cord-005385-hswyus24	2012	
cord-032904-ex6zpud9	2020	This disruptive experience has meant a sudden and total shift from face-to-face consultations to a virtual model, unprecedented in many health systems. Of the total of 1721 patients contacted by teleconsultation, 1156 (67.2%) were referred for a follow-up, 332 (19.3%) were resolved and only 233 (13.5%) required re-appointment We analysed general consultations due to their greater volume (1339 patients), differentiating two tasks: First visits (315 patients) and follow-up visits (1024 patients). Of the first-visit patients, 18.1% were referred for a follow-up, 16.2% were resolved and 65.7% required a face-to-face visit. Of the follow-up group, 74.6% were doing a check-up, 25.3% were resolved and only 0.1% required a face-to-face visit. We did not observe statistically significant differences in the outcomes of the follow-up group when the face-toface model was compared to teleconsultation (p░=░0.262). Although we are aware of the need for longer-term comparative studies evaluating the results of teleconsultation, telehealth interventions generally seem equivalent to face-to-face care 4 .
cord-158415-qwxyuuz7	2020	
cord-257307-bslv5sqv	2020	
cord-257377-x5xijo8m	2020	Because of the pandemic of COVID-19, the federal government of Nigeria has instituted a mandatory policy requiring everyone going out in public to wear face masks. Inappropriate use and disposal of face masks in Nigeria could promote the spread of the novel coronavirus in the country and negate the country''s efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. 11 The rising spate of misuse and abuse of face masks is a source of worry for the Nigerian COVID-19 Presidential Task Force, which observed "unhygienic and ill-advised use and sharing of masks, especially multiple fittings before buying from vendors." 13 It is noteworthy that medical masks meant for healthcare workers, such as surgical masks and respirators, are being routinely worn by the general public and government officials, when there are complaints that these masks are not available in sufficient quantities in Nigerian hospitals.
cord-261580-zghq7mcg	2020	
cord-273748-xy4f5kon	2020	To overcome this challenge, stringent policies and appropriate use of PPE, such as face shields, safety glasses, and N95 masks, are indicated for providers performing aerosol-generating procedures [7] . In response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, The University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Department of Anesthesiology, mandated that anesthesia providers use face shields during patient care to extend the life of N95 masks and adequately protect providers from infection with SARS-CoV-2. Given this information, we developed a decontamination protocol that utilized a dilute bleach solution that would allow penetration into any of the pores that are generated in the 3D printing process and permit the reuse of the face shields. After careful consideration, we chose to use a Prusa i3 MK3S model printer for our 3D face shield printing needs. As a positive control, organism suspensions were inoculated to each face shield part, allowed to dry, and swabbed without decontamination.
cord-274201-9qsqj91d	2020	In this review, we describe the history of masks from the middle age to modern times. Mikulicz, who had already been responsible for the introduction of sterile gloves made from cloth, noted concerning the applicability of surgical masks: ''…we breathed through it as easily as a lady wearing a veil in the streets… '' Mikulicz'' assistant Hübner resumed the topic and described a two-layered mouth protection made of gauze that should prevent driblet spread. Nevertheless, an earlier illustration of a multilayer face mask made of gauze can be found in the surgical operating teachings of the British surgeon B.G.A. Moynihan (1865-1936) (Fig. 2) . Therefore, an unresolved discussion was present between surgery and hospital hygiene, if wound infections could be reduced by the use of surgical mouth and nose protection [29, 30] . Die Verbreitung der Phthise durch staubförmiges Sputum und durch beim Husten verspritzte Tröpfchen Zshr Hyg Infkrkh. Postoperative wound infections and surgical face masks: a controlled study
cord-282879-28nhr1hv	2020	Mean logMAR visual acuity at presentation in cases that developed culture-positive endophthalmitis was significantly worse in the "no talking" group compared to the face mask group (17.1 lines lost from baseline acuity vs 13.4 lines lost; p=0.031), though no difference was observed at six months following treatment (p=0.479). 24 Furthermore, prior studies have established that oral flora-associated endophthalmitis may be reduced with the implementation of a strict "no-talking" policy by the physician and patient during intravitreal injection administration. In summary, our study indicates that physician face mask use did not influence the risk of endophthalmitis or visual outcomes compared to a strict no talking policy during the injection procedure. Visual acuity outcomes for culture-positive endophthalmitis after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial group factor injection in the face mask group vs. In evaluating 483,622 intravitreal injections, physician face mask use did not reduce the rate of post-injection endophthalmitis compared to a "no talking" policy.
cord-283061-qr8xynn2	2020	
cord-283555-pgel6i3y	2020	► There is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community, which should drive urgent public health policy while we await the results of further research. 1 There is limited clinical evidence that wearing a disposable face mask, enhancing hand hygiene practice or social distancing can reduce transmission of respiratory viral infections in the community, 2 3 although there is mechanistic basis for these measures to work. I aim to provide further clarification of the evidence and ethics on this issue (which can provide grounds alternative and/or supplementary to the precautionary principle applied by Greenhalgh et al) and make a plea to the World Health Organisation (WHO) and policy makers to reformulate current recommendations with a view to enhancing the practice of wearing a face mask in the community. While social distancing and hand washing form the main recommendations, there is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community.
cord-288354-7ruoysxu	2020	
cord-289778-x938errh	2020	title: Fast and easy disinfection of coronavirus-contaminated face masks using ozone gas produced by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma generator In this study, using a human coronavirus (HCoV-229E) as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 contamination on face masks, we show that the virus loses its infectivity to a human cell line (MRC-5) when exposed for a short period of time (1 min) to ozone gas produced by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma generator. Similar results were obtained for 117 face masks experimentally contaminated with either influenza A virus (H1N1) 10 (Table S1) or 118 Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (Table S2 and Figure S1) when exposed to 119 ozone gas. These results suggest that virus and bacteria on face masks can be inactivated by 120 ozone gas at a concentration of about 120 ppm within a short time (1-5 min). The result showed that the repeated exposures (5 times) 161 of face masks to ozone gas did cause structural damage to the face masks.
cord-301063-kqlra788	2020	
cord-306441-clyhurjl	2020	
cord-306930-tuositq1	2015	BACKGROUND: There is limited literature on the frequency of face-touching behavior as a potential vector for the self-inoculation and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus and other common respiratory infections. CONCLUSION: Increasing medical students'' awareness of their habituated face-touching behavior and improving their understanding of self-inoculation as a route of transmission may help to improve hand hygiene compliance. 6 Staphylococcus aureus is carried in the nasal mucosa in approximately 25% of the community 7, 8 and, may be self-inoculated, via face touching, by individuals who are frequently exposed to potential carriers in both the community and health care settings. Meanwhile, raising awareness that face-touching behavior is common and is a possible vector in self-inoculation could result in HCWs accepting the message that hand hygiene before and after patient contact is an effective method of reducing colonization and infection transmission for themselves and their patients.
cord-307167-mj2vrxdj	2020	The practice of using face coverings for the nose and mouth, whether with homemade fabrics or with surgical masks, undoubtedly has effects on facial perception. 2 When comparing attractive and unattractive faces, Dr. Farkas found that the greatest differences in facial measurements and proportions were centered around the perioral area, including but not limited to a narrow philtrum, a wider oral commissure distance, and a greater protrusion of the upper vermilion. 1, 4, 5 The present study was undertaken to assess whether judgments of attractiveness differ when the lower face is covered by a surgical mask. Interestingly, in the attractive group, 1 male face (25%) and 1 female face (12.5%) were rated significantly lower after application of a mask. Individuals who were thought to be average or unattractive at baseline were judged as more attractive when wearing masks, which hid their lower face.
cord-316914-otpwb0vs	2020	
cord-317915-0javg3m8	2020	The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) in wearing a surgical face mask to limit the spread of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods This survey was conducted by interviewing HCWs using a questionnaire consisting of the basic demographic characteristics, and the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the use of surgical face mask to limit the new COVID-19 exposure. In resource-limited settings, where the incidence of infectious disease is high and the environmental conditions of hospitals are often poor, hospitals may rely heavily on a face mask to protect medical staff against COVID-19 and to prevent cross-contamination among patients and HCWs. The use of a face mask among HCWs is strongly recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a standard for transmission-based precaution [6, 7] .
cord-321847-4a6eb4mr	2020	We tried to provide information about differences in the distribution of gender and age groups wearing face masks incorrectly. Design Pilot field study Methods Visual observation of mask use in public, not ageand gender-related places in central European large cities regarding incorrect mask-wearing (n=523); statistical analysis (nominal scale) in terms of gender and estimated age group using the total numbers, binomial test and chi-square test. Results There is no significant difference (binomial test: p-value = 0.43) in mask misuse between the genders (female: 271 (51.8%), male: 252 (48.2%) and 0 non-binary individuals (0%)). The prevalence of masking after the post-lockdown reopening of businesses has currently been examined in other studies [6, 7] , and significant differences in regional, age and gender groups have been found. Our pilot-study shows a significant, gender-independent difference between age groups in the correct use of face masks in public.
cord-322528-6r57pq8o	2020	We calculated an Infection Risk Score (IRS) for a number of common activities and related it to the effectiveness of reducing infection and its consequences, with a face covering, and evaluated their effect when applied to different infection rates over 3 months from 24(th) July 2020, when face coverings were made compulsory in England on public transport/retail outlets. CONCLUSION: We have illustrated that the policy on mandatory use of face coverings in retail outlets/on public transport may have been very well followed, but may be of limited value in reducing hospital admissions and deaths, at least at the time that it was introduced, unless infections begin to rise faster than currently seen. We have modelled the potential impact of the use of face coverings worn in retail outlets and on public 336 transport on the number of UK COVID-19 infections and associated hospital admissions and mortality 337 rates.
cord-325726-65xxevp3	2020	PPE refers to protective clothing, helmets, gloves, face shields, goggles, surgical masks, respirators, and other equipment designed to prevent wearer exposure to infection or illness in this COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Institute of Technology Madras-bolstered new businesses has created PPE, such as face shields (Fig. 5 )from 3D Printers just as generally accessible materials besides to protect healthcare professionals fighting COVID-19 [83, 84] . 3D printing shortens lead times during product development, brings down creation expenses, and engages designers and manufacturers to face more challenges with new 3D printed drone structures that give new expected applications to the innovation [150] . With restrictions on up close and personal clinical meetings in the COVID-19 pandemic and the difficulties looked by medical care frameworks in conveying patient care, innovations like telemedicine and smartphone are playing a key role [156] [157] [158] . How 3D Printing Can Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Among Healthcare Professionals During Times of Critical Shortage of Protective Personal Equipment
cord-326869-306jquy3	2020	A time series analysis was carried out of daily service-level activity on data from a large mental healthcare provider in southeast London, from 01.02.2020 to 31.03.2020, comparing activity before and after 16.03.2020: i) inpatient admissions, discharges and numbers, ii) contact numbers and daily caseloads (Liaison, Home Treatment Teams, Community Mental Health Teams); iii) numbers of deaths for past and present patients. Taking advantage of a mental healthcare data platform that receives 24-hourly updates from its source electronic records, we sought to describe daily activity in key services for the months of February and March 2020 and to quantify statistically the early changes observed. We present findings from an early extract of data from a large multi-team provider on changes in mental health service provision before and in the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic first wave in the UK, analysing these in relation to the enacting of a national social distancing policy.
cord-332420-9vyik2e9	2020	
cord-337581-3rmrkq1k	2020	
cord-339324-ab0ecwvw	2020	For example, studies have developed dendrograms from the hierarchy clustering analysis based on the strength of functional connectivity among the face-selective specified regions of interest (or ROI''s) when the participants performed a face recognition task [39] . For example, studies have developed dendrograms from the hierarchy clustering analysis based on the strength of functional connectivity among the face-selective specified regions of interest (or ROI''s) when the participants performed a face recognition task [39] . The results can be described as follows: first, it is possible to identify performance profiles in visual recognition of faces that differ in position in terms of reaction times, not accuracy; secondly, results suggest a bias towards the left. The results can be described as follows: first, it is possible to identify performance profiles in visual recognition of faces that differ in position in terms of reaction times, not accuracy; secondly, results suggest a bias towards the left.
cord-343535-r8rsbfs3	2020	
cord-345767-61jr6nnx	2020	From local multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings to national and international committees, this form of communication has been vital to ensure patient-related and other business can continue, albeit in a sometimes unfamiliar environment. Setting the agenda and timings Note taker if possible projecting in a virtual white board One person only to speak at a time Judicious use camera to reduce bandwidth Muting of microphone when not speaking Familiarity with technical platform Use of a headset Taking regular breaks (5-10 minutes every 90 minutes) as for face-to-face meetings Adequate hydration and nutrition Ensure a diversity of opinion has been represented in debate A physical copy of the agenda to hand to track progress Check the aims of the session have actually been achieved rather than the agenda simply followed Reflect on the session for future enhancement Similarly a review of how well the session has worked, and any suggested improvements might also prove helpful Q6 (Table 1) .
cord-355700-1yf1ae1d	2020