert consumption opportunity. In the present study, to test our predictions for the interactive effect of indulgence anticipation and dietary restraint on healthy food preference, we focus on behavioral response measured by preference for or choice of healthy food for immediate consumption in restaurant settings. In the context of sequential consumption decisions (e.g., ordering a dessert after an entrée has been served and consumed in a restaurant) (Her and Seo, 2017) , prior research has shown that, despite restrained eaters'' concerns for weight control, when encountering challenges to dietary goals, they tend to forgo restraint goals and willingly consume indulgent food. Study 1 aims to test the different effects of anticipating future indulgence on the preference for healthy and unhealthy options among restrained versus unrestrained eaters (H1a; H1b).

title:
  When dessert comes close: The effects of anticipating indulgent consumption and dietary restraint on healthy food preference at restaurants

abstract:
  When dining in restaurants, diners often anticipate indulgent consumption, such as enjoying a dessert. This study examined the effects of anticipating such indulgence on preferences for healthy food among restrained and unrestrained eaters. Two experiments revealed that anticipating indulgent consumption reduced restrained eaters’ preference for the immediate consumption of healthy food. Conversely, unrestrained eaters’ expectation of indulgent consumption increased or did not change their preference for a healthy option. The interactive effect of indulgence anticipation and dietary restraint on healthy food preference held regardless of availability of nutrition information. The findings suggest that, despite increasing concern for healthy eating, restrained consumers ironically show a preference for unhealthy food options when anticipating a dessert consumption opportunity. The present study provides theoretical implications for consumption anticipation, sequential consumption, and dietary restraint, and practical implications for restaurateurs as well as for consumers, health professionals, and policymakers regarding healthy eating.


id: cord-346920-3wvo7fs3
title: The role of reducing food waste for resilient food systems
author: Bajželj, Bojana
date: 2020-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-346920-3wvo7fs3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346920-3wvo7fs3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2212041620300826
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101140
summary:
  The concept of redundancy for example, which is considered as one of key principles of resilience (Biggs et al., 2012; Tendall et al., 2015) , can in some manifestations be in conflict with increasing efficiency, including reductions of waste, which are key strategies to achieve food sustainability (Godfray and Garnett, 2014; Bajželj et al., 2014) . Interventions targeted at household waste have the highest potential when it comes to freeing-up resources and reducing food waste related GHG emissions, and therefore, long-term resilience through stability, for two reasons: in high and middle-income settings, the volume of waste is the largest at the consumption stage, and secondly, this food has accumulated more impact as it processed through the supply chain (for example, it has been transported, stored, perhaps processed and pre-prepared).

abstract:
  Food waste undermines long-term resilience of the global food system by aggravating ecosystem damage. The global community must therefore work to reduce the amount of food that gets wasted. However, we should be mindful of some potential conflicts between food waste reduction and food system resilience. Over-production and over-supply are a contributing cause of waste, yet they also provide resilience in the form of redundancy. In this paper, we examine individual interventions designed to minimise food waste by scoring their impact on different aspects of resilience. We find that there are strong synergistic elements and interventions that support short- and long-term resilience, such as improved storage, which reduces the need to provide a constant flow of ‘surplus food’ and replaces it with a stock of ‘spare’ food. Some interventions carry a risk of trade-offs due to possible losses of redundancy, and investment lock-in that may reduce the ability of farmers to adapt by changing what and where they farm. Trade-offs do not mean that those interventions should not be pursuit, but they should be recognised so that can be adequately addressed with complimentary actions. This review underlines the necessity of food-systems thinking and joined-up policy.


id: cord-347884-zpzncgiv
title: Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Galimberti, Andrea
date: 2020-10-08
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.569542
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.569542
abstract:
  The ongoing pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is literally changing the world. From December 2019 to date, more than 22 million cases have been reported worldwide and global health institutions are acting to slow down the virus transmission and are looking for possible prevention strategies in case of a new outbreak. As in other endemic or pandemic phenomena, the issues mostly covered by scientific and media attention are related to the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of COVID-19. However, a still neglected issue regards the adoption of a more systemic approach considering the close connection among the infection, the environment, and human behaviors, including the role of diet and urban management. To shed light on this issue, we brought together a faculty group involving experts in environment and biodiversity, food safety, human nutrition, and behavior, bioprospecting, as well as medical doctors having a deep knowledge of the complex historical relationship between humanity and vector-borne infections. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Definitely, some priority issues should be addressed to achieve these goals, such as global efforts to increase food safety and security, which would benefit from urban and peri-urban agriculture enhancement, smallholder food producers support, and ecosystem services and local biodiversity maintenance.


id: cord-348608-6pp2spjw
title: Food Insecurity during COVID‐19
author: Gundersen, Craig
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-348608-6pp2spjw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348608-6pp2spjw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13100
doi: 10.1002/aepp.13100
summary:
  On an annual basis, MMG provides county-and congressional district-level estimates of food insecurity for both the full-population and for children and, upon request, sub-county-level results at, for example, the zip-code level. Of course, COVID-19 has changed all of this and, given the sharp projected increases in unemployment (and, hence, food insecurity) the levels of food insecurity across the United States are likely to be far higher in 2020 than in 2018. In this article, after describing the methods underpinning MMG, we detail the approach Feeding America has used to make projections about the geography of food insecurity in 2020 and how this may differ from 2018. The above methods allow us to establish a base measure of food insecurity for all counties for the full population and for children. For the full population (Table 1) , we display, first, the 15 counties with the highest rates of food insecurity in the base case and due to our projections.

abstract:
  For a decade, Feeding America's Map the Meal Gap (MMG) has provided sub‐state‐level estimates of food insecurity for both the full‐population and for children. Along with being extensively used by food banks, it is widely used by state‐ and local‐governments to help plan responses to food insecurity in their communities. In this paper, we describe the methods underpinning MMG, detail the approach Feeding America has used to make projections about the geography of food insecurity in 2020, and how food insecurity rates may have changed due to COVID‐19 since 2018. We project an increase of 17 million Americans who are food insecure in 2020 but this aggregate increase masks substantial geographic variation found in MMG.


id: cord-350164-dzma5ye7
author: Rippin, Holly L.
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-350164-dzma5ye7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350164-dzma5ye7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01079-y
doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01079-y
summary:
  These opportunities and threats are focused around four key areas: NCDs and health systems; dietary behaviour; food insecurity and vulnerable groups; and food supply mechanisms. Now with the pandemic, the challenges to food systems in the WHO European Region have been exacerbated, demanding from all levels of government swift adaptations to manage healthiness, availability, accessibility and affordability of food. Cities and governments in the Region should capitalize on this unique opportunity to ''build back better'' and make bold and lasting changes to the food system and consequently to the health and wellbeing of people and sustainability of the planet. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with the public health outcomes of widespread lockdown measures, create a perfect storm for NCD risk factors including obesity and poor diet, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption and tobacco use. The current pandemic poses significant challenges to food systems in the WHO European Region, demanding from all levels of government, particularly cities, swift adaptations to manage the healthiness, availability, accessibility and affordability of food.

title:
  Disrupted food systems in the WHO European region – a threat or opportunity for healthy and sustainable food and nutrition?

abstract:
  Dietary health and sustainability are inextricably linked. Food systems that are not sustainable often fail to provide the amount or types of food needed to ensure population health. The ongoing pandemic threatens to exacerbate malnutrition, and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This paper discusses threats and opportunities for food environments and health status across the WHO European Region in the current context . These opportunities and threats are focused around four key areas: NCDs and health systems; dietary behaviour; food insecurity and vulnerable groups; and food supply mechanisms. Food systems were already under great stress. Now with the pandemic, the challenges to food systems in the WHO European Region have been exacerbated, demanding from all levels of government swift adaptations to manage healthiness, availability, accessibility and affordability of food. Cities and governments in the Region should capitalize on this unique opportunity to ‘build back better’ and make bold and lasting changes to the food system and consequently to the health and wellbeing of people and sustainability of the planet.


id: cord-351652-y8p3iznq
author: Keogh, John G.
date: 2020-07-10
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128189566000075
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818956-6.00007-5
title:
  Data and food supply chain: Blockchain and GS1 standards in the food chain: a review of the possibilities and challenges

abstract:
  This chapter examines the integration of GS1 standards with the functional components of Blockchain technology as an approach to realize a coherent standardized framework of industry-based tools for successful food supply chain transformation. The vulnerability of food supply chains is explored through traceability technologies and standards with particular attention paid to interoperability.


id: cord-351719-xqmir1ca
title: Food Safety During and After the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Olaimat, Amin N.
date: 2020-08-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32849446/
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01854
abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a clinical syndrome caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020 due to its rapid and extensive spread among many countries through its very contagious nature and its high mortality among the elderly and infirm. Recently, data on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 on contact surfaces has been reported, but there is none on the survival of COVID-19 on food surfaces and packages. The potential survival and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on/via food and packages are discussed based on data available for other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. However, studies are needed to explore its transmission via food and survival on food packaging materials. The implementation of food safety management systems such as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) are important to reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. Cleaning, sanitation, good hygienic practices, and active packaging are also needed from farm to fork.


id: cord-351778-6ez6lif5
author: Caron, Patrick
date: 2020-05-11
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10065-1
doi: 10.1007/s10460-020-10065-1
abstract: nan
title:
  From crisis to utopia: crafting new public–private articulation at territorial level to design sustainable food systems


id: cord-351785-d35kqobp
author: DeWitt, Emily
date: 2020-08-19
txt: ./txt/cord-351785-d35kqobp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351785-d35kqobp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176037
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176037
summary:
  Various social and environmental factors contribute to inadequate food access and availability in rural areas, influencing dietary intakes and food insecurity rates. This study aims to identify patterns related to food insecurity and fruit and vegetable consumption within a SNAP-eligible and low-income, highly obese rural Appalachian community. This study aims to identify patterns related to FV consumption and food access within a SNAP-eligible and low-income, highly obese rural Appalachian county in Kentucky. These findings will serve as a baseline to provide context for addressing food insecurity in a remote rural region of the U.S. Baseline findings will guide points of intercept, design future programming to explore the impact rurality has on obesity status, and address the barriers related to accessing nutritious foods within this community and those similar. Although SNAP participation provides an avenue to food security, it is clear that when compounded by additional factors, such as the economic disparities this rural Appalachian community experiences, it does not equate to consistent nutritional nourishment for these areas.

title:
  Rural SNAP Participants and Food Insecurity: How Can Communities Leverage Resources to Meet the Growing Food Insecurity Status of Rural and Low-Income Residents?

abstract:
  The burden of obesity disproportionately influences poor health outcomes in rural communities in the United States. Various social and environmental factors contribute to inadequate food access and availability in rural areas, influencing dietary intakes and food insecurity rates. This study aims to identify patterns related to food insecurity and fruit and vegetable consumption within a SNAP-eligible and low-income, highly obese rural Appalachian community. A prospective cohort was implemented to identify gaps in resources addressing obesity and food insecurity challenges. SAS 9.4 software was used to examine differences in dietary intakes and shopping practices among SNAP participants. Among participants (n = 152), most reported an annual household income less than USD 20,000 (n = 90, 60.4%), 29.1% reported food insecurity, and 39.5% reported receiving SNAP benefits within the last month. The overall mean FV intake was 3.46 daily servings (95% CI: 3.06–3.91) among all participants. SNAP participation was associated with food insecurity (p = 0.007) and those participating in SNAP were two times more likely to report being food insecure (OR = 2.707, 95% CI: 1.317, 5.563), relative to non-participants. These findings further depict the need for intervention, as the burden of food insecurity persists. Tailoring health-promoting initiatives to consider rurality and SNAP participation is vital for sustainable success among these populations.


id: cord-352501-5c78kq0w
author: Lin, Paohui
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-352501-5c78kq0w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-352501-5c78kq0w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176328
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176328
summary:
  Governments have taken measures to manage issues, and many previous studies have also explored these mechanisms, including governmental policies and regulations on organic farming [1] , the impact of foodborne poisoning caused by food contamination [2] , a novel coronavirus caused by microbial contaminants in game meat [3] , concerning the risk of animal diseases such as avian flu, swine flu, mad cow virus [4, 5] , safety assessment of meat products [6] , and food inspection standards, such as instrumental detection methods based on the nuclear magnet resonance [7] or low field nuclear magnetic resonance [8] to assess the adulteration of oils and fats. Study the expectations versus the actual perceived disparities at the consumer''s level and unravelling human perceptions in the context of food safety is important as both might affect the validity of the evaluation stage.

title:
  Food Safety Gaps between Consumers’ Expectations and Perceptions: Development and Verification of a Gap-Assessment Tool

abstract:
  In recent decades, food safety has become a major concern due to frequent food safety incidents in many countries. This may lead to increased health risks associated with low quality food consumption, thereby reducing consumer trust in food safety. A better understanding of consumer perceptions of food safety can improve indicators that do not meet consumer expectations. We propose a food safety gap model with four gap-construct based on consumer expectations and perceptions. The model was empirically tested through a survey of 25 items, and then assessed for gaps through the importance–performance analysis (IPA). From a sample of 697 Taiwanese consumers, we found a huge gap between consumer expectations and perceptions related to food safety. More importantly, the results of the IPA indicate that most items must be immediately improved, which is vital in order to mitigate the risk of food safety.


id: cord-352538-cb3j2y1s
title: COVID-19 and Pacific food system resilience: opportunities to build a robust response
author: Farrell, Penny
date: 2020-07-20
txt: ./txt/cord-352538-cb3j2y1s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-352538-cb3j2y1s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837656/
doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01087-y
summary:
  Bolstering regional production and intraregional trade in a currently import-dependent region could strengthen the regional economy, and provide the health benefits of consuming locally produced and harvested fresh foods – as well as decreasing reliance on global supply chains. Population data sourced from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020b) Table 1 Summary of key potential food system impacts in the Pacific region Global analysis of potential COVID-19 related impacts on food systems Pacific-specific food system context Potential food system, food security and nutrition impacts in Pacific Production Access to inputs may be limited by restrictions on travel, reducing agricultural production, yields and income; access to services may be reduced (e.g. veterinary, extension services). Domestically produced food supply to urban centres reduced (e.g. root crops, fruit, vegetables); potential reductions in distribution of imported food to rural areas; likely differential impacts for producers (e.g. based on geographical location, own transport); home gardening won''t be affected.

abstract:
  The unfolding COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of the Pacific food system to externalities and has had far-reaching impacts, despite the small number of COVID-19 cases recorded thus far. Measures adopted to mitigate risk from the pandemic have had severe impacts on tourism, remittances, and international trade, among other aspects of the political economy of the region, and are thus impacting on food systems, food security and livelihoods. Of particular concern will be the interplay between loss of incomes and the availability and affordability of local and imported foods. In this paper, we examine some of the key pathways of impact on food systems, and identify opportunities to strengthen Pacific food systems during these challenging times. The great diversity among Pacific Island Countries and Territories in their economies, societies, and agricultural potential will be an important guide to planning interventions and developing scenarios of alternative futures. Bolstering regional production and intraregional trade in a currently import-dependent region could strengthen the regional economy, and provide the health benefits of consuming locally produced and harvested fresh foods – as well as decreasing reliance on global supply chains. However, significant production, processing, and storage challenges remain and would need to be consistently overcome to influence a move away from shelf-stable foods, particularly during periods when human movement is restricted and during post-disaster recovery. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12571-020-01087-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-353120-ud79az3s
title: Disease control in a food chain model supplying alternative food
author: Sahoo, Banshidhar
date: 2013-04-15
txt: ./txt/cord-353120-ud79az3s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353120-ud79az3s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0307904X12007330
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2012.11.017
summary:
  We have analysed the dynamics of this model through bifurcation analysis with respect to the rate of infection and quantity of alternative food in Section 5. The bifurcation diagram of the system (2) with respect to infection rate of prey in the range 0 6 c 6 1:34 in absence of alternative food (i.e., a ¼ 0; n ¼ 0) to predator is presented in Fig. 1. It is clear from Fig. 5 (b) that disease free state can be reached for higher infection rate (c > 0:76) supplying high quality of alternative food. Quantity of alternative food supply increases with the increase of infection rate for fixed quality to obtain a disease free system. As a result, the growth rate of predator species will increase with the supply of high quality or high quantity of alternative food and it captures the infected prey population at faster rate than susceptible prey.

abstract:
  Necessity to find a non-chemical method of disease control is being increasingly felt due to its eco-friendly nature. In this paper the role of alternative food as a disease controller in a disease induced predator–prey system is studied. Stability criteria and the persistence conditions for the system are derived. Bifurcation analysis is done with respect to rate of infection. The main goal of this study is to show the non-trivial consequences of providing alternative food in a disease induced predator–prey system. Numerical simulation results illustrate that there exists a critical infection rate above which disease free system cannot be reached in absence of alternative food whereas supply of suitable alternative food makes the system disease free up to certain infection level. We have computed the disease free regions in various parametric planes. This study is aimed to introduce a new non-chemical method for controlling disease in a predator–prey system.


id: cord-355055-7m8on8ct
author: Xie, Xiaoru
date: 2020-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-355055-7m8on8ct.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355055-7m8on8ct.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32366016/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093148
summary:
  title: Generational Differences in Perceptions of Food Health/Risk and Attitudes toward Organic Food and Game Meat: The Case of the COVID-19 Crisis in China More specifically, by using the data collected from 1008 respondents in January 2020, the time when China was hit hard by the "Corona Virus Disease 2019" (COVID-19), this study investigates the overall and different generational respondents'' health/risk perceptions of and attitudes toward organic food and game meat. The results reveal that, firstly, based on their food health and risk perceptions of healthy and risky food, the respondents'' general attitudes are positive toward organic food but relatively negative toward game meat. It provides an empirical survey to investigate the overall and different generational respondents'' health/risk perceptions and attitudes toward organic food and game meat during the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis in China, utilizing data collected from 1008 respondents in January 2020, when the crisis hit the whole society.

title:
  Generational Differences in Perceptions of Food Health/Risk and Attitudes toward Organic Food and Game Meat: The Case of the COVID-19 Crisis in China

abstract:
  In December 2019, a novel laboratory-confirmed coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection, which has caused clusters of severe illnesses, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China. This foodborne illness, which reportedly most likely originated in a seafood market where wild animals are sold illegally, has transmitted among humans through close contact, across the world. The aim of this study is to explore health/risk perceptions of and attitudes toward healthy/risky food in the immediate context of food crisis. More specifically, by using the data collected from 1008 respondents in January 2020, the time when China was hit hard by the “Corona Virus Disease 2019” (COVID-19), this study investigates the overall and different generational respondents’ health/risk perceptions of and attitudes toward organic food and game meat. The results reveal that, firstly, based on their food health and risk perceptions of healthy and risky food, the respondents’ general attitudes are positive toward organic food but relatively negative toward game meat. Secondly, older generations have a more positive attitude and are more committed to organic food. Younger generations’ attitude toward game meat is more negative whereas older generations attach more importance to it because of its nutritional and medicinal values. In addition, this research also indicates that the COVID-19 crisis influences the respondents’ perceptions of and attitudes toward organic food and game meat consumption. However, the likelihood of its impact on older generations’ future change in diets is smaller, which implies that older generations’ food beliefs are more stable.


id: cord-355713-zupocnuf
title: Changing Grocery Shopping Behaviours Among Chinese Consumers At The Outset Of The COVID‐19 Outbreak
author: Li, Junxiong
date: 2020-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-355713-zupocnuf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355713-zupocnuf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836486/
doi: 10.1111/tesg.12420
summary:
  Indeed, earlier research has shown that major pandemics, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 or the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2015, can have major impacts on supply chains (Cavinato 2004; Oke & Gopalakrishnan 2009 ) and consumer behaviour in retail with a specific focus on online food shopping even if most of this research has been carried out primarily from a hospitality (Alan et al. 2007; Hansen 2008) , the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was adopted for this study to analyse planned changes in consumers'' food shopping behaviour during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, in line with research published recently on the impacts of this pandemic on food supply chains, where authors speculated with major potential changes to consumer behaviour in grocery retailing in Canada and elsewhere (Richards & Rickard 2020) .

abstract:
  This study focuses on the embryonic stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic in China, where most people affected opted to abide by the Chinese government’s national self‐quarantine campaign. This resulted in major disruptions to one of the most common market processes in retail: food retailing. The research adopts the theory of planned behaviour to provide early empirical insights into changes in consumer behaviour related to food purchases during the initial stages of the COVID‐19 outbreak in China. Data from the online survey carried out suggest that the outbreak triggered considerable levels of switching behaviours among customers, with farmers’ markets losing most of their customers, while local small independent retailers experienced the highest levels of resilience in terms of customer retention. This study suggests avenues for further scholarly research and policy making related to the impact this behaviour may be having around the world on society’s more vulnerable groups, particularly the elderly.


id: cord-356304-lepsuyns
title: Building Resilient Food Systems in Africa
author: Braimoh, Ademola
date: 2020-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-356304-lepsuyns.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-356304-lepsuyns.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332220304231
doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.014
summary:
  Policy response should focus on investing in agricultural public goods, scaling up digital solutions, and developing innovative finance mechanisms to enhance resilience. African governments need to strengthen enabling environment through improved policies and investments in agricultural public goods, scale up digital solutions for agriculture, and develop innovative financing schemes through public-private partnerships. From videobased agricultural advice to the Internet of Things-enabled climate-smart irrigation tools to agroweather advisories that provide personally relevant information on weather and impending disasters and help farmers capitalize on changing conditions, digital solutions could be a game-changer in boosting agricultural productivity and resilience in a sustainable way in Africa. African governments need to improve the enabling environment for the food system to thrive by increasing investments in agricultural public goods, supporting smallholders to benefit from digital revolution, and developing innovative financing instruments through public-private partnerships.

abstract:
  Climate change constitutes a significant threat to food security and poverty reduction in Africa, and the food system is severely off target in meeting development goals. Policy response should focus on investing in agricultural public goods, scaling up digital solutions, and developing innovative finance mechanisms to enhance resilience.


