# pos

id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.kff.org/globalhealth-policy/poll-finding/data-note-americans-views-on-the-u-s-role-in-global-health/.

lemma:
  https://www.kff.org/globalhealth-policy/poll-finding/data-note-americans-views-on-the-u-s-role-in-global-health/.


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
pos: NNP
token:
  http://regulusrx.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/2016-AASLD-RG-101-PK-and-Safety-in-ESRD-vs-Normal.pdf

lemma:
  http://regulusrx.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/2016-AASLD-RG-101-PK-and-Safety-in-ESRD-vs-Normal.pdf


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
pos: NNP
token:
  http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/gmfood/Pages/Response-to-Heinemann-et-al-on-theregulation-of-GM-crops-and-foods-developed-using-gene-silencing.aspx

lemma:
  http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/gmfood/Pages/Response-to-Heinemann-et-al-on-theregulation-of-GM-crops-and-foods-developed-using-gene-silencing.aspx


# ent

id: cord-024349-f8hm9v9g
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The COVID 19 Threat An Opportunity to Rethink the European Economic Constitution and European Private Law date 2020


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Twentieth Century Historical Approaches Post war Research Education and Innovation Policy Making in Europe History and Memory of an Institution Towards European Science Dynamics and Policy of an Evolving European Research Space Cheltenham


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
type: ORG
entity:
  Ideas European Research Area An Evolving Policy Agenda Political Dynamics European Commission Communication A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and Growth


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
type: ORG
entity:
  Flagship Initiative Innovation Union European Commission Communication A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and Growth


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
type: LAW
entity:
  the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Part Three Union Policies and Internal Actions Title XIX Research


id: cord-271765-altqn10l
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cord 271765 altqn10l authors Fernández Díaz Elena Iglesias Sánchez Patricia P Jambrino Maldonado Carmen title Exploring WHO Communication


id: cord-271765-altqn10l
type: ORG
entity:
  the World Health Organisation World Health Organisation Comité Español de Representantes de Personas


id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Red Cross and Red Crescent the International Medical Corps Save the Children and the International Rescue Committee The aid contributed to the faster deployment of doctors and nurses


id: cord-258885-ev2pvr3s
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Evaluation of the Final Impact of Wuhan COVID 19 on Trade Tourism Transport and Electricity Consumption of China


id: cord-268082-znfo9xgv
type: GGP
entity:
  n d 6 6 6 7 5 4 7 1 6 0 6 4 6 0 5 6 5 1 3 9 4 9 2 9 4 4 2 3 2 5 1 5 0 9 1 2 0 4 0 9 1 1 0 9 0 5 0 6 C r o a t i a B u l g a r i a G r e e c e L a t v i


id: cord-016140-gvezk8vp
type: ORG
entity:
  the EU Product Liability Directive to Software Computer Software and Information Licensing in Emerging Markets


id: cord-022903-08ugoxns
type: GGP
entity:
  gizzard 4 02 3 45 3 27 3 60 3 38 for the control group and the four Cu supplemented groups respectively


id: cord-022903-08ugoxns
type: EVENT
entity:
  Eimeria acervulina Apparent Total Tract Macronutrient and Energy Digestibility of 1 to 3 Day Old Whole Chicks Adult Ground Chicken


id: cord-020941-1qwbkg9o
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human disturbance of the environment Red deer and feral cats for example inhabit much of New Zealand s pristine


id: cord-259236-8ezfke9z
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Worldometers info 4 that the spread patterns are of the exponential type in the six European countries mentioned above We shall consider the total number of cases in these six countries from 22 September to 7 starts


id: cord-030909-6if3qquj
type: DNA
entity:
  ECLAC Santiago 38 p Encinas F Truffello R Urquiza A Valdés M 2020 Covid 19 pobreza energética y contaminación


id: cord-030909-6if3qquj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  European ETS 32 Sachs et al 2020 The Sustainable Development Goals and Covid 19 Sustainable Development Report 2020 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 33 1 education gender


id: cord-030909-6if3qquj
type: GGP
entity:
  Investigación e Información Periodística https ciper chile cl 2020 05 15 covid 19pobre za energ etica y conta


id: cord-035030-ig4nwtmi
type: FAC
entity:
  the Charité Berlin Hannover Medical School MHH University of Düsseldorf and Institute of Human Genetics


id: cord-035030-ig4nwtmi
type: EVENT
entity:
  New Strategies for the Conduct of Clinical Trials in Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Outcome


id: cord-035030-ig4nwtmi
type: DISEASE
entity:
  congenital malformations Malformations of the gastrointestinal tract the abdominal wall the diaphragm


id: cord-289555-1z4vbldd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Diseases and Causes of Death in European Bats Dynamics in Disease Susceptibility and Infection Rates


id: cord-289555-1z4vbldd
type: DISEASE
entity:
  lung liver heart kidney adrenal gland spleen intestine pancreas brain tongue larynx salivary gland and pectoral muscle


id: cord-004894-75w35fkd
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  APC CSYMBOL colon tumours RR 0 58 95 CI 0 32 1 05 for the highest versus the lowest tertile of folate intake but positively associated with APC


id: cord-004894-75w35fkd
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  amino terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide ROC area 0 80 or electrocardiography ROC area 0 77 A CMR model


id: cord-004894-75w35fkd
type: ORG
entity:
  Disease High Risk Populations Growth and Development Public Health Strategies Translational Epidemiology Sessions


id: cord-004894-75w35fkd
type: ORG
entity:
  Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire Geriatric Depression Scale Activities of Daily Living ADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living


id: cord-304887-7ly692to
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  I S industry e g hydrogen based steel making 159 160 The number of industrial installations covered by the Industrial Emission Directive IED


id: cord-304887-7ly692to
type: GGP
entity:
  iron H DRI 51 52 The EU reach is rarely addressed Recently Mayer et al 53 made a top down macroeconomic analysis of a currently considered technological change in the EU I S


id: cord-304887-7ly692to
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Impact of the European Steel Industry on the EU Economy Breaking through Industrial Low CO2 Technologies on the Horizon European Commission Finance for Innovation Towards the ETS Innovation Fund Zero Emissions Platform Climate


id: cord-304887-7ly692to
type: ORG
entity:
  the Effectiveness of Innovation Policy Intervention Project European Commisssion Communication For a European Industrial Renaissance Investing


id: cord-304887-7ly692to
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Wissenchaften Governance for the European Energy Union Approaching Sustainable Energy Management Operations


id: cord-330180-lvn4hqk5
type: DNA
entity:
  European Region Boviene spongiforme encefalopathie DG Directorate General DG Connect Directorate General


id: cord-330180-lvn4hqk5
type: ORG
entity:
  J Health Polit Policy Law Public Health Evaluation and Impact Assessment Consortium Mid Term Evaluation


id: cord-330180-lvn4hqk5
type: ORG
entity:
  Final Report Bologna Public Health Evaluation and Impact Assessment Consortium European Court of Auditors


id: cord-330296-706hf4qw
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Fooks A R Bardsley M Carroll M Drosten C Drexler J F Günther S Klempa B Pinschewer D Klimkait T Avsic


id: cord-330749-xt4aa2ur
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe


id: cord-350164-dzma5ye7
type: ORG
entity:
  Copenhagen WHO Regional Office for Europe World Health Organization Overweight European Health Information Gateway


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: DNA
entity:
  Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Workshop a Medicines Regulation Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Action Plan


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: LAW
entity:
  Regulation and Licensing of Biological Products in Countries with Newly Developing Regulatory Authorities 63


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: EVENT
entity:
  The International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICH


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive Mutagenic Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic Risk


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: ORG
entity:
  the ICH GCP Registration of medicines Guidelines for Submitting Applications for Registration of a Medicine


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: EVENT
entity:
  the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICH


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Workshop a Medicines Regulation Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Action Plan


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: DISEASE
entity:
  diseases via blood products It also contributes to technology transfer global cooperation and harmonization of regulations via the Blood Regulators


id: cord-308284-r546ypur
type: ORG
entity:
  The World Health Organisation Emergency Use Listing Procedure Version The World Health Organization Emergency Use Assessment and Listing Procedure


id: cord-354738-4rxradwz
type: TAXON
entity:
  bat species Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrellus nathusii Pipistrellus kuhlii and Nyctalus noctula


id: cord-316050-mqrx003q
type: ORG
entity:
  Sidney Institute for Economics Peace Institute for Economics Peace Lisboa Instituto Nacional de Estatística Retrieved


id: cord-320773-zisujjsx
type: ORG
entity:
  Oxford COVID 19 Government Response Tracker Blavatnik School of Government Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control Tracking


id: cord-320773-zisujjsx
type: ORG
entity:
  the University of Hamburg Erasmus University Rotterdam and Nova School of Business Economics Lisbon Chair BPI Fundação La Caixa


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
type: DNA
entity:
  ath miR 156a miR 157a miR 158a miR 159a miR 160a miR 162a miR 163a miR 166a miR 167a miR 168a miR 169a miR 172a miR 390a miR 528 miR 824


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
type: DNA
entity:
  miR 156a miR 157a miR 158a miR 160a miR 162a miR 166a miR 166g miR 167a miR 168a miR 172a miR 172c miR 390a miR 397a miR 403 miR 824


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Xist lncRNA Exploits Three Dimensional Genome Architecture to Spread Across the X Chromosome Identification of Nuclear Dicing Bodies


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  oleyl trimethyl chitosan poly γ 4 piperidin 1 yl ethyl amino methyl benzyl Lglutamate oleyl PEG mannose oleyl PEG cysteamine


# url

id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf
domain: www.kff.org
url:
  http://www.kff.org/globalhealth-policy/poll-finding/data-note-americans-views-on-the-u-s-role-in-global-health/


# bib

id: cord-001221-due9tloa
title: ECR 2014, Part A
author: nan
date: 2014-02-27
txt: ./txt/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948175/
doi: 10.1007/s13244-014-0316-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  In short: obtaining samples for making an accurate diagnosis and also to know more about its specific biology (biomarkers); IR covers any possibility needed for vascular access; percutaneous needle ablation is the best alternative in selected patients; endovascular embolisation with "vehiculisation" of therapies is an outstanding method for selective treatment, and sometimes precise ablation, of different tumors; IR is a unique way to offer palliation in a wide range of tumoral complications, such as embolisation for bleeding, stenting for vein obstructions or drainage of fluid collections. CT may be useful for osteoid osteoma and MRI is the best imaging technique for further diagnosis and staging by displaying tumour composition and extent of bone marrow involvement, including skip lesions, presence and extent of extraosseous soft tissue mass, and involvement of neurovascular bundle, muscle compartments and adjacent joint.


id: cord-004894-75w35fkd
title: Abstract
author: nan
date: 2006-06-14
txt: ./txt/cord-004894-75w35fkd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004894-75w35fkd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087564/
doi: 10.1007/s10654-006-9021-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  The unadjusted median (25-75% percentile) sperm concentration in the non-exposed group (n = 90) is 49 (23-86) mill/ml compared to 33 (12-63) mill/ml among men exposed to >19 cigarettes per day in fetal life (n = 26 Aim: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and their effects in physical activity (PA) levels of Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. Objectives: a) To estimate the sex-and age-adjusted annual rate of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) (per 100 person-years [%py]) among the HCWs, as indicated by tuberculin skin test conversion (TST) conversion, b) to identify occupational factors associated with significant variations in the ARTI, c) to investigate the efficacy of the regional preventive guidelines. Objectives: We assessed the total burden of adverse events (AE), and determined treatment-related risk factors for the development of various AEs. Methods: The study cohort included 1362 5-year survivors, treated in the Emma Childrens Hospital AMC in the Netherlands between 1966-1996.


id: cord-007476-wu9tuvy9
author: Katz, Jonathan B.
date: 2000-03-10
txt: ./txt/cord-007476-wu9tuvy9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007476-wu9tuvy9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117291/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)00113-b
summary:
  title: Antigenic differences between European and American isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are encoded by the carboxyterminal portion of viral open reading frame 3 Antigenic differences between European and American isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were revealed by serologic analysis of a recombinant protein derived from PRRSV open reading frame 3 (ORF 3). Sera from rabbits inoculated with BP03-P failed to neutralize both the European (Lelystad) and American (ATCC VR-2332) reference isolates of PRRSV and did not react by IPMA with PRRSV-infected cell cultures. Sera from rabbits inoculated with BPO3-P failed to neutralize both the European (Lelystad) and American ( ATCC VR-2332) reference isolates of PRRSV and did not react by IPMA with PRRSV-infected cell cultures. Two of the rabbit antipeptide sera were reproducibly reactive by western immunoblot with a diffuse (40 to 45 kDa) band of antigen found in homogenates of MARC-145 cells infected 16 h previously with the Lelystad isolate (Fig. 4) .

title:
  Antigenic differences between European and American isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are encoded by the carboxyterminal portion of viral open reading frame 3

abstract:
  Antigenic differences between European and American isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were revealed by serologic analysis of a recombinant protein derived from PRRSV open reading frame 3 (ORF 3). The hydrophilic carboxyterminal 199 amino acids encoded by the ORF 3 of a European (Lelystad) isolate of PRRSV were expressed as a recombinant fusion protein (BP03-P) in a baculovirus gene expression system. Sera from gnotobiotic swine exposed to prototypic reference European and American isolates of PRRSV and sera from conventionally reared European and American swine convalescing from naturally acquired PRRSV infections were used to characterize the BP03-P protein. Sera from gnotobiotic and conventionally reared swine exposed to European isolates of PRRSV were significantly more reactive (P < 0.01) with BP03-P than were the corresponding American PRRSV antisera using the indirect immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). Prototypic European, but not American, PRRSV antisera also recognized BP03-P using western immunoblotting and radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) procedures. However, gnotobiotically derived antiserum to an atypical American-origin PRRSV was reactive with BP03-P by both IPMA and western immunoblot. Despite a predicted potential for N-linked glycosylation, studies with tunicamycin and peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) indicated that BP03-P was not N-glycosylated in either insect cell cultures or Trichoplusia ni larvae infected with the recombinant baculovirus. Sera from rabbits inoculated with BP03-P failed to neutralize both the European (Lelystad) and American (ATCC VR-2332) reference isolates of PRRSV and did not react by IPMA with PRRSV-infected cell cultures. Taken together, the data suggest that the carboxyterminal portion of PRRSV ORF 3 encodes a non-neutralizing viral peptide that is partially responsible for the serologic differences noted between European and most American isolates of PRRSV.


id: cord-016140-gvezk8vp
title: Safeguards
author: Ahonen, Pasi
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-016140-gvezk8vp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016140-gvezk8vp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120333/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6662-7_5
summary:
  An example is the EC-supported CONNECT project, which aims to implement a privacy management platform within pervasive mobile services, coupling research on semantic technologies and intelligent agents with wireless communications (including UMTS, WiFi and WiMAX) and context-sensitive paradigms and multimodal (voice/graphics) interfaces to provide a strong and secure framework to ensure that privacy is a feasible and desirable component of future ambient intelligence applications. The fast emergence of information and communication technologies and the growth of online communication, e-commerce and electronic services that go beyond the territorial borders of the Member States have led the European Union to adopt numerous legal instruments such as directives, regulations and conventions on ecommerce, consumer protection, electronic signature, cyber crime, liability, data protection, privacy and electronic communication … and many others.

abstract:
  The multiplicity of threats and vulnerabilities associated with AmI will require a multiplicity of safeguards to respond to the risks and problems posed by the emerging technological systems and their applications. In some instances, a single safeguard might be sufficient to address a specified threat or vulnerability. More typically, however, a combination of safeguards will be necessary to address each threat and vulnerability. In still other instances, one safeguard might apply to numerous treats and vulnerabilities. One could depict these combinations in a matrix or on a spreadsheet, but the spreadsheet would quickly become rather large and, perhaps, would be slightly misleading. Just as the AmI world will be dynamic, constantly changing, the applicability of safeguards should also be regarded as subject to a dynamic, i.e., different and new safeguards may need to be introduced in order to cope with changes in the threats and vulnerabilities.


id: cord-016285-cwhmm3f6
title: Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do?
author: nan
date: 2006
txt: ./txt/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120524/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5551-5_1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young.


id: cord-016322-dyjpfvvf
title: Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Assistance
author: Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto
date: 2019-12-10
txt: ./txt/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016322-dyjpfvvf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120568/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29966-8_12
summary:
  We are committed to develop and implement an effective global early warning system and response network for new and re-emerging communicable diseases such as AIDS and the Ebola virus, and to increase training and professional exchanges in this area. And in December the US Congress overwhelmingly supported legislation providing $5.4 billion in emergency funding for the CDC and other health services, the State Department, and USAID; much of this funding was earmarked for the prevention, detection, and response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa, as well for efforts to assist in the region''s recovery. Ensuring that all people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to electricity by 2030, one of the UN''s Sustainable Development Goals, will require a major effort by the region''s governments and the international community, above all the United States and the European Union.

abstract:
  Together the US and EU provide two-thirds of global humanitarian assistance for the alleviation of emergencies arising from natural and man-made disasters and 80% of global foreign aid for longer-term development assistance programs. It is therefore vital that they continue their close partnership to ensure their dollars and euros are spent as effectively as possible in an era of increasingly tight budgetary constraints. The outbreak of Ebola in West Africa in 2014 is a good example of how the US and the EU successfully addressed (albeit belatedly) a major health crisis that could have turned into a global pandemic. In many areas in Africa, they are collaborating closely on the foundation of shared priorities, including on food security, resilience, and electrification. They are also among the largest donors to the Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria and to the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation.


id: cord-017024-7amhia06
title: The welfare of laboratory rabbits
author: Lidfors, Lena
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-017024-7amhia06.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017024-7amhia06.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121482/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2271-5_10
abstract: nan
summary:
  The aim of this chapter is to present the most recent knowledge about the laboratory rabbit''s biology, behavioural needs, optimal environment, housing, feeding, care, handling, health and experimental techniques, in order to ensure their optimum welfare. Studies of natural, free-ranging and enclosed populations in Australia, New Zealand and United Kingdom have shown that European wild rabbits live in small, stable, territorial breeding groups (Parer 1977 , Gibb et al. Both wild rabbits and domestic strains have reproductive seasonality, suckle their young only once every 24 h, show two main feeding periods at dawn and dusk, form breeding groups with separate linear dominance hierarchies among male and female members, and reproduce successfully with the female digging breeding burrows, building nests for their young and covering the entrance to the burrows with soil (Bell 1984) .


id: cord-020941-1qwbkg9o
title: Biological Control of Vertebrate Pests
author: HODDLE, MARK S.
date: 2007-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-020941-1qwbkg9o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020941-1qwbkg9o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148587/
doi: 10.1016/b978-012257305-7/50085-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  Historical records indicate that the majority of attempts at vertebrate biological control have been ad hoc efforts and not the product of careful studies designed to elucidate factors and conditions likely to affect the impact of natural enemy introductions on pest populations. Biological control should be fostered internationally because many countries experience similar problems (e.g., rabbits are agricultural pests in Argentina, Australia, Chile, Europe, and New Zealand; rats, cats, and dogs attack endangered faunas on many oceanic islands; feral pigs and goats in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States degrade habitat and threaten endangered flora). Rabbit populations in Australia and New Zealand are maintained at low levels by introduced predators, but regulation only occurs after pest numbers have been reduced by other means.


id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6
author: Dávalos, Alberto
date: 2019-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163523/
doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1688
summary:
  This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2''‐O‐methylation at 3'' end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used.

title:
  Literature review of baseline information on non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) to support the risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified plants for food and feed

abstract:
  This report is the outcome of an EFSA procurement (NP/EFSA/GMO/2016/01) reviewing relevant scientific information on ncRNA and on RNA interference(RNAi) that could support the food and feed risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified (GM) plants. Information was retrieved through key words and key questions covering the stability and degradation of ncRNAs after oral ingestion, the passage of ncRNAs from food and feed to human and animal organs and tissues via the gastrointestinal tract and other barriers, as well as the potential effects on the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system or the entire organism.Full description of the strategy used for the literature search and for studies selectionis provided and the number of retrieved publications is reported. This report is divided into four partsdiscussing the kinetics of exogenous ncRNAs in humans and animals, with focus on ingested ncRNAs (Part 1); the possible effects of ncRNAs on the gastrointestinal tract (Part 2), systemically(Part 3)and on the immune system (Part 4). This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2’‐O‐methylation at 3’ end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Literature data indicate that chemically unmodified and unformulated ncRNAs exhibit very low stability in the gastrointestinal tract and in biological fluids and, in general, do not elicit major biological effects.This report also provides an overview of the RNA content in plant‐derived foods and diets and discusses the controversies on the presence of dietary exogenous RNAs in the biological fluids of humans and animals and their effects. Finally, gaps in the scientific literature are highlighted and recommendations provided


id: cord-022903-08ugoxns
author: Jensen, Bent Borg
date: 2016-05-02
txt: ./txt/cord-022903-08ugoxns.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022903-08ugoxns.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163604/
doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1024
abstract: nan
summary:
  It may be concluded from the experiments that supplementing piglet and growing pigs diet with low additional copper amounts (below 50 mg/kg Cu) seems to inhibit the population of coliform bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. It may be concluded from the experiments that supplementing piglet and growing pigs diet with low additional copper amounts (below 50 mg/kg Cu) seems to inhibit the population of coliform bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. In study CH18 (Kim et al., 1993) a significant reduction in the population of coliform bacteria in broiler SI content was found by the addition of 100 mg/kg Cu as Cu-methionine to the diet while it had no effect at a concentration of 50 mg/kg. Supplementing pig diets with copper concentrations above 170 mg/kg as CuSO 4 has a reducing effect on the population of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract of as well piglets as growing pigs.

title:
  Extensive Literature Search on the ‘Effects of Copper intake levels in the gut microbiota profile of target animals, in particular piglets’


id: cord-022910-kjs6je2u
author: Martel, Cyril
date: 2010-10-29
txt: ./txt/cord-022910-kjs6je2u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022910-kjs6je2u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163639/
doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-75
abstract: nan
summary:
  In 1996, a cross-sectional study of 178 bakery workers in the Netherlands found a positive association between positive skin prick tests to alpha-amylase and work-related respiratory symptoms [120] , establishing conclusively the strong and positive relationship between alpha-amylase allergen exposure levels in bakeries and specific sensitization in bakery workers. Interesting case reports on amylase include a double sensitization to lysozyme and amylase in a baker with rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma [135], a sensitization occuring from infrequent contact with the enzyme in a lab technician showing symptoms localized on her hands without nasal or respiratory effects [136] , and one case of occupational allergic contact urticaria from fungal but not bacterial alpha-amylase [137] . In-silico work: n/a Allergens of a similar class outside of food and feed area: n/a Other routes of exposure: Kanerva et al [163] described the case of a chemical enzyme factory process operator presenting symptoms of itching and dermatitis.

title:
  Bibliographic review on the potential of microorganisms, microbial products and enzymes to induce respiratory sensitization


id: cord-023993-rncleqqy
title: Long-Lasting Solutions to the Problem of Migration in Europe
author: Ramírez, J. Martín
date: 2020-03-12
txt: ./txt/cord-023993-rncleqqy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023993-rncleqqy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7183294/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-43253-9_10
summary:
  In a previous publication on the refugee crisis in Europe and its security challenges, I concluded that a global problem like this one could not be solved without an adequate orderly, and controlled immigration policy, creating systematic and controlled arrival and integration programs, because the mental structure of European societies is not prepared to face a disorderly increase in migration flows (Ramirez 2017 (Ramirez , 2019 . A key move to avoid the "calling effect" is to guarantee security and economic agreements -migration control has to be paid with money-, with those countries migrants transit through in their way to Europe, preventing them from leaving its coasts and returning to their country of origin those people whose asylum in the EU has been denied.

abstract:
  This is the following of a previous publication on the refugee crisis in Europe and its security challenges. Here we suggest some long-lasting solutions to the problem of migration. These may be summarize in four points: dealing with the countries of origin and of transit, adequate control of borders, and positive measures to facilitate the integration of the newcomers in their countries of destination.


id: cord-024349-f8hm9v9g
author: MICKLITZ, Hans-W.
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-024349-f8hm9v9g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024349-f8hm9v9g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7198464/
doi: 10.1017/err.2020.42
abstract: nan
summary:
  7 The COVID-19 threat has opened a window of opportunity for transgressing boundaries, for thinking the unthinkable: a fundamental revision of the European Economic Constitution and therewith European private law. There will be lessons to learn as to who will benefit from the crisis -Member State politics, national governments, multinationals, online business, transport of goodsand who will suffer: the EU as an institution, the European legal order based on the four freedoms and competition, national parliaments, small and medium-sized companies and non-essential economic sectors. The COVID-19 threat provides critical legal scholarship with a unique opportunity, despite all of the current and future uncertainties and speculations, to move far beyond the mainstream understanding of the economic constitution and private law.

title:
  The COVID-19 Threat: An Opportunity to Rethink the European Economic Constitution and European Private Law


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
title: Conclusion and Further Thoughts
author: Mitzner, Veera
date: 2020-05-30
txt: ./txt/cord-025724-ea09nbkh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025724-ea09nbkh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262380/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-41395-8_10
summary:
  13 In 2012, the Commission defined ERA as "a unified research area open to the world based on the Internal Market, in which researchers, scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely and through which the Union and its Member States strengthen their scientific and technological bases, their competitiveness and their capacity to collectively address grand challenges." 14 ERA was launched in the political framework of the Lisbon European Council of March 2000, where the EU set itself the new strategic goal of becoming "the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth, with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion." 15 In Lisbon, research and development were drawn to the center of the EU''s strategy for achieving its goal by 2010.

abstract:
  The conclusion chapter not only summarizes the main results of the research conducted for this book but also connects the events and discussions between the 1960s and 1980s to later political developments. It shows striking ideational and institutional continuity and reveals a substantial character of European integration: by relying on powerful political framings and discourses, as well as on sturdy institutions, the European Community/Union was able to move into areas that were not sanctioned by the treaties. The chapter further argues that to stay relevant, the EU research policy must be capable of breaking with the past and dramatically expand its mission to embrace the social and environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. In fact, with the existential threat of climate change and other global challenges, and the urgent need for socio-technological transformation at scale, opportunities and imperatives for European level activity in research might be greater than ever.


id: cord-026037-0gg9fm7x
title: Reflecting on the EU: the Good and the Bad Times, and Those That Are Yet to Come
author: Corradetti, Claudio
date: 2020-06-04
txt: ./txt/cord-026037-0gg9fm7x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026037-0gg9fm7x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271638/
doi: 10.1007/s42439-020-00017-y
abstract: nan
summary:
  The reference is to the shift from the temporary measures adopted through the Second, linked to the former, is the recent populist turn of some EU national Constitutional Courts who have started replacing standards once based on "common constitutional traditions" with the promotion of a "constitutional identity." 9 The result has been a retreat from a shared European constitutional pattern based on liberal values of freedom and fundamental rights to self-referential legitimations of national autocracies. Since the inception of the European project, the Preamble of the Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (1951) , echoing Schuman''s Declaration, stated that "Europe can be built only through real practical achievements which will first of all create real solidarity […]". One where the political imagination of the peoples of Europe will find institutional expression through forms of representation mediated by States, citizens, and European supranational values.


id: cord-029160-z2sxr3dx
title: Supply chain contagion and the role of industrial policy
author: Coveri, Andrea
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-029160-z2sxr3dx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029160-z2sxr3dx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358319/
doi: 10.1007/s40812-020-00167-6
summary:
  Therefore, the first channel through which the pandemic has affected the global economy concerns the interruption of the supply chains, hitting what has been identified as the productive heart of the world, that is East Asia, and China in particular (Buckley and Strange 2015) . Unsurprisingly, with the outbreak of the pandemic, this complex global interconnection of production-and the crucial role that the "factory of the world" plays in this context-has prompted part of the economic literature to warn about the need for many countries to promote supplier diversification with the aim of reducing their dependence on imports of intermediate goods from China (Javorcik 2020; Monga 2020). Finally, an industrial policy aimed at strengthening the position of European national industries in the value chains of strategic productions could help reduce the social and economic costs and risks of hyper-specialization.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a major disruption in global value chains (GVCs) that pushed the global economy into a recession that promises to be worse than the 2008 crisis. This article illustrates the mechanisms through which the COVID-19 pandemic affected GVCs in the context of a changing configuration of the global economy. In particular, it is argued that GVCs became the main transmission channels of “economic contagion”. Finally, we posit that the pandemic provides an opportunity to revive the role of industrial policy as to govern the landslides of a world economy constantly pressured by globalization and deglobalization forces.


id: cord-029402-5gun91ep
author: Celi, Giuseppe
date: 2020-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-029402-5gun91ep.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029402-5gun91ep.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366487/
doi: 10.1007/s40812-020-00165-8
summary:
  Despite being symmetric in its very nature, the Covid-19 shock is affecting European economies in a very asymmetric way, threatening to deepen the divide between core and peripheral countries even more. Trying to answer these questions, we shall briefly review the institutional and structural causes of the increasing divergence between core and SP, shedding light on three momentous events: the creation of the monetary union, the 2008 financial crisis and the Covid-19 shock. To conclude, the two peripheries-the Southern one, made up of the Mediterranean economies, and the Eastern one, with the prominent role of the Visegrad countries-suffer from different fragilities, which descend from their common, albeit diverse, economic and financial dependence on the core. Special international conditionsnamely, China''s huge growth, which gobbled up German capital goods and highquality durable consumer products (particularly cars), and the vigorous American recovery-supported Germany''s ability to redirect its trade flows, expand its market shares outside the EMU, and make a speedy return to its pre-crisis production levels.

title:
  A fragile and divided European Union meets Covid-19: further disintegration or ‘Hamiltonian moment’?

abstract:
  Despite being symmetric in its very nature, the Covid-19 shock is affecting European economies in a very asymmetric way, threatening to deepen the divide between core and peripheral countries even more. It is not Covid-19 itself, however, but the contradictions within the EU’s growth model and institutional architecture that would be to blame for such an outcome. The dramatic impact of the economic crisis brought on by the pandemic and the threat that it poses to Eurozone survival seem to have forced a reluctant Germany into action: a minor step, but an important signal. This note analyses the crossroads currently facing Europe—the risk of disintegration vis-a-vis the opportunity for a ‘Hamiltonian moment’—discussing possible future scenarios in the light of past developments.


id: cord-030909-6if3qquj
title: Perspectives on the Economics of the Environment in the Shadow of Coronavirus
author: nan
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-030909-6if3qquj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030909-6if3qquj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7450147/
doi: 10.1007/s10640-020-00493-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  Based on these points, it becomes clear that a green recovery plan with resources directed towards achieving the combined objective of both providing the necessary economic stimuli for recovery and also promoting the transition to a low-carbon economy and adaptation to climate change along with investment in natural capital and increase in comprehensive savings could be a feasible and efficient plan. The current global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trajectory indicates that the world is likely to experience catastrophic consequences due to climate change, unless swift action is taken towards funding green solutions and the defunding of fossil fuel activities ( Given the ambition of the European Union to become a net zero-carbon economy by 2050 and the numerous calls to avoid the bailout and stimulus packages towards fossil fuel companies , we examine whether the features of the European Central Bank''s (ECB) €1350 billion Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) encourages the resilience of the incumbent fossil fuel sector, or whether it promotes the growth of the emerging low-carbon energy sector during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.


id: cord-031090-dd8z7stt
author: Giosa, Penelope
date: 2020-07-15
txt: ./txt/cord-031090-dd8z7stt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031090-dd8z7stt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7454713/
doi: 10.1093/jeclap/lpaa029
abstract: nan
summary:
  It discusses the practical and conceptual difficulties that excessive pricing cases involve, especially under the current urgent circumstances that coronavirus has caused, and it assesses the remedies that the NCAs and the European Commission can impose in order to deal with price gouging. Section II discusses Article 102 (a) TFEU, the provision of the EU competition law that the NCAs and the 10 European Commission could enforce in order to ensure that consumers are not paying inflated prices during the coronavirus crisis. 30 This means that the NCAs could possibly follow the same line of reasoning as the European Commission in the aforementioned decision and try to establish "transitory market power", in order to establish that the sellers of goods in high demand due to the coronavirus outbreak hold a dominant position in the relevant markets.

title:
  Exploitative Pricing in the Time of Coronavirus—The Response of EU Competition Law and the Prospect of Price Regulation


id: cord-034205-53i2tw65
title: The sky is the limit?! Evaluating the existence of a speculative bubble in European football
author: Richau, Lukas
date: 2020-10-24
txt: ./txt/cord-034205-53i2tw65.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034205-53i2tw65.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7584485/
doi: 10.1007/s11573-020-01015-8
summary:
  By applying the Kindleberger-Minsky model to European football, the study is conceptual in nature, which is complemented by quantitative key indicators used to assess the risk of a speculative bubble in other industries (e.g., the housing market). Managers might assign a different weight to the various performance measures, which increases the extent of subjectivity in player valuations and transfer fee negotiations (for further information about judgments in markets that lack objective criteria, see Karpik 2011; Maurer and Mikl-Horke 2015) Hence, the selling and purchasing clubs might differ in their judgments regarding a fair price. In line with this discussion, we use transfer fees as a price indicator to examine the existence of a speculative bubble, by applying the Kindleberger-Minsky model to the football market. The recent development of transfer fees in European football-in particular the rapid increase from 2014/2015 to 2017/2018-has followed a pattern resembling historical speculative bubbles as described by the Kindleberger-Minsky model.

abstract:
  In light of increasing salaries and transfer fees, the present study investigates the existence of a speculative bubble in European football. By applying the Kindleberger–Minsky model to football, we show that developments in recent years do not meet the criteria of a classic bubble. Although transfer fee spending in recent years does meet the typical pattern seen in historical bubbles, the case of football rather resembles an atypical bubble. This is because the rise in transfer fees for most clubs is largely backed by cash inflows, prompting an elevator effect for transfer fees. Typical bubbles, on the other hand, contain heavy debt-financing in the absence of respective and sustainable cash inflows. Nevertheless, despite the absence of a speculative bubble on the aggregated league level, some individual clubs seem to “live in a bubble”. Furthermore, the French and especially Italian leagues should be cautious about overspending. We further discuss the main risk factors that can lead to a turning point in European football’s constant revenue growth, including potential implications of a financial downturn.


id: cord-035030-ig4nwtmi
title: 10th European Conference on Rare Diseases & Orphan Products (ECRD 2020)
author: nan
date: 2020-11-09
txt: ./txt/cord-035030-ig4nwtmi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-035030-ig4nwtmi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649705/
doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-01550-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Conclusion: With this survey Endo-ERN is provided with a large sample of responses from European patients with a rare endocrine condition, and those patients experience unmet needs in research, though these needs differ between the disease groups. Various factors compound the development of treatments for paediatric rare diseases, including the need for new Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAs), as conventional endpoints such as the 6 Minute Walking Test (6MWT) have been shown to not be applicable in all paediatric age subsets, [3] and therefore may not be useful in elucidating patient capabilities. S18 Background: To help inform cross-national development of genomic care pathways, we worked with families of patients with rare diseases and health professionals from two European genetic services


id: cord-035132-6hih3qoy
title: Evolving Social Dimension of the European Higher Education Area
author: Crosier, David
date: 2020-07-26
txt: ./txt/cord-035132-6hih3qoy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-035132-6hih3qoy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7653267/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_11
summary:
  In this document, ministers agree to ''enhance the social dimension of higher education, improve gender balance and widen opportunities for access and completion, including international mobility, for students from disadvantaged backgrounds.'' (Bologna Process 2015) . Within the Bologna Process, the main discussion focuses on the need to develop strategies and actions to improve access to, participation in and completion of higher education for members of these groups. Despite discussion and commitment for national strategies and action plans (Bologna Process 2007a) , there are few countries that have actually made a conscious effort to develop genuine social dimension strategies in the European higher education Area. Some of the fee funding is thus redistributed to low income and other under-represented groups through specific measures at institutional level, while higher education institutions also take other action in terms of service provision to support disadvantaged students.

abstract:
  The social dimension is a term coined in the early years of the Bologna Process (BP). Although mentioned in the early ministerial communiqué texts, the term itself was not clearly defined until 2007. Looking back, this could perhaps be considered an oversight. However, the more likely explanation is that the term was chosen intentionally, leaving open possibilities for national and institutional action while, at the same time, committing countries to nothing precise.


id: cord-129016-i0096vhj
title: A simple Stochastic SIR model for COVID 19 Infection Dynamics for Karnataka: Learning from Europe
author: Simha, Ashutosh
date: 2020-03-26
txt: ./txt/cord-129016-i0096vhj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-129016-i0096vhj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.11920v3.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  In this short note we model the region-wise trends of the evolution to COVID-19 infections using a stochastic SIR model. We first derive the parameters of the model from the available daily data from European regions based on a 24-day history of infections, recoveries and deaths. This parameter is a lumped constants which is meant to account for: (a) the population size, (b) reproduction number R 0 of COVID-19, and (c) exposure-factor (which depends on mobility, precautionary measures, etc.). The parameters of the SIR model were optimized based on the data obtained for different European regions and India. The SIR model has been simulated and the parameters have been optimized based on the infection trends obtained for European countries for 24 days, and India for 8 days (after 15 th March, when the infections started to show an exponential trend). The Italy and average European parameters have been used to project the future trends for the state of Karnataka.

abstract:
  In this short note we model the region-wise trends of the evolution to COVID-19 infections using a stochastic SIR model. The SIR dynamics are expressed using textit{It^o-stochastic differential equations}. We first derive the parameters of the model from the available daily data from European regions based on a 24-day history of infections, recoveries and deaths. The derived parameters have been aggregated to project future trends for the Indian subcontinent, which is currently at an early stage in the infection cycle. The projections are meant to serve as a guideline for strategizing the socio-political counter measures to mitigate COVID-19.


id: cord-148358-q30zlgwy
title: An analysis of network filtering methods to sovereign bond yields during COVID-19
author: Pang, Raymond Ka-Kay
date: 2020-09-28
txt: ./txt/cord-148358-q30zlgwy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-148358-q30zlgwy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.13390v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  We find that the average correlation between sovereign bonds within the COVID-19 period decreases, from the peak observed in the 2019-2020 period, where this trend is also reflected in all network filtering methods. The advantages in using filtering methods is the extraction of a network type structure from the financial correlations between sovereign bonds, which allows the properties of centrality and clustering to be considered. In consequence, the correlation-based networks and hierarchical clustering methodologies allow us to understand the nature of financial markets and some features of sovereign bonds. We apply in Section 3 the filtering methods to sovereign bond yields and analyze the trend of financial correlations over the last decade and consider aspects of the network topology. In this paper, we consider the movements of European sovereign bond yields for network filtering methods, where we particularly focus on the COVID-19 period.

abstract:
  In this work, we investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sovereign bond yields amongst European countries. We consider the temporal changes from financial correlations using network filtering methods. These methods consider a subset of links within the correlation matrix, which gives rise to a network structure. We use sovereign bond yield data from 17 European countries between the 2010 and 2020 period as an indicator of the economic health of countries. We find that the average correlation between sovereign bonds within the COVID-19 period decreases, from the peak observed in the 2019-2020 period, where this trend is also reflected in all network filtering methods. We also find variations between the movements of different network filtering methods under various network measures.


id: cord-258885-ev2pvr3s
title: Impact analysis of COVID-19 responses on energy grid dynamics in Europe
author: Werth, Annette
date: 2020-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-258885-ev2pvr3s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258885-ev2pvr3s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S030626192031480X
doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116045
summary:
  With this methodology, energy load, generation and international transmission were studied for 16 European countries, for which data were available, to understand how Europe''s electric grid was affected by the epidemic. To understand and measure the impact of governmental restrictions on the electrical power system, at a country level, it is necessary to assess the data recorded during COVID-19 emergency against a counterfactual scenario where the epidemic did not occur. This procedure enabled a systematic determination of the interval of time to study how European countries modulated electrical energy generation, and transmission in order to balance for the reduced consumption. The non-renewable energy sources, such as nuclear and fossil (which includes gas, oil and coal) that typically cover the baseline load, were observed decreasing in generation for most countries, although yearly productions were quite variable (Fig. 5B,C) .

abstract:
  When COVID-19 pandemic spread in Europe, governments imposed unprecedented confinement measures with mostly unknown repercussions on contemporary societies. In some cases, a considerable drop in energy consumption was observed, anticipating a scenario of sizable low-cost energy generation, from renewable sources, expected only for years later. In this paper, the impact of governmental restrictions on electrical load, generation and transmission was investigated in 16 European countries. Using the indices provided by the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, precise restriction types were found to correlate with the load drop. Then the European grid was analysed to assess how the load drop was balanced by the change in generation and transmission patterns. The same restriction period from 2020 was compared to previous years, accounting for yearly variability with ad-hoc statistical technique. As a result, generation was found to be heavily impacted in most countries with significant load drop. Overall, generation from nuclear, and fossil coal and gas sources was reduced, in favour of renewables and, in some countries, fossil gas. Moreover, intermittent renewables generation increased in most countries without indicating an exceptional amount of curtailments. Finally, the European grid helped balance those changes with an increase in both energy exports and imports, with some net exporting countries becoming net importers, notably Germany, and vice versa. Together, these findings show the far reaching implications of the COVID-19 crisis, and contribute to the understanding and planning of higher renewables share scenarios, which will become more prevalent in the battle against climate change.


id: cord-259236-8ezfke9z
title: An Empirical Inference of the Severity of Resurgence of COVID-19 in Europe
author: Baruah, H. K.
date: 2020-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-259236-8ezfke9z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259236-8ezfke9z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.21.20213868v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.10.21.20213868
summary:
  In this article, we are going to analyze the current COVID-19 spread patterns in Italy, the UK, Germany, Russia, Spain and France. However, we have to note that in India and the USA, the spread is retarding while in these six European countries that kind of retardations took place months ago, and thereafter it has started to move towards resurgence -the so called second wave. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.21.20213868 doi: medRxiv preprint In Russia, have shown a straight increasing trend which is very unusual in the growth of an epidemic. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.21.20213868 doi: medRxiv preprint In Spain, Table-5, the situation is different from that in Italy, the UK, Germany and Russia. However, the pattern in the second wave of the epidemic is different in the sense that ∆ ‫ݖ‬ ሺ ‫ݐ‬ ሻ in these six European countries has been showing an increasing trend instead of a decreasing trend as was observed in earlier studies.

abstract:
  In Europe the Corona Virus spread had started to retard months ago, but after some time it has started to accelerate again. In this article, we are going to analyze the current COVID-19 spread patterns in Italy, the UK, Germany, Russia, Spain and France. We have found that the current spread has perhaps been underestimated as just the second wave. As per our analysis, as on 7 October the resurgence is much more vigorous than the first wave of spread of the disease. It is going to be most serious in Russia, followed by Italy, Germany and the UK, while in Spain and France the patterns are yet to take inferable shapes.


id: cord-262038-lgdsi48m
author: Lin, Feng
date: 2020-04-22
txt: ./txt/cord-262038-lgdsi48m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262038-lgdsi48m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.17.20068775v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.17.20068775
summary:
  title: Evaluating the different control policies for COVID-19 between mainland China and European countries by a mathematical model in the confirmed cases Determination of the parameters in the model is based on the epidemic bulletin supplied by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (NHC) from Jan 16 2020 to Mar 5 2020. National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (NHC) in Mainland China, the outbreak of COVID-19 in mainland China is almost under control, while in European countries the epidemic situation is severe as the number of deaths increases rapidly [6] . Though the simulation result is different from the observed data, mainly in the increase rate, the relative quantity of r 2 and ρ in China and European countries implies whether the epidemic control policies is rigorous.

title:
  Evaluating the different control policies for COVID-19 between mainland China and European countries by a mathematical model in the confirmed cases

abstract:
  This study focuses on evaluating the different policies of controlling the outbreak of COVID-19 in mainland China and in some European countries. The study is based on mathematical model which is a modified susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model. The model takes death and recovery into consideration which in convenience is called the susceptible-infected-recovered-death (SIRD) model. The criterion for the recovered patients is assumed by COVID-19 nucleic acid testing negative. The mathematical model is constructed by retrospective study. Determination of the parameters in the model is based on the epidemic bulletin supplied by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) from Jan 16 2020 to Mar 5 2020. The data cover the date when the epidemic situation is reported and the data showed that the epidemic situation is almost under control in China. The mathematical model mainly simulates the active cases and the deaths during the outbreak of COVID-19. Then apply the mathematical model to simulate the epidemic situations in Italy and Spain, which are suffering the outbreak of COVID-19 in Europe. The determination of the parameters for the 2 European countries is based on the data supplied by Worldometers. By comparing the difference of the parameters based on the same mathematical model, it is possible to evaluate the different policies in different countries. It turns out that the relatively easing control policies might lead to rapid spread of the disease.


id: cord-264770-93viq4ak
title: How to address medicines shortages: Findings from a cross-sectional study of 24 countries
author: Vogler, Sabine
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-264770-93viq4ak.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264770-93viq4ak.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33032846/
doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.09.001
summary:
  Measures reported in the literature include the obligation for industry to report shortages to authorities (e.g. France [10] ), the Netherlands [15] ) and the creation of national reporting systems (several countries [18, 31] ), supply reserve stocks (e.g. Finland [9] ), notification of parallel exports [17] and collaborative projects with stakeholders such as representatives of the pharmaceutical industry, wholesale and pharmacies (e.g. Italy [14] ). Additionally, the authors contacted national stakeholders (usually the medicines agency and the community pharmacy association) in the pilot countries (except Austria) and asked them in a telephone interview to identify further measures, including those already implemented or under discussion. A frequently used measure to manage shortages was a national register to which suppliers report current and upcoming shortages: In 20 of the 24 responding countries, regulatory authorities (usually the medicines agency or the ministry of health) ran a shortages register.

abstract:
  Shortages of medicines have become a major public health challenge. The aim of this study was to survey national measures to manage and combat these shortages. A questionnaire survey was conducted with public authorities involved in the Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information (PPRI) network. Reponses relating to measures as of March / April 2020 were received from 24 countries (22 European countries, Canada and Israel). In 20 countries, manufacturers are requested to notify – usually on an obligatory basis – upcoming and existing shortages, which are recorded in a register. Further measures include a regular dialogue with relevant stakeholders (18 countries), financial sanctions for manufacturers in cases of non-supply and/or non-compliance with reporting or stocking requirements (15 countries) and simplified regulatory procedures (20 countries). For defined medicines, supply reserves have been established (14 countries), and legal provisions allow the issuing of export bans (10 countries). Some measures have been introduced since the end of 2019 and countries are planning and discussing further action. While governments reacted by taking national measures, the COVID-19 crisis might serve as an opportunity to join forces in cross-country collaboration and develop joint (e.g. European) solutions to address the shortage issue in a sustainable manner. A practical first step could be to work on a harmonisation of the national registers.


id: cord-268082-znfo9xgv
title: Spillover Effects From Next Generation EU
author: Picek, Oliver
date: 2020-10-24
txt: ./txt/cord-268082-znfo9xgv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268082-znfo9xgv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-020-0923-z
doi: 10.1007/s10272-020-0923-z
summary:
  By capturing a share of economic output from Southern and Eastern European member states that receive more grants, the economies of Northern and Western Europe grow by more than the respective portion of their contributions would suggest. The largest and most economically signifi cant part of the Next Generation EU package (€312.5 billion) will be paid out as grants to member states by the new European Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), a post-COVID-19 EU reconstruction programme. 4 Loans have been criticised for not being an effective way to add expenditure to the economy as they merely refi nance national expenditure that would have taken place anywaygiven the accommodating reaction of the European Central 2 Initially, the data by country was restricted to internal European Commission and member state documents, but leaked to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (Kafsack, 2020) and later recalculated by Darvas (2020a,b,c) .

abstract:
  In July 2020, the European Commission announced its €750 billion package to revive the postpandemic European economy, Next Generation EU. The programme comprises a number of loans and grants that will be funded by taking out European debt. Although the rules on liability sharing for Next Generation EU prevent a significant mutualisation of the debt, European leaders have taken the long-recognised significant first step towards European financial and political unification that stands in stark contrast to the misguided austerity programmes during the European sovereign debt crisis.


id: cord-268661-a56u5e2o
title: The origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe
author: Nadeau, S. A.
date: 2020-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-268661-a56u5e2o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268661-a56u5e2o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.10.20127738
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.10.20127738
summary:
  Here we analyze viral genome sequences using a phylodynamic model with geographic structure to estimate the origin and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe prior to border closures. Based on SARS-CoV-2 genomes, we reconstruct a partial transmission tree of the early pandemic, including inferences of the geographic location of ancestral lineages and the number of migration events into and between European regions. Here, we fit a phylodynamic model with geographic structure to full-length SARS-CoV-2 genomes to (i) estimate the early patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread into and across Europe, (ii) weigh genomic evidence for competing hypotheses about the geographic origin of the predominant A2a lineage in Europe, (iii) report on the epidemiological parameters, and (iv) compare the rate of new cases arising from within-region transmission versus migration during the early epidemic.

abstract:
  The investigation of migratory patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic before border closures in Europe is a crucial first step towards an in-depth evaluation of border closure policies. Here we analyze viral genome sequences using a phylodynamic model with geographic structure to estimate the origin and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe prior to border closures. Based on SARS-CoV-2 genomes, we reconstruct a partial transmission tree of the early pandemic, including inferences of the geographic location of ancestral lineages and the number of migration events into and between European regions. We find that the predominant lineage spreading in Europe has a most recent common ancestor in Italy and was probably seeded by a transmission event in either Hubei or Germany. We do not find evidence for preferential migration paths from Hubei into different European regions or from each European region to the others. Sustained local transmission is first evident in Italy and then shortly thereafter in the other European regions considered. Before the first border closures in Europe, we estimate that the rate of occurrence of new cases from within-country transmission was within the bounds of the estimated rate of new cases from migration. In summary, our analysis offers a view on the early state of the epidemic in Europe and on migration patterns of the virus before border closures. This information will enable further study of the necessity and timeliness of border closures.


id: cord-271269-0gimxteg
author: Gourtsoyannis, John
date: 2020-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-271269-0gimxteg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271269-0gimxteg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32474587/
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa685
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: COVID-19: Possible reasons for the increased prevalence of Olfactory and Gustatory dysfunction observed in European studies A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Dear Editor, Leurs et al describe the interesting observation that the reported prevalence of olfactory and gustatory symptoms seems to be substantially higher in European COVID-19 cohorts compared to East Asia cohorts. If this correlates with the increasing prevalence of olfactory/gustatory dysfunction then the possibility is therefore raised that the European mutation profile represent a clinically distinct strain, associated with a different symptom profile to the reference Wuhan virus. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in wuhan, china Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations

title:
  COVID-19: Possible reasons for the increased prevalence of Olfactory and Gustatory dysfunction observed in European studies


id: cord-271687-sxl8g85p
title: Chapter 8 Zoonoses in Wildlife: Integrating Ecology into Management
author: Mathews, Fiona
date: 2009-03-14
txt: ./txt/cord-271687-sxl8g85p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271687-sxl8g85p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0065308X08006088
doi: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00608-8
summary:
  This review examines the pathways linking zoonoses in wildlife with infection in other hosts, using examples from a range of key zoonoses, including European bat lyssaviruses and bovine tuberculosis. For example, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the United Kingdom undoubtedly has a reservoir in wild badger populations, and the direct cost of the disease to agriculture is projected to reach £1 billion by 2011 (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 2004). Examples of recent successes include the control of canine distemper virus in black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) (Williams et al., 1988) , and rabies in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) (Hofmayer et al., 2004) and Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) (Haydon et al., 2004) . It proposes that a shift to ecologically based control, explicitly considering the natural history of wildlife hosts and their pathogens, is crucial in minimising the risk presented to humans, domestic animals and endangered species from zoonoses.

abstract:
  Zoonoses in wildlife not only play an important ecological role, but pose significant threats to the health of humans, domestic animals and some endangered species. More than two‐thirds of emerging, or re‐emerging, infectious diseases are thought to originate in wildlife. Despite this, co‐ordinated surveillance schemes are rare, and most efforts at disease control operate at the level of crisis management. This review examines the pathways linking zoonoses in wildlife with infection in other hosts, using examples from a range of key zoonoses, including European bat lyssaviruses and bovine tuberculosis. Ecologically based control, including the management of conditions leading to spill‐overs into target host populations, is likely to be more effective and sustainable than simple reductions in wildlife populations alone.


id: cord-271765-altqn10l
author: Fernández-Díaz, Elena
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-271765-altqn10l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271765-altqn10l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32764480/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165663
summary:
  Therefore, any communication must be understandable and accessible by all types of people, regardless of their technology, language, culture or disability (physical or mental), according to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), taking on special relevance for public health content. Moreover, it is surprising that the average duration of visits has also increased, so it can be said that the WHO website has been and is a reference for consultation on public health on a global level, especially in times of pandemics This search result confirms that the WHO has a social responsibility to provide quality content and information that is accessible to all types of people, since as the network evolves, different challenges are being addressed, resulting in a continuous need for relationships and trust [29] .

title:
  Exploring WHO Communication during the COVID 19 Pandemic through the WHO Website Based on W3C Guidelines: Accessible for All?

abstract:
  Health crisis situations generate greater attention and dependence on reliable and truthful information from citizens, especially from those organisations that represent authority on the subject, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). In times of global pandemics such as COVID-19, the WHO message “health for all” takes on great communicative importance, especially from the point of view of the prevention of the disease and recommendations for action. Therefore, any communication must be understandable and accessible by all types of people, regardless of their technology, language, culture or disability (physical or mental), according to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), taking on special relevance for public health content. This study analysed whether the WHO is accessible in its digital version for all groups of citizens according to the widely accepted standards in the field of the Internet. The conclusion reached was that not all the information is accessible in accordance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1, which implies that there are groups that are, to some extent, left out, especially affecting the elderly. This study can contribute to the development of proposals and suggest ways in which to improve the accessibility of health content to groups especially vulnerable in this pandemic.


id: cord-275209-j0za3g3p
title: Retrospective serological survey on selected viral pathogens in wild boar populations in Germany
author: Kaden, V.
date: 2008-10-17
txt: ./txt/cord-275209-j0za3g3p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275209-j0za3g3p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-008-0229-0
doi: 10.1007/s10344-008-0229-0
summary:
  The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the occurrence of porcine parvovirus (PPV), Aujeszky''s disease virus (ADV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SIV) in selected wild boar populations in Germany (n = 1,221). Furthermore, serological investigations in individual wild boar populations in Germany have revealed the presence of different other viral agents, e.g. Aujeszky''s disease virus (ADV, pseudorabies virus; Dedek et al. The objective of this study was to retrospectively assess the occurrence of infections with ADV, PRRSV, PPV, SIV, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in wild boar populations of different vaccination areas. The present investigations support these intentions and were performed with the aim to retrospectively examine the epidemiological situation with regard to various pathogens (ADV, PRRSV, PPV, SIV, PRCV and TGEV) in selected wild boar populations over different years in Germany.

abstract:
  The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the occurrence of porcine parvovirus (PPV), Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SIV) in selected wild boar populations in Germany (n = 1,221). Commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition tests were used for serological monitoring. The serosurvey revealed seroprevalence rates of 64.28%, 11.26%, 7.87%, 7.84%, 3.82% and 1.59% for PPV, ADV, PRCV, SIV, PRRSV and TGEV, respectively. The seroprevalence rates differed between populations and age classes with the highest number of antibody-positive wild boars in older animals (>1 year old). No antibodies to TGEV were found in Baden–Wuerttemberg and in Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania (investigation period 1997/1998). In addition, sera collected in Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania in 1997/1998 were negative for SIV. Even though the seroprevalence rates established for these viruses, except for PPV, were relatively low, wild boars may act as a reservoir for pathogens and a source of infection for domestic pigs and humans. Based on the epidemiological situation, no risk of a spread of these viruses should emanate from wild boars, neither for wildlife nor for livestock. However, effective and science-based disease monitoring programmes should continuously be carried out in wild boar populations.


id: cord-275912-p979bnvu
author: Thiberville, Simon-Djamel
date: 2012-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-275912-p979bnvu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275912-p979bnvu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-527
doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-527
summary:
  CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancies among the referral centers surveyed between the level of practices and the European Network of Infectious Diseases (EUNID) recommendations have multiple reasons of which the interest of the individuals in charge and the investment they put in preparedness to emerging outbreaks. The specific mission of EuroNHID is to prepare and support isolation facilities to provide appropriate infection control measures and strategies for health care worker (HCW) safety during care to patients with suspected and confirmed HIDs. The appropriate management of HID cases requires high-level diagnostic capabilities. Although most of the isolation facilities surveyed have appropriate diagnostic capabilities and infection control procedures for the safe handling of specimens, 31% and 11% performed their routine and microbiological diagnostic tests in the central laboratory without any measures of biosecurity and biosafety as recommended by the EUNID [6] .

title:
  Diagnostic issues and capabilities in 48 isolation facilities in 16 European countries: data from EuroNHID surveys

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Highly infectious diseases (HIDs) are defined as being transmissible from person to person, causing life-threatening illnesses and presenting a serious public health hazard. The sampling, handling and transport of specimens from patients with HIDs present specific bio-safety concerns. FINDINGS: The European Network for HID project aimed to record, in a cross-sectional study, the infection control capabilities of referral centers for HIDs across Europe and assesses the level of achievement to previously published guidelines. In this paper, we report the current diagnostic capabilities and bio-safety measures applied to diagnostic procedures in these referral centers. Overall, 48 isolation facilities in 16 European countries were evaluated. Although 81% of these referral centers are located near a biosafety level 3 laboratory, 11% and 31% of them still performed their microbiological and routine diagnostic analyses, respectively, without bio-safety measures. CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancies among the referral centers surveyed between the level of practices and the European Network of Infectious Diseases (EUNID) recommendations have multiple reasons of which the interest of the individuals in charge and the investment they put in preparedness to emerging outbreaks. Despite the fact that the less prepared centers can improve by just updating their practice and policies any support to help them to achieve an acceptable level of biosecurity is welcome.


id: cord-280733-d44se0v3
author: Aguiar de Sousa, Diana
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-280733-d44se0v3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280733-d44se0v3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072876/
doi: 10.1177/2396987320933746
summary:
  As part of an effort to reduce the consequences of this outbreak on health service delivery to stroke patients, the European Stroke Organisation has undertaken a survey aimed at collecting information on the provision of stroke care during the pandemic. Among European respondents, 289 (77%) reported that not all stroke patients were receiving the usual care in their centres and 266 (71%) estimated that functional outcomes and recurrence rates of stroke patients would be negatively affected by the organisational changes caused by the pandemic. As part of the ongoing effort to reduce the consequences of COVID-19 on health service delivery to stroke patients, the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) has undertaken a survey aimed at collecting information on the current provision of stroke care. Because Italy and Spain were the most affected countries in Europe at the time of the survey, sensitivity analyses excluding respondents from other countries were performed for items related with delivery of stroke care and availability of personal protective equipment.

title:
  Maintaining stroke care in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from an international survey of stroke professionals and practice recommendations from the European Stroke Organisation

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been placing an overwhelming burden on health systems, thus threatening their ability to operate effectively for acute conditions in which treatments are highly time sensitive, such as cerebrovascular disorders and myocardial infarction. As part of an effort to reduce the consequences of this outbreak on health service delivery to stroke patients, the European Stroke Organisation has undertaken a survey aimed at collecting information on the provision of stroke care during the pandemic. METHODS: Cross-sectional, web-based survey, conducted from 26 March through 1 April 2020 among stroke care providers, focused on reorganisation of health services, the delivery of acute and post-acute stroke care and the availability of personal protective equipment. RESULTS: A total of 426 stroke care providers from 55 countries completed the survey, most of whom worked in Europe (n = 375, 88%) and were stroke physicians/neurologists (n = 334, 78%). Among European respondents, 289 (77%) reported that not all stroke patients were receiving the usual care in their centres and 266 (71%) estimated that functional outcomes and recurrence rates of stroke patients would be negatively affected by the organisational changes caused by the pandemic. The areas considered as being most affected were acute care and rehabilitation. Most professionals had to adapt their activities and schedules and more than half reported shortage of protective equipment. DISCUSSION: Strategies to maintain availability of stroke care during the COVID-19 outbreak are crucial to prevent indirect mortality and disability due to suboptimal care. CONCLUSION: European Stroke Organisation proposes a set of targeted actions for decision makers facing this exceptional situation.


id: cord-289555-1z4vbldd
author: Mühldorfer, Kristin
date: 2011-12-28
txt: ./txt/cord-289555-1z4vbldd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289555-1z4vbldd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22216354/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029773
summary:
  Comparative analysis of pathological findings and microbiological results show that microbial agents indeed have an impact on bats succumbing to infectious diseases, with fatal bacterial, viral and parasitic infections found in at least 12% of the bats investigated. The clear seasonal and individual variations in disease prevalence and infection rates indicate that maternity colonies are more susceptible to infectious agents, underlining the possible important role of host physiology, immunity and roosting behavior as risk factors for infection of bats. In this study, we provide new data on infectious diseases in European bat species, considering factors likely to affect the susceptibility of bats to infectious agents including effects of seasonality, individual and species-specific heterogeneities, and possible intra-and inter-species transmission dynamics. Comparative bacteriologic and histo-pathologic analysis identified 22 different bacterial species that were clearly associated with pathological lesions and/or systemic infection, found in 17% (n = 73) of bats investigated bacteriologically ( Table 5) .

title:
  Diseases and Causes of Death in European Bats: Dynamics in Disease Susceptibility and Infection Rates

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Bats receive increasing attention in infectious disease studies, because of their well recognized status as reservoir species for various infectious agents. This is even more important, as bats with their capability of long distance dispersal and complex social structures are unique in the way microbes could be spread by these mammalian species. Nevertheless, infection studies in bats are predominantly limited to the identification of specific pathogens presenting a potential health threat to humans. But the impact of infectious agents on the individual host and their importance on bat mortality is largely unknown and has been neglected in most studies published to date. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Between 2002 and 2009, 486 deceased bats of 19 European species (family Vespertilionidae) were collected in different geographic regions in Germany. Most animals represented individual cases that have been incidentally found close to roosting sites or near human habitation in urban and urban-like environments. The bat carcasses were subjected to a post-mortem examination and investigated histo-pathologically, bacteriologically and virologically. Trauma and disease represented the most important causes of death in these bats. Comparative analysis of pathological findings and microbiological results show that microbial agents indeed have an impact on bats succumbing to infectious diseases, with fatal bacterial, viral and parasitic infections found in at least 12% of the bats investigated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data demonstrate the importance of diseases and infectious agents as cause of death in European bat species. The clear seasonal and individual variations in disease prevalence and infection rates indicate that maternity colonies are more susceptible to infectious agents, underlining the possible important role of host physiology, immunity and roosting behavior as risk factors for infection of bats.


id: cord-290351-5sct52t4
title: Is there a better future of healthy aging?
author: Kujundžić Tiljak, Mirjana
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-290351-5sct52t4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290351-5sct52t4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32378372/
doi: 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.75
abstract: nan
summary:
  Active and healthy aging is a common problem in all European countries but could also be an opportunity for Europe to spearhead the quest for innovative solutions. The Conference aims to promote research and innovations that improve health and well-being of the aging population, as well as to initiate discussion on transformation of health and care services into more digitalized, long-term, integrated, and personalized care models, while promoting innovative ecosystems in order to deliver a better quality of life among the elderly. Smart ICT solutions and advanced artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to provide personalized health care and social services, overcome immobility, cognitive, and vision problems, and improve general quality of life. The possible solutions to overcome disparities in the availability of technological developments and health and digital literacy of the elderly in different European countries and regions are particularly important.


id: cord-292093-6pp9l4j2
title: The role of the IDEMV in predicting European stock market volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Li, Yan
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-292093-6pp9l4j2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292093-6pp9l4j2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544612320308515?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101749
summary:
  title: The role of the IDEMV in predicting European stock market volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) has additional predictive ability for European stock market volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main purpose of this paper is to explore whether the IDEMV has additional predictive ability for European stock market realized volatility (RV) during the global pandemic. In addition to the HAR extension models used by Buncic and Gisler (2016) , we also consider two competitive models (i.e., HAR-USRV-IDEMV and HAR-ALL) to examine the predictive ability of IDEMV for the three European stock markets. The out-of-sample results suggest that the IDEMV contains useful information in predicting the RVs of the FCHI and FTSE indices during the global pandemic, while ineffective for German stock market. It is evident that during the COVID-19 the IDEMV contains useful information and the HAR-ALL model has the best predictive ability.

abstract:
  The main purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the Infectious Disease EMV tracker (IDEMV) proposed by Baker et al. (2020) has additional predictive ability for European stock market volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic. The three European stock markets we consider are France, UK and Germany. Our investigation is based on the HAR and its augmented models. We find that the IDEMV has stronger predictive power for the France and UK stock markets volatilities during the global pandemic, and the VIX has also superior predictive ability for the three European stock markets during this period.


id: cord-293542-o0zspgrk
title: Facing the threat of highly infectious diseases in Europe: the need for a networking approach
author: Ippolito, G.
date: 2014-12-12
txt: ./txt/cord-293542-o0zspgrk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293542-o0zspgrk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486072/
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02876.x
summary:
  Recently, many global alarms involving infectious diseases-such as the anthrax crisis in the USA, the emergence of SARS, the pandemic threat posed by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1), and the cases of imported or autochthonous viral haemorrhagic fever (VHFs) in Europe-have highlighted the need to improve preparedness for these highly infectious diseases (HIDs), also in order to increase certain aspects of what is perceived in many areas as an issue of collective and national security [5] . For these reasons, creating new networks and enhancing those functioning well should be strongly promoted, in order to: 1 ensure a rapid and effective response to health threats deriving from natural infection by or deliberate release of HID agents; 2 stimulate complementarity and prevent duplication; 3 promote international cooperation, exchange of experience, good practice and protocols; 4 support the less prepared countries in the European Community.

abstract:
  In recent years emerging and re-emerging infections, as well as the risk of bioterrorist events, have attracted increasing attention from health authorities because of the epidemic potential that renders some of them a real public health challenge. These highly infectious diseases (HIDs) are occurring more and more frequently in Europe, and despite the many initiatives in place to face them, many unsolved problems remain, and coordinated efforts for dealing with HIDs appear mandatory. Whereas uncoordinated measures would lead to only partial and poor responses to these emerging threats, networking represents a valuable approach to these diseases, in order to: (i) ensure a rapid and effective response; (ii) stimulate complementarity and prevent duplication; (iii) promote international cooperation, exchange of experience, good practice and protocols; and (iv) support the less prepared countries in the European Community.


id: cord-295467-9fnis6ci
author: Botella, Leticia
date: 2014-12-12
txt: ./txt/cord-295467-9fnis6ci.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295467-9fnis6ci.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25749364/
doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.12.001
summary:
  title: The European race of Gremmeniella abietina hosts a single species of Gammapartitivirus showing a global distribution and possible recombinant events in its history Phylogenetic analysis based on 46 partial coat protein (CP) cDNA sequences divided the GaRV-MS1 population into two closely related clades, while RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences revealed only one clade. (2) to analyse their genetic diversity and population structure; and (3) to assess evolutionary processes, such as recombination and selection, to better understand possible host-virus coevolution. The Spanish isolate of Gremmeniella abietina H1-4 was chosen for determination of the full-length sequence of a putative new strain of GaRV-MS1 (GenBank accession numbers for the CP, RdRp, and the unknown protein III: KJ786411eKJ786413). abietina appears to be composed of a single species (GaRV-MS1) with low genetic variability, which is seemingly stable within the different populations of the fungal host.

title:
  The European race of Gremmeniella abietina hosts a single species of Gammapartitivirus showing a global distribution and possible recombinant events in its history

abstract:
  The population genetics of the family Partitiviridae was studied within the European race of the conifer pathogen Gremmeniella abietina. One hundred sixty-two isolates were collected from different countries, including Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States. A unique species of G. abietina RNA virus–MS1 (GaRV-MS1) appears to occur indistinctly in G. abietina biotypes A and B, without a particular geographical distribution pattern. Forty-six isolates were shown to host GaRV-MS1 according to direct specific RT-PCR screening, and the virus was more common in biotype A than B. Phylogenetic analysis based on 46 partial coat protein (CP) cDNA sequences divided the GaRV-MS1 population into two closely related clades, while RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences revealed only one clade. The evolution of the virus appears to mainly occur through purifying selection but also through recombination. Recombination events were detected within alignments of the three complete CP and RdRp sequences of GaRV-MS1. This is the first time that recombination events have been directly identified in fungal partitiviruses and in G. abietina in particular. The results suggest that the population dynamics of GaRV-MS1 do not have a direct impact on the genetic structure of its host, G. abietina, though they might have had an innocuous ancestral relationship.


id: cord-297286-bo6pr34s
title: Medical conferences in the post-COVID world: a challenge, and an opportunity
author: nan
date: 2020-05-16
txt: ./txt/cord-297286-bo6pr34s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297286-bo6pr34s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32417951/
doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06933-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  Like all involved clinicians, radiologists have had to learn the features of the disease as they apply to our practice, including typical and atypical radiologic findings, appropriate use of imaging techniques (depending on available resources) and a correlation of findings with other clinical and laboratory data [6, 8, 9] . Future online (or hybrid) conferences must find or invent new methods of allowing discussions and interactions involving remote participants during all sessions, to create the same sense of community and collective learning that can be felt during successful on-site events. This will not be easy, but making this necessary shift successfully will establish a new standard for what defines medical conference success in the future. Scientific meetings must change their structure to survive, and successful societies in the future will be those which embraced this new circumstance, and adapted early. The radiology department during the COVID-19 pandemic: a challenging, radical change


id: cord-299741-tbtlnv8b
author: Massó Sagüés, Elena
date: 2019-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-299741-tbtlnv8b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299741-tbtlnv8b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00293
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00293
summary:
  The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union. The results show that, among the infectious diseases analyzed in this study, avian influenza and Newcastle disease are the ones with a higher risk of entry in the European Union and the wild bird''s migration is the route with greater impact. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union by different pathways. For the study of the possible introduction of vector borne diseases through the drag of Culicoides and/or mosquitoes by wind currents, simulations (Figure 2 ) are made for the estimation of wind and particle''s dispersion trajectories that reached the European territory during the year 2016.

title:
  Risk of Introduction of Infectious Animal Diseases for Europe Based on the Health Situation of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula

abstract:
  The current growth of the human population, the intensification of animal production, climate change or globalization favors an increase in the transmission of infectious diseases. Risk analysis is the tool that allows the identification of the factors involved in the introduction and the spread of infectious diseases. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union. A probabilistic formulation has been developed to obtain the probabilities of introduction of diseases associated with each possible route of entry in the European Union. The results show that, among the infectious diseases analyzed in this study, avian influenza and Newcastle disease are the ones with a higher risk of entry in the European Union and the wild bird's migration is the route with greater impact. It is confirmed a moderate probability of entry of some vector-borne diseases, bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease, through wind flow from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Due to the absence of live dromedary movement to Europe, the more likely way of entry of the Middle East respiratory syndrome is through the infected people movement from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman. This study includes different methodologies. A model of vectors dispersion in wind currents has been established to assess the risk of introduction of vector borne diseases. It is applicable both in animal health and public health. A periodical update would be useful to obtain a periodically updated risk analysis and to allow early detection of potential hazard with an increased risk over the previous years.


id: cord-301856-71syce4n
title: Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity
author: Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge
date: 2019-11-27
txt: ./txt/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.10.001
doi: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.001
summary:
  With the burst of next-generation sequencing and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and systems biology, we are starting to witness the great impact of evolutionary processes on human immunity and how the interactions between microorganisms and humans that took place millennia ago might play a fundamental role not only in the response against modern pathogenic threats, but also in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations worldwide. Specific genetic variants selected throughout different periods of human history may have influenced immune responses of present-day populations against pathogenic microorganisms and may have played a role in the development of certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Patients with African ancestry present a higher frequency of MTB-related genetic variants than individuals from other populations, including variants in the gene encoding for Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), mediating cellular responses to bacterial Malaria is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the history of humanity.

abstract:
  The evolution of mankind has constantly been influenced by the pathogens encountered. The various populations of modern humans that ventured out of Africa adapted to different environments and faced a large variety of infectious agents, resulting in local adaptations of the immune system for these populations. The functional variation of immune genes as a result of evolution is relevant in the responses against infection, as well as in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations. Understanding how host–pathogen interactions have influenced the human immune system from an evolutionary perspective might contribute to unveiling the causes behind different immune-mediated disorders and promote the development of new strategies to detect and control such diseases.


id: cord-302127-1abupl36
author: Vokó, Zoltán
date: 2020-06-11
txt: ./txt/cord-302127-1abupl36.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302127-1abupl36.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32529592/
doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00205-0
summary:
  Recently published COVID-19 microsimulation models based on social network data in the UK and USA revealed that epidemic suppression would require a complex intervention package including social distancing of the entire population, home isolation of cases, and household quarantine of their family members, supplemented with school closure, in intermittent periods adjusted to epidemic intensity and unoccupied critical care capacity (Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team Report 9 2020; Kucharski et al. Our research aims were to identify the date when the COVID-19 pandemic started declining in each European country and to evaluate the association of the level of community mobility restrictions (social distancing) with the observed extent of decline in the national epidemics. To SDI social distance index, SD standard deviation prevent COVID-19 transmission in nursing homes and other chronic care facilities enriching high-risk elderly patient groups, effective local infection control measures are clearly more relevant than general interventions targeting the country population as a whole, without specific focus on critical hot spots of the epidemic.

title:
  The effect of social distance measures on COVID-19 epidemics in Europe: an interrupted time series analysis

abstract:
  Following the introduction of unprecedented “stay-at-home” national policies, the COVID-19 pandemic recently started declining in Europe. Our research aims were to characterize the changepoint in the flow of the COVID-19 epidemic in each European country and to evaluate the association of the level of social distancing with the observed decline in the national epidemics. Interrupted time series analyses were conducted in 28 European countries. Social distance index was calculated based on Google Community Mobility Reports. Changepoints were estimated by threshold regression, national findings were analyzed by Poisson regression, and the effect of social distancing in mixed effects Poisson regression model. Our findings identified the most probable changepoints in 28 European countries. Before changepoint, incidence of new COVID-19 cases grew by 24% per day on average. From the changepoint, this growth rate was reduced to 0.9%, 0.3% increase, and to 0.7% and 1.7% decrease by increasing social distancing quartiles. The beneficial effect of higher social distance quartiles (i.e., turning the increase into decline) was statistically significant for the fourth quartile. Notably, many countries in lower quartiles also achieved a flat epidemic curve. In these countries, other plausible COVID-19 containment measures could contribute to controlling the first wave of the disease. The association of social distance quartiles with viral spread could also be hindered by local bottlenecks in infection control. Our results allow for moderate optimism related to the gradual lifting of social distance measures in the general population, and call for specific attention to the protection of focal micro-societies enriching high-risk elderly subjects, including nursing homes and chronic care facilities.


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
title: Part I State of Play and Review of Major Cooperation Initiatives
author: Lezotre, Pierre-Louis
date: 2014-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000533000021
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800053-3.00002-1
summary:
  ▸ To maintain a forum for a constructive dialogue between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry on the real and perceived differences in the technical requirements for product registration in the EU, US, and Japan in order to ensure a more timely introduction of new medicinal products, and their availability to patients; ▸ To contribute to the protection of public health from an international perspective (added upon revision in 2000); ▸ To monitor and update harmonized technical requirements leading to a greater mutual acceptance of research and development data; ▸ To avoid divergent future requirements through harmonization of selected topics needed as a result of therapeutic advances and the development of new technologies for the production of medicinal products; ▸ To facilitate the adoption of new or improved technical research and development approaches which update or replace current practices, where these permit a more economical use of human, animal, and material resources, without compromising safety; ▸ To facilitate the dissemination and communication of information on harmonized guidelines and their use such as to encourage the implementation and integration of common standards.

abstract:
  Abstract The basic principle of international cooperation is to establish bilateral and multilateral efforts to leverage the human, scientific and financial resources and the knowledge and experience of other key regulatory authorities to avoid duplication of efforts, to make activities more efficient and to allow the focussing of limited resources on higher-risk areas of concern. This increased cooperation between worldwide regulators has necessitated proactive deliberate efforts towards convergence/harmonisation of regulation, practices and requirements to eliminate or reduce differences. Cooperation and harmonisation of standards in the pharmaceutical domain are already a reality and have become increasingly important during recent decades, with a high level of commitment to these activities by all stakeholders. The worldwide Drug Regulatory Authorities (DRAs) have been working to end an isolationist attitude that cannot resolve current worldwide issues and challenges caused by an ever increasing globalisation. As a result, many cooperation and harmonisation initiatives have been established at the bilateral, regional and global levels as a response to the changing geo-economic-political situation. The spectrum of collaboration varies from simple informal technical cooperation to full integration of systems and regulations. Indeed, all these initiatives can be very different in scope (some are part of a broader harmonisation initiative), level of harmonisation (depending on the political support/commitment), organisation (well-structured versus simple discussion) or advancement (established process vs. pilot projects), but they all work towards convergence of requirements and/or practices. All these multiple worldwide cooperation and harmonisation programmes have evolved rapidly over the past decades. This book section provides the current status of this complex and broad phenomenon of cooperation, convergence and harmonisation in the pharmaceutical sector. It reviews all major global, regional and bilateral cooperation initiatives.


id: cord-304887-7ly692to
title: Technology Innovation System analysis of decarbonisation options in the EU steel industry
author: Skoczkowski, Tadeusz
date: 2020-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-304887-7ly692to.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304887-7ly692to.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220317965?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118688
summary:
  Global political agreement on the urgency of GHG emission reduction Broad consensus of all actors on the need to decarbonise the I&S industry Actors, institutions are well established in multiannual historical processes Low interest of public opinion in technology innovation in the I&S industry as such, but the high expectation to reduce environmental harm Visibility of effects of environment protection measures build-ups of local support, e.g. reduction of air pollution EU and national environmental targets, e.g. GHG emission reduction, set indirectly the targets on I&S industry decarbonisation Development of positive externalities Acknowledged societal importance, national and local, e.g. retaining jobs Flow of knowledge among different TISs, e.g. RES-energy, chemical industry, cement industry, automobile, construction, resulting in mutual benefits Strong complementarians among technologies, e.g. steel-hydrogen-RES, electrolysis-RES; in by-products utilisation, e.g. cement industry Large potential contribution to the circular economy Participation in global trend to the decarbonisation of EII Realising the potential for GHG emission reduction and energy and material efficiency 6.

abstract:
  Decarbonisation of the iron and steel (I&S) industry is crucial in the efforts to meet the EU GHG emission reduction objectives in 2030…2050. Promoting decarbonisation in this sector will necessarily require the identification, development, and diffusion of breakthrough technologies for I&S production. This paper uses an approach inspired by the Technology Innovation System (TIS) to analyse the development of technology in the EU I&S industry and identify potential avenues of its decarbonisation. We have described key elements of the TIS, analyse the functioning of these elements and their interactions in a more general context of innovation dynamics and policy design; The focus has been put on the role of actors and the identification of the main specific blocking and inducement mechanism in the TIS to better explain its functioning. Risks and uncertainties have also been discussed. We argue that deep decarbonisation in the I&S industry is feasible but its TIS requires firm support, mostly political, to finance intensive R&D and reduce the business risk. To this end, all actors shall support more effectively the invention and implementation of new radical production technologies. The recommendations are mostly addressed to politicians although stressing the importance of collaboration of all actors.


id: cord-306184-wfvc35l5
author: Perrin, Christophe
date: 2020-07-26
txt: ./txt/cord-306184-wfvc35l5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306184-wfvc35l5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003283
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003283
abstract: nan
summary:
  If a donor does not prioritise QA requirements in pharmaceutical procurement policies, and does not foresee a dedicated budget line to secure quality, its aid implementers might choose supply channels that are not fully reliable, or they might purchase medicines that are not subject to stringent regulation even if they are authorised in the recipient country. ► European donors should share existing knowledge and tools, seek the input of recipient countries, and develop a joint position on how the donor community can help to ensure access to affordable and qualityassured health products-also during public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. If all European donors and their aid implementers would apply stringent and harmonised QA requirements in their procurement policies, they could contribute to shaping the market of LMICs towards affordable and quality assured products.

title:
  Europe should lead in coordinated procurement of quality-assured medicines for programmes in low-income and middle-income countries


id: cord-308284-r546ypur
title: Navigating facilitated regulatory pathways during a disease X pandemic
author: Simpson, Shmona
date: 2020-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-308284-r546ypur.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308284-r546ypur.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33110630/
doi: 10.1038/s41541-020-00249-5
summary:
  Several potential regulatory scenarios may exist and co-exist during an epidemic: for example, (a) de-novo candidates requiring rapid development and regulatory assessment (b) de-novo products requiring assessment when the typical package of clinical efficacy data may not be available, (c) approval of de novo or repurposed products for "emergency" use only in specific populations (d) for compassionate use in specific (e.g., "named") individuals of an unauthorized medicine (e) conditional or accelerated authorization before the completion of efficacy studies or, (f) use of a licensed product outside of its approved use (e.g., for another indication, dosage regimen, or population). Conditional term-limited approval 22 FDA''s Expanded Access (EA) is a program designed for patients with an immediately life-threatening disease to access a product that has clinical trial data (putatively showing an acceptable benefit-risk profile)-but does not yet have marketing authorization.

abstract:
  In 2018, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation convened over thirty subject matter experts in clinical development, manufacturing, and regulatory assessment to determine how the development and approval of medical countermeasures could be accelerated in the event of Disease X. Disease X is the result of a presently unknown pathogen with epidemic or pandemic potential. A key opportunity to accelerate the scientific assessment and regulatory approval of medical countermeasures exists within efficient navigation of facilitated regulatory pathways. It was identified that not all stakeholders will be able to skillfully navigate the facilitated pathways offered by the various regulatory agencies during a public health emergency. To democratize this knowledge, we have written an overview of the facilitated approaches which have been developed and refined by Stringent Regulatory Authorities and the World Health Organization for the primary assessment of medical products. We discuss the conditions necessary for use of these approaches, scenarios in which certain pathways may be applicable, and the pros and cons of these approaches. We also address opportunities available to developers in, or developers who wish to access, low-income countries that may have nascent regulatory frameworks.


id: cord-308821-j4vylbhy
title: The role of law in pandemic influenza preparedness in Europe
author: Martin, R.
date: 2009-03-04
txt: ./txt/cord-308821-j4vylbhy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308821-j4vylbhy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261313/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.01.002
summary:
  The individual nation states within Europe are signatories to the International Health Regulations 2005, but the capacity of states to undertake measures to control communicable disease is constrained by their obligations to comply with EU law. To assist in drawing together national responses to pandemic disease, the PHLawFlu project c was funded to develop public health law expertise across Europe, 2 and to examine the legal underpinning of pandemic disease preparedness across the EU and five further European states. In an attempt to identify the extent to which there is variation in public health legal powers and the consequences of such variation for public health in Europe, the PHLawFlu project is examining the role of national laws in the control of and protection against pandemic human influenza across Europe.

abstract:
  The European Union (EU) is composed of 27 states with widely varying histories, economies, cultures, legal systems, medical systems and approaches to the balance between public good and private right. The individual nation states within Europe are signatories to the International Health Regulations 2005, but the capacity of states to undertake measures to control communicable disease is constrained by their obligations to comply with EU law. Some but not all states are signatories to the Schengen Agreement that provides further constraints on disease control measures. The porous nature of borders between EU states, and of their borders with other non-EU states, limits the extent to which states are able to protect their populations in a disease pandemic. This paper considers the role that public health laws can play in the control of pandemic disease in Europe.


id: cord-315157-2p45frlk
author: Donell, Simon T.
date: 2020-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-315157-2p45frlk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315157-2p45frlk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06213-z
doi: 10.1007/s00167-020-06213-z
summary:
  PURPOSE: To plan for the continuance of elective hip and knee arthroplasty during a resurgence or new wave of COVID-19 infections. The recommendations focus on the preparation phase and, in particular, the actions that the individual surgeon needs to undertake to continue with, and practice, elective arthroplasty during the next wave, as well as planning their personal and their family''s lives. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations for planning to continue elective hip and knee arthroplasty during a new phase of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic provide a framework to reduce the risk of a complete shutdown of elective surgery. The aim is to help orthopaedic surgeons across Europe (and a wider global audience) with a special interest in elective hip and knee arthroplasty prepare for the resurgence or new outbreak of COVID-19 in their locality. This paper reports the recommendations for individual surgeons on how to prepare for a new lockdown to minimise this impact on their elective hip and knee arthroplasty practice.

title:
  Preparation for the next COVID-19 wave: The European Hip Society and European Knee Associates recommendations

abstract:
  PURPOSE: To plan for the continuance of elective hip and knee arthroplasty during a resurgence or new wave of COVID-19 infections. METHOD: A systematic review was conducted using the terms “COVID-19” or “SARS-Cov-2” and “second wave”. No relevant citations were found to inform on recommendations the plan. Therefore, an expert panel of the European Hip Society and the European Knee Associates was formed to provide the recommendations. RESULTS: Overall, the recommendations consider three phases; review of the first wave, preparation for the next wave, and during the next wave. International and national policies will drive most of the management. The recommendations focus on the preparation phase and, in particular, the actions that the individual surgeon needs to undertake to continue with, and practice, elective arthroplasty during the next wave, as well as planning their personal and their family’s lives. The recommendations expect rigorous data collection during the next wave, so that a cycle of continuous improvement is created to take account of any future waves. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations for planning to continue elective hip and knee arthroplasty during a new phase of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic provide a framework to reduce the risk of a complete shutdown of elective surgery. This involves engaging with hospital managers and other specialities in the planning process. Individuals have responsibilities to themselves, their colleagues, and their families, beyond the actual delivery of elective arthroplasty.


id: cord-316050-mqrx003q
title: The influence of terrorism in tourism arrivals: A longitudinal approach in a Mediterranean country
author: Seabra, Claudia
date: 2020-01-31
txt: ./txt/cord-316050-mqrx003q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316050-mqrx003q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102811
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2019.102811
summary:
  The main results show that terrorist attacks have a strong impact on tourist arrivals and confirm the existence of terrorism spillover, namely the substitution and generalization effects phenomena. The decline in tourists'' arrivals and receipts caused by terrorism is well documented in several countries and regions since the 90s and has affected countries like Spain (Enders & Sandler, 1991) , European countries ( (Enders, Sandler, & Parise, 1992; Radić, Dragičević, & Sotošek, 2018) , the Mediterranean region (Drakos & Kutan, 2003) , non-democratic countries and Africa (Blomberg, Hess, & Orphanides, 2004) , the USA (Bonham, Edmonds, & Mak, 2006; Goodrich, 2002) , Israel (Eckstein & Tsiddon, 2004; Fleisher & Buccola, 2002; Morag, 2006; Pizam & Fleischer, 2002) , Italy (Greenbaum & Hultquist, 2006) , Nepal (Baral, Baral, & Nigel, 2004) , Ireland (O''Connor, Stafford, & Gallagher, 2008) , Fiji and Kenya (Fletcher & Morakabati, 2008) , Nigeria (Adora, 2010) ; Turkey (Feridun, 2011; Ozsoy & Sahin, 2006) , Pakistan (Raza & Jawaid, 2013) , the Middle East (Bassil, 2014) , the Caribbean (Lutz & Lutz, 2018) , Tunisia (Lanouar & Goaied, 2019) , and worlwide (Liu & Pratt, 2017; Llorca-Vivero, 2008; Neumayer & Plümper, 2016) . Terrorism in Greece, Germany, and France positively affects tourist arrivals from America, while terrorist events occurred in Israel, Russia and Spain will have a negative effect on the number of American tourists who choose Portugal as their destination.

abstract:
  Abstract This longitudinal study examines the impact that terrorist attacks within a representative group of European countries can have on the tourism demand of a South European country with no record of terrorism attacks. In order to analyze the connections between terrorist attacks and tourists' arrivals, occurred between 2002 and the end of 2016, an Unrestricted Vector Autoregressive model was used for multivariate time series analysis. The main results show that terrorist attacks have a strong impact on tourist arrivals and confirm the existence of terrorism spillover, namely the substitution and generalization effects phenomena.


id: cord-319066-jdvvegp9
author: Bressan, Silvia
date: 2020-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-319066-jdvvegp9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319066-jdvvegp9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064420303668?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.05.018
summary:
  Preparedness and response were defined, based on consensus of the research team, as organizational and operational actions taken by EDs to face the pandemic, including contingency plans, training, screening of suspected cases, surge capacity, availability and use of personal protective equipment, ED infection control measure, care pathways and management of suspected cases, health professionals safety and sustainability of care. Adjustments implemented to best manage suspected/confirmed COVID-19 patients included cancellation of planned activity (i.e. outpatient visits, surgery or hospital admissions) in 90% or more of participating centers; reorganization of beds in other pediatric wards in 75%, and telemedicine in nearly 70%. Infection control measures were more consistently reported in the survey, including re-arrangement of ED patient flow, changing of staff work shift to optimize resource utilization, reduction in the number of care givers allowed with the child and home quarantine for confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases fit for discharge.

title:
  Preparedness and response to Pediatric CoVID-19 in European Emergency Departments: a survey of the REPEM and PERUKI networks

abstract:
  Abstract Study objective We aimed to describe the variability and identify gaps in preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic in European EDs caring for children. Methods A cross-sectional point prevalence survey, was developed and disseminated through the pediatric emergency medicine research networks for Europe (REPEM) and the United Kingdom and Ireland (PERUKI). We aimed to include ten EDs for countries with > 20 million inhabitants and five EDs for less populated countries, unless the number of eligible EDs was below five. ED directors or their delegates completed the survey between March 20th and 21st to report practice at that time. We used descriptive statistics to analyse data. Results Overall 102 centers from 18 countries (86% response rate) completed the survey: 34% did not have an ED contingency plan for pandemics and 36% had never had simulations for such events. Wide variation on PPE items was shown for recommended PPE use at pre-triage and for patient assessment, with 62% of centers experiencing shortage in one or more PPE items, most frequently FFP2/N95 masks. Only 17% of EDs had negative pressure isolation rooms. COVID-19 positive ED staff was reported in 25% of centers. Conclusion We found variation and identified gaps in preparedness and response to the COVID-19 epidemic across European referral EDs for children. A lack in early availability of a documented contingency plan, provision of simulation training, appropriate use of PPE, and appropriate isolation facilities emerged as gaps that should be optimized to improve preparedness and inform responses to future pandemics.


id: cord-319365-v75pvlka
title: Comparing working conditions and job satisfaction in hospitality workers across Europe
author: Navajas-Romero, Virginia
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-319365-v75pvlka.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319365-v75pvlka.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834355/
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102631
summary:
  The research seeks: (i) to analyze the different models of working conditions-what likely leads to differences in perceived job satisfaction-that exist in Europe; and (ii) to explore whether these models differ among the clusters of countries based on institutional characteristics identified in the previous literature. From these objectives, the following research question is derived: Does the clustering of European countries according to institutional characteristics correctly reflect the differences in labor conditions and subsequently job satisfaction across Europe? The main objective of the empirical analysis is to determine whether the classification of countries based on the institutional context adequately reflects the different models of working conditions-and subsequently differing levels of job satisfaction-existing in Europe in the tourism sector, and if not, to propose a more appropriate classification of countries.

abstract:
  Job satisfaction is important in the tourism sector since workers’ satisfaction is key to providing high-quality service, which is very important in determining organizational success. The working conditions that influence job satisfaction depend to a large extent on the institutional context, which shows similarities in some European countries. This research aims to compare working conditions and job satisfaction among European country blocks that have similar institutional characteristics. Unlike previous studies, this research adopts a comprehensive approach by considering institutional and organizational factors in the analysis of employees’ perceptions of job satisfaction. The sample is made up of 1633 workers in 16 European countries. The results demonstrate the existence of three different models of working conditions in Europe leading to differing levels of job satisfaction in tourism. These models do not correspond to the clusters identified by the previous literature, which adopts an institutional perspective.


id: cord-320773-zisujjsx
author: Sabat, Iryna
date: 2020-06-22
txt: ./txt/cord-320773-zisujjsx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320773-zisujjsx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0168851020301639
doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.06.009
summary:
  It was particularly pronounced for intrusive policy measures, such as mobile data use for movement tracking, economic concerns, and trust in the information from the national government. In order to understand the public sentiment towards the COVID-19 containment measures and to inform future policy development, we collected information on people''s support for these policies, their worries in relation to the unfolding epidemic, and their trust in different sources of information. Overall, a north-south gradient could often be noticed in the EU regarding policy support: people living in the southern states (Portugal, Italy, and France) tended to approve of the containment policies more than residents in the northern countries (Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands). The first insights obtained from the data showed that containment and mitigating policies undertaken by national governments in response to the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic were generally wellreceived by the population in all countries covered by the survey.

title:
  United but divided: policy responses and people''s perceptions in the EU during the COVID-19 outbreak

abstract:
  To understand the public sentiment toward the measures used by policymakers for COVID-19 containment, a survey among representative samples of the population in seven European countries was carried out in the first two weeks of April 2020. The study addressed people's support for containment policies, worries about COVID-19 consequences, and trust in sources of information. Citizens were overall satisfied with their government's response to the pandemic; however, the extent of approval differed across countries and policy measures. A north-south divide in public opinion was noticeable across the European states. It was particularly pronounced for intrusive policy measures, such as mobile data use for movement tracking, economic concerns, and trust in the information from the national government. Considerable differences in people's attitudes were noticed within countries, especially across individual regions and age groups. The findings suggest that the epidemic acts as a stressor, causing health and economic anxieties even in households that were not directly affected by the virus. At the same time, the burden of stress was unequally distributed across regions and age groups. Based on the data collected, we draw lessons from the containment stage and identify several insights that can facilitate the design of lockdown exit strategies and future containment policies so that a high level of compliance can be expected.


id: cord-322078-cli7mpev
author: Schaller, Karl
date: 2020-03-27
txt: ./txt/cord-322078-cli7mpev.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322078-cli7mpev.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-020-04306-9
doi: 10.1007/s00701-020-04306-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  All together that will be put on a very big bill, once all will be over, and it will take a long time to reinstall confidence in our political leadership, in our idea of a Europe without limits in humanity, as a model for the world, and as THE place to be. There is a significant lack of doctors and of nursing staff, and in terms of access to ICU-beds with ventilators in some countries, whereas in others, the situation seems to be less precarious. Other countries on the other hand, were deprived of their medical staff due to more precarious general economic situations, with doctors and nurses following the westward stream toward politically more transparent and wealthier countries. We have to provide an example to show how to stand together, across all national borders, and with the optimism of pragmatic and generous people, who we should always strive to be.

title:
  Neurosurgeons in the Corona crisis: striving for remedy and redemption. A message from the president of the EANS


id: cord-325155-lqzgz6p3
title: Hypertension and the roles of the 9p21.3 risk locus: classic findings and new association data
author: Gallo, Juan E.
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-325155-lqzgz6p3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325155-lqzgz6p3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2590086220300276
doi: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100050
summary:
  Two adjacent haplotype blocks characterize the 9p21.3 cardiovascular risk locus: left, the block or island containing the first part of the p15 gene and its wellcharacterized promoter, in which we observed clearly elevated associations (red) with blood pressure (DBP, SBP) and/or hypertension in a Colombian and a European study sample, and right, the block hypertension and BP association ''Hypertension island'' * (haplotype block < 60 kb) Lead CVD risk SNPs (haplotype block < 60 kb) Furthermore, in the European blood pressure studies [15, 16] genome-wide significance of DBP associations was attained, outside of the classic 9p21.3 CVD risk locus and its flanking regions, in the next gene MTAP (see Figure 2 and Theory), with a lowest p-value of 1.3 × 10 −10 for the sentinel SNP rs4364717 (red asterisk and red horizontal bar at left in Figure 2 ; see also the LocusZoom plot in Supplementary Material S3.2) .

abstract:
  Background The band 9p21.3 contains an established genomic risk zone for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since the initial 2007 Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium study (WTCCC), the increased CVD risk associated with 9p21.3 has been confirmed by multiple studies in different continents. However, many years later there was still no confirmed report of a corresponding association of 9p21.3 with hypertension, a major CV risk factor, nor with blood pressure (BP). Theory In this contribution, we review the bipartite haplotype structure of the 9p21.3 risk locus: one block is devoid of protein-coding genes but contains the lead CVD risk SNPs, while the other block contains the first exon and regulatory DNA of the gene for the cell cycle inhibitor p15. We consider how findings from molecular biology offer possibilities of an involvement of p15 in hypertension etiology, with expression of the p15 gene modulated by genetic variation from within the 9p21.3 risk locus. Results We present original results from a Colombian study revealing moderate but persistent association signals for BP and hypertension within the classic 9p21.3 CVD risk locus. These SNPs are mostly confined to a ‘hypertension island’ that spans less than 60 kb and coincides with the p15 haplotype block. We find confirmation in data originating from much larger, recent European BP studies, albeit with opposite effect directions. Conclusion Although more work will be needed to elucidate possible mechanisms, previous findings and new data prompt reconsidering the question of how variation in 9p21.3 might influence hypertension components of cardiovascular risk.


id: cord-330180-lvn4hqk5
author: Rosenkötter, Nicole
date: 2013-11-14
txt: ./txt/cord-330180-lvn4hqk5.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1074
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1074
summary:
  In this paper, we aim to explore and provide an overview of influential public health relevant EU-level policy outputs and a summary of policy outputs or actions perceived as an achievement, a failure or a missed opportunity by interviewing key experts in the field. The study was carried out in two consecutive phases: (1) qualitative interviews, suitable to identify expert perceptions, and (2) voting on influential and public health relevant EU policy outputs and actions based on nominal group technique. The third rank is shared by three policy outputs: the "Framework for action in the field of public health" [43] (n = 5) which is the Commission''s first proposal setting out EU-level public health after the introduction of the health mandate in the Maastricht Treaty, the Council conclusions "Towards modern, responsive and sustainable health systems" [44] (n = 5), and the current over-arching European strategy "Europe 2020" [45] (n = 5).

title:
  Twentieth anniversary of the European Union health mandate: taking stock of perceived achievements, failures and missed opportunities – a qualitative study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The European Union (EU) health mandate was initially defined in the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. The twentieth anniversary of the Treaty offers a unique opportunity to take stock of EU health actions by giving an overview of influential public health related EU-level policy outputs and a summary of policy outputs or actions perceived as an achievement, a failure or a missed opportunity. METHODS: Semi-structured expert interviews (N = 20) were conducted focusing on EU-level actions that were relevant for health. Respondents were asked to name EU policies or actions that they perceived as an achievement, a failure or a missed opportunity. A directed content analysis approach was used to identify expert perceptions on achievements, failures and missed opportunities in the interviews. Additionally, a nominal group technique was applied to identify influential and public health relevant EU-level policy outputs. RESULTS: The ranking of influential policy outputs resulted in top positions of adjudications and legislations, agencies, European Commission (EC) programmes and strategies, official networks, cooperative structures and exchange efforts, the work on health determinants and uptake of scientific knowledge. The assessment of EU health policies as being an achievement, a failure or a missed opportunity was often characterized by diverging respondent views. Recurring topics that emerged were the Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), EU agencies, life style factors, internal market provisions as well as the EU Directive on patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare. Among these recurring topics, expert perceptions on the establishment of DG SANCO, EU public health agencies, and successes in tobacco control were dominated by aspects of achievements. The implementation status of the Health in All Policy approach was perceived as a missed opportunity. CONCLUSIONS: When comparing the emerging themes from the interviews conducted with the responsibilities defined in the EU health mandate, one can identify that these responsibilities were only partly fulfilled or acknowledged by the respondents. In general, the EU is a recognized public health player in Europe which over the past two decades, has begun to develop competencies in supporting, coordinating and supplementing member state health actions. However, the assurance of health protection in other European policies seems to require further development.


id: cord-330296-706hf4qw
title: The European Virus Archive goes global: A growing resource for research
author: Romette, J. L.
date: 2018-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-330296-706hf4qw.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30059721/
doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.017
summary:
  Abstract The European Virus Archive (EVA) was created in 2008 with funding from the FP7-EU Infrastructure Programme, in response to the need for a coordinated and readily accessible collection of viruses that could be made available to academia, public health organisations and industry. The European Virus Archive (EVA) was created in 2008 with funding from the FP7-EU Infrastructure Programme, in response to the need for a coordinated and readily accessible collection of viruses that could be made available to academia, public health organisations and industry (Gould et al., 2012) . In fact, besides the EVAg, we are unaware of any non-profit organization that is concerned with facilitating reliable access globally to viruses and associated reagents from individual virus collections for research and/or diagnostic laboratories, teaching centres or industries involved in the production of diagnostic reagents, pharmaceuticals and vaccines solely for the benefit of science, in a safe and carefully regulated manner.

abstract:
  Abstract The European Virus Archive (EVA) was created in 2008 with funding from the FP7-EU Infrastructure Programme, in response to the need for a coordinated and readily accessible collection of viruses that could be made available to academia, public health organisations and industry. Within three years, it developed from a consortium of nine European laboratories to encompass associated partners in Africa, Russia, China, Turkey, Germany and Italy. In 2014, the H2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme (INFRAS projects) provided support for the transformation of the EVA from a European to a global organization (EVAg). The EVAg now operates as a non-profit consortium, with 26 partners and 20 associated partners from 21 EU and non-EU countries. In this paper, we outline the structure, management and goals of the EVAg, to bring to the attention of researchers the wealth of products it can provide and to illustrate how end-users can gain access to these resources. Organisations or individuals who would like to be considered as contributors are invited to contact the EVAg coordinator, Jean-Louis Romette, at jean-louis.romette@univmed.fr.


id: cord-330749-xt4aa2ur
author: Schilling, Stefan
date: 2014-10-28
txt: ./txt/cord-330749-xt4aa2ur.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100401
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100401
summary:
  The term highly infectious diseases (HID) defines mostly viral and bacterial infections that (i) are easily transmissible from person to person; (ii) cause a life-threatening clinical illness with no or few treatment options; and (iii) pose a threat for both health care workers and the public, thus requiring specific infection control measures and public health planning [1] . Despite such efforts, no pooled data on isolation facilities resources, such as infrastructure design, technical equipment, capacity and access to intensive care, do exist. The study presented was performed by the European Network for Highly Infectious Diseases, EuroNHID, and set up to compare the operational management, resources, and technical equipment among isolation facilities with recommendations published. Infection control management of patients with suspected highly infectious diseases in emergency departments: data from a survey in 41 facilities in 14 European countries

title:
  Isolation Facilities for Highly Infectious Diseases in Europe – A Cross-Sectional Analysis in 16 Countries

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Highly Infectious Diseases (HIDs) are (i) easily transmissible form person to person; (ii) cause a life-threatening illness with no or few treatment options; and (iii) pose a threat for both personnel and the public. Hence, even suspected HID cases should be managed in specialised facilities minimizing infection risks but allowing state-of-the-art critical care. Consensus statements on the operational management of isolation facilities have been published recently. The study presented was set up to compare the operational management, resources, and technical equipment among European isolation facilities. Due to differences in geography, population density, and national response plans it was hypothesized that adherence to recommendations will vary. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Until mid of 2010 the European Network for Highly Infectious Diseases conducted a cross-sectional analysis of isolation facilities in Europe, recruiting 48 isolation facilities in 16 countries. Three checklists were disseminated, assessing 44 items and 148 specific questions. The median feedback rate for specific questions was 97.9% (n = 47/48) (range: n = 7/48 (14.6%) to n = 48/48 (100%). Although all facilities enrolled were nominated specialised facilities' serving countries or regions, their design, equipment and personnel management varied. Eighteen facilities fulfilled the definition of a High Level Isolation Unit'. In contrast, 24 facilities could not operate independently from their co-located hospital, and five could not ensure access to equipment essential for infection control. Data presented are not representative for the EU in general, as only 16/27 (59.3%) of all Member States agreed to participate. Another limitation of this study is the time elapsed between data collection and publication; e.g. in Germany one additional facility opened in the meantime. CONCLUSION: There are disparities both within and between European countries regarding the design and equipment of isolation facilities. With regard to the International Health Regulations, terminology, capacities and equipment should be standardised.


id: cord-334810-hw1aijwf
author: Banyard, Ashley C.
date: 2009-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-334810-hw1aijwf.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0504-8
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0504-8
summary:
  In August 2007, European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) was isolated from a Daubenton''s bat found at Stokesay Castle. However, studies with EBLV-1 infection in the natural host, Eptesicus serotinus, showed no substantial pattern of virus distribution in different non-neuronal organs in bats that developed disease [7] . Whilst this is widely documented for larger species, low levels of viable virus or viral RNA detected in saliva swabs tested during experimental studies with different bat lyssaviruses highlight the difficulty in determining the importance of this route of transmission for virus dissemination within a roost [5, 11, 14] . Detection of high levels of European bat lyssavirus type-1 viral RNA in the thyroid gland of experimentally infected Eptesicus fuscus bats Experimental infection of Serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) with European bat lyssavirus type 1a (EBLV-1a) Experimental study of European bat lyssavirus type-2 infection in Daubenton''s bats (Myotis daubentonii)

title:
  Repeated detection of European bat lyssavirus type 2 in dead bats found at a single roost site in the UK

abstract:
  In August 2007, European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) was isolated from a Daubenton’s bat found at Stokesay Castle. In September 2008, another bat from the same vicinity of Stokesay Castle also tested positive for EBLV-2. This is the first occurrence of repeated detection of EBLV-2 from a single site. Here, we report the detection of low levels of viral RNA in various bat organs by qRT-PCR and detection of viral antigen by immunohistochemistry. We also report sequence data from both cases and compare data with those derived from other EBLV-2 isolations in the UK.


id: cord-347182-oj3v1x99
title: Robust estimation of diagnostic rate and real incidence of COVID-19 for European policymakers
author: Catala, M.
date: 2020-05-06
txt: ./txt/cord-347182-oj3v1x99.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347182-oj3v1x99.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.01.20087023v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087023
summary:
  While total deaths immediately indicate that countries like Italy and Spain have the worst situation as of mid April 2020, on its own, reported cases do not provide a correct picture of the situation. Then we discuss our key assumption: the real 41 case fatality rate (CFR) in European countries experiencing a significative incidence will 42 be roughly the same, given the similar structure of the population. Using this rate is straightforward to give a present-day estimate of the 63 incidence given the number of reported infected people in each country as long as we 64 can observe that the rate of diagnosis remains fairly constant. This value can 86 be compared with the number of cases detected 18 days ago, obtaining a diagnostic depending on the availability of tests, saturation of the health system and other 91 external factors, countries have a great variability in the time of diagnosis delay.

abstract:
  Policymakers need a clear and fast assessment of the real spread of the epidemic of COVID-19 in each of their respective countries. Standard measures of the situation provided by the governments include reported positive cases and total deaths. While total deaths immediately indicate that countries like Italy and Spain have the worst situation as of mid April 2020, on its own, reported cases do not provide a correct picture of the situation. The reason is that different countries diagnose diversely and present very distinctive reported case fatality rate (CFR). The same levels of reported incidence and mortality might hide a very different underlying picture. Here we present a straightforward and robust estimation of the diagnostic rate in each European country. From that estimation we obtain an uniform unbiased incidence of the epidemic. The method to obtain the diagnostic rate is transparent and empiric. The key assumption of the method is that the real CFR in Europe of COVID-19 is not strongly country-dependent. We show that this number is not expected to be biased due to demography nor the way total deaths are reported. The estimation protocol has a dynamic nature, and it has been giving converging numbers for diagnostic rates in all European countries as of mid April 2020. From this diagnostic rate, policy makers can obtain an Effective Potential Growth (EPG) updated everyday providing an unbiased assessment of the countries with more potential to have an uncontrolled situation. The method developed will be used to track possible improvements on the diagnostic rate in European countries as the epidemic evolves.


id: cord-350164-dzma5ye7
author: Rippin, Holly L.
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-350164-dzma5ye7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350164-dzma5ye7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01079-y
doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01079-y
summary:
  These opportunities and threats are focused around four key areas: NCDs and health systems; dietary behaviour; food insecurity and vulnerable groups; and food supply mechanisms. Now with the pandemic, the challenges to food systems in the WHO European Region have been exacerbated, demanding from all levels of government swift adaptations to manage healthiness, availability, accessibility and affordability of food. Cities and governments in the Region should capitalize on this unique opportunity to ''build back better'' and make bold and lasting changes to the food system and consequently to the health and wellbeing of people and sustainability of the planet. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with the public health outcomes of widespread lockdown measures, create a perfect storm for NCD risk factors including obesity and poor diet, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption and tobacco use. The current pandemic poses significant challenges to food systems in the WHO European Region, demanding from all levels of government, particularly cities, swift adaptations to manage the healthiness, availability, accessibility and affordability of food.

title:
  Disrupted food systems in the WHO European region – a threat or opportunity for healthy and sustainable food and nutrition?

abstract:
  Dietary health and sustainability are inextricably linked. Food systems that are not sustainable often fail to provide the amount or types of food needed to ensure population health. The ongoing pandemic threatens to exacerbate malnutrition, and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This paper discusses threats and opportunities for food environments and health status across the WHO European Region in the current context . These opportunities and threats are focused around four key areas: NCDs and health systems; dietary behaviour; food insecurity and vulnerable groups; and food supply mechanisms. Food systems were already under great stress. Now with the pandemic, the challenges to food systems in the WHO European Region have been exacerbated, demanding from all levels of government swift adaptations to manage healthiness, availability, accessibility and affordability of food. Cities and governments in the Region should capitalize on this unique opportunity to ‘build back better’ and make bold and lasting changes to the food system and consequently to the health and wellbeing of people and sustainability of the planet.


id: cord-353775-ogb56xg9
title: Wage inequality and poverty effects of lockdown and social distancing in Europe
author: Palomino, Juan C.
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-353775-ogb56xg9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353775-ogb56xg9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103564
doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103564
summary:
  Under four different scenarios (2 months of lockdown and 2 months of lockdown plus 6 months of partial functioning of closed occupations at 80%, 70% and 60% of full capacity) we estimate for 29 European countries an average increase in the headcount poverty index that goes from 4.9 to 9.4 percentage points and a mean loss rate for poor workers between 10% and 16.2%. To estimate the impact of social distancing on wage inequality and poverty across Europe, we concentrate on the legal restrictions (supply side) due to the closure of non-essential occupations and workers not being able to perform their activities at home during the lockdown period. The first step to measure the changes in wage inequality and poverty across Europe due to lockdown is to calculate the index of teleworking at the occupational level.

abstract:
  Social distancing and lockdown measures taken to contain the spread of COVID-19 may have distributional economic costs beyond the contraction of GDP. Here we evaluate the capacity of individuals to work under a lockdown based on a Lockdown Working Ability index which considers their teleworking capacity and whether their occupation is essential or closed. Our analysis reveals substantial and uneven potential wage losses across the distribution all around Europe and we consistently find that both poverty and wage inequality rise in all European countries. Under four different scenarios (2 months of lockdown and 2 months of lockdown plus 6 months of partial functioning of closed occupations at 80%, 70% and 60% of full capacity) we estimate for 29 European countries an average increase in the headcount poverty index that goes from 4.9 to 9.4 percentage points and a mean loss rate for poor workers between 10% and 16.2%. The average increase in the Gini coefficient ranges between 3.5% to 7.3% depending on the scenario considered. Decomposing overall wage inequality in Europe, we find that lockdown and social distance measures produce a double process of divergence: both inequality within and between countries increase.


id: cord-354738-4rxradwz
title: European Bats as Carriers of Viruses with Zoonotic Potential
author: Kohl, Claudia
date: 2014-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123684/
doi: 10.3390/v6083110
summary:
  In this review, selected viruses detected and isolated in Europe are discussed from our point of view in regard to their human-pathogenic potential. Various publications reviewed bats globally as carriers and potential reservoir hosts of human-pathogenic and zoonotic viruses [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] , while hardly anything is known about human-pathogenicity of European bat viruses apart from lyssaviruses. Similar to the case of the LLOV filovirus, virus isolates and prevalence studies in both humans and bats could improve knowledge and clarify their zoonotic potential. Sero-prevalence studies should be conducted on the orthoreoviruses isolated from European bats, especially as a closely related virus was detected in a diseased child in Slovenia [83] . Other bat viruses detected by using molecular techniques should be isolated (e.g., MERS-like CoV or Bat Bunyavirus) to allow for characterization and follow-up sero-prevalence studies.

abstract:
  Bats are being increasingly recognized as reservoir hosts of highly pathogenic and zoonotic emerging viruses (Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Rabies virus, and coronaviruses). While numerous studies have focused on the mentioned highly human-pathogenic bat viruses in tropical regions, little is known on similar human-pathogenic viruses that may be present in European bats. Although novel viruses are being detected, their zoonotic potential remains unclear unless further studies are conducted. At present, it is assumed that the risk posed by bats to the general public is rather low. In this review, selected viruses detected and isolated in Europe are discussed from our point of view in regard to their human-pathogenic potential. All European bat species and their roosts are legally protected and some European species are even endangered. Nevertheless, the increasing public fear of bats and their viruses is an obstacle to their protection. Educating the public regarding bat lyssaviruses might result in reduced threats to both the public and the bats.


id: cord-354884-q8634dyc
title: Shared Socio-economic Pathways for European agriculture and food systems: The Eur-Agri-SSPs
author: Mitter, Hermine
date: 2020-09-19
txt: ./txt/cord-354884-q8634dyc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354884-q8634dyc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32982074/
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102159
summary:
  Goal and purpose Extend and enrich the SSPs by providing a regional (Europe) and a sectoral component (agriculture and food) in a systematic way Provide a set of alternative future developments of the European agriculture and food systems Provide a set of plausible storylines capturing future key uncertainties Provide a solid basis for integrated assessments of agriculture and food systems to increase comparability of their results Stimulate discussion between various actors with different interests, backgrounds and professional activities Main target groups Scientists from the climate change, agricultural, food and integrated assessment research communities working at European to national scales Policy makers in European agriculture and food systems Decision makers in the private sector (e.g., supply chain managers) Thematic focus Describe worlds in which socio-economic, environmental and technological drivers make it harder or easier to mitigate or adapt to climate change in agriculture and food systems or to tackle other sustainability issues Spatial scale Europe, with differentiations between nations or agri-environmental zones kept to a minimum Time scale 2050 with optional extension to 2100 Scenario type Qualitative storylines, semi-quantitative specifications of trends, problem-focused Quality criteria Plausibility, consistency (vertical and horizontal), salience, legitimacy, richness, creativity H.

abstract:
  Scenarios describe plausible and internally consistent views of the future. They can be used by scientists, policymakers and entrepreneurs to explore the challenges of global environmental change given an appropriate level of spatial and sectoral detail and systematic development. We followed a nine-step protocol to extend and enrich a set of global scenarios – the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) – providing regional and sectoral detail for European agriculture and food systems using a one-to-one nesting participatory approach. The resulting five Eur-Agri-SSPs are titled (1) Agriculture on sustainable paths, (2) Agriculture on established paths, (3) Agriculture on separated paths, (4) Agriculture on unequal paths, and (5) Agriculture on high-tech paths. They describe alternative plausible qualitative evolutions of multiple drivers of particular importance and high uncertainty for European agriculture and food systems. The added value of the protocol-based storyline development process lies in the conceptual and methodological transparency and rigor; the stakeholder driven selection of the storyline elements; and consistency checks within and between the storylines. Compared to the global SSPs, the five Eur-Agri-SSPs provide rich thematic and regional details and are thus a solid basis for integrated assessments of agriculture and food systems and their response to future socio-economic and environmental changes.


