# ent

id: cord-253498-w6qfzpi4
type: ORG
entity:
  the Department of Veterinary Pathology Hygiene and Public Health Unit of General Pathology and Parasitology University of Milan


id: cord-271078-zyy8gx25
type: ORG
entity:
  Neighbor Joining method Bioedit and TreeTop Phylogenetic Tree Prediction GeneBee Molecular Biology Server


id: cord-284963-p0y5rrpb
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  interleukin IL 1β IL 6 IL 10 IL 12 p40 tumour necrosis factor TNF granulocyte colony stimulating factor G CSF macrophage CSF M CSF


id: cord-284963-p0y5rrpb
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  feline interleukin IL 1b IL 6 IL 10 IL 12 p40 tumour necrosis factor TNF granulocyte colony stimulating factor G CSF macrophage CSF M CSF


id: cord-276617-chgjpg0v
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Netherlands Phycoerythrin PE conjugated anti CD21 monoclonal antibody MAb anti canine CD21 homologue


id: cord-266155-hf3retap
type: GGP
entity:
  Cats A3 and A4 five months post treatment they had reduced from 1280 to 80 and from over 1280 to 320 respectively Mutian X pills stopped faecal FCoV shedding in 29 naturally infected cats


id: cord-306829-88nihy7q
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronaviruses The feline coronavirus genome also includes additional genes 3a 3b 3c 7a and 7b that encode nonstructural proteins The functions of these gene products are


id: cord-270414-gh9agf4x
type: ORG
entity:
  Randomized Placebo Controlled Study of the Effect of Propentofylline on Survival Time and Quality of Life of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis


id: cord-324530-tac1unnp
type: DISEASE
entity:
  diseases of the spinal cord of cats Fenner s veterinary virology Improving virus taxonomy by recontextualizing sequence based classification


id: cord-308537-i6um5iu2
type: ORG
entity:
  Feline Infectious Peritonitis Current Status Lawrenceville NJ Veterinary Learning Systems Protection


id: cord-304616-k92fa15l
type: EVENT
entity:
  International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Prevalence


id: cord-319685-dw0qsl4s
type: ORG
entity:
  the Histology Laboratory Veterinary Laboratory Services School of Veterinary Science and University of Liverpool


id: cord-283202-5fq1wxz8
type: DNA
entity:
  dog and cat Feline immunodeficiency virus predisposes cats to acute generalized toxoplasmosis Clinical and epidemiological aspects


id: cord-322317-wsagoy52
type: DNA
entity:
  Tru cut and fine needle aspiration biopsies of liver and kidney for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis Limitations


id: cord-322317-wsagoy52
type: DNA
entity:
  viral 3c gene Spike Protein Fusion Peptide and Feline Coronavirus Virulence Feline coronavirus infections


id: cord-287157-6rwevq39
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  IFN gamma Murine coronavirus induced subacute fatal peritonitis in C57BL 6 mice deficient in gamma interferon


id: cord-287157-6rwevq39
type: ORG
entity:
  the Center for Companion Animal Health Center CCAH School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis CA USA 95616


id: cord-302161-ytr7ds8i
type: DNA
entity:
  challenge virus FCoV Zu1 harbors a new recombination site Pathogens 2020 9 x 8 of 21 consensus sequence


id: cord-302161-ytr7ds8i
type: ORG
entity:
  Feline Infectious Peritonitis Feline Infectious Peritonitis ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management Risk


id: cord-336639-jaue41mv
type: DISEASE
entity:
  gastroenteritis coronavirus nucleocapsid protein gene Histopathological alterations of lymphatic tissues


id: cord-281179-k7630is6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  feline coronavirus spike protein Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus Targeted recombination


id: cord-335434-lgvoethn
type: DISEASE
entity:
  feline immunodeficiency virus FIV antibody positive and feline leukaemia virus antigen negative The coronavirus antibody titre


id: cord-329866-io9fvy58
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 2009 infection One tube fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction


id: cord-336332-9d1h68mi
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  anti fAGP polyclonal antibody b Lane 1 human serum total protein 4 5 g lane 2 purified hAGP total protein 0 4 g lane 3 feline serum total protein 4 5 g lane 4 purified fAGP total protein 0 4 g FCoV


id: cord-336332-9d1h68mi
type: DISEASE
entity:
  liver spleen pancreas lymphnodes kidney large and small intestine uterus adrenal glands thyroid lung muscle heart CNS


id: cord-351955-9l4786lb
type: ORG
entity:
  the Center for Companion Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis CA


id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Cat DOI 10 1016 b978 1 4377 0660 4 00023 5 sha 43302f8eebca5d76d6388fe2286ead361a68209a doc_id 22555 cord_uid a7ie82fs nan


id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  intestinal mast cell tumors adenomatous polyps eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia gastrointestinal stromal tumors leiomyosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma Mast cell tumors MCT


id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs
type: DNA
entity:
  dog and the other causes of portal hypertension Budd Chiari syndrome heartworm caval syndrome pulmonary hypertension


id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs
type: DNA
entity:
  dog and cat Pharmacokinetics and suggested oral dosing regimen of cisapride a study in healthy cats Intussusception


id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  cat Feline exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 16 cases Pancreatitis associated with a feline herpesvirus infection Pancreatic pseudocysts


id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs
type: GGP
entity:
  Clostridium piliforme Tyzzer s disease 71 and Anaerobiospirillum sp 36 Specific diagnosis of these and other


id: cord-014527-nvzfpntu
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  chrA2 4150731 P 1 4 9 10 À7 chrUn17 115508 P 7 9 10 À7 chrUn17 394136 P 3 9 10 À7 chrUn17 314128 P 3 9 10 À7


id: cord-014527-nvzfpntu
type: DNA
entity:
  canine parainfluenza virus CPIV canine adenovirus CAV canines distemper virus CDV canine herpes virus CHV canine respiratory coronavirus CRCoV canines influenza virus CIV and Bordetella bronchiseptica B bronchiseptica


id: cord-014527-nvzfpntu
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  tumor necrosis P 0 004 nuclear grade P 0 001 poor differentiation of tumors P 0 0001 high mitotic grade P 0 0001 high histological grade of malignancy P 0 0001 presence of neoplastic intravascular emboli P 0 0001


id: cord-014527-nvzfpntu
type: GGP
entity:
  8AE10 4 standard 4 chambers 44 7AE7 8 mm TDI s was 0 07AE0 01 m s IVCvel was 0 05AE0 01 m s and IVCat was 23 3AE2 1 msec The only TE correlations found were TAPSE with FAC


id: cord-014527-nvzfpntu
type: GGP
entity:
  HBGM 0 35 0 1 01 U kg dose non HBGM 0 44 0 27 0 68 U kg dose P 0 41 average BGC value HBGM 8 7 4 1 22 0 mmol l non HBGM 12 6 7 7 12 6 mmol l P 0 3


id: cord-014527-nvzfpntu
type: ORG
entity:
  Bayer Animal Health CEVA Animal Health Orion Inc Elanco Animal Health Zoetis Ltd Boehringer Ingelheim Vetoquinol Ltd


id: cord-014527-nvzfpntu
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Clinic of Small Animal Medicine Munich Germany 2 Institute of Veterinary Anatomy Histology and Embryology


id: cord-014527-nvzfpntu
type: DISEASE
entity:
  chromogenes Staphylococcus haemolyticus Staphylococcus lentus Staphylococcus lugdunensis Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus


# bib

id: cord-021452-9rukc80y
title: Miscellaneous Spinal Cord Diseases
author: Bergman, Robert L.
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149771/
doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160423-4/50054-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  Infectious inflammatory disease is the most common categorical differential diagnosis in cats with spinal cord dysfunction. 1 Common infectious inflammatory spinal cord diseases include FIP, cryptococcosis, FeLV infection, and toxoplasmosis. 6, 7 Polioencephalomyelitis, an inflammatory disease of unknown cause, is associated with 8 per cent of cases of feline spinal cord disease 1 and may present with clinical signs of paraparesis. FIP accounts for more than half of the infectious inflammatory causes of myelitis in cats, and 16 per cent of all spinal cord diseases reported in cats. In a case series of cats with spinal cord-related signs, more than 75 per cent were younger than 2 years of age. Overall the most consistent diagnostic findings in cats with the CNS form of FIP include a positive coronavirus IgG titer in CSF, a high serum total protein concentration, and abnormalities in brain imaging. 19 Clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction, including paraspinal hyperesthesia and paresis, have been reported in at least one case series.


id: cord-022203-t2f0vr1w
title: The pyrexic cat
author: Dowers, Kristy L
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155435/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-2488-7.50024-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  Clinical signs are often non-specific and include fever, anorexia and weight loss. Gastrointestinal signs are uncommon in cats compared to dogs, and include chronic diarrhea, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and anorexia. • Dysfunction of any organ system may result from granuloma formation within the tissue of that organ, e.g., liver, kidney, spleen, intestines, lungs, etc., however, organ failure producing clinical signs only rarely occurs, and most dysfunction is only detected on biochemical tests. Clinical signs in the acute, fatal form of extraintestinal disease are caused primarily by tissue damage from the rapidly dividing tachyzoites. • Young kittens are more likely to have gastrointestinal signs, although mild clinical disease has been reported in adult cats as well. Systemic signs, which are not present in all cats, include fever, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and lymphadenopathy. Systemic signs such as fever, anorexia and depression are commonly reported (44% of cats) and can be seen with skin lesions.


id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs
title: Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity
author: nan
date: 2011-12-05
txt: ./txt/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158306/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  One study found that, of cats investigated for gastrointestinal disease, 9 of 33 cats (27%) had no pathology recognized proximal to the jejunum (i.e., the effective length of diagnostic endoscopes would have precluded diagnosis), and other organs were affected in 9 of 10 cats with inflammatory bowel diseases and 7 of 8 cats with intestinal small cell lymphoma. 60, 64 Quantification of serum cobalamin levels is recommended in cats with clinical signs of small bowel diarrhea, ones suspected to have an infiltrative disease of the small intestine (inflammatory bowel disease or gastrointestinal lymphoma), or ones with pancreatic dysfunction. Survey radiographs may be normal in cats with esophagitis and strictures, but are useful to rule out other causes for the clinical signs, such as a foreign body, or to detect related problems, such as aspiration pneumonia. 8, 29 Other non-neoplastic causes reported for gastric or gastroduodenal ulceration in cats include parasites (e.g., Ollulanus tricuspis, Toxocara cati, Aonchotheca putorii, Gnathostoma spp.), bacterial infections, toxins, inflammatory bowel disease, and foreign bodies.


id: cord-023034-j8zwcfys
title: Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus: II. Propagation in Suckling Mouse Brain
author: Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.
date: 2010-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-023034-j8zwcfys.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023034-j8zwcfys.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7165968/
doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb01683.x
summary:
  SUMMARY: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus multiplication was demonstrated in the brains of one‐day‐old laboratory mice using direct immunofluorescence tests. In order to determine the specificity of the observed fluorescence for FIP virus, indirect IFT were carried out in parallel on poslitive mouse brain sections (homologous reaction) and on porcine kidney cells infected with TGE virus (heterologous reaction). The conclusive experiment for establishing the FIP virus specificity of the immunofluorescence in mouse brain was performed by inoculating SPF kittens with fluorescence-positive material of the 6th mouse passage (isolation series A, Table 1 ). Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus multiplication was demonstrated in the brains of one-day-old laboratory mice using direct immunofluorescence tests. Specificity was assessed by virus reisolation, indirect immunofluorescence and reproduction of FIP after inoculation of SPF kittens using brain material from the 6th mouse passage. Specificity was assessed by virus reisolation, indirect immunofluorescence and reproduction of FIP after inoculation of SPF kittens using brain material from the 6th mouse passage.

abstract:
  SUMMARY: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus multiplication was demonstrated in the brains of one‐day‐old laboratory mice using direct immunofluorescence tests. Specificity was assessed by virus reisolation, indirect immunofluorescence and reproduction of FIP after inoculation of SPF kittens using brain material from the 6th mouse passage. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Virus der felinen infektiösen Peritonitis II. Vermehrung im Gehirn von Säuglingsmäusen Mit Hilfe der direkten Immunofluoreszenz wurde die Vermehrung des Virus der Felinen Infektiösen Peritonitis (FIP) im Gehirn eintägiger Laboratoriumsmäuse nachgewiesen. Die Spezifität wurde durch Reisolierung des Virus und indirekte Immunofluoreszenz belegt, sowie durch die Auslösung der FIP nach Inokulation von Gehirnmaterial der sechsten Mäusepassage in SPF Katzenwelpen. RÉSUMÉ: Virus de la péritonite infectieuse du chat II. Multiplication dans le cerveau de la souris nouveau‐née A l'aide de l'immunofluorescence directe la multiplication du virus de la péritonite infectieuze féline a été démontrée dans le cerveau de la souris nouveau‐née. Epreuves de spécificité étaient le réisolement du virus, l'immunofluorescence indirecte et la reproduction de la maladie par inoculation de chats SPF utilisant du material cerveau provenant du 6ième passage en souris. RESUMEN: Virus de la peritonitis infecciosa del gato II. Multiplicación en cerebro de ratoncitos recién‐nacidos Utilizando la inmunofluorescencia directa se mostró la multiplicación en cerebro de ratoncitos recién‐nacidos del virus de la peritonitis infecciosa del gato. Se pudo evidenciar la especificidad por medio de re‐aislamiento del virus y de la inmunofluorescencia indirecta; además, se logró reproducir la enfermedad en gatos SPF, inoculándoles material del 6° pasaje en cerebros de ratoncitos.


id: cord-023121-hewbl5yu
author: Parodi, M. Cammarata
date: 2008-04-10
txt: ./txt/cord-023121-hewbl5yu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023121-hewbl5yu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166958/
doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1993.tb02591.x
summary:
  Twenty‐one cases of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were diagnosed using a direct immunofluorescence test on cytocentrifuged pleural and peritoneal effusions from cats sampled in vivo (11 cases) and at necropsy (10 cases). In the remaining 2 1 cats, the clinical diagnosis of FIP was confirmed by pathological and histological findings and was also confirmed in 10 of these cases by a positive DIF test carried out on cryostatic sections of affected organs. A marked disagreement between the result from the DIF test on ascitic fluid and the final FIP diagnosis was found in only one case (case 11; Table 1) which at the age of four months showed clinical signs of thoracic effusions with fever. The cases where pathological entities different to FIP were identified and where the DIF test had never been positive on either the samples of the effusions or the cryostatic sections of affected organs were useful negative controls.

title:
  Using direct immunofluorescence to detect coronaviruses in peritoneal in peritoneal and pleural effusions

abstract:
  Twenty‐one cases of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were diagnosed using a direct immunofluorescence test on cytocentrifuged pleural and peritoneal effusions from cats sampled in vivo (11 cases) and at necropsy (10 cases). A commercial fluorescent polyclonal antiserum of feline origin reacting with FIPV and cross reacting with transmissible gastroenteritis virus and canine coronavirus was used. Eleven cats with ascites of a different origin were used as negative controls. The direct immunofluorescence test was 97 per cent reliable (31 cases of 32) and can be used in routine diagnosis.


id: cord-253498-w6qfzpi4
author: Paltrinieri, Saverio
date: 2010-08-02
txt: ./txt/cord-253498-w6qfzpi4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253498-w6qfzpi4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00242.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00242.x
summary:
  title: Electrophoretic fractionation of creatine kinase isoenzymes and macroenzymes in clinically healthy dogs and cats and preliminary evaluation in central neurologic disease Background: Information about the electrophoretic distribution of CK‐MM, CK‐MB, and CK‐BB, serum creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes that are indicators of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain lesions, respectively, and CK macroenzymes (macro‐CK1 and macro‐CK2) in dogs and cats with and without central neurologic disease is scant and equivocal. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the electrophoretic distribution of CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes in healthy dogs and cats and to provide a preliminary assessment of the utility of CK enzymatic electrophoresis in dogs and cats with central neurologic disease. Conclusions: This study identified the electophoretic distribution of CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes of dogs and cats and provided encouraging data about the possible use of CK‐BB as a biomarker for canine neurologic disorders, but not for FIP.

title:
  Electrophoretic fractionation of creatine kinase isoenzymes and macroenzymes in clinically healthy dogs and cats and preliminary evaluation in central neurologic disease

abstract:
  Background: Information about the electrophoretic distribution of CK‐MM, CK‐MB, and CK‐BB, serum creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes that are indicators of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain lesions, respectively, and CK macroenzymes (macro‐CK1 and macro‐CK2) in dogs and cats with and without central neurologic disease is scant and equivocal. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the electrophoretic distribution of CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes in healthy dogs and cats and to provide a preliminary assessment of the utility of CK enzymatic electrophoresis in dogs and cats with central neurologic disease. Methods: Electrophoretic separation of serum CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes was performed on freeze‐thawed serum samples from 20 healthy dogs and 3 dogs with central neurologic disease and from 14 healthy cats and 6 cats with neurologic feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Electrophoretic separation was also performed on supernatants of homogenized brain, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle from both species, to assess the tissue distribution of isoenyzmes in dogs and cats. Results: CK‐MM was the predominant isoenzyme in the serum of healthy dogs and cats, followed by macro‐CK2 and CK‐BB in dogs and by both macroenzymes in cats. In dogs, CK‐MB was essentially absent from both serum and homogenized hearts. CK‐BB increased in dogs with neurologic disease. In cats, CK‐BB was essentially absent from serum, but was present in brain homogenates. Two of 6 cats with FIP had increased macro‐CK1 and increased CK‐BB activity. Conclusions: This study identified the electophoretic distribution of CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes of dogs and cats and provided encouraging data about the possible use of CK‐BB as a biomarker for canine neurologic disorders, but not for FIP.


id: cord-254375-otj044by
title: Some aspects of humoral and cellular immunity in naturally occuring feline infectious peritonitis
author: Paltrinieri, S
date: 1998-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-254375-otj044by.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254375-otj044by.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S016524279800155X
doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00155-x
summary:
  Haematology, antibody titers and serum protein electrophoresis from 48 cats (34 effusive and 14 noneffusive forms) affected with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were studied and compared with those of 20 healthy cats. Even if antibody-enhanced infection has been recently questioned (Olsen et al., 1992 (Olsen et al., , 1993 Addie et al., 1995) , many experimental results demonstrate that anti-FCoV antibodies facilitate the uptake of the virus by the macrophages (Hayashi et al., 1983; Stoddart and Scott, 1989 ; Barlough and Stoddart, 1990; Hohdatsu et al., 1994; Pedersen, 1995a) , and that immunocomplexes lead to a type III hypersensitivity reaction with disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel''s walls, responsible for the effusions (Hayashi et al., 1977 (Hayashi et al., , 1978 Pedersen and Boyle, 1980; Weiss et al., 1980; Jacobse-Geels et al., 1980; Weiss and Scott, 1981; Fenner, 1987; Pastoret and Bourtonboy, 1991; Pedersen, 1995a) . To further understand the pathogenesis of the disease, parameters indicative of the involvement of humoral immunity (total and fractioned proteins and antibody titers in serum and in effusions), and the distribution of viral antigen and immune cells in the lesions were studied in cats with spontaneous FIP.

abstract:
  Haematology, antibody titers and serum protein electrophoresis from 48 cats (34 effusive and 14 noneffusive forms) affected with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were studied and compared with those of 20 healthy cats. In the effusive form, antibody titers and protein electrophoresis in the effusions were analyzed. The distribution of the immune cells and of the virus in FIP lesions were also investigated immunohistochemically with the avidin–biotin complex (ABC) method, using antibodies against the FIP virus (FIPV), myelomonocytic (MAC387) and lymphoid (CD3, CD4 and CD8 for T-cells and IgM and IgG for B-cells) antigens. Seropositive animals (antibody titer>1:100) were present among both the FIP infected cats (73%) and the healthy cats (70%). Cats with effusive FIP had neutrophilic leukocytosis (P>0.05), lymphopenia (P<0.01) and eosinopenia (P<0.001). In both effusive and noneffusive forms decreased albumin/globulin ratio (P<0.001) with hypoalbuminemia (P<0.001), hyperglobulinemia (P<0.001) and increased α(2)- (P<0.05), β- (P<0.05) and γ-globulins (P<0.001) were found. Hypergammaglobulinemia was not related to the antibody titers, suggesting the presence of other proteins with γ-motility (e.g. complement fractions). The electrophoretic pattern of the effusions was always similar to that of the corresponding serum. Antibody titers higher than those of the corresponding serum were often detected in the effusions. Immunohistochemical findings were not related to the antibody titers, but they were related to the histological aspect of the lesions. In cellular foci of FIP lesions many virus-infected macrophages and few lymphocytes, mainly CD4(+), were found. Extracellular viral and myelomonocytic antigens were also detectable in the foci with intercellular necrosis. Only few FIPV-infected cells were present at the periphery of the larger necrotic foci: in these lesions MAC387(+) cells were mainly neutrophils, with many MAC387(−) macrophages, probably due to their activated state; a small number of lymphocytes, with an increasing percentage of CD8(+) cells was present. Lymphocytes were more abundant when cellular foci and FIP-infected macrophages were centered around neoformed vessels. IgM and IgG exposing B-cells were always few and scattered. In conclusion the simultaneous analysis of body fluids and of the cellular composition of the lesions showed a complex immune status, on which type III and type IV hypersensitivity could coexist.


id: cord-258374-qht98q0l
author: Takano, Tomomi
date: 2009-04-03
txt: ./txt/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0371-3
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0371-3
summary:
  title: Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions Furthermore, it was investigated whether macrophages, one of the target cells of FIPV infection, produce neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF). The neutrophil survival rates were significantly increased in the presence of the culture supernatant of macrophages infected with the mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2 compared to those in the presence of other supernatants (Fig. 5) . When SPF-cat-derived alveolar macrophages were infected with a mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, the intracellular TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF mRNA levels increased (Fig. 6 ). These cytokine mRNA levels were also elevated in macrophages infected with FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, clarifying the presence of neutrophil survival factors in the macrophage culture supernatant. It was suggested that: (1) FIPV-infected macrophages release TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF in response to virus replication, and (2) these cytokines act on neutrophils and prolong their survival.

title:
  Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions

abstract:
  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a feline coronavirus (FCoV)-induced fatal disease of domestic and wild cats. The infiltration of neutrophils into granulomatous lesions is unusual for a viral disease, but it is a typical finding of FIP. This study aimed to investigate the reason for the lesions containing neutrophils in cats with FIP. Neutrophils of cats with FIP were cultured, and changes in the cell survival rate were assessed. In addition, the presence or absence of neutrophil survival factors was investigated in specimens collected from cats with FIP. Furthermore, it was investigated whether macrophages, one of the target cells of FIPV infection, produce neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF). We showed that virus-infected macrophages overproduce neutrophil survival factors, and these factors act on neutrophils and up-regulate their survival. These observations suggest that sustained production of neutrophil survival factors by macrophages during FCoV infection is sufficient for neutrophil survival and contributes to development of granulomatous lesions.


id: cord-264315-3hum7rqm
author: Paltrinieri, S
date: 2001-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-264315-3hum7rqm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264315-3hum7rqm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1098612X01901263
doi: 10.1053/jfms.2001.0126
summary:
  Abstract Blood was collected from 55 cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and from 50 control cats in order to define whether differences in pathological findings and in distribution of feline coronaviruses (FCoV) can be associated with changes in haemograms, serum protein electrophoresis, and antibody titres. Based on the pathological findings or on the immunohistochemical distribution of viral antigen, FIP-affected cats were divided in the following groups: subacute against acute lesions; low against strong intensity of positivity; intracellular against extracellular positivities; positive against negative lymph nodes. Lymphopenia was more evident in cats with acute forms, strong intensity of positivity, extracellular antigen and negative lymph nodes. The haematological and serum protein profiles of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were in agreement with those reported in previous works (Sparkes et al 1991 , Pedersen 1995a , Paltrinieri et al 1998b .

title:
  Laboratory profiles in cats with different pathological and immunohistochemical findings due to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

abstract:
  Abstract Blood was collected from 55 cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and from 50 control cats in order to define whether differences in pathological findings and in distribution of feline coronaviruses (FCoV) can be associated with changes in haemograms, serum protein electrophoresis, and antibody titres. Compared to controls, the whole group of FIP-affected cats had blood changes consistent with FIP. Based on the pathological findings or on the immunohistochemical distribution of viral antigen, FIP-affected cats were divided in the following groups: subacute against acute lesions; low against strong intensity of positivity; intracellular against extracellular positivities; positive against negative lymph nodes. Lymphopenia was more evident in cats with acute forms, strong intensity of positivity, extracellular antigen and negative lymph nodes. Cats with positive lymph nodes had the most evident changes in the protein estimations. These results suggest that differences in pathological findings might depend on different reactive patterns to the FCoVs.


id: cord-266155-hf3retap
title: Oral Mutian®X stopped faecal feline coronavirus shedding by naturally infected cats
author: Addie, Diane D.
date: 2020-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-266155-hf3retap.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266155-hf3retap.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.012
doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.012
summary:
  Although recombinant feline interferon omega (FeIFNω: Virbagen Omega, Virbac, France) was previously shown to reduce FCoV shedding, this is the first report to document an anti-viral that stopped the excretion of FCoV in the faeces of naturally infected cats. Results from five cats from Household E could not be included because the intervals between faecal tests left the possibility that the cats might have spontaneously stopped shedding virus, rather than Mutian X having stopped virus shedding: thus they were excluded from both treatment and control groups (Table 1) . Prior to the observational study we report here, the cattery owner (SC) discovered she could reduce coronavirus shedding in some cats using Mutian X tablets: we worked with her to optimise dose and duration of treatment for stopping virus shedding. Mutian X pills stopped faecal FCoV shedding in 29 naturally infected cats; however, four of the 29 cats required a second course of treatment before virus was eliminated.

abstract:
  Abstract Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is common among cats living indoors in groups. In about 10% of infected cats, a potentially lethal disease, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) occurs. Virus transmission is faecal-oral. Mutian® Xraphconn (Mutian X) is a product marketed to treat cats with FIP but is also being used to stop virus shedding, although no clear guidelines exist for its use for this purpose. The aim of this study was to establish the minimum dose and treatment duration required to ensure viral clearance from the faeces of asymptomatic virus-shedding cats. In five multicat households, 29 cats naturally infected with FCoV and actively shedding virus in the faeces were given Mutian X pills. Virus shedding was monitored using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) controlled for faecal inhibitors to ensure sensitivity. Mutian X given orally cleared the virus in 29 cats; although four cats required a repeated course to finally stop virus shedding. A dose of 4 mg/kg q24 h for four days was found to be the optimal treatment protocol: 2 mg/kg cleared only 80% of cats. Post-treatment using a sensitive RT-qPCR test was essential to ensure that virus clearance had been achieved, since failure to clear even one cat can result in re-infection of the others. Records of virus shedding by cats before treatment provided a retrospective control: significantly more cats stopped shedding virus after Mutian X than recovered from infection during the control period (p < .00001). This is the first report of the successful elimination of faecal FCoV shedding in chronically infected cats.


id: cord-268492-0rbmqarx
author: Alberer, Martin
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-268492-0rbmqarx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268492-0rbmqarx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01515-3
doi: 10.1007/s15010-020-01515-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  The RCPCH and CDC have published a case definition and scientists refer to this novel but still very rare severe clinical condition in children as "paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2" (PIMS-TS). While reflecting on this syndrome and its characteristic features, some interesting similarities come to mind when comparing the clinical course of PIMS-TS cases and the specific features of a disease in cats called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) caused by the feline coronavirus (FCoV), an alphacoronavirus [2] . On this note, it would be of great interest to see whether mutations in the viral genome, particularly in regions affecting the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2, could lead to a change in cell tropism enabling the virus to more effectively infect and replicate within human monocytes/macrophages subsequently leading to the clinical picture of PIMS-TS.

title:
  Cats and kids: how a feline disease may help us unravel COVID-19 associated paediatric hyperinflammatory syndrome


id: cord-270414-gh9agf4x
author: Fischer, Y.
date: 2011-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-270414-gh9agf4x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270414-gh9agf4x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00806.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00806.x
summary:
  title: Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study of the Effect of Propentofylline on Survival Time and Quality of Life of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Several case reports can be found in the online Veterinary Information Network (http://www.VIN.com) that describe a positive effect of the methylxanthine derivative pentoxifylline (PTX) (Trental a ) on the survival time in cats with FIP. ALT alanine aminotransferase AP alkaline phosphatase CI confidence interval FCoV feline coronavirus FeLV feline leukemia virus FIP feline infectious peritonitis FIPV feline infectious peritonitis virus FIV feline immundeficiency virus IFAT immunofluorescent antibody technique PPF propentofylline PTX pentoxifylline RBC red blood cells SPSS statistical package for the social sciences TNF-a tumor necrosis factor-alpha TP total protein WBC white blood cells which cause endothelial cell damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of PPF on the survival time and quality of life in cats with a confirmed diagnosis of FIP in a placebocontrolled double-blind trial.

title:
  Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study of the Effect of Propentofylline on Survival Time and Quality of Life of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Currently there is no drug proven to effectively treat cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). HYPOTHESIS: Propentofylline (PPF) can decrease vasculitis, and therefore prolong survival time in cats with FIP, and increase their quality of life. ANIMALS: Twenty‐three privately owned cats with FIP. METHODS: Placebo‐controlled double‐blind trial. FIP was confirmed by histology or immunostaining of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen in effusion or tissue macrophages or both. The cats were randomly selected for treatment with either PPF or placebo. All cats received additional treatment with glucocorticoids, antibiotics, and low molecular weight heparin according to methods. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the survival time of cats treated with PPF (8 days, 95% CI 5.4–10.6) versus placebo (7.5 days, 95% CI 4.4–9.6). The median survival time of all cats was 8 days (4–36 days). There was neither a difference in quality of life (day 7, P = .892), in the amount of effusion (day 7, P = .710), the tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) concentration (day 7, P = .355), nor in any other variable investigated in this study, including a complete blood count, and a small animal biochemistry profile. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This study did not detect an effect of PPF on the survival time, the quality of life, or any clinical or laboratory parameter in cats with FIP. Therefore, PPF does not appear to be an effective treatment option in cats with a late stage of the disease FIP.


id: cord-271078-zyy8gx25
author: Sharif, Saeed
date: 2010-01-06
txt: ./txt/cord-271078-zyy8gx25.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271078-zyy8gx25.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-52-1
doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-1
summary:
  title: Descriptive distribution and phylogenetic analysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolates of Malaysia The descriptive distribution and phylogeny of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) were studied in cats suspected of having feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in Malaysia. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a highly fatal disease of cats caused by generalized infection with a feline coronavirus (FCoV). Two biotypes of FCoV are described in cats: feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). In present study, a conserved region of 3''untranslated region (3''UTR) is used to detect FCoV and determine the descriptive distribution and phylogeny of local isolates in FIP-suspected cats. An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis Phylogenetic analysis of feline coronavirus isolates from healthy cats in Malaysia Quasispecies composition and phylogenetic analysis of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) in naturally infected cats Descriptive distribution and phylogenetic analysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolates of Malaysia

title:
  Descriptive distribution and phylogenetic analysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolates of Malaysia

abstract:
  The descriptive distribution and phylogeny of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) were studied in cats suspected of having feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in Malaysia. Ascitic fluids and/or biopsy samples were subjected to a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeted for a conserved region of 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of the FCoV genome. Eighty nine percent of the sampled animals were positive for the presence of FCoV. Among the FCoV positive cats, 80% of cats were males and 64% were below 2 years of age. The FCoV positive cases included 56% domestic short hair (DSH), 40% Persian, and 4% Siamese cats. The nucleotide sequences of 10 selected amplified products from FIP cases were determined. The sequence comparison revealed that the field isolates had 96% homology with a few point mutations. The extent of homology decreased to 93% when compared with reference strains. The overall branching pattern of phylogenetic tree showed two distinct clusters, where all Malaysian isolates fall into one main genetic cluster. These findings provided the first genetic information of FCoV in Malaysia.


id: cord-273424-iz1vat9p
author: Ceciliani, Fabrizio
date: 2004-04-12
txt: ./txt/cord-273424-iz1vat9p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273424-iz1vat9p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242704000522
doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02.003
summary:
  In contrast, during FIP disease, fAGP underwent several modifications in the sialic acid content, including decreased expression of both α(2–6)-linked and α(2–3)-linked sialic acid (76 and 44%, respectively when compared to non-pathological feline AGP). The biological significance of AGP overexpression during FIP and its correlation with the Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 99 (2004) [229] [230] [231] [232] [233] [234] [235] [236] Abbreviations: FIP, feline infectious peritonitis; AGP, a1-acid glycoprotein; fAGP, feline a1-acid glycoprotein; FCoV, feline coronavirus; HP, haptoglobin; SleX, sialyl Lewis X; HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography; SNAI, Sambucus nigra agglutinin; MAA, Maackia amurensis agglutinin; AAL, Aleuria aurantia lectin * Corresponding author. In the present study we used the lectin binding specificity for carbohydrates in order to gain insight into some major (branching) and minor (sialic acid content) glycan microheterogeneity of feline AGP (fAGP) purified from FIP affected cats.

title:
  Decreased sialylation of the acute phase protein α1-acid glycoprotein in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

abstract:
  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an immune-mediated disease of domestic and exotic felides infected with feline coronavirus. FIP is characterized by the overexpression of an acute phase protein, the α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). In humans, AGP is a heavily glycosylated protein that undergoes several modifications of its glycan moiety during acute and chronic inflammatory pathologies. We studied the changes in AGP glycosylation in the course of FIP. Specifically, we focussed our attention on the degree of sialylation, fucosylation and branching. This study presents a purification method for feline AGP (fAGP) from serum, using an ion exchange chromatography strategy. The glycosylation pattern was analyzed in detail by means of interaction of purified fAGP with specific lectins. In particular, Sambucus nigra agglutinin I and Maackia amurensis agglutinin lectins were used to detect sialic acid residues, Aleuria aurantia lectin was used to detect l-fucose residues and Concanavalin A was used to evaluate the branching degree. By this method we showed that fAGP did not present any l-fucose residues on its surface, and that its branching degree was very low, both in normal and in pathological conditions. In contrast, during FIP disease, fAGP underwent several modifications in the sialic acid content, including decreased expression of both α(2–6)-linked and α(2–3)-linked sialic acid (76 and 44%, respectively when compared to non-pathological feline AGP).


id: cord-276617-chgjpg0v
author: Takano, Tomomi
date: 2008-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-276617-chgjpg0v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276617-chgjpg0v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0265-9
doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0265-9
summary:
  The present study shows that: (1) the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cells was higher in cats with FIP than in SPF cats, (2) the albumin-to-globulin ratio has negative correlation with the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cell, (3) cells strongly expressing mRNA of the plasma cell master gene, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1), were increased in peripheral blood in cats with FIP, (4) mRNA expression of B-cell differentiation/survival factors, IL-6, CD40 ligand, and B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), was enhanced in macrophages in cats with FIP, and (5) mRNAs of these B-cell differentiation/survival factors were overexpressed in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)-induced macrophages. We also collected macrophages from FIP cats and measured the expression levels of the viral RNA and mRNA of B-cell differentiation/survival factors: IL-6, CD40 ligand (CD40L), and Bcell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF).

title:
  B-cell activation in cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) by FIP-virus-induced B-cell differentiation/survival factors

abstract:
  It has been suggested that antibody overproduction plays a role in the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). However, only a few studies on the B-cell activation mechanism after FIP virus (FIPV) infection have been reported. The present study shows that: (1) the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cells was higher in cats with FIP than in SPF cats, (2) the albumin-to-globulin ratio has negative correlation with the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cell, (3) cells strongly expressing mRNA of the plasma cell master gene, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1), were increased in peripheral blood in cats with FIP, (4) mRNA expression of B-cell differentiation/survival factors, IL-6, CD40 ligand, and B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), was enhanced in macrophages in cats with FIP, and (5) mRNAs of these B-cell differentiation/survival factors were overexpressed in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)-induced macrophages. These data suggest that virus-infected macrophages overproduce B-cell differentiation/survival factors, and these factors act on B-cells and promote B-cell differentiation into plasma cells in FIPV-infected cats.


id: cord-281179-k7630is6
title: Genetic determinants of pathogenesis by feline infectious peritonitis virus
author: Brown, Meredith A.
date: 2011-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-281179-k7630is6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281179-k7630is6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0165242711002182
doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.021
summary:
  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, immune-augmented, and progressive viral disease of cats associated with feline coronavirus (FCoV). Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, immune-augmented, and progressive viral disease of cats associated with feline coronavirus (FCoV). Mutational transition in viral pathogenesis has been shown in HIV infection, where specific amino acid changes in the envelope gene determine which coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) is used and hence virus success in cell entry (Hartley et al., 2005) . However, more recent in vitro studies of cathepsin B and cathepsin L activity in different isolates of FCoV showed that FECV isolates were able to induce a specific cleavage event in the spike protein in contrast to FIPV isolates, suggesting that cathepsin activity on the spike gene may play a role in viral pathogenesis at the level of cell entry .

abstract:
  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, immune-augmented, and progressive viral disease of cats associated with feline coronavirus (FCoV). Viral genetic determinants specifically associated with FIPV pathogenesis have not yet been discovered. Viral gene signatures in the spike, non-structural protein 3c, and membrane of the coronavirus genome have been shown to often correlate with disease manifestation. An “in vivo mutation transition hypothesis” is widely accepted and postulates that de novo virus mutation occurs in vivo giving rise to virulence. The existence of “distinct circulating avirulent and virulent strains” is an alternative hypothesis of viral pathogenesis. It may be possible that viral dynamics from both hypotheses are at play in the occurrence of FIP. Epidemiologic data suggests that the genetic background of the cat contributes to the manifestation of FIP. Further studies exploring both viral and host genetic determinants of disease in FIP offer specific opportunities for the management of this disease.


id: cord-283202-5fq1wxz8
title: The cat with neurological manifestations of systemic disease. Key conditions impacting on the CNS
author: Kent, Marc
date: 2009-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1098612X09000837
doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.03.007
summary:
  This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. A presumptive diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, evidence of recent or active infection (gained via serology for immunoglobulins or immune complexes, or PCR), exclusion of other disease processes, and response to therapy. Consequently, affected cats often demonstrate signs relating to renal disease or hyperthyroidism, given the high prevalence of hypertension with these disorders. Hepatic encephalopathy is the clinical syndrome of abnormal neurological function caused by portosystemic shunting, with or without intrinsic liver disease. Use of anti-coronavirus antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis involving the central nervous system in cats Non-invasive blood pressure measurements in cats: clinical significance of hypertension associated with chronic renal failure

abstract:
  Practical relevance A number of systemic diseases are associated with neurological deficits. Most systemic diseases that impact on the nervous system result in multifocal neurological signs; however, isolated deficits can also be observed. This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. Clinical challenges Early recognition of systemic signs of illness in conjunction with neurological deficits will allow for prompt diagnosis and treatment. While neurological examination of the feline patient can undoubtedly be challenging, hopefully the accompanying articles in this special issue will enable the clinician to approach these cases with more confidence. Evidence base The veterinary literature contains numerous reports detailing the impact of systemic disease on the nervous system. Unfortunately, very few references provide detailed descriptions of large cohorts of affected cats. This review summarises the literature underpinning the four key diseases under discussion.


id: cord-284963-p0y5rrpb
author: Kipar, Anja
date: 2006-08-15
txt: ./txt/cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242706000560
doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.004
summary:
  The spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow from naturally FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP and specific pathogen-free (SPF) control cats were examined for the quantity and activation state of monocytes/macrophages both by immunohistology and by quantitative real time PCR for the transcription of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and GM-CSF. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a well-known and widely distributed coronavirus (FCoV)-induced systemic disease in cats, characterised by fibrinousgranulomatous serositis with protein-rich effusions into body cavities, granulomatous-necrotising phlebitis and periphlebitis and granulomatous inflammatory lesions in several organs (Hayashi et al., 1977; Weiss and Scott, 1981; Kipar et al., 1998 Kipar et al., , 2005 . Taken together, our results indicate that IL-10 is a key cytokine in FCoV infection, ensuring an effective specific immune response, but avoiding the inflammatory processes associated with the development of FIP (Kipar et al., 2005) , by inhibiting the virus-induced macrophage activation.

title:
  Natural feline coronavirus infection: Differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection

abstract:
  Natural and experimental feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection leads to systemic viral spread via monocyte-associated viraemia and induces systemic proliferation of monocytes/macrophages. In the majority of naturally infected animals, FCoV infection remains subclinical and is associated with generalised B and T cell hyperplasia, but no other pathological findings. A minority of cats, however, develop feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic granulomatous disease. This is generally accompanied by B and T cell depletion. The obvious functional differences of lymphatic tissues in FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP suggest that they contribute to the outcome of FCoV infection. This study attempted to evaluate the functional changes in haemolymphatic tissues after natural FCoV infection, with special emphasis on the magnitude, phenotype and function of the monocyte/macrophage population. The spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow from naturally FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP and specific pathogen-free (SPF) control cats were examined for the quantity and activation state of monocytes/macrophages both by immunohistology and by quantitative real time PCR for the transcription of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and GM-CSF. Compared to cats with FIP, FCoV-infected cats without FIP exhibited significantly higher IL-10 levels in the spleen and significantly lower levels of IL-6, G- and M-CSF in mesenteric lymph nodes. In cats with FIP, however, IL-12 p40 levels were significantly lower in lymphatic tissues in comparison to both SPF cats and FCoV-infected cats without FIP. In comparison to SPF cats, FIP cats had significantly higher IL-1β levels and lower TNF levels in mesenteric lymph nodes and lower M-CSF levels in the spleen. Findings indicate that FCoV-infected cats which do not develop FIP are able to mount an effective FCoV-specific immune response and can avoid excessive macrophage activation and FIP, possibly by upregulation of IL-10 production. Development of FIP, however, might be due to a lack of IL-12 which inhibits an effective cellular immune response and allows for monocyte/macrophage activation and the development of FIP.


id: cord-285335-agm4zbcx
author: Kennedy, Melissa
date: 2001-08-08
txt: ./txt/cord-285335-agm4zbcx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285335-agm4zbcx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11390106/
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00354-6
summary:
  A population of Persian cats experienced an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) over 2 years. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) genomic RNA was detected consistently in this study in biologic samples from adult cats, kittens suffering from FIP, and their siblings. Analysis of viral 7a/7b open reading frame (ORFs) were analyzed and revealed two distinct virus variants circulating in the population, one with an intact 7a ORF and one with two major deletions in the 7a ORF. Both virus variants were identified in one cat, the sire ''''Dan'''', as sequence analysis of clones from a single PCR from this animal revealed the presence of the 7a deletion mutant as well as the intact isolate (Dan 1 and 2 in Fig. 2 ). The sire of the majority of FIP kittens was dually infected with both virus variants as revealed by sequence analysis of cloned 7a/7b genes from this cat.

title:
  Deletions in the 7a ORF of feline coronavirus associated with an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  A population of Persian cats experienced an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) over 2 years. Twelve cases of FIP occurred in litters born during this period. Cats contracting FIP were all genetically related through the sire. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) genomic RNA was detected consistently in this study in biologic samples from adult cats, kittens suffering from FIP, and their siblings. Analysis of viral 7a/7b open reading frame (ORFs) were analyzed and revealed two distinct virus variants circulating in the population, one with an intact 7a ORF and one with two major deletions in the 7a ORF. The 7b ORFs were intact and similar among all virus isolates, although point mutations resulting in amino acid changes were present. The sire was determined to be infected with both variants, and was persistently virus-infected. We speculate the deletion variant arose from the non-deletion variant during viral replication in this population, possibly in the sire.


id: cord-287157-6rwevq39
author: Kiss, I.
date: 2004-02-25
txt: ./txt/cord-287157-6rwevq39.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287157-6rwevq39.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1098612X04000051
doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.08.009
summary:
  authors: Kiss, I.; Poland, A.M.; Pedersen, N.C. title: Disease outcome and cytokine responses in cats immunized with an avirulent feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)-UCD1 and challenge-exposed with virulent FIPV-UCD8 Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a highly fatal disease in Felidae caused by a coronavirus and usually affects cats between 6 months and 3 years of age (reviewed by Pedersen, 1995) . Three of eight vaccinated cats (nos 522, 616, 622) developed effusive FIP within 2 weeks of challengeexposure to FIPV-UCD8, typical of classical nonenhanced disease (Pedersen and Boyle, 1980) ( Table 1) . In this study, two of eight vaccinated cats (nos 524 and 625) appeared immune to challenge-exposure with virulent FIPV-UCD8 and two (nos 623 and 624) developed non-effusive FIP (indicative of partial immunity; Pedersen, 1995) . In the presented preliminary experiment, vaccination of cats with an attenuated live strain of FIPV-UCD1 appeared to induce a degree of protection, in that two of eight cats were immune and two more developed non-effusive FIP post challenge.

title:
  Disease outcome and cytokine responses in cats immunized with an avirulent feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)-UCD1 and challenge-exposed with virulent FIPV-UCD8

abstract:
  Eight cats were immunized with an avirulent strain of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)-UCD1, then challenge-exposed to a highly virulent cat passaged strain (FIPV-UCD8). Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured throughout in the experiment. No clinical signs of FIP were evident in the experimental cats after immunization. After challenge, the immunized cats demonstrated one of four clinical outcomes: (1) classical effusive FIP; (2) accelerated FIP; (3) non-effusive FIP, or (4) resistance to challenge. Only minor cytokine changes were observed following immunization, however, several cytokine changes occurred following challenge-exposure. The most noteworthy changes were in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels. Our preliminary findings suggest that immunity against FIP is associated with TNF-α and IFN-γ response imbalance, with high TNF-α/low IFN-γ mRNA responses favouring disease and low TNF-α/high IFN-γ mRNA responses being indicative of immunity.


id: cord-295491-zlah6u5s
author: Günther, Sonja
date: 2018-03-11
txt: ./txt/cord-295491-zlah6u5s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295491-zlah6u5s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29540320/
doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.03.003
summary:
  The aim of this study was to test two commercially available reaction mixtures in a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay to detect feline Coronavirus (FCoV) in body cavity effusions of cats with and without FIP, in order to minimize the time from sampling to obtaining results. The aim of this study was to test specificity and sensitivity of two commercially available reaction mixtures in a reverse transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) to detect FCoV in body cavity effusions of cats with and without FIP, and to minimize the time from sampling to obtaining results. The FIP group (n = 34) included cats with a definitive diagnosis of FIP by one or more methods: All effusions of cats with FIP tested positive for FCoV by RT-PCR by a commercial laboratory, and in 26/34 samples putative disease-causing mutations could be detected.

title:
  Detection of feline Coronavirus in effusions of cats with and without feline infectious peritonitis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification

abstract:
  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in cats worldwide. The aim of this study was to test two commercially available reaction mixtures in a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay to detect feline Coronavirus (FCoV) in body cavity effusions of cats with and without FIP, in order to minimize the time from sampling to obtaining results. RNA was extracted from body cavity effusion samples of 71 cats, including 34 samples from cats with a definitive diagnosis of FIP, and 37 samples of control cats with similar clinical signs but other confirmed diseases. Two reaction mixtures (Isothermal Mastermix, OptiGene Ltd.and PCRun™ Molecular Detection Mix, Biogal) were tested using the same primers, which were designed to bind to a conserved region of the FCoV membrane protein gene. Both assays were conducted under isothermal conditions (61 °C–62 °C). Using the Isothermal Mastermix of OptiGene Ltd., amplification times ranged from 4 and 39 min with a sensitivity of 35.3% and a specificity of 94.6% for the reported sample group. Using the PCRun™ Molecular Detection Mix of Biogal, amplification times ranged from 18 to 77 min with a sensitivity of 58.8% and a specificity of 97.3%. Although the RT-LAMP assay is less sensitive than real time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), it can be performed without the need of expensive equipment and with less hands-on time. Further modifications of primers might lead to a suitable in-house test and accelerate the diagnosis of FIP.


id: cord-302161-ytr7ds8i
author: Lutz, Mirjam
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-302161-ytr7ds8i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302161-ytr7ds8i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080603
doi: 10.3390/pathogens9080603
summary:
  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)—the deadliest infectious disease of young cats in shelters or catteries—is induced by highly virulent feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) emerging in infected hosts after mutations of less virulent FCoVs. Previous studies have shown that some mutations in the open reading frames (ORF) 3c and 7b and the spike (S) gene have implications for the development of FIP, but mainly indirectly, likely also due to their association with systemic spread. Based on the hypothesis that certain mutations are essential for the capacity of FCoVs to spread systemically, the present study investigated a cohort of systemically infected healthy carrier cats at different time points post experimental infection for the presence of a range of mutations in the genes encoding for the S protein, NSP 3abc, and NSP 7b, which have been shown to have implications for the development of FIP.

title:
  FCoV Viral Sequences of Systemically Infected Healthy Cats Lack Gene Mutations Previously Linked to the Development of FIP

abstract:
  Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)—the deadliest infectious disease of young cats in shelters or catteries—is induced by highly virulent feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) emerging in infected hosts after mutations of less virulent FCoVs. Previous studies have shown that some mutations in the open reading frames (ORF) 3c and 7b and the spike (S) gene have implications for the development of FIP, but mainly indirectly, likely also due to their association with systemic spread. The aim of the present study was to determine whether FCoV detected in organs of experimentally FCoV infected healthy cats carry some of these mutations. Viral RNA isolated from different tissues of seven asymptomatic cats infected with the field strains FCoV Zu1 or FCoV Zu3 was sequenced. Deletions in the 3c gene and mutations in the 7b and S genes that have been shown to have implications for the development of FIP were not detected, suggesting that these are not essential for systemic viral dissemination. However, deletions and single nucleotide polymorphisms leading to truncations were detected in all nonstructural proteins. These were found across all analyzed ORFs, but with significantly higher frequency in ORF 7b than ORF 3a. Additionally, a previously unknown homologous recombination site was detected in FCoV Zu1.


id: cord-304616-k92fa15l
author: Izes, Aaron M.
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-304616-k92fa15l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304616-k92fa15l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236754
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236754
summary:
  title: Assay validation and determination of in vitro binding of mefloquine to plasma proteins from clinically normal and FIP-affected cats As cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) demonstrate altered concentrations of plasma proteins, the proportion of mefloquine binding to plasma proteins in both clinically normal cats and FIP-affected cats was also investigated. Consequently, the aim of this study was two-fold: first, to develop and validate a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to detect mefloquine in feline plasma, and second, to determine the in vitro plasma protein binding of mefloquine in both clinically normal and FIP-affected cats. Here, although a significant difference was found between the plasma protein binding of mefloquine in clinically normal and FIP-affected cats, due to the unknown biological variability of the assay, it is likely that this difference is equivocal. This study has validated an accurate and reliable assay to detect mefloquine in feline plasma and demonstrated that mefloquine is highly plasma protein bound in both clinically normal and FIP-affected cats.

title:
  Assay validation and determination of in vitro binding of mefloquine to plasma proteins from clinically normal and FIP-affected cats

abstract:
  The antimalarial agent mefloquine is currently being investigated for its potential to inhibit feline coronavirus and feline calicivirus infections. A simple, high pressure liquid chromatography assay was developed to detect mefloquine plasma concentrations in feline plasma. The assay’s lower limit of quantification was 250 ng/mL. The mean ± standard deviation intra- and inter-day precision expressed as coefficients of variation were 6.83 ± 1.75 and 5.33 ± 1.37%, respectively, whereas intra- and inter-day accuracy expressed as a percentage of the bias were 11.40 ± 3.73 and 10.59 ± 3.88%, respectively. Accordingly, this validated assay should prove valuable for future in vivo clinical trials of mefloquine as an antiviral agent against feline coronavirus and feline calicivirus. However, the proportion of mefloquine binding to feline plasma proteins has not been reported. The proportion of drug bound to plasma protein binding is an important concept when developing drug dosing regimens. As cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) demonstrate altered concentrations of plasma proteins, the proportion of mefloquine binding to plasma proteins in both clinically normal cats and FIP-affected cats was also investigated. An in vitro method using rapid equilibrium dialysis demonstrated that mefloquine was highly plasma protein bound in both populations (on average > 99%).


id: cord-306829-88nihy7q
title: Diagnostic Methods for Feline Coronavirus: A Review
author: Sharif, Saeed
date: 2010-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-306829-88nihy7q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306829-88nihy7q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/809480
doi: 10.4061/2010/809480
summary:
  Infection with FCoV can result in a diverse range of signs from clinically inapparent infections to a highly fatal disease called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The currently available serological tests have low specificity and sensitivity for detection of active infection and cross-react with FCoV strains of low pathogenicity, the feline enteric coronaviruses (FECV). Therefore, a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay that could determine the amount of viral mRNA in blood may be able to better differentiate FCoV-positive healthy cats from FIP cases. Detection of feline coronaviruses by culture and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of blood samples from healthy cats and cats with clinical feline infectious peritonitis Protein electrophoresis on effusions from cats as a diagnostic test for feline infectious peritonitis Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues, and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues, and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR

abstract:
  Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are found throughout the world. Infection with FCoV can result in a diverse range of signs from clinically inapparent infections to a highly fatal disease called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP is one of the most serious viral diseases of cats. While there is neither an effective vaccine, nor a curative treatment for FIP, a diagnostic protocol for FCoV would greatly assist in the management and control of the virus. Clinical findings in FIP are non-specific and not helpful in making a differential diagnosis. Haematological and biochemical abnormalities in FIP cases are also non-specific. The currently available serological tests have low specificity and sensitivity for detection of active infection and cross-react with FCoV strains of low pathogenicity, the feline enteric coronaviruses (FECV). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been used to detect FCoV and is rapid and sensitive, but results must be interpreted in the context of clinical findings. At present, a definitive diagnosis of FIP can be established only by histopathological examination of biopsies. This paper describes and compares diagnostic methods for FCoVs and includes a brief account of the virus biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis.


id: cord-308537-i6um5iu2
title: Coronavirus Infection in Cats
author: Hoskins, Johnny D.
date: 1993-01-31
txt: ./txt/cord-308537-i6um5iu2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308537-i6um5iu2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8380655/
doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(93)50001-3
summary:
  Cats are susceptible to natural infection with several strains of feline coronavirus that result in either effusive and noneffusive feline infectious peritonitis or enteritis. 33 Most asymptomatic cats with positive coronavirus-antibody titers have been previously infected by strains of feline enteric coronavirus or FIP coronavirus, which usually do not cause fatal disease by natural routes of infection. The susceptibility of cats to FIP disease may involve several predisposing factors, including age at time of exposure, genetic susceptibility, physical condition, stress, presence of concurrent disease (especially feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections), challenge dose and strain of feline coronavirus, route of infection, previous sensitization with nonprotective corona virus antibodies, and cell-mediated immunocompetence. Cats are susceptible to natural infection with several strains of feline coronavirus that may result in either effusive and noneffusive FIP disease or in subclinical to severe enteritis.

abstract:
  Cats are susceptible to natural infection with several strains of feline coronavirus that result in either effusive and noneffusive feline infectious peritonitis or enteritis. Excretion of coronavirus by infected cats into the environment occurs by way of feces, oronasal secretions, and possibly urine. Clinical diagnosis of coronavirus infection is made by evaluating the case history, physical findings, laboratory results, and coronavirus antibody titers as well as ruling out analogous diseases. An intranasal temperature-sensitive feline infectious peritonitis coronavirus vaccine is available for use in healthy cats 16 weeks of age or older.


id: cord-308557-mvu97jsu
title: Prevalence of feline infectious peritonitis in specific cat breeds()
author: Pesteanu-Somogyi, Loretta D.
date: 2005-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-308557-mvu97jsu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308557-mvu97jsu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1098612X0500080X
doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.04.003
summary:
  Although known that purebreed cats are more likely to develop feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), previous studies have not examined the prevalence of disease in individual breeds. Other factors that have been less commonly reported to be associated with an increased disease prevalence include season (more cases are typically diagnosed in winter), FeLV infection, an increase in factors associated with ''stress'', high coronavirus antibody titer, regular introduction of new cats to a cattery, and increased frequency of coronavirus shedding (Kass and Dent 1995 , McReynolds and Macy 1997 , Foley et al 1997a , Rohrbach et al 2001 . Although the increased prevalence of FIP in purebreed cats has been previously reported, this is the first time that a predisposition of specific breeds to the development of disease has been examined (Robison et al 1971 , Rohrbach et al 2001 .

abstract:
  Although known that purebreed cats are more likely to develop feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), previous studies have not examined the prevalence of disease in individual breeds. All cats diagnosed with FIP at a veterinary teaching hospital over a 16-year period were identified. Breed, sex and reproductive status of affected cats were compared to the general cat population and to mixed breed cats evaluated during the same period. As with previous studies sexually intact cats and purebreed cats were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with FIP; males and young cats also had a higher prevalence of disease. Abyssinians, Bengals, Birmans, Himalayans, Ragdolls and Rexes had a significantly higher risk, whereas Burmese, Exotic Shorthairs, Manxes, Persians, Russian Blues and Siamese cats were not at increased risk for development of FIP. Although additional factors doubtlessly influence the relative prevalence of FIP, this study provides additional guidance when prioritizing differentials in ill purebreed cats.


id: cord-313439-cadyykks
title: Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature
author: Felten, Sandra
date: 2019-11-15
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11111068
doi: 10.3390/v11111068
abstract:
  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease that poses several challenges for veterinarians: clinical signs and laboratory changes are non-specific, and there are two pathotypes of the etiologic agent feline coronavirus (FCoV), sometimes referred to as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) that vary fundamentally in their virulence, but are indistinguishable by a number of diagnostic methods. This review focuses on all important steps every veterinary practitioner has to deal with and new diagnostic tests that can be considered when encountering a cat with suspected FIP with the aim to establish a definitive diagnosis. It gives an overview on all available direct and indirect diagnostic tests and their sensitivity and specificity reported in the literature in different sample material. By providing summarized data for sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test and each sample material, which can easily be accessed in tables, this review can help to facilitate the interpretation of different diagnostic tests and raise awareness of their advantages and limitations. Additionally, diagnostic trees depict recommended diagnostic steps that should be performed in cats suspected of having FIP based on their clinical signs or clinicopathologic abnormalities. These steps can easily be followed in clinical practice.


id: cord-315094-pzixgqcy
author: Benetka, Viviane
date: 2004-03-26
txt: ./txt/cord-315094-pzixgqcy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315094-pzixgqcy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113503003821
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.010
summary:
  Investigations showed that a high percentage of cats without FIP symptoms from exposed environments were positive for FCoV infection: 39-85% were seropositive, 37-95% viremic and 73-81% excreted virus in their faeces (Addie and Jarrett, 1992b; Sparkes et al., 1992; Herrewegh et al., 1995; Foley et al., 1997a,b; Gunn-Moore et al., 1998) . The recently developed reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, using primers targeted to highly conserved regions of the viral genome (3 -UTR (untranslated region) (Herrewegh et al., 1995; Fehr et al., 1996) , or S-protein gene (Li and Scott, 1994; Gamble et al., 1997) ), which are common to all FCoV strains, became a valuable tool for the detection of FCoV nucleic acid in blood, body cavity effusions, faeces and tissue samples of infected cats. With the retrospective study presented here we investigated the prevalence of the two types of FCoVs in cats with histopathologically verified FIP using nested and seminested RT-PCR assays, with primers targeted as well to the S-protein gene.

title:
  Prevalence of feline coronavirus types I and II in cats with histopathologically verified feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  Feline coronaviruses (FCoV) vary widely in virulence causing a spectrum of clinical manifestations reaching from subclinical course to fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Independent of virulence variations they are separated into two different types, type I, the original FCoV, and type II, which is closely related to canine coronavirus (CCV). The prevalence of FCoV types in Austrian cat populations without FIP has been surveyed recently indicating that type I infections predominate. The distribution of FCoV types in cats, which had succumbed to FIP, however, was fairly unknown. PCR assays have been developed amplifying parts of the spike protein gene. Type-specific primer pairs were designed, generating PCR products of different sizes. A total of 94 organ pools of cats with histopathologically verified FIP was tested. A clear differentiation was achieved in 74 cats, 86% of them were type I positive, 7% type II positive, and 7% were positive for both types. These findings demonstrate that in FIP cases FCoV type I predominates, too, nonetheless, in 14% of the cases FCoV type II was detected, suggesting its causative involvement in cases of FIP.


id: cord-317411-6lc0wpoo
author: Giori, L.
date: 2011-02-21
txt: ./txt/cord-317411-6lc0wpoo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317411-6lc0wpoo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338364/
doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01042.x
summary:
  Clinical findings, serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), analysis of the effusions (AE), antifeline coronavirus serology, serum concentration of α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) and histopathology were classified as consistent, doubtful or non‐consistent with FIP. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess the results of tests recorded in vivo and at postmortem examination in doubtful cases where FIP was clinically suspected and definitely confirmed or excluded by IHC or based on complete recovery and to evaluate which test had the best sensitivity, specificity and concordance for FIP. In cats with FIP, the tests that were not consistent with or doubtful of FIP included clinical signs (3 of 8 cases), analysis of effusion (AE; 3 of 6), SPE (5 of 8), serology or PCR (4 of 5) and postmortem examination/histology (5 of 8).

title:
  Performances of different diagnostic tests for feline infectious peritonitis in challenging clinical cases

abstract:
  Objectives: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) can be difficult to diagnose. Histopathology is considered the gold standard test but immunohistochemistry (IHC) is mandatory to confirm/exclude the disease. This study aimed to assess the performances of tests carried out in vivo or at postmortem examination in challenging cases in which FIP was confirmed or excluded based on IHC or on adequate follow‐up. Methods: Twelve cases (four without FIP, eight with FIP) were retrospectively studied. Clinical findings, serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), analysis of the effusions (AE), antifeline coronavirus serology, serum concentration of α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) and histopathology were classified as consistent, doubtful or non‐consistent with FIP. Sensitivity, specificity and concordance (κ) with the final diagnosis were calculated. Results: Concordance was absent for serology (κ=−0·08) and AE (κ=−0·52), poor for histopathology (κ=0·09), fair for SPE (κ=0·25) and perfect for AGP (κ=1·00). Sensitivity was high for AGP (100%) and low for AE (50%), SPE (37·5%) and histopathology (37·5%). Specificity was high for AGP or histopathology (100%) and low for SPE (50%) and AE (0%). Clinical Significance: IHC must always be performed to confirm FIP. If this is not possible, when histopathology is controversial, elevated AGP concentrations may support the diagnosis of FIP.


id: cord-319685-dw0qsl4s
author: Porter, Emily
date: 2014-04-25
txt: ./txt/cord-319685-dw0qsl4s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319685-dw0qsl4s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24767677/
doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-49
summary:
  Recent evidence suggests that a mutation in the spike protein gene of feline coronavirus (FCoV), which results in an amino acid change from methionine to leucine at position 1058, may be associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Tissue and faecal samples collected post mortem from cats diagnosed with or without FIP were subjected to RNA extraction and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to detect FCoV RNA. Data evaluating FCoV relative copy numbers in tissue and faecal samples from cats with and without FIP were analysed using a multilevel modelling approach (MLwiN v2.27) [25] , to account for the repeated measures within cats, and a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Moreover, the majority (77%) of FCoV RNA sequences in faecal samples from cats with FIP had a methionine codon at position 1058 in the FCoV S protein gene, suggesting that these animals were shedding an enteric form of the virus.

title:
  Amino acid changes in the spike protein of feline coronavirus correlate with systemic spread of virus from the intestine and not with feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  Recent evidence suggests that a mutation in the spike protein gene of feline coronavirus (FCoV), which results in an amino acid change from methionine to leucine at position 1058, may be associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Tissue and faecal samples collected post mortem from cats diagnosed with or without FIP were subjected to RNA extraction and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to detect FCoV RNA. In cats with FIP, 95% of tissue, and 81% of faecal samples were PCR-positive, as opposed to 22% of tissue, and 60% of faecal samples in cats without FIP. Relative FCoV copy numbers were significantly higher in the cats with FIP, both in tissues (P < 0.001) and faeces (P = 0.02). PCR-positive samples underwent pyrosequencing encompassing position 1058 of the FCoV spike protein. This identified a methionine codon at position 1058, consistent with the shedding of an enteric form of FCoV, in 77% of the faecal samples from cats with FIP, and in 100% of the samples from cats without FIP. In contrast, 91% of the tissue samples from cats with FIP and 89% from cats without FIP had a leucine codon at position 1058, consistent with a systemic form of FCoV. These results suggest that the methionine to leucine substitution at position 1058 in the FCoV spike protein is indicative of systemic spread of FCoV from the intestine, rather than a virus with the potential to cause FIP.


id: cord-322317-wsagoy52
author: Stranieri, Angelica
date: 2020-10-18
txt: ./txt/cord-322317-wsagoy52.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322317-wsagoy52.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33081040/
doi: 10.3390/pathogens9100852
summary:
  Histology, IHC, and nested RT-PCR (RT-nPCR) for feline coronavirus (FCoV) were performed on spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph node, kidney, large and small intestine, and lung from 14 FIP and 12 non-FIP cats. In the FIP group, the tissues that most often showed typical FIP histological lesions (Table 2) were the lung, kidney, and mesenteric lymph node, followed by the liver and spleen, while the small and large intestine were the organs less frequently affected by lesions imputable to FIP. In particular, this occurred in the same 6 cases from the non FIP group and in 15/21 FIP tissues in which histology was classified as negative and RT-nPCR was positive (spleen of cats n • 1 and 3, liver of cat n • 14, lymph nodes of cats n • 1, 2, and 14, kidney of cats n • 5, 12, and 13, small intestine of cats n • 9 and 12, large intestine of cats n • 2, 9, and 12 and lung of cat n • 14), whose histological findings have been described above.

title:
  Concordance between Histology, Immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR in the Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis

abstract:
  Histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been used to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), but no information regarding the comparison of their diagnostic performances on the same organ is available. The aims of this study were to determine the concordance among these tests and to evaluate which combination of tests and organs can be used in vivo. Histology, IHC, and nested RT-PCR (RT-nPCR) for feline coronavirus (FCoV) were performed on spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph node, kidney, large and small intestine, and lung from 14 FIP and 12 non-FIP cats. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and concordance were calculated. IHC and RT-nPCR had the highest concordance in lung and liver, histology and IHC in the other organs. The sensitivity of histology, IHC, and RT-nPCR on the different organs ranged from 41.7 to 76.9%, 46.2 to 76.9%, and 64.3 to 85.7%, respectively, and their specificity ranged from 83.3 to 100.0%, 100% and 83.3 to 100.0%. Therefore, IHC is recommended when histology is consistent with FIP. If RT-nPCR is performed as the first diagnostic approach, results should always be confirmed with IHC. Lung or liver provide accurate information regardless of the method, while IHC is preferred to RT-nPCR to confirm FIP in the kidney or intestine.


id: cord-323805-9n63ms3c
author: Pedersen, Niels C.
date: 2014-11-15
txt: ./txt/cord-323805-9n63ms3c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323805-9n63ms3c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.09.001
doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.09.001
summary:
  The cats were from several studies conducted over the past 5 years, and as a result, some of them had prior exposure to feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) or avirulent FIPVs. The cats were housed under optimized conditions of nutrition, husbandry, and quarantine to eliminate most of the cofactors implicated in FIPV infection outcome and were uniformly challenge exposed to the same field strain of serotype 1 FIPV. The cats were from several studies conducted over the past 5 years, and as a result, some of them had prior exposure to feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) or avirulent FIPVs. The cats were housed under optimized conditions of nutrition, husbandry, and quarantine to eliminate most of the cofactors implicated in FIPV infection outcome and were uniformly challenge exposed to the same field strain of serotype 1 FIPV. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 73 cats that died of FIP after one or more exposures (cases) and 34 cats that survived (controls) demonstrated four significant associations after 100k permutations.

title:
  The influence of age and genetics on natural resistance to experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  Naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is usually fatal, giving the impression that immunity to the FIP virus (FIPV) is extremely poor. This impression may be incorrect, because not all cats experimentally exposed to FIPV develop FIP. There is also a belief that the incidence of FIP may be affected by a number of host, virus, and environmental cofactors. However, the contribution of these cofactors to immunity and disease incidence has not been determined. The present study followed 111 random-bred specific pathogen free (SPF) cats that were obtained from a single research breeding colony and experimentally infected with FIPV. The cats were from several studies conducted over the past 5 years, and as a result, some of them had prior exposure to feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) or avirulent FIPVs. The cats were housed under optimized conditions of nutrition, husbandry, and quarantine to eliminate most of the cofactors implicated in FIPV infection outcome and were uniformly challenge exposed to the same field strain of serotype 1 FIPV. Forty of the 111 (36%) cats survived their initial challenge exposure to a Type I cat-passaged field strains of FIPV. Six of these 40 survivors succumbed to FIP to a second or third challenge exposure, suggesting that immunity was not always sustained. Exposure to non-FIP-inducing feline coronaviruses prior to challenge with virulent FIPV did not significantly affect FIP incidence but did accelerate the disease course in some cats. There were no significant differences in FIP incidence between males and females, but resistance increased significantly between 6 months and 1 or more years of age. Genetic testing was done on 107 of the 111 infected cats. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) segregated the 107 cats into three distinct families based primarily on a common sire(s), and resistant and susceptible cats were equally distributed within each family. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 73 cats that died of FIP after one or more exposures (cases) and 34 cats that survived (controls) demonstrated four significant associations after 100k permutations. When these same cats were analyzed using a sib-pair transmission test, three of the four associations were confirmed although not with genome-wide significance. GWAS was then done on three different age groups of cases to take into account age-related resistance, and different associations were observed. The only common and strong association identified between the various GWAS case configurations was for the 34.7–45.8 Mb region of chromosome A3. No obvious candidate genes were present in this region.


id: cord-323932-l14sjufm
author: Ishida, T
date: 2004-02-25
txt: ./txt/cord-323932-l14sjufm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323932-l14sjufm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15123155/
doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.08.011
summary:
  A total of 12 clinically ill cats previously diagnosed as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were treated with a combination of recombinant feline interferon and glucocorticoid. Summary A total of 12 clinically ill cats previously diagnosed as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were treated with a combination of recombinant feline interferon and glucocorticoid. The criteria of the diagnosis included: antibiotics non-responsive chronic fever, low normal PCV values or mild non-regenerative anemia (PCV <32%; normal range 29-48%), hyperglobulinemia with electrophoretic evidence of polyclonal gammopathy, non-septic inflammatory ascites/pleural effusion (effusive) with characteristic findings, cytologic or pathologic evidence of pyogranuloma (dry-type), and FCoV serum antibody titer by an immunoperoxidase method using infected cell antigen. The maintenance therapy with the weekly doses of rFeIFN and prednisolone at 1 mg/kg PO every other day, the cat was healthy at 14 months from the diagnosis, when the treatment was terminated and the FCoV antibody was <1:100.

title:
  Use of recombinant feline interferon and glucocorticoid in the treatment of feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  A total of 12 clinically ill cats previously diagnosed as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were treated with a combination of recombinant feline interferon and glucocorticoid. A complete remission (over 2 years) and a partial remission (2 to 5 months) were observed in four (33.3%) and four (33.3%) cases, respectively. Those that survived for more than 2 years were all older cats (6 to 16 years old) with the effusive form of FIP.


id: cord-324530-tac1unnp
author: André, Nicole M
date: 2019-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-324530-tac1unnp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324530-tac1unnp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1177/2055116919856103
doi: 10.1177/2055116919856103
summary:
  title: Distinct mutation in the feline coronavirus spike protein cleavage activation site in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis-associated meningoencephalomyelitis CASE SUMMARY: This report describes a cat with chronic, progressive, non-painful, non-lateralizing multifocal neurologic clinical signs associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Molecular analysis of the coronavirus spike protein within the tissues identified a specific, functionally relevant amino acid change (R793M), which was only identified in tissues associated with the central nervous system (ie, brain and spinal cord). RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION: This case report describes an early presentation of a cat with primarily neurologic FIP, with molecular characterization of the virus within various tissues. 18 Molecular analysis of the viral spike protein within the tissues identified a specific, functionally relevant amino acid change (R793M), which was only identified in tissues associated with the CNS (ie, brain and spinal cord). This case report describes a young cat with neurologic FIP in which detailed clinical and molecular characterization of the associated FCoV infection was performed.

title:
  Distinct mutation in the feline coronavirus spike protein cleavage activation site in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis-associated meningoencephalomyelitis

abstract:
  CASE SUMMARY: This report describes a cat with chronic, progressive, non-painful, non-lateralizing multifocal neurologic clinical signs associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The cat initially presented as underweight, despite a good appetite, and a complete blood count showed non-regenerative anemia. Three months later the cat was returned having developed ataxia and paraparesis, which then progressed over 2 months to tetraparesis, tail plegia, urinary and fecal incontinence, and titubation. Histologic examination of the tissues with subsequent immunohistochemistry confirmed FIP-associated meningoencephalomyelitis following necropsy. Molecular analysis of the coronavirus spike protein within the tissues identified a specific, functionally relevant amino acid change (R793M), which was only identified in tissues associated with the central nervous system (ie, brain and spinal cord). RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION: This case report describes an early presentation of a cat with primarily neurologic FIP, with molecular characterization of the virus within various tissues.


id: cord-327352-cbnjsrmt
author: Kipar, A
date: 1998-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-327352-cbnjsrmt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327352-cbnjsrmt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0165242798001585
doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00158-5
summary:
  Diffuse alterations on serosal surfaces were represented either by activated mesothelial cells with single coronavirus antigen-bearing macrophages or by layers of precipitated exudate containing single to numerous granulomas with areas of necrosis. Single plasma-cells positive for coronavirus-specific antibodies were found around blood vessels distant from inflammatory alterations, within the lung parenchyma, as infiltrating cells in the mucosa of the small intestine, and in spleen and mesenteric lymph node. Based on immunohistological and histochemical characterization of inflammatory cells as well as the presence of coronavirus antigen and plasma-cells producing coronavirus-specific antibodies in the lesions of 23 cats with spontaneous FIP, this study describes the composition of alterations observed in FIP after natural infection. Viral antigen was moderately expressed in granulomas, in the periphery of which few plasma-cells producing coronavirus-specific antibodies were seen.

title:
  Cellular composition, coronavirus antigen expression and production of specific antibodies in lesions in feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  Twenty-three cats with spontaneous feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were examined by light microscopy including immunohistology and histochemistry in order to determine the cellular composition and the expression of viral antigen in lesions in FIP. Furthermore, the presence of plasma-cells producing coronavirus-specific antibodies was evaluated in situ. Macrophages and neutrophils were demonstrated by an antibody against calprotectin (leukocyte protein L1, myeloid/histiocyte antigen), neutrophils were recognized due to their chloroacetate esterase activity, and B- and T-lymphocytes were identified by antibodies against the CD3 antigen and the CD45R antigen, respectively. Expression of viral antigen was immunohistologically demonstrated by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against coronavirus while coronavirus-specific antibodies in situ were identified by the application of feline coronavirus prior to the coronavirus antibody. Lesions were classified as diffuse alterations at serosal surfaces, granulomas with areas of necrosis, granulomas without extended necrosis, focal and perivascular lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates, and granulomatous-necrotizing vasculitis. Diffuse alterations on serosal surfaces were represented either by activated mesothelial cells with single coronavirus antigen-bearing macrophages or by layers of precipitated exudate containing single to numerous granulomas with areas of necrosis. In liver and spleen, the exudate was often underlaid by a small band of subcapsular B-cells with an occasional plasma-cell producing coronavirus-specific antibodies. In other locations, a variably broad band of B-cells and plasma-cells, often infiltrating between underlying muscle fibers, separated the exudate from the unaltered tissue. Some of these plasma-cells were positive for coronavirus-specific antibodies. In granulomas with areas of necrosis, the central necrosis was surrounded by macrophages usually expressing considerable amounts of viral antigen. Few B-cells and plasma-cells were found in the periphery. In granulomas without extended necrosis, the number of macrophages were lower. Only few macrophages expressing low amounts of viral antigen were present. B-cells and plasma-cells formed a broad rim. Few plasma-cells stained positive for coronavirus-specific antibodies. In both types of granulomas, few neutrophils were found between macrophages. Few T-cells were seen scattered throughout the lesions. Focal and perivascular lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates were mainly seen in omentum and leptomeninx. B-cells were the predominant cells; some plasma-cells were positive for coronavirus-specific antibodies. Viral antigen was not readily detected in these alterations. Granulomatous-necrotizing vasculitis was occasionally found in kidneys and leptomeninx. It was dominated by macrophages which often stained strongly positive for coronavirus antigen. Different types of alteration were often seen in the same animal and even the same tissue. There was no obvious correlation between the cat's age, gross pathological changes, and the histological types of alteration. Single plasma-cells positive for coronavirus-specific antibodies were found around blood vessels distant from inflammatory alterations, within the lung parenchyma, as infiltrating cells in the mucosa of the small intestine, and in spleen and mesenteric lymph node. Results show that alterations in FIP are heterogeneous concerning cellular composition and expression of viral antigen. The dominance of B-cells in part of the lesions together with the presence of plasma-cells positive for coronavirus-specific antibodies indicate that these cells may play a role in the maintenance of inflammatory processes in FIP.


id: cord-329866-io9fvy58
author: Lorusso, Eleonora
date: 2019-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-329866-io9fvy58.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329866-io9fvy58.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0034528817306495
doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.10.004
summary:
  With the aim to contribute to fill this diagnostic gap, a total of 61 effusions from cats with suspected effusive FIP were collected intra-vitam for detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies and RNA by means of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay and real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. Fifty-one (48 ascitic and 3 pleuric fluids) of the 61 tested samples had FCoV antibody (Table 2 and Fig. 1 ), although only 37 positive effusions contained antibody levels ≥ 1:1600, which are considered highly suggestive of FIP diagnosis (Hartmann et al., 2003) . A recent paper (Meli et al., 2013) has investigated the agreement between FCoV antibody titres and RNA detection in the effusions of 13 cats with confirmed FIP, showing a correlation between high amounts of virus and lower signals in IIF assay, likely due to the fact that antibodies bound to viral antigens of the effusions are not able to bind to the antigens of the FCoV-infected cells used in serological tests.

title:
  Discrepancies between feline coronavirus antibody and nucleic acid detection in effusions of cats with suspected feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  Abstract Intra-vitam diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a challenge for veterinary diagnosticians, since there are no highly specific and sensitive assays currently available. With the aim to contribute to fill this diagnostic gap, a total of 61 effusions from cats with suspected effusive FIP were collected intra-vitam for detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies and RNA by means of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay and real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. In 5 effusions there was no evidence for either FCoV RNA or antibodies, 51 and 52 specimens tested positive by IIF and qRT-PCR, respectively, although antibody titres≥1:1600, which are considered highly suggestive of FIP, were detected only in 37 effusions. Three samples with high antibody levels tested negative by qRT-PCR, whereas 18 qRT-PCR positive effusions contained no or low-titre antibodies. qRT-PCR positive samples with low antibody titres mostly contained low FCoV RNA loads, although the highest antibody titres were detected in effusions with C T values>30. In conclusion, combining the two methods, i.e., antibody and RNA detection would help improving the intra-vitam diagnosis of effusive FIP.


id: cord-331045-i33nr27j
title: Feline coronavirus – that enigmatic little critter
author: Addie, Diane D.
date: 2003-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-331045-i33nr27j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331045-i33nr27j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623144/
doi: 10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00083-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  For diagnosis, clinicians use a panel of tests including FCoV serology, albumin to globulin ratio, haematology, cytology of effusion and measurement of acute phase proteins, especially a1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Present belief is that for cats to develop FIP, a mutation (more accurately -a deletion) must occur in the viral genome of non-pathogenic FCoVs (so called enteric coronaviruses) which allows the virus to replicate in macrophages (Vennema et al., 1998) . I have followed one cat with FIP over the time of treatment until death and I found that AGP and globulin levels correlated well with response to treatment and improving or worsening clinical signs, whereas repeatedly measuring FCoV antibody titre was unhelpful. Changes in some acute phase protein and immunoglobulin concentrations in cats affected by feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or exposed to feline coronavirus infection


id: cord-335434-lgvoethn
author: Cannon, Martha .J.
date: 2005-02-12
txt: ./txt/cord-335434-lgvoethn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335434-lgvoethn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16055009/
doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.12.001
summary:
  title: Cutaneous lesions associated with coronavirus-induced vasculitis in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis and concurrent feline immunodeficiency virus infection This report describes a clinical case of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) with multisystemic involvement, including multiple nodular cutaneous lesions, in a cat that was co-infected with feline coronavirus and feline immunodeficiency virus. Immunohistology for feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen, using a mouse monoclonal antibody (FCV3-70, Custom Monoclonals International, West Sacramento, USA), was performed on renal and skin biopsies as previously described (Kipar et al 1998, in press ). The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of numerous FCoV antigen-positive macrophages within the granulomatous lesions, a finding only seen in, and therefore pathognomonic for, FIP (Kipar et al 1998, in press) . Taken together, the clinical signs, clinical pathology, histological changes and immunohistological findings in this case confirm that the cat had a ''non-effusive form'' of FIP, with involvement of the kidneys, skin and most likely brain and eyes.

title:
  Cutaneous lesions associated with coronavirus-induced vasculitis in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis and concurrent feline immunodeficiency virus infection

abstract:
  This report describes a clinical case of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) with multisystemic involvement, including multiple nodular cutaneous lesions, in a cat that was co-infected with feline coronavirus and feline immunodeficiency virus. The skin lesions were caused by a pyogranulomatous-necrotising dermal phlebitis and periphlebitis. Immunohistology demonstrated the presence of coronavirus antigen in macrophages within these lesions. The pathogenesis of FIP involves a viral associated, disseminated phlebitis and periphlebitis which can arise at many sites. Target organs frequently include the eyes, abdominal organs, pleural and peritoneal membranes, and central nervous tissues, but cutaneous lesions have not previously been reported.


id: cord-336332-9d1h68mi
author: Paltrinieri, Saverio
date: 2003
txt: ./txt/cord-336332-9d1h68mi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336332-9d1h68mi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-003-0489-8
doi: 10.1007/s00580-003-0489-8
summary:
  Immunoblotting with a polyclonal antibody against fAGP and with a monoclonal antibody against hAGP was performed on serum from healthy cats, from cats exposed to feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection and from cats with purulent inflammations, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). fAGP did not react with the anti-hAGP antibody which, in contrast, detected in feline serum a low MW protein that we called fAGP-related protein (fAGPrP). In contrast, the anti-hAGP detected an AGP-related protein whose blood concentration and tissue distribution was not related to that of fAGP. In order to investigate the distribution of fAGP and of fAGPrP in different feline pathological conditions, immunoblotting was repeated on serum from cats with purulent inflammations, FIV, FeLV and FIP, and from Fig. 2 Immunoblotting of hAGP and fAGP using as primary antibody the anti hAGP monoclonal antibody (a) or the anti fAGP polyclonal antibody (b).

title:
  Expression patterns in feline blood and tissues of α(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and of an AGP-related protein (AGPrP)

abstract:
  α(1)-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute-phase protein (APP) that modulates immune responses, probably – at least in humans – owing to the modification of its glycosylation pattern. On this perspective, feline AGP can be a useful comparative model, as it has different concentrations in cats susceptible or resistant to some disease. As a preliminary approach to the study of feline AGP (fAGP) we have purified this protein from feline serum by HPLC using human AGP (hAGP) as a model. Immunoblotting with a polyclonal antibody against fAGP and with a monoclonal antibody against hAGP was performed on serum from healthy cats, from cats exposed to feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection and from cats with purulent inflammations, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Immunohistochemistry on tissues from healthy cats and from cats with different diseases (FIP, FIV, FeLV, locally extensive inflammation) was also performed with the same antibodies. Both hAGP and fAGP have been purified to homogenity as determined by SDS-PAGE. fAGP did not react with the anti-hAGP antibody which, in contrast, detected in feline serum a low MW protein that we called fAGP-related protein (fAGPrP). This protein was underexpressed in cats with FeLV and FIP. Both fAGP and fAGPrP were immunohistochemically detected in plasma and hepatocytes with a stronger intensity in cats with FIP and some inflammatory conditions. Moreover, fAGPrP was detected in the cytoplasm of tissue cells, most likely identifiable with plasma cells. These cells were rarely detectable in cats with FIV and FeLV, and numerous in cats with FIP and with locally extensive inflammation. In conclusion, purified fAGP has physicochemical characteristics similar to those of hAGP, but does not cross-react with anti-hAGP antibodies. In contrast, the anti-hAGP detected an AGP-related protein whose blood concentration and tissue distribution was not related to that of fAGP. Moreover, both fAGP and fAGPrP were differently expressed in cats with pathologic conditions compared to controls. Further study of these proteins by analysing their structural characteristics is required.


id: cord-336639-jaue41mv
title: A mRNA PCR for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis
author: Simons, Fermin A.
date: 2004-12-21
txt: ./txt/cord-336639-jaue41mv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336639-jaue41mv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166093404003477
doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.012
summary:
  A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) messenger RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is described. The reason for this discrepancy became clear when the biological and genetic properties of FECV and FIPV isolates had been studied (Addie and Jarrett, 1992; Hohdatsu et al., 1992; Horzinek and Osterhaus, 1979) : the avirulent FCoV strains causing inconspicuous infections are responsible for the high seroprevalence; in cats experiencing some immunosuppressive event, expansion of the quasispecies cloud and mutations in the FECV genome lead to virulent variants that induce FIP (Vennema et al., 1998) . Detection of feline coronaviruses by culture and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of blood samples from healthy cats and cats with clinical feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) messenger RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is described. The assay is evaluated as a diagnostic test for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). It is based on a well-documented key event in the development of FIP: the replication of virulent FCoV mutants in monocytes/macrophages. To detect most feline coronavirus field strains, the test was designed to amplify subgenomic mRNA of the highly conserved M gene. The test was applied to 1075 feline blood samples (424 from healthy, 651 from sick cats suspected of FIP) and returned 46% of the diseased cats as positive for feline coronavirus mRNA in their peripheral blood cells; of the healthy cats, 5% tested positive. Of a group of 81 animals in which FIP had been confirmed by post-mortem examination, 75 (93%) tested positive, whereas 17 cats with different pathologies (non-FIP cases) all tested negative. In view of the low rate of false-positive results (high specificity) the mRNA RT-PCR may be a valuable addition to the diagnostic arsenal for FIP.


id: cord-336730-hqgwj8vs
author: Fehr, Daniela
date: 1997-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-336730-hqgwj8vs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336730-hqgwj8vs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X97000066
doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00006-6
summary:
  title: Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions Abstract A modified live virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was evaluated in a double blind, placebo-controlled field trial in two high-risk populations. The vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious in one population of cats that had low antibody titre against feline coronavirus (FCoV) at the time of vaccination. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a normally fatal disease of cats caused by infections with feline coronaviruses (FCoV) which are antigenically related to a respiratory coronavirus strain of man (HCV 229E), transmissible gastro-enteritis virus (TGEV) of swine and canine coronaviruses13''. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a modified live virus vaccine in a double-blind study under field conditions in two cat populations with higher risk for FIP.

title:
  Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions

abstract:
  Abstract A modified live virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was evaluated in a double blind, placebo-controlled field trial in two high-risk populations. The vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious in one population of cats that had low antibody titre against feline coronavirus (FCoV) at the time of vaccination. Although clinically healthy at the time of vaccination, retrospectively some vaccinees that later came down with FIP were found to be RT-PCR positive for FCoV in plasma and showed changes in blood parameters consistent with early stage of FIP. It is concluded that vaccination can protect cats with no or low FCoV antibody titres and that in some cats vaccine failure was probably due to pre-existing infection.


id: cord-348746-yaf61cmx
title: A Review of Coronavirus Infection in the Central Nervous System of Cats and Mice
author: Foley, Janet E.
date: 2008-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-348746-yaf61cmx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348746-yaf61cmx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11596730/
doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01572.x
summary:
  F eline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, immune-mediated disease produced as a result of infection of macrophages by mutant feline coronavirus strains (FIPVs). In acute MHV-A59 infection in CD8ϩ T-cell deficient mice, periventricular encephalitis occurs with lymphocytic infiltration into the choroid plexus, ependyma, and subependymal brain tissue. Depending on mouse strain and immunological status, MHV-JHM produces meningeal inflammation associated with T-cells and macrophages and demyelination but relatively little disease in axons. If mice are pretreated with passive infusions of antibodies or T-cells or if they receive neuroattenuated MHV strains, they develop chronic, but not fatal, disease after MHV-JHM infection. 62, 63 Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice clear MHV-JHM virus from the brain but develop severe immune-mediated demyelination and paralysis. Two related strains of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolated from immunocompromised cats infected with a feline enteric coronavirus

abstract:
  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a common cause of death in cats. Management of this disease has been hampered by difficulties identifying the infection and determining the immunological status of affected cats and by high variability in the clinical, pathological, and immunological characteristics of affected cats. Neurological FIP, which is much more homogeneous than systemic effusive or noneffusive FIP, appears to be a good model for establishing the basic features of FIP immunopathogenesis. Very little information is available about the immunopathogenesis of neurologic FIP, and it is reasonable to use research from the well‐characterized mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) immune‐mediated encephalitis system, as a template for FIP investigation, and to contrast findings from the MHV model with those of FIP. It is expected that the immunopathogenic mechanisms will have important similarities. Such comparative research may lead to better understanding of FIP immunopathogenesis and rational prospects for management of this frustrating disease.


id: cord-351955-9l4786lb
author: Pedersen, Niels C.
date: 2009-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-351955-9l4786lb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351955-9l4786lb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v1020166
doi: 10.3390/v1020166
summary:
  Complete structural (S, E, M, N) and accessory (3a-c and 7 a, b) gene sequences were obtained from diseased omentum of the four related cats that died of FIP and the isolates designated were FIPV-UCD11, 12, 13 and 14 ( Table 1 ). The coronavirus isolated from Lucy''s feces (designated FECV-UCD3) had an intact (i.e., wild type or non-deliterious) 3c and its sequence was otherwise 99% identical to the sequence of FIPV-UCD14 found in her diseased omentum. FECV-UCD4, was most closely related to the FIPV isolated from Lucy and was 99.7% related to the consensus nucleotide sequences of coronaviruses obtained from the four related FIP cats ( Figure 1 , Table 2 ). The 3c gene sequence of the fecal virus of cat 388406 was intact and ≥99% related to the FIPV found in diseased tissue ( Table 2 ).

title:
  Significance of Coronavirus Mutants in Feces and Diseased Tissues of Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis

abstract:
  The internal FECV→FIPV mutation theory and three of its correlates were tested in four sibs/half-sib kittens, a healthy contact cat, and in four unrelated cats that died of FIP at geographically disparate regions. Coronavirus from feces and extraintestinal FIP lesions from the same cat were always >99% related in accessory and structural gene sequences. SNPs and deletions causing a truncation of the 3c gene product were found in almost all isolates from the diseased tissues of the eight cats suffering from FIP, whereas most, but not all fecal isolates from these same cats had intact 3c genes. Other accessory and structural genes appeared normal in both fecal and lesional viruses. Deliterious mutations in the 3c gene were unique to each cat, indicating that they did not originate in one cat and were subsequently passed horizontally to the others. Compartmentalization of the parental and mutant forms was not absolute; virus of lesional type was sometimes found in feces of affected cats and virus identical to fecal type was occasionally identified in diseased tissues. Although 3c gene mutants in this study were not horizontally transmitted, the parental fecal virus was readily transmitted by contact from a cat that died of FIP to its housemate. There was a high rate of mutability in all structural and accessory genes both within and between cats, leading to minor genetic variants. More than one variant could be identified in both diseased tissues and feces of the same cat. Laboratory cats inoculated with a mixture of two closely related variants from the same FIP cat developed disease from one or the other variant, but not both. Significant genetic drift existed between isolates from geographically distinct regions of the Western US.


