Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 44 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5847 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 FIP 13 cat 8 feline 6 PCR 6 FIPV 5 fip 4 CSF 3 clinical 3 Pedersen 3 CNS 3 AGP 2 sign 2 infection 2 disease 2 RNA 2 ORF 2 IHC 2 IBD 1 zu1 1 virus 1 vaccine 1 type 1 treatment 1 study 1 spinal 1 small 1 sequence 1 sample 1 protein 1 plasma 1 pancreatic 1 mefloquine 1 liver 1 intestinal 1 hypertension 1 group 1 gastrointestinal 1 figure 1 fever 1 fagp 1 dog 1 disclosure 1 diarrhea 1 coronavirus 1 cord 1 cell 1 cause 1 anti 1 Veterinary 1 VEGF Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 5408 cat 1891 % 1563 dog 1422 disease 1396 study 1038 cell 980 virus 962 infection 932 sample 893 peritonitis 815 coronavirus 779 case 716 antibody 681 sign 675 group 667 diagnosis 620 tissue 615 protein 613 p 559 result 550 treatment 511 day 506 blood 504 gene 503 test 496 serum 482 fip 481 time 457 lesion 411 n 403 type 399 macrophage 394 effusion 394 disclosure 381 liver 369 concentration 369 analysis 366 age 354 animal 346 mutation 344 control 326 body 320 finding 312 sequence 308 year 292 level 291 change 279 difference 278 strain 277 detection Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1665 FIP 867 FCoV 748 al 629 et 546 . 458 PCR 356 RT 277 mg 256 • 250 FIPV 233 RNA 173 S 167 FECV 162 Pedersen 158 kg 158 CSF 147 II 142 CK 140 T 134 IHC 131 Fig 131 3c 123 Table 123 C 116 AGP 109 Veterinary 107 CNS 104 FCoVs 100 University 99 M 95 nPCR 90 Kipar 85 SPF 83 L 81 AE 78 IBD 76 Feline 76 FeLV 75 mRNA 74 BCS 73 USA 71 A 67 IL-6 67 Animal 65 TNF 61 ELISA 59 ORF 59 Mutian 58 X 55 MHV Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 635 it 286 we 234 they 175 i 36 them 26 he 14 us 12 itself 10 she 6 themselves 4 you 3 one 2 him 2 her 2 euthanasia 1 Ò 1 mg 1 interleukin-10 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 13792 be 1961 have 1145 use 665 include 548 show 532 report 465 infect 464 occur 463 do 451 find 440 associate 413 increase 381 detect 374 perform 361 compare 290 consider 286 base 279 describe 278 cause 267 follow 263 identify 260 obtain 260 evaluate 260 affect 257 suggest 248 confirm 230 present 230 determine 224 result 220 see 214 require 203 observe 203 diagnose 202 assess 196 develop 185 treat 181 provide 176 induce 175 lead 170 remain 163 indicate 162 test 158 contain 152 make 146 mediate 145 demonstrate 144 measure 140 reduce 138 involve 134 shed Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1960 feline 1460 not 953 infectious 864 clinical 682 high 681 other 649 also 628 - 612 positive 536 most 473 more 467 only 440 however 433 low 375 small 375 different 366 viral 360 healthy 351 specific 348 such 330 present 307 diagnostic 294 non 292 negative 292 common 274 significant 272 well 242 canine 238 often 238 intestinal 233 significantly 231 normal 228 inflammatory 227 large 217 respectively 215 chronic 213 fecal 212 spinal 211 therefore 207 acute 200 further 199 enteric 197 as 196 possible 191 likely 190 important 188 gastrointestinal 184 severe 181 immune 177 less Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169 most 66 Most 57 least 36 high 33 good 17 low 6 large 5 great 2 ≤3 2 small 2 old 2 late 2 easy 2 early 2 close 1 ω 1 young 1 simple 1 short 1 safe 1 postt 1 near 1 long 1 deadly 1 big 1 -t 1 -dfam 1 -Pol Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 367 most 46 least 7 well Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 www.mdpi.com 2 www.vin.com 2 doi.org 1 www.vetcancerregistry.com 1 www.spss.com 1 www.ncss 1 www 1 vetmed.tamu.edu 1 primerexplorer.jp 1 orcid.org 1 faculty.vassar.edu 1 dove.embl-heidelberg.de 1 creat 1 ccah.vetmed Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://www.VIN.com 1 http://www.vetcancerregistry.com 1 http://www.spss.com 1 http://www.ncss 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/8/603/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/10/852/ 1 http://www 1 http://vetmed.tamu.edu/gilab/ 1 http://primerexplorer.jp/e/ 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3703-5026 1 http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/odds2x2.html 1 http://dove.embl-heidelberg.de/blast 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236754 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.03.003 1 http://creat 1 http://ccah.vetmed Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 merbrown@nmsu.edu 1 hohdatsu@vmas.kitasato-u.ac.jp 1 fabrizio.ceciliani@unimi.it Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 cats are more 11 cells were positive 11 fip affected cats 10 cats did not 8 cats do not 8 cats were not 7 fip is not 7 samples were then 6 cats has not 6 fip was not 5 fip is still 5 samples did not 5 studies have not 5 tissues using feline 4 cat was positive 4 cats are often 4 cats were also 4 cats were positive 4 diagnosis was not 4 dogs did not 4 dogs were male 4 groups were not 4 samples were available 4 signs are typically 4 study was therefore 4 test is not 3 % were female 3 % were males 3 antibodies does not 3 cat was healthy 3 cats are less 3 cats is not 3 cats showing clinical 3 cats were clinically 3 cats were male 3 cats were randomly 3 cats were significantly 3 cells do not 3 cells were also 3 dogs had normal 3 dogs were retrospectively 3 fip is difficult 3 fip were not 3 genes were quantitatively 3 groups using chi 3 infections using transmissible 3 samples were first 3 signs are often 3 signs are uncommon 3 study did not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 groups were not significantly 2 groups were not statistically 2 treatment is not useful 1 antibodies are not yet 1 antibodies is not diagnostic 1 antibodies is not useful 1 blood is not specific 1 cases showed no response 1 cat has no weight 1 cat was no longer 1 cats are no longer 1 cats are not well 1 cats do not commonly 1 cats had no access 1 cats had no clinical 1 cats has no protective 1 cats having no history 1 cats is not surprising 1 cats is not well 1 cats showed no difference 1 cats was not significantly 1 cats were not properly 1 cats were not statistically 1 diagnosis was not definitively 1 fcov was not successful 1 fip had no detectable 1 fip has not actually 1 fip is not clear 1 fip is not easy 1 fip is not null 1 fip is not unexpected 1 fip was not clinically 1 fip was not definitively 1 genes was not always 1 groups was not significant 1 groups was not significantly 1 infection is not higher 1 infections are not well 1 protein was not significantly 1 proteins are not immunoglobulins 1 sample does not necessarily 1 sample is not absolute 1 samples did not significantly 1 signs are not as 1 signs does not always 1 studies are not well 1 study is not clear 1 study showed no compelling 1 study were not horizontally 1 test is not high A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-266155-hf3retap author = Addie, Diane D. title = Oral Mutian®X stopped faecal feline coronavirus shedding by naturally infected cats date = 2020-06-30 keywords = FIP; Mutian summary = Although recombinant feline interferon omega (FeIFNω: Virbagen Omega, Virbac, France) was previously shown to reduce FCoV shedding, this is the first report to document an anti-viral that stopped the excretion of FCoV in the faeces of naturally infected cats. Results from five cats from Household E could not be included because the intervals between faecal tests left the possibility that the cats might have spontaneously stopped shedding virus, rather than Mutian X having stopped virus shedding: thus they were excluded from both treatment and control groups (Table 1) . Prior to the observational study we report here, the cattery owner (SC) discovered she could reduce coronavirus shedding in some cats using Mutian X tablets: we worked with her to optimise dose and duration of treatment for stopping virus shedding. Mutian X pills stopped faecal FCoV shedding in 29 naturally infected cats; however, four of the 29 cats required a second course of treatment before virus was eliminated. doi = 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.012 id = cord-331045-i33nr27j author = Addie, Diane D. title = Feline coronavirus – that enigmatic little critter date = 2003-11-13 keywords = FIP summary = For diagnosis, clinicians use a panel of tests including FCoV serology, albumin to globulin ratio, haematology, cytology of effusion and measurement of acute phase proteins, especially a1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Present belief is that for cats to develop FIP, a mutation (more accurately -a deletion) must occur in the viral genome of non-pathogenic FCoVs (so called enteric coronaviruses) which allows the virus to replicate in macrophages (Vennema et al., 1998) . I have followed one cat with FIP over the time of treatment until death and I found that AGP and globulin levels correlated well with response to treatment and improving or worsening clinical signs, whereas repeatedly measuring FCoV antibody titre was unhelpful. Changes in some acute phase protein and immunoglobulin concentrations in cats affected by feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or exposed to feline coronavirus infection doi = 10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00083-2 id = cord-268492-0rbmqarx author = Alberer, Martin title = Cats and kids: how a feline disease may help us unravel COVID-19 associated paediatric hyperinflammatory syndrome date = 2020-09-02 keywords = FIP; SARS summary = The RCPCH and CDC have published a case definition and scientists refer to this novel but still very rare severe clinical condition in children as "paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2" (PIMS-TS). While reflecting on this syndrome and its characteristic features, some interesting similarities come to mind when comparing the clinical course of PIMS-TS cases and the specific features of a disease in cats called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) caused by the feline coronavirus (FCoV), an alphacoronavirus [2] . On this note, it would be of great interest to see whether mutations in the viral genome, particularly in regions affecting the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2, could lead to a change in cell tropism enabling the virus to more effectively infect and replicate within human monocytes/macrophages subsequently leading to the clinical picture of PIMS-TS. doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01515-3 id = cord-324530-tac1unnp author = André, Nicole M title = Distinct mutation in the feline coronavirus spike protein cleavage activation site in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis-associated meningoencephalomyelitis date = 2019-06-26 keywords = CNS; FIP; cat summary = title: Distinct mutation in the feline coronavirus spike protein cleavage activation site in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis-associated meningoencephalomyelitis CASE SUMMARY: This report describes a cat with chronic, progressive, non-painful, non-lateralizing multifocal neurologic clinical signs associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Molecular analysis of the coronavirus spike protein within the tissues identified a specific, functionally relevant amino acid change (R793M), which was only identified in tissues associated with the central nervous system (ie, brain and spinal cord). RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION: This case report describes an early presentation of a cat with primarily neurologic FIP, with molecular characterization of the virus within various tissues. 18 Molecular analysis of the viral spike protein within the tissues identified a specific, functionally relevant amino acid change (R793M), which was only identified in tissues associated with the CNS (ie, brain and spinal cord). This case report describes a young cat with neurologic FIP in which detailed clinical and molecular characterization of the associated FCoV infection was performed. doi = 10.1177/2055116919856103 id = cord-315094-pzixgqcy author = Benetka, Viviane title = Prevalence of feline coronavirus types I and II in cats with histopathologically verified feline infectious peritonitis date = 2004-03-26 keywords = FIP; PCR; type summary = Investigations showed that a high percentage of cats without FIP symptoms from exposed environments were positive for FCoV infection: 39-85% were seropositive, 37-95% viremic and 73-81% excreted virus in their faeces (Addie and Jarrett, 1992b; Sparkes et al., 1992; Herrewegh et al., 1995; Foley et al., 1997a,b; Gunn-Moore et al., 1998) . The recently developed reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, using primers targeted to highly conserved regions of the viral genome (3 -UTR (untranslated region) (Herrewegh et al., 1995; Fehr et al., 1996) , or S-protein gene (Li and Scott, 1994; Gamble et al., 1997) ), which are common to all FCoV strains, became a valuable tool for the detection of FCoV nucleic acid in blood, body cavity effusions, faeces and tissue samples of infected cats. With the retrospective study presented here we investigated the prevalence of the two types of FCoVs in cats with histopathologically verified FIP using nested and seminested RT-PCR assays, with primers targeted as well to the S-protein gene. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.010 id = cord-021452-9rukc80y author = Bergman, Robert L. title = Miscellaneous Spinal Cord Diseases date = 2009-05-15 keywords = CNS; CSF; FIP; cat; cord; spinal summary = Infectious inflammatory disease is the most common categorical differential diagnosis in cats with spinal cord dysfunction. 1 Common infectious inflammatory spinal cord diseases include FIP, cryptococcosis, FeLV infection, and toxoplasmosis. 6, 7 Polioencephalomyelitis, an inflammatory disease of unknown cause, is associated with 8 per cent of cases of feline spinal cord disease 1 and may present with clinical signs of paraparesis. FIP accounts for more than half of the infectious inflammatory causes of myelitis in cats, and 16 per cent of all spinal cord diseases reported in cats. In a case series of cats with spinal cord-related signs, more than 75 per cent were younger than 2 years of age. Overall the most consistent diagnostic findings in cats with the CNS form of FIP include a positive coronavirus IgG titer in CSF, a high serum total protein concentration, and abnormalities in brain imaging. 19 Clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction, including paraspinal hyperesthesia and paresis, have been reported in at least one case series. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160423-4/50054-8 id = cord-281179-k7630is6 author = Brown, Meredith A. title = Genetic determinants of pathogenesis by feline infectious peritonitis virus date = 2011-10-15 keywords = FIP summary = Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, immune-augmented, and progressive viral disease of cats associated with feline coronavirus (FCoV). Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, immune-augmented, and progressive viral disease of cats associated with feline coronavirus (FCoV). Mutational transition in viral pathogenesis has been shown in HIV infection, where specific amino acid changes in the envelope gene determine which coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) is used and hence virus success in cell entry (Hartley et al., 2005) . However, more recent in vitro studies of cathepsin B and cathepsin L activity in different isolates of FCoV showed that FECV isolates were able to induce a specific cleavage event in the spike protein in contrast to FIPV isolates, suggesting that cathepsin activity on the spike gene may play a role in viral pathogenesis at the level of cell entry . doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.021 id = cord-335434-lgvoethn author = Cannon, Martha .J. title = Cutaneous lesions associated with coronavirus-induced vasculitis in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis and concurrent feline immunodeficiency virus infection date = 2005-02-12 keywords = FIP; feline summary = title: Cutaneous lesions associated with coronavirus-induced vasculitis in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis and concurrent feline immunodeficiency virus infection This report describes a clinical case of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) with multisystemic involvement, including multiple nodular cutaneous lesions, in a cat that was co-infected with feline coronavirus and feline immunodeficiency virus. Immunohistology for feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen, using a mouse monoclonal antibody (FCV3-70, Custom Monoclonals International, West Sacramento, USA), was performed on renal and skin biopsies as previously described (Kipar et al 1998, in press ). The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of numerous FCoV antigen-positive macrophages within the granulomatous lesions, a finding only seen in, and therefore pathognomonic for, FIP (Kipar et al 1998, in press) . Taken together, the clinical signs, clinical pathology, histological changes and immunohistological findings in this case confirm that the cat had a ''non-effusive form'' of FIP, with involvement of the kidneys, skin and most likely brain and eyes. doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.12.001 id = cord-273424-iz1vat9p author = Ceciliani, Fabrizio title = Decreased sialylation of the acute phase protein α1-acid glycoprotein in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) date = 2004-04-12 keywords = AGP; FIP; fagp summary = In contrast, during FIP disease, fAGP underwent several modifications in the sialic acid content, including decreased expression of both α(2–6)-linked and α(2–3)-linked sialic acid (76 and 44%, respectively when compared to non-pathological feline AGP). The biological significance of AGP overexpression during FIP and its correlation with the Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 99 (2004) [229] [230] [231] [232] [233] [234] [235] [236] Abbreviations: FIP, feline infectious peritonitis; AGP, a1-acid glycoprotein; fAGP, feline a1-acid glycoprotein; FCoV, feline coronavirus; HP, haptoglobin; SleX, sialyl Lewis X; HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography; SNAI, Sambucus nigra agglutinin; MAA, Maackia amurensis agglutinin; AAL, Aleuria aurantia lectin * Corresponding author. In the present study we used the lectin binding specificity for carbohydrates in order to gain insight into some major (branching) and minor (sialic acid content) glycan microheterogeneity of feline AGP (fAGP) purified from FIP affected cats. doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02.003 id = cord-022203-t2f0vr1w author = Dowers, Kristy L title = The pyrexic cat date = 2009-05-15 keywords = FIP; cat; clinical; disease; fever; infection; sign summary = Clinical signs are often non-specific and include fever, anorexia and weight loss. Gastrointestinal signs are uncommon in cats compared to dogs, and include chronic diarrhea, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and anorexia. • Dysfunction of any organ system may result from granuloma formation within the tissue of that organ, e.g., liver, kidney, spleen, intestines, lungs, etc., however, organ failure producing clinical signs only rarely occurs, and most dysfunction is only detected on biochemical tests. Clinical signs in the acute, fatal form of extraintestinal disease are caused primarily by tissue damage from the rapidly dividing tachyzoites. • Young kittens are more likely to have gastrointestinal signs, although mild clinical disease has been reported in adult cats as well. Systemic signs, which are not present in all cats, include fever, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and lymphadenopathy. Systemic signs such as fever, anorexia and depression are commonly reported (44% of cats) and can be seen with skin lesions. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-2488-7.50024-7 id = cord-336730-hqgwj8vs author = Fehr, Daniela title = Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions date = 1997-07-31 keywords = FIP; cat; vaccine summary = title: Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions Abstract A modified live virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was evaluated in a double blind, placebo-controlled field trial in two high-risk populations. The vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious in one population of cats that had low antibody titre against feline coronavirus (FCoV) at the time of vaccination. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a normally fatal disease of cats caused by infections with feline coronaviruses (FCoV) which are antigenically related to a respiratory coronavirus strain of man (HCV 229E), transmissible gastro-enteritis virus (TGEV) of swine and canine coronaviruses13''. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a modified live virus vaccine in a double-blind study under field conditions in two cat populations with higher risk for FIP. doi = 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00006-6 id = cord-313439-cadyykks author = Felten, Sandra title = Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature date = 2019-11-15 keywords = FIP; PCR; RNA; feline summary = doi = 10.3390/v11111068 id = cord-270414-gh9agf4x author = Fischer, Y. title = Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study of the Effect of Propentofylline on Survival Time and Quality of Life of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis date = 2011-10-12 keywords = FIP; PPF; PTX; TNF summary = title: Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study of the Effect of Propentofylline on Survival Time and Quality of Life of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Several case reports can be found in the online Veterinary Information Network (http://www.VIN.com) that describe a positive effect of the methylxanthine derivative pentoxifylline (PTX) (Trental a ) on the survival time in cats with FIP. ALT alanine aminotransferase AP alkaline phosphatase CI confidence interval FCoV feline coronavirus FeLV feline leukemia virus FIP feline infectious peritonitis FIPV feline infectious peritonitis virus FIV feline immundeficiency virus IFAT immunofluorescent antibody technique PPF propentofylline PTX pentoxifylline RBC red blood cells SPSS statistical package for the social sciences TNF-a tumor necrosis factor-alpha TP total protein WBC white blood cells which cause endothelial cell damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of PPF on the survival time and quality of life in cats with a confirmed diagnosis of FIP in a placebocontrolled double-blind trial. doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00806.x id = cord-348746-yaf61cmx author = Foley, Janet E. title = A Review of Coronavirus Infection in the Central Nervous System of Cats and Mice date = 2008-06-28 keywords = CNS; FIP; JHM; MHV summary = F eline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, immune-mediated disease produced as a result of infection of macrophages by mutant feline coronavirus strains (FIPVs). In acute MHV-A59 infection in CD8ϩ T-cell deficient mice, periventricular encephalitis occurs with lymphocytic infiltration into the choroid plexus, ependyma, and subependymal brain tissue. Depending on mouse strain and immunological status, MHV-JHM produces meningeal inflammation associated with T-cells and macrophages and demyelination but relatively little disease in axons. If mice are pretreated with passive infusions of antibodies or T-cells or if they receive neuroattenuated MHV strains, they develop chronic, but not fatal, disease after MHV-JHM infection. 62, 63 Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice clear MHV-JHM virus from the brain but develop severe immune-mediated demyelination and paralysis. Two related strains of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolated from immunocompromised cats infected with a feline enteric coronavirus doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01572.x id = cord-317411-6lc0wpoo author = Giori, L. title = Performances of different diagnostic tests for feline infectious peritonitis in challenging clinical cases date = 2011-02-21 keywords = AGP; FIP; IHC summary = Clinical findings, serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), analysis of the effusions (AE), antifeline coronavirus serology, serum concentration of α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) and histopathology were classified as consistent, doubtful or non‐consistent with FIP. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess the results of tests recorded in vivo and at postmortem examination in doubtful cases where FIP was clinically suspected and definitely confirmed or excluded by IHC or based on complete recovery and to evaluate which test had the best sensitivity, specificity and concordance for FIP. In cats with FIP, the tests that were not consistent with or doubtful of FIP included clinical signs (3 of 8 cases), analysis of effusion (AE; 3 of 6), SPE (5 of 8), serology or PCR (4 of 5) and postmortem examination/histology (5 of 8). doi = 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01042.x id = cord-295491-zlah6u5s author = Günther, Sonja title = Detection of feline Coronavirus in effusions of cats with and without feline infectious peritonitis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification date = 2018-03-11 keywords = FIP; LAMP summary = The aim of this study was to test two commercially available reaction mixtures in a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay to detect feline Coronavirus (FCoV) in body cavity effusions of cats with and without FIP, in order to minimize the time from sampling to obtaining results. The aim of this study was to test specificity and sensitivity of two commercially available reaction mixtures in a reverse transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) to detect FCoV in body cavity effusions of cats with and without FIP, and to minimize the time from sampling to obtaining results. The FIP group (n = 34) included cats with a definitive diagnosis of FIP by one or more methods: All effusions of cats with FIP tested positive for FCoV by RT-PCR by a commercial laboratory, and in 26/34 samples putative disease-causing mutations could be detected. doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.03.003 id = cord-308537-i6um5iu2 author = Hoskins, Johnny D. title = Coronavirus Infection in Cats date = 1993-01-31 keywords = cat; coronavirus; feline; fip summary = Cats are susceptible to natural infection with several strains of feline coronavirus that result in either effusive and noneffusive feline infectious peritonitis or enteritis. 33 Most asymptomatic cats with positive coronavirus-antibody titers have been previously infected by strains of feline enteric coronavirus or FIP coronavirus, which usually do not cause fatal disease by natural routes of infection. The susceptibility of cats to FIP disease may involve several predisposing factors, including age at time of exposure, genetic susceptibility, physical condition, stress, presence of concurrent disease (especially feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections), challenge dose and strain of feline coronavirus, route of infection, previous sensitization with nonprotective corona virus antibodies, and cell-mediated immunocompetence. Cats are susceptible to natural infection with several strains of feline coronavirus that may result in either effusive and noneffusive FIP disease or in subclinical to severe enteritis. doi = 10.1016/s0195-5616(93)50001-3 id = cord-323932-l14sjufm author = Ishida, T title = Use of recombinant feline interferon and glucocorticoid in the treatment of feline infectious peritonitis date = 2004-02-25 keywords = FIP; feline summary = A total of 12 clinically ill cats previously diagnosed as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were treated with a combination of recombinant feline interferon and glucocorticoid. Summary A total of 12 clinically ill cats previously diagnosed as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were treated with a combination of recombinant feline interferon and glucocorticoid. The criteria of the diagnosis included: antibiotics non-responsive chronic fever, low normal PCV values or mild non-regenerative anemia (PCV <32%; normal range 29-48%), hyperglobulinemia with electrophoretic evidence of polyclonal gammopathy, non-septic inflammatory ascites/pleural effusion (effusive) with characteristic findings, cytologic or pathologic evidence of pyogranuloma (dry-type), and FCoV serum antibody titer by an immunoperoxidase method using infected cell antigen. The maintenance therapy with the weekly doses of rFeIFN and prednisolone at 1 mg/kg PO every other day, the cat was healthy at 14 months from the diagnosis, when the treatment was terminated and the FCoV antibody was <1:100. doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.08.011 id = cord-304616-k92fa15l author = Izes, Aaron M. title = Assay validation and determination of in vitro binding of mefloquine to plasma proteins from clinically normal and FIP-affected cats date = 2020-08-05 keywords = fip; mefloquine; plasma; protein summary = title: Assay validation and determination of in vitro binding of mefloquine to plasma proteins from clinically normal and FIP-affected cats As cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) demonstrate altered concentrations of plasma proteins, the proportion of mefloquine binding to plasma proteins in both clinically normal cats and FIP-affected cats was also investigated. Consequently, the aim of this study was two-fold: first, to develop and validate a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to detect mefloquine in feline plasma, and second, to determine the in vitro plasma protein binding of mefloquine in both clinically normal and FIP-affected cats. Here, although a significant difference was found between the plasma protein binding of mefloquine in clinically normal and FIP-affected cats, due to the unknown biological variability of the assay, it is likely that this difference is equivocal. This study has validated an accurate and reliable assay to detect mefloquine in feline plasma and demonstrated that mefloquine is highly plasma protein bound in both clinically normal and FIP-affected cats. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236754 id = cord-285335-agm4zbcx author = Kennedy, Melissa title = Deletions in the 7a ORF of feline coronavirus associated with an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis date = 2001-08-08 keywords = FIP; ORF summary = A population of Persian cats experienced an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) over 2 years. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) genomic RNA was detected consistently in this study in biologic samples from adult cats, kittens suffering from FIP, and their siblings. Analysis of viral 7a/7b open reading frame (ORFs) were analyzed and revealed two distinct virus variants circulating in the population, one with an intact 7a ORF and one with two major deletions in the 7a ORF. Both virus variants were identified in one cat, the sire ''''Dan'''', as sequence analysis of clones from a single PCR from this animal revealed the presence of the 7a deletion mutant as well as the intact isolate (Dan 1 and 2 in Fig. 2 ). The sire of the majority of FIP kittens was dually infected with both virus variants as revealed by sequence analysis of cloned 7a/7b genes from this cat. doi = 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00354-6 id = cord-283202-5fq1wxz8 author = Kent, Marc title = The cat with neurological manifestations of systemic disease. Key conditions impacting on the CNS date = 2009-05-31 keywords = CSF; FIP; cat; clinical; feline; hypertension summary = This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. A presumptive diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, evidence of recent or active infection (gained via serology for immunoglobulins or immune complexes, or PCR), exclusion of other disease processes, and response to therapy. Consequently, affected cats often demonstrate signs relating to renal disease or hyperthyroidism, given the high prevalence of hypertension with these disorders. Hepatic encephalopathy is the clinical syndrome of abnormal neurological function caused by portosystemic shunting, with or without intrinsic liver disease. Use of anti-coronavirus antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis involving the central nervous system in cats Non-invasive blood pressure measurements in cats: clinical significance of hypertension associated with chronic renal failure doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.03.007 id = cord-327352-cbnjsrmt author = Kipar, A title = Cellular composition, coronavirus antigen expression and production of specific antibodies in lesions in feline infectious peritonitis date = 1998-10-23 keywords = FIP; cell summary = Diffuse alterations on serosal surfaces were represented either by activated mesothelial cells with single coronavirus antigen-bearing macrophages or by layers of precipitated exudate containing single to numerous granulomas with areas of necrosis. Single plasma-cells positive for coronavirus-specific antibodies were found around blood vessels distant from inflammatory alterations, within the lung parenchyma, as infiltrating cells in the mucosa of the small intestine, and in spleen and mesenteric lymph node. Based on immunohistological and histochemical characterization of inflammatory cells as well as the presence of coronavirus antigen and plasma-cells producing coronavirus-specific antibodies in the lesions of 23 cats with spontaneous FIP, this study describes the composition of alterations observed in FIP after natural infection. Viral antigen was moderately expressed in granulomas, in the periphery of which few plasma-cells producing coronavirus-specific antibodies were seen. doi = 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00158-5 id = cord-284963-p0y5rrpb author = Kipar, Anja title = Natural feline coronavirus infection: Differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection date = 2006-08-15 keywords = CSF; FIP; Kipar summary = The spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow from naturally FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP and specific pathogen-free (SPF) control cats were examined for the quantity and activation state of monocytes/macrophages both by immunohistology and by quantitative real time PCR for the transcription of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and GM-CSF. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a well-known and widely distributed coronavirus (FCoV)-induced systemic disease in cats, characterised by fibrinousgranulomatous serositis with protein-rich effusions into body cavities, granulomatous-necrotising phlebitis and periphlebitis and granulomatous inflammatory lesions in several organs (Hayashi et al., 1977; Weiss and Scott, 1981; Kipar et al., 1998 Kipar et al., , 2005 . Taken together, our results indicate that IL-10 is a key cytokine in FCoV infection, ensuring an effective specific immune response, but avoiding the inflammatory processes associated with the development of FIP (Kipar et al., 2005) , by inhibiting the virus-induced macrophage activation. doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.004 id = cord-287157-6rwevq39 author = Kiss, I. title = Disease outcome and cytokine responses in cats immunized with an avirulent feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)-UCD1 and challenge-exposed with virulent FIPV-UCD8 date = 2004-02-25 keywords = FIPV; fip summary = authors: Kiss, I.; Poland, A.M.; Pedersen, N.C. title: Disease outcome and cytokine responses in cats immunized with an avirulent feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)-UCD1 and challenge-exposed with virulent FIPV-UCD8 Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a highly fatal disease in Felidae caused by a coronavirus and usually affects cats between 6 months and 3 years of age (reviewed by Pedersen, 1995) . Three of eight vaccinated cats (nos 522, 616, 622) developed effusive FIP within 2 weeks of challengeexposure to FIPV-UCD8, typical of classical nonenhanced disease (Pedersen and Boyle, 1980) ( Table 1) . In this study, two of eight vaccinated cats (nos 524 and 625) appeared immune to challenge-exposure with virulent FIPV-UCD8 and two (nos 623 and 624) developed non-effusive FIP (indicative of partial immunity; Pedersen, 1995) . In the presented preliminary experiment, vaccination of cats with an attenuated live strain of FIPV-UCD1 appeared to induce a degree of protection, in that two of eight cats were immune and two more developed non-effusive FIP post challenge. doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.08.009 id = cord-329866-io9fvy58 author = Lorusso, Eleonora title = Discrepancies between feline coronavirus antibody and nucleic acid detection in effusions of cats with suspected feline infectious peritonitis date = 2019-08-31 keywords = RNA; fip summary = With the aim to contribute to fill this diagnostic gap, a total of 61 effusions from cats with suspected effusive FIP were collected intra-vitam for detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies and RNA by means of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay and real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. Fifty-one (48 ascitic and 3 pleuric fluids) of the 61 tested samples had FCoV antibody (Table 2 and Fig. 1 ), although only 37 positive effusions contained antibody levels ≥ 1:1600, which are considered highly suggestive of FIP diagnosis (Hartmann et al., 2003) . A recent paper (Meli et al., 2013) has investigated the agreement between FCoV antibody titres and RNA detection in the effusions of 13 cats with confirmed FIP, showing a correlation between high amounts of virus and lower signals in IIF assay, likely due to the fact that antibodies bound to viral antigens of the effusions are not able to bind to the antigens of the FCoV-infected cells used in serological tests. doi = 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.10.004 id = cord-302161-ytr7ds8i author = Lutz, Mirjam title = FCoV Viral Sequences of Systemically Infected Healthy Cats Lack Gene Mutations Previously Linked to the Development of FIP date = 2020-07-24 keywords = FIP; ORF; sequence; zu1 summary = Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)—the deadliest infectious disease of young cats in shelters or catteries—is induced by highly virulent feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) emerging in infected hosts after mutations of less virulent FCoVs. Previous studies have shown that some mutations in the open reading frames (ORF) 3c and 7b and the spike (S) gene have implications for the development of FIP, but mainly indirectly, likely also due to their association with systemic spread. Based on the hypothesis that certain mutations are essential for the capacity of FCoVs to spread systemically, the present study investigated a cohort of systemically infected healthy carrier cats at different time points post experimental infection for the presence of a range of mutations in the genes encoding for the S protein, NSP 3abc, and NSP 7b, which have been shown to have implications for the development of FIP. doi = 10.3390/pathogens9080603 id = cord-023034-j8zwcfys author = Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E. title = Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus: II. Propagation in Suckling Mouse Brain date = 2010-05-13 keywords = FIP; SPF; virus summary = SUMMARY: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus multiplication was demonstrated in the brains of one‐day‐old laboratory mice using direct immunofluorescence tests. In order to determine the specificity of the observed fluorescence for FIP virus, indirect IFT were carried out in parallel on poslitive mouse brain sections (homologous reaction) and on porcine kidney cells infected with TGE virus (heterologous reaction). The conclusive experiment for establishing the FIP virus specificity of the immunofluorescence in mouse brain was performed by inoculating SPF kittens with fluorescence-positive material of the 6th mouse passage (isolation series A, Table 1 ). Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus multiplication was demonstrated in the brains of one-day-old laboratory mice using direct immunofluorescence tests. Specificity was assessed by virus reisolation, indirect immunofluorescence and reproduction of FIP after inoculation of SPF kittens using brain material from the 6th mouse passage. Specificity was assessed by virus reisolation, indirect immunofluorescence and reproduction of FIP after inoculation of SPF kittens using brain material from the 6th mouse passage. doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb01683.x id = cord-254375-otj044by author = Paltrinieri, S title = Some aspects of humoral and cellular immunity in naturally occuring feline infectious peritonitis date = 1998-10-23 keywords = FIP; Pedersen summary = Haematology, antibody titers and serum protein electrophoresis from 48 cats (34 effusive and 14 noneffusive forms) affected with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were studied and compared with those of 20 healthy cats. Even if antibody-enhanced infection has been recently questioned (Olsen et al., 1992 (Olsen et al., , 1993 Addie et al., 1995) , many experimental results demonstrate that anti-FCoV antibodies facilitate the uptake of the virus by the macrophages (Hayashi et al., 1983; Stoddart and Scott, 1989 ; Barlough and Stoddart, 1990; Hohdatsu et al., 1994; Pedersen, 1995a) , and that immunocomplexes lead to a type III hypersensitivity reaction with disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel''s walls, responsible for the effusions (Hayashi et al., 1977 (Hayashi et al., , 1978 Pedersen and Boyle, 1980; Weiss et al., 1980; Jacobse-Geels et al., 1980; Weiss and Scott, 1981; Fenner, 1987; Pastoret and Bourtonboy, 1991; Pedersen, 1995a) . To further understand the pathogenesis of the disease, parameters indicative of the involvement of humoral immunity (total and fractioned proteins and antibody titers in serum and in effusions), and the distribution of viral antigen and immune cells in the lesions were studied in cats with spontaneous FIP. doi = 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00155-x id = cord-264315-3hum7rqm author = Paltrinieri, S title = Laboratory profiles in cats with different pathological and immunohistochemical findings due to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) date = 2001-09-30 keywords = FIP; Pedersen; cat summary = Abstract Blood was collected from 55 cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and from 50 control cats in order to define whether differences in pathological findings and in distribution of feline coronaviruses (FCoV) can be associated with changes in haemograms, serum protein electrophoresis, and antibody titres. Based on the pathological findings or on the immunohistochemical distribution of viral antigen, FIP-affected cats were divided in the following groups: subacute against acute lesions; low against strong intensity of positivity; intracellular against extracellular positivities; positive against negative lymph nodes. Lymphopenia was more evident in cats with acute forms, strong intensity of positivity, extracellular antigen and negative lymph nodes. The haematological and serum protein profiles of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were in agreement with those reported in previous works (Sparkes et al 1991 , Pedersen 1995a , Paltrinieri et al 1998b . doi = 10.1053/jfms.2001.0126 id = cord-253498-w6qfzpi4 author = Paltrinieri, Saverio title = Electrophoretic fractionation of creatine kinase isoenzymes and macroenzymes in clinically healthy dogs and cats and preliminary evaluation in central neurologic disease date = 2010-08-02 keywords = FIP summary = title: Electrophoretic fractionation of creatine kinase isoenzymes and macroenzymes in clinically healthy dogs and cats and preliminary evaluation in central neurologic disease Background: Information about the electrophoretic distribution of CK‐MM, CK‐MB, and CK‐BB, serum creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes that are indicators of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain lesions, respectively, and CK macroenzymes (macro‐CK1 and macro‐CK2) in dogs and cats with and without central neurologic disease is scant and equivocal. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the electrophoretic distribution of CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes in healthy dogs and cats and to provide a preliminary assessment of the utility of CK enzymatic electrophoresis in dogs and cats with central neurologic disease. Conclusions: This study identified the electophoretic distribution of CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes of dogs and cats and provided encouraging data about the possible use of CK‐BB as a biomarker for canine neurologic disorders, but not for FIP. doi = 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00242.x id = cord-336332-9d1h68mi author = Paltrinieri, Saverio title = Expression patterns in feline blood and tissues of α(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and of an AGP-related protein (AGPrP) date = 2003 keywords = AGP; FIP; anti summary = Immunoblotting with a polyclonal antibody against fAGP and with a monoclonal antibody against hAGP was performed on serum from healthy cats, from cats exposed to feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection and from cats with purulent inflammations, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). fAGP did not react with the anti-hAGP antibody which, in contrast, detected in feline serum a low MW protein that we called fAGP-related protein (fAGPrP). In contrast, the anti-hAGP detected an AGP-related protein whose blood concentration and tissue distribution was not related to that of fAGP. In order to investigate the distribution of fAGP and of fAGPrP in different feline pathological conditions, immunoblotting was repeated on serum from cats with purulent inflammations, FIV, FeLV and FIP, and from Fig. 2 Immunoblotting of hAGP and fAGP using as primary antibody the anti hAGP monoclonal antibody (a) or the anti fAGP polyclonal antibody (b). doi = 10.1007/s00580-003-0489-8 id = cord-023121-hewbl5yu author = Parodi, M. Cammarata title = Using direct immunofluorescence to detect coronaviruses in peritoneal in peritoneal and pleural effusions date = 2008-04-10 keywords = DIF; FIP; feline summary = Twenty‐one cases of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were diagnosed using a direct immunofluorescence test on cytocentrifuged pleural and peritoneal effusions from cats sampled in vivo (11 cases) and at necropsy (10 cases). In the remaining 2 1 cats, the clinical diagnosis of FIP was confirmed by pathological and histological findings and was also confirmed in 10 of these cases by a positive DIF test carried out on cryostatic sections of affected organs. A marked disagreement between the result from the DIF test on ascitic fluid and the final FIP diagnosis was found in only one case (case 11; Table 1) which at the age of four months showed clinical signs of thoracic effusions with fever. The cases where pathological entities different to FIP were identified and where the DIF test had never been positive on either the samples of the effusions or the cryostatic sections of affected organs were useful negative controls. doi = 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1993.tb02591.x id = cord-323805-9n63ms3c author = Pedersen, Niels C. title = The influence of age and genetics on natural resistance to experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis date = 2014-11-15 keywords = FIP; FIPV; GWAS; Pedersen summary = The cats were from several studies conducted over the past 5 years, and as a result, some of them had prior exposure to feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) or avirulent FIPVs. The cats were housed under optimized conditions of nutrition, husbandry, and quarantine to eliminate most of the cofactors implicated in FIPV infection outcome and were uniformly challenge exposed to the same field strain of serotype 1 FIPV. The cats were from several studies conducted over the past 5 years, and as a result, some of them had prior exposure to feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) or avirulent FIPVs. The cats were housed under optimized conditions of nutrition, husbandry, and quarantine to eliminate most of the cofactors implicated in FIPV infection outcome and were uniformly challenge exposed to the same field strain of serotype 1 FIPV. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 73 cats that died of FIP after one or more exposures (cases) and 34 cats that survived (controls) demonstrated four significant associations after 100k permutations. doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.09.001 id = cord-351955-9l4786lb author = Pedersen, Niels C. title = Significance of Coronavirus Mutants in Feces and Diseased Tissues of Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis date = 2009-08-26 keywords = FECV; FIPV; cat; fip summary = Complete structural (S, E, M, N) and accessory (3a-c and 7 a, b) gene sequences were obtained from diseased omentum of the four related cats that died of FIP and the isolates designated were FIPV-UCD11, 12, 13 and 14 ( Table 1 ). The coronavirus isolated from Lucy''s feces (designated FECV-UCD3) had an intact (i.e., wild type or non-deliterious) 3c and its sequence was otherwise 99% identical to the sequence of FIPV-UCD14 found in her diseased omentum. FECV-UCD4, was most closely related to the FIPV isolated from Lucy and was 99.7% related to the consensus nucleotide sequences of coronaviruses obtained from the four related FIP cats ( Figure 1 , Table 2 ). The 3c gene sequence of the fecal virus of cat 388406 was intact and ≥99% related to the FIPV found in diseased tissue ( Table 2 ). doi = 10.3390/v1020166 id = cord-308557-mvu97jsu author = Pesteanu-Somogyi, Loretta D. title = Prevalence of feline infectious peritonitis in specific cat breeds() date = 2005-07-01 keywords = FIP; cat summary = Although known that purebreed cats are more likely to develop feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), previous studies have not examined the prevalence of disease in individual breeds. Other factors that have been less commonly reported to be associated with an increased disease prevalence include season (more cases are typically diagnosed in winter), FeLV infection, an increase in factors associated with ''stress'', high coronavirus antibody titer, regular introduction of new cats to a cattery, and increased frequency of coronavirus shedding (Kass and Dent 1995 , McReynolds and Macy 1997 , Foley et al 1997a , Rohrbach et al 2001 . Although the increased prevalence of FIP in purebreed cats has been previously reported, this is the first time that a predisposition of specific breeds to the development of disease has been examined (Robison et al 1971 , Rohrbach et al 2001 . doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.04.003 id = cord-319685-dw0qsl4s author = Porter, Emily title = Amino acid changes in the spike protein of feline coronavirus correlate with systemic spread of virus from the intestine and not with feline infectious peritonitis date = 2014-04-25 keywords = FIP; PCR; cat; sample summary = Recent evidence suggests that a mutation in the spike protein gene of feline coronavirus (FCoV), which results in an amino acid change from methionine to leucine at position 1058, may be associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Tissue and faecal samples collected post mortem from cats diagnosed with or without FIP were subjected to RNA extraction and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to detect FCoV RNA. Data evaluating FCoV relative copy numbers in tissue and faecal samples from cats with and without FIP were analysed using a multilevel modelling approach (MLwiN v2.27) [25] , to account for the repeated measures within cats, and a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Moreover, the majority (77%) of FCoV RNA sequences in faecal samples from cats with FIP had a methionine codon at position 1058 in the FCoV S protein gene, suggesting that these animals were shedding an enteric form of the virus. doi = 10.1186/1297-9716-45-49 id = cord-271078-zyy8gx25 author = Sharif, Saeed title = Descriptive distribution and phylogenetic analysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolates of Malaysia date = 2010-01-06 keywords = FIP; Malaysia summary = title: Descriptive distribution and phylogenetic analysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolates of Malaysia The descriptive distribution and phylogeny of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) were studied in cats suspected of having feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in Malaysia. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a highly fatal disease of cats caused by generalized infection with a feline coronavirus (FCoV). Two biotypes of FCoV are described in cats: feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). In present study, a conserved region of 3''untranslated region (3''UTR) is used to detect FCoV and determine the descriptive distribution and phylogeny of local isolates in FIP-suspected cats. An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis Phylogenetic analysis of feline coronavirus isolates from healthy cats in Malaysia Quasispecies composition and phylogenetic analysis of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) in naturally infected cats Descriptive distribution and phylogenetic analysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolates of Malaysia doi = 10.1186/1751-0147-52-1 id = cord-306829-88nihy7q author = Sharif, Saeed title = Diagnostic Methods for Feline Coronavirus: A Review date = 2010-07-28 keywords = FIP; PCR; feline summary = Infection with FCoV can result in a diverse range of signs from clinically inapparent infections to a highly fatal disease called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The currently available serological tests have low specificity and sensitivity for detection of active infection and cross-react with FCoV strains of low pathogenicity, the feline enteric coronaviruses (FECV). Therefore, a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay that could determine the amount of viral mRNA in blood may be able to better differentiate FCoV-positive healthy cats from FIP cases. Detection of feline coronaviruses by culture and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of blood samples from healthy cats and cats with clinical feline infectious peritonitis Protein electrophoresis on effusions from cats as a diagnostic test for feline infectious peritonitis Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues, and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues, and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR doi = 10.4061/2010/809480 id = cord-336639-jaue41mv author = Simons, Fermin A. title = A mRNA PCR for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis date = 2004-12-21 keywords = FIP; FIPV; PCR summary = A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) messenger RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is described. The reason for this discrepancy became clear when the biological and genetic properties of FECV and FIPV isolates had been studied (Addie and Jarrett, 1992; Hohdatsu et al., 1992; Horzinek and Osterhaus, 1979) : the avirulent FCoV strains causing inconspicuous infections are responsible for the high seroprevalence; in cats experiencing some immunosuppressive event, expansion of the quasispecies cloud and mutations in the FECV genome lead to virulent variants that induce FIP (Vennema et al., 1998) . Detection of feline coronaviruses by culture and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of blood samples from healthy cats and cats with clinical feline infectious peritonitis doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.012 id = cord-322317-wsagoy52 author = Stranieri, Angelica title = Concordance between Histology, Immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR in the Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis date = 2020-10-18 keywords = FIP; IHC; cat summary = Histology, IHC, and nested RT-PCR (RT-nPCR) for feline coronavirus (FCoV) were performed on spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph node, kidney, large and small intestine, and lung from 14 FIP and 12 non-FIP cats. In the FIP group, the tissues that most often showed typical FIP histological lesions (Table 2) were the lung, kidney, and mesenteric lymph node, followed by the liver and spleen, while the small and large intestine were the organs less frequently affected by lesions imputable to FIP. In particular, this occurred in the same 6 cases from the non FIP group and in 15/21 FIP tissues in which histology was classified as negative and RT-nPCR was positive (spleen of cats n • 1 and 3, liver of cat n • 14, lymph nodes of cats n • 1, 2, and 14, kidney of cats n • 5, 12, and 13, small intestine of cats n • 9 and 12, large intestine of cats n • 2, 9, and 12 and lung of cat n • 14), whose histological findings have been described above. doi = 10.3390/pathogens9100852 id = cord-258374-qht98q0l author = Takano, Tomomi title = Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions date = 2009-04-03 keywords = CSF; FIP; FIPV summary = title: Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions Furthermore, it was investigated whether macrophages, one of the target cells of FIPV infection, produce neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF). The neutrophil survival rates were significantly increased in the presence of the culture supernatant of macrophages infected with the mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2 compared to those in the presence of other supernatants (Fig. 5) . When SPF-cat-derived alveolar macrophages were infected with a mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, the intracellular TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF mRNA levels increased (Fig. 6 ). These cytokine mRNA levels were also elevated in macrophages infected with FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, clarifying the presence of neutrophil survival factors in the macrophage culture supernatant. It was suggested that: (1) FIPV-infected macrophages release TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF in response to virus replication, and (2) these cytokines act on neutrophils and prolong their survival. doi = 10.1007/s00705-009-0371-3 id = cord-276617-chgjpg0v author = Takano, Tomomi title = B-cell activation in cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) by FIP-virus-induced B-cell differentiation/survival factors date = 2008-11-30 keywords = FIP; FIPV summary = The present study shows that: (1) the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cells was higher in cats with FIP than in SPF cats, (2) the albumin-to-globulin ratio has negative correlation with the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cell, (3) cells strongly expressing mRNA of the plasma cell master gene, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1), were increased in peripheral blood in cats with FIP, (4) mRNA expression of B-cell differentiation/survival factors, IL-6, CD40 ligand, and B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), was enhanced in macrophages in cats with FIP, and (5) mRNAs of these B-cell differentiation/survival factors were overexpressed in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)-induced macrophages. We also collected macrophages from FIP cats and measured the expression levels of the viral RNA and mRNA of B-cell differentiation/survival factors: IL-6, CD40 ligand (CD40L), and Bcell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF). doi = 10.1007/s00705-008-0265-9 id = cord-014527-nvzfpntu author = nan title = Research Communications of the 25th ECVIM‐CA Congress date = 2015-11-09 keywords = BCS; CHF; CIPF; CKD; FIP; HCM; IBD; PCR; Staphylococcus; University; VEGF; Veterinary; cat; disclosure; dog; group; study summary = doi = 10.1111/jvim.13647 id = cord-022555-a7ie82fs author = nan title = Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity date = 2011-12-05 keywords = EPI; FIP; Giardia; IBD; cat; cause; clinical; diarrhea; disease; feline; figure; gastrointestinal; infection; intestinal; liver; pancreatic; sign; small; treatment summary = One study found that, of cats investigated for gastrointestinal disease, 9 of 33 cats (27%) had no pathology recognized proximal to the jejunum (i.e., the effective length of diagnostic endoscopes would have precluded diagnosis), and other organs were affected in 9 of 10 cats with inflammatory bowel diseases and 7 of 8 cats with intestinal small cell lymphoma. 60, 64 Quantification of serum cobalamin levels is recommended in cats with clinical signs of small bowel diarrhea, ones suspected to have an infiltrative disease of the small intestine (inflammatory bowel disease or gastrointestinal lymphoma), or ones with pancreatic dysfunction. Survey radiographs may be normal in cats with esophagitis and strictures, but are useful to rule out other causes for the clinical signs, such as a foreign body, or to detect related problems, such as aspiration pneumonia. 8, 29 Other non-neoplastic causes reported for gastric or gastroduodenal ulceration in cats include parasites (e.g., Ollulanus tricuspis, Toxocara cati, Aonchotheca putorii, Gnathostoma spp.), bacterial infections, toxins, inflammatory bowel disease, and foreign bodies. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5