# pos

id: cord-293365-z1h788sc
pos: :
token:
  http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-determinants/migration-and-health/migrant-health-in-the-european-region/migration-and-health-key-issues#292932

lemma:
  http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-determinants/migration-and-health/migrant-health-in-the-european-region/migration-and-health-key-issues#292932


id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
pos: UH
token:
  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf

lemma:
  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-nhs-outcomes-framework-2013-14.pdf


# ent

id: cord-029201-hkq7wti5
type: GPE
entity:
  the Rebalancing of Europe s Regional Order International Cooperation Building Regimes for Natural Resource


id: cord-002757-upwe0cpj
type: CHEBI
entity:
  ketoconazole and systemic miltefosine sulfadiazine flucytosine liposomal amphotericin B azole antifungals


id: cord-002757-upwe0cpj
type: ORG
entity:
  American Thoracic Society Infectious Diseases Society of America Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


id: cord-002757-upwe0cpj
type: ORG
entity:
  the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency Heterozygous


id: cord-257358-uoek1pba
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Rio Political Declaration in the World Conference on Social Determinants of Health WHO Rio de Janeiro Brazil


id: cord-272536-bl8bdrcm
type: ORG
entity:
  Efficacy and Safety of Clarithromycin as Treatment for Mediterranean Spotted Fever in Children A Randomized Controlled Trial Erythromycin


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Twentieth Century Historical Approaches Post war Research Education and Innovation Policy Making in Europe History and Memory of an Institution Towards European Science Dynamics and Policy of an Evolving European Research Space Cheltenham


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
type: ORG
entity:
  Ideas European Research Area An Evolving Policy Agenda Political Dynamics European Commission Communication A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and Growth


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
type: ORG
entity:
  Flagship Initiative Innovation Union European Commission Communication A Reinforced European Research Area Partnership for Excellence and Growth


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
type: LAW
entity:
  the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Part Three Union Policies and Internal Actions Title XIX Research


id: cord-298052-mbg6e2j1
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Spread of Infectious Diseases A Methodological Approach Applied to Evaluation and Emergency Control Strategies in Cattle Relationship of


id: cord-266628-7gyy2c52
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Brief And Accurate Treatise Concerning The Taking Of The Fume Of Tobacco Which Very Many In These Days


id: cord-317153-2la3hkzv
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  red fox Vulpes vulpes Jędrzejewska and Jędrzejewski 1998 Kowalczyk et al 2008 Furthermore the raccoon dog


id: cord-326532-2ehuuvnx
type: PERSON
entity:
  Noémie L Huillier Arnaud G Heininger Ulrich Ritz Nicole Bandi Srini Krajcar Nina Roglić Srđan Santos Mar Christiaens


id: cord-354738-4rxradwz
type: TAXON
entity:
  bat species Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrellus nathusii Pipistrellus kuhlii and Nyctalus noctula


id: cord-350104-b99y6n43
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Working Group on Prevention of International and Community Transmission of SARS Public


id: cord-288183-pz3t29a7
type: LAW
entity:
  Emerging Asia Changes and Challenges Asian Development Bank Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Australia s Low Pollution Future White Paper Government Printing Office Future


id: cord-288183-pz3t29a7
type: LAW
entity:
  Completing the Internal Market Primary Microeconomic Effects and their Impact in Macroeconometrics Models Commission of the European Communities Budgetary and Economic Analysis


id: cord-288183-pz3t29a7
type: ORG
entity:
  Capital so Immobile Internationally Possible Explanations and Implications for Capital Taxation An Intertemporal General


id: cord-288183-pz3t29a7
type: ORG
entity:
  US Economic Growth A Dynamic General Equilibrium Analysis A Multi Sectoral Study of Economic Growth Intertemporal


id: cord-325484-bd6ba0cp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  1967 Opening Up and Closing Down Power Participation and Pluralism in the Social Appraisal of Technology


id: cord-325484-bd6ba0cp
type: DATE
entity:
  2050 Roads and Reality Background Paper Toward a Sustainable Energy Regime Global Energy Shifts Carbon Democracy Political


id: cord-325484-bd6ba0cp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Environmental Impacts of the UK Military Sector Scientists for Global Responsibility Declassified UK


id: cord-322364-uo49h1ku
type: ORG
entity:
  Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Air Transportation Challenges to Growth Air Freight A Market Study with Implications for Landlocked Countries


id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Panton Valentine leukocidin toxin L Faraj L A S Snyder N J Loman D P Turner M J Pallen D Ala Aldeen R James Nottingham Birmingham UK


id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  J Broomhall C McCowan S Gonzalez McQuire K Akhras S Merchant P Davey Dundee High Wycombe UK Raritan US


id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  liver bacterial cells 3 63 and 4 99 log10 cfu g pNS and for lung bacterial cells 2 56 and 4 22 log10 cfu g pNS Conclusions Allogeneic transplantation with PBMCs


id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  H3 influenza B Flu B Respiratory syncytial virus RSV subtypes A and B Adenovirus AdV Parainfluenza 1 PIV 1 Parainfluenza 2 PIV 2 Parainfluenza 3 PIV 3 human metapneumovirus hMPV and


id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy
type: DNA
entity:
  AbaR1 associated genes positive strains aacC1 21 aadA1 21 aadB 4 aphA1 21 strA 3 merA 20 tetA 18 cat 23


id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Consorte G Congedo L Cosentino D D Antonio L Pippa L Manzoli C Granchelli Pescara Chieti IT Objectives A large prospective cohort


id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy
type: DISEASE
entity:
  herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 HSV1 2 human parechovirus HPeV cytomegalovirus CMV Epstein Barr Virus EBV enterovirus EV


id: cord-331714-2qj2rrgd
type: DNA
entity:
  genome 99 6 99 0 L segment RdRp 99 9 100 0 M segment polyprotein predecessor and 99 7 100 0 S segment


id: cord-331714-2qj2rrgd
type: DNA
entity:
  Kharkov Astrakhan region 95 24 49 31 11 25 73 16 1 1 5 22 18 67 70 508 Volgograd region 380 32 15 15 3 12 63 2 5 411 57 Institute of Virology


id: cord-331714-2qj2rrgd
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Astrakhan 1 5 11 13 9 4 37 16 20 5 6 7 10 7 1 152 Volgograd 0 18 9 3 3 2 6 16 30 7 2 3 0 0 6 105 Dagestan 0 6 10 7 3 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 0 2 Rostov 27 0 5 7 9 9


id: cord-331714-2qj2rrgd
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute diseases of the nervous system serous meningitis encephalomeningitis arachnoiditis acute encephalomyelitis


id: cord-331714-2qj2rrgd
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  influenza A virus Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A virus Dhori virus Orthomyxoviridae Thogotovirus and Newcastle s disease virus Paromyxoviridae Avulavirus


# url

id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
domain: www.gov.uk
url:
  http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf


# bib

id: cord-001221-due9tloa
title: ECR 2014, Part A
author: nan
date: 2014-02-27
txt: ./txt/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948175/
doi: 10.1007/s13244-014-0316-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  In short: obtaining samples for making an accurate diagnosis and also to know more about its specific biology (biomarkers); IR covers any possibility needed for vascular access; percutaneous needle ablation is the best alternative in selected patients; endovascular embolisation with "vehiculisation" of therapies is an outstanding method for selective treatment, and sometimes precise ablation, of different tumors; IR is a unique way to offer palliation in a wide range of tumoral complications, such as embolisation for bleeding, stenting for vein obstructions or drainage of fluid collections. CT may be useful for osteoid osteoma and MRI is the best imaging technique for further diagnosis and staging by displaying tumour composition and extent of bone marrow involvement, including skip lesions, presence and extent of extraosseous soft tissue mass, and involvement of neurovascular bundle, muscle compartments and adjacent joint.


id: cord-002757-upwe0cpj
author: Sullivan, Kathleen E.
date: 2017-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5693703/
doi: 10.1007/s10875-017-0426-2
summary:
  The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. In developing countries where polio is still endemic and oral polio vaccine is essential for eradicating the disease, it is of utmost importance that all PIDD patients and family members should not receive live oral polio (OPV) because of the reported prolonged excretion of the virus for months and even years [24] . As for host factors, although severe and fatal cases have been described in healthy immunocompetent hosts [129, 130] , there is evidence to suggest that children under the age of 10 [130] and immunocompromised hosts either secondary to hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressant treatment for organ transplantation, or HIV infection are at a greater risk to develop more severe disease with higher case fatality rates [131, 132] .

title:
  Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies

abstract:
  In today’s global economy and affordable vacation travel, it is increasingly important that visitors to another country and their physician be familiar with emerging infections, infections unique to a specific geographic region, and risks related to the process of travel. This is never more important than for patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD). A recent review addressing common causes of fever in travelers provides important information for the general population Thwaites and Day (N Engl J Med 376:548-560, 2017). This review covers critical infectious and management concerns specifically related to travel for patients with PIDD. This review will discuss the context of the changing landscape of infections, highlight specific infections of concern, and profile distinct infection phenotypes in patients who are immune compromised. The organization of this review will address the environment driving emerging infections and several concerns unique to patients with PIDD. The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. Reference tables provide easily accessible information on a broader range of infections than is described in the text.


id: cord-009664-kb9fnbgy
title: Oral presentations
author: nan
date: 2014-12-24
txt: ./txt/cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009664-kb9fnbgy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7162236/
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02857.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Because of the conflicting reports and lack of published data from paediatric patients, we sought to assess possible MIC change over time and to compare results generated by using different methodologies including Etest, agar dilution, and broth microdilution (MicroScan) methods. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NO plays a key role in the eradication of the leishmania parasite Objective: To determine whether a NO donor patch (developed by electrospinning technique) is as effective as meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of CL while causing less adverse events Methods: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 178 patients diagnosed with CL in Santander, Colombia, South-America. To follow the development and spread of the resistance among these strains is difficult, as antibiotic susceptibility testing of clinically relevant anaerobes in different routine laboratories in Europe is less and less frequently carried out due to the fact, that clinicians treat many presumed anaerobic infections empirically.


id: cord-013420-0nmil3yt
title: Roma Health: An Overview of Communicable Diseases in Eastern and Central Europe
author: Tombat, Kabir
date: 2020-10-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7588998/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207632
abstract:
  The Roma are Europe’s largest minority. They are also one of its most disadvantaged, with low levels of education and health and high levels of poverty. Research on Roma health often reveals higher burdens of disease in the communities studied. This paper aims to review the literature on communicable diseases among Roma across Eastern and Central Europe. A PubMed search was carried out for communicable diseases among Roma in these parts of Europe, specifically in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and North Macedonia. The papers were then screened for relevance and utility. Nineteen papers were selected for review; most of them from Slovakia. Roma continue to have a higher prevalence of communicable diseases and are at higher risk of infection than the majority populations of the countries they live in. Roma children in particular have a particularly high prevalence of parasitic disease. However, these differences in disease prevalence are not present across all diseases and all populations. For example, when Roma are compared to non-Roma living in close proximity to them, these differences are often no longer significant.


id: cord-016285-cwhmm3f6
title: Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do?
author: nan
date: 2006
txt: ./txt/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016285-cwhmm3f6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120524/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5551-5_1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young.


id: cord-018240-trbge505
title: Fate of the Mongooses and the Genet (Carnivora) in Mediterranean Europe: None Native, All Invasive?
author: Gaubert, Philippe
date: 2015-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-018240-trbge505.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018240-trbge505.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123068/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_14
summary:
  Carnivores are among the most successful mammalian invaders, with species such as the domestic cat ( Felis silvestris catus ) and dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ), the American mink ( Neovison vison ), and the small Indian mongoose ( Herpestes auropunctatus ; see below) each established in more than 30 countries or islands around the world (Clout and Russell 2007 ) . In order to clarify their history of introduction and their status within the European fauna , I will (1) briefl y review the natural history of the Afro-Asian herpestids and viverrids present in the MB and their relationships with humans in their native ranges, (2) review their history of introduction, and for the lesser known species the speculations that have surrounded the factors promoting their possible introduction in Europe, (3) detail the recent enlightenments-and sometimes contradictions-brought by genetic analyses (mostly phylogeography) as to the dispersal histories of those small Carnivores, and (4) summarize their range dynamics and ecological interactions with the European fauna.

abstract:
  The Mediterranean Basin (MB), connected by cultural exchanges since prehistoric times, provides an outstanding framework to study species introductions, notably in mammals. Carnivores are among the most successful mammalian invaders. As such, a number of middle-sized representatives (“mesocarnivores”) such as the domestic cat and mongooses have been pinpointed for their deleterious impact on the native fauna. In the MB, three species of mongooses (Herpestidae) and one genet (Viverridae) are or have recently been recorded and none of them has been considered native: the Indian grey mongoose Herpestes edwardsii, the small Indian mongoose H. auropunctatus, the Egyptian mongoose H. ichneumon, and the common genet Genetta genetta. In order to clarify the history of introduction and status of the mongooses and genet in Europe, I review various bodies of evidence including (1) their natural history and relationships with humans in their native ranges, (2) their history of introduction in Europe, (3) the enlightenments—and sometimes contradictions—brought by recent genetic analyses on their dispersal histories, and (4) their range dynamics and ecological interactions with the European fauna. The species of herpestids and viverrids present in Europe fall into three categories: (1) introduced and spreading (G. genetta, H. auropunctatus), (2) introduced and extinct (H. edwardsii), and (3) natural disperser and spreading (H. ichneumon). In view of the reviewed evidence, there is weak support for a deleterious impact of the mongooses and genet on the European fauna (except possibly on the herpetofauna of small Adriatic islands in the case of H. auropunctatus), notably in comparison with genuine invasive species such as the black rat and the domestic cat. Rather than inefficient control programs such as those targeting H. ichneumon in Portugal and H. auropunctatus in Croatia, we suggest that a greater attention is focused on the restoration of large Carnivores (the natural regulators of mesocarnivore populations), mesocarnivore communities and natural habitats, to contribute to a more sustainable way of “managing” the mongooses and genet in Europe.


id: cord-018316-drjfwcdg
title: Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness
author: Shephard, Roy J.
date: 2017-09-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123162/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-65097-5_22
abstract:
  1. To recognize the importance to the maintenance of good health of adequate public health regulations and an infrastructure that provides clean water and appropriate waste management. 2. To see the lack of such amenities over many centuries, but the progressive development of public health bureaucracies dedicated to provision of an appropriate infrastructure for healthy cities, beginning during the Victorian Era. 3. To observe how responsibility for the provision of adequate housing for poorer city dwellers has been shared between government, benevolent entrepreneurs and charities. 4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel.


id: cord-018646-fqy82sm6
title: Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History)
author: Huremović, Damir
date: 2019-05-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123574/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2
abstract:
  Intermittent outbreaks of infectious diseases have had profound and lasting effects on societies throughout history. Those events have powerfully shaped the economic, political, and social aspects of human civilization, with their effects often lasting for centuries. Epidemic outbreaks have defined some of the basic tenets of modern medicine, pushing the scientific community to develop principles of epidemiology, prevention, immunization, and antimicrobial treatments. This chapter outlines some of the most notable outbreaks that took place in human history and are relevant for a better understanding of the rest of the material. Starting with religious texts, which heavily reference plagues, this chapter establishes the fundamentals for our understanding of the scope, social, medical, and psychological impact that some pandemics effected on civilization, including the Black Death (a plague outbreak from the fourteenth century), the Spanish Flu of 1918, and the more recent outbreaks in the twenty-first century, including SARS, Ebola, and Zika.


id: cord-022176-hprwqi4n
title: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
author: Löscher, Thomas
date: 2009-07-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153742/
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3
abstract:
  Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are characterized by a new or an increased occurrence within the last few decades. They include the following categories Emerging diagnosis of infectious diseases: old diseases that are newly classified as infectious diseases because of the discovery of a responsible infectious agent.


id: cord-023993-rncleqqy
title: Long-Lasting Solutions to the Problem of Migration in Europe
author: Ramírez, J. Martín
date: 2020-03-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7183294/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-43253-9_10
abstract:
  This is the following of a previous publication on the refugee crisis in Europe and its security challenges. Here we suggest some long-lasting solutions to the problem of migration. These may be summarize in four points: dealing with the countries of origin and of transit, adequate control of borders, and positive measures to facilitate the integration of the newcomers in their countries of destination.


id: cord-025724-ea09nbkh
title: Conclusion and Further Thoughts
author: Mitzner, Veera
date: 2020-05-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262380/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-41395-8_10
abstract:
  The conclusion chapter not only summarizes the main results of the research conducted for this book but also connects the events and discussions between the 1960s and 1980s to later political developments. It shows striking ideational and institutional continuity and reveals a substantial character of European integration: by relying on powerful political framings and discourses, as well as on sturdy institutions, the European Community/Union was able to move into areas that were not sanctioned by the treaties. The chapter further argues that to stay relevant, the EU research policy must be capable of breaking with the past and dramatically expand its mission to embrace the social and environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. In fact, with the existential threat of climate change and other global challenges, and the urgent need for socio-technological transformation at scale, opportunities and imperatives for European level activity in research might be greater than ever.


id: cord-029201-hkq7wti5
title: Nonpolar Europe? Examining the causes and drivers behind the decline of ordering agents in Europe
author: Haukkala, Hiski
date: 2020-07-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7360893/
doi: 10.1057/s41311-020-00257-1
abstract:
  Is Europe headed towards nonpolarity? What would that entail for the future stability and security of the continent? Taking its cue from IR debates about the effects of polarity on international order, the article develops conceptual tools and an analytical narrative concerning Europe during the post-Cold War era. It refines the concept of a Great Power by suggesting the notion of ‘ordering agents’ and ponders whether Europe is in danger of drifting towards a period of nonpolarity with no power being able to shoulder the responsibility of ordering and providing good stewardship over Europe.


id: cord-029402-5gun91ep
author: Celi, Giuseppe
date: 2020-07-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366487/
doi: 10.1007/s40812-020-00165-8
title:
  A fragile and divided European Union meets Covid-19: further disintegration or ‘Hamiltonian moment’?

abstract:
  Despite being symmetric in its very nature, the Covid-19 shock is affecting European economies in a very asymmetric way, threatening to deepen the divide between core and peripheral countries even more. It is not Covid-19 itself, however, but the contradictions within the EU’s growth model and institutional architecture that would be to blame for such an outcome. The dramatic impact of the economic crisis brought on by the pandemic and the threat that it poses to Eurozone survival seem to have forced a reluctant Germany into action: a minor step, but an important signal. This note analyses the crossroads currently facing Europe—the risk of disintegration vis-a-vis the opportunity for a ‘Hamiltonian moment’—discussing possible future scenarios in the light of past developments.


id: cord-103337-a1yidr4y
author: Aleta, A.
date: 2020-11-13
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.11.20230177v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.11.11.20230177
title:
  Age differential analysis of COVID-19 second wave in Europe reveals highest incidence among young adults

abstract:
  Most of the western nations have been unable to suppress the COVID-19 and are currently experiencing second or third surges of the pandemic. Here, we analyze data of incidence by age groups in 25 European countries, revealing that the highest incidence of the current second wave is observed for the group comprising young adults (aged 18-29 years old) in all but 3 of the countries analyzed. We discuss the public health implications of our findings.


id: cord-146091-kpvxdhcu
title: Anomalous atmospheric circulation favored the spread of COVID-19 in Europe
author: Sanchez-Lorenzo, Arturo
date: 2020-04-26
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.12503v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  The current pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is having negative health, social and economic consequences worldwide. In Europe, the pandemic started to develop strongly at the end of February and beginning of March 2020. It has subsequently spread over the continent, with special virulence in northern Italy and inland Spain. In this study we show that an unusual persistent anticyclonic situation prevailing in southwestern Europe during February 2020 (i.e. anomalously strong positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations) could have resulted in favorable conditions, in terms of air temperature and humidity, in Italy and Spain for a quicker spread of the virus compared with the rest of the European countries. It seems plausible that the strong atmospheric stability and associated dry conditions that dominated in these regions may have favored the virus's propagation, by short-range droplet transmission as well as likely by long-range aerosol (airborne) transmission.


id: cord-257358-uoek1pba
title: Plagues and Diseases in History
author: Peset, José L.
date: 2015-03-12
txt: ./txt/cord-257358-uoek1pba.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257358-uoek1pba.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780080970868620500
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.62050-0
summary:
  In spite of the development of the medical science, during the twentieth century, individuals have observed the spread of new or reemerging diseases, from plague, cholera, and flu; measles, cancer, and malaria; to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, West Nile fever, resistant tuberculosis, virus of Ebola, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and others. The study of the transmission of pathogens through animals and human beings (as vectors and hosts), living in a physical, biological, social, and cultural environment, was crucial in bringing about a new history of disease and also much later in fueling the most recent ecological history. Toward the middle of the nineteenth century, the third wave of the disease broke out and, with the exception of Europe, it spread to all countries including Asia, Africa, and paradises like America and Australia, leaving remnants in many places.

abstract:
  In spite of the development of the medical science, during the twentieth century, individuals have observed the spread of new or reemerging diseases, from plague, cholera, and flu; measles, cancer, and malaria; to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, West Nile fever, resistant tuberculosis, virus of Ebola, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and others. As individual illness is rooted in society and the environment, human life is tied up with the history of main endemic and epidemic diseases. Human health is very sensitive and adaptable to changes, so the history of disease and hygiene is the core of the new ecological history.


id: cord-266467-qv6oxjwd
title: The Impact of a Six‐Year Climate Anomaly on the “Spanish Flu” Pandemic and WWI
author: More, Alexander F.
date: 2020-09-01
url: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gh000277
doi: 10.1029/2020gh000277
abstract:
  The H1N1 “Spanish influenza” pandemic of 1918–1919 caused the highest known number of deaths recorded for a single pandemic in human history. Several theories have been offered to explain the virulence and spread of the disease, but the environmental context remains underexamined. In this study, we present a new environmental record from a European, Alpine ice core, showing a significant climate anomaly that affected the continent from 1914 to 1919. Incessant torrential rain and declining temperatures increased casualties in the battlefields of World War I (WWI), setting the stage for the spread of the pandemic at the end of the conflict. Multiple independent records of temperature, precipitation, and mortality corroborate these findings.


id: cord-266628-7gyy2c52
title: THE RISE AND FALL OF TOBACCO AS A BOTANICAL MEDICINE
author: Sanchez-Ramos, Juan R.
date: 2020-05-25
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2210803320300452
doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100374
abstract:
  A forgotten and valuable chapter in the history of tobacco concerns its role as a botanical medicine. For three hundred years following its importation into Europe, tobacco came to be considered a universal remedy highly prescribed by physicians. In the early history of tobacco, the literature on its medicinal benefits was voluminous. Nonetheless, bitter opposition to its use for non-medicinal purposes began to arise. There was little doubt of its medicinal efficacy at first, but with time, as the concepts and practice of medicine changed, the tide of medical opinion turned against it. Medical support for the therapeutic use of tobacco reached its nadir during the mid-nineteenth century, when it was dropped from most medical pharmacoepiae. Medical opinion on the health hazards of recreational smoking required another 100 years to arrive at the contemporary opinion that cigarette smoking is the single most important preventable environmental factor contributing to illness, disability and death in the U. S.


id: cord-266974-yrc5qnmr
author: Akbulut, Nurcan
date: 2020-07-18
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32683584/
doi: 10.1007/s00038-020-01442-y
abstract: nan
title:
  ASPHER statement on racism and health: racism and discrimination obstruct public health’s pursuit of health equity


id: cord-268564-5qhumjas
author: Brown, Lisa
date: 2013-04-01
txt: ./txt/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28228994/
doi: 10.4161/dish.25216
summary:
  This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs.

title:
  Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions

abstract:
  Introduction Many infectious diseases are sensitive to climatic changes; specifically, flooding. This systematic literature review aimed to strengthen the quality and completeness of evidence on infectious diseases following flooding, relevant to Europe. Methods A systematic literature review from 2004–2012 was performed. Focused searches of the following databases were conducted: Medline, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Evidence Aid. Personal communications with key informants were also reviewed. Results Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence suggested that water-borne, rodent-borne, and vector-borne diseases have been associated with flooding in Europe, although at a lower incidence than developing countries. Conclusion Disease surveillance and early warning systems, coupled with effective prevention and response capabilities, can reduce current and future vulnerability to infectious diseases following flooding.


id: cord-268661-a56u5e2o
title: The origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe
author: Nadeau, S. A.
date: 2020-06-12
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.10.20127738
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.10.20127738
abstract:
  The investigation of migratory patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic before border closures in Europe is a crucial first step towards an in-depth evaluation of border closure policies. Here we analyze viral genome sequences using a phylodynamic model with geographic structure to estimate the origin and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe prior to border closures. Based on SARS-CoV-2 genomes, we reconstruct a partial transmission tree of the early pandemic, including inferences of the geographic location of ancestral lineages and the number of migration events into and between European regions. We find that the predominant lineage spreading in Europe has a most recent common ancestor in Italy and was probably seeded by a transmission event in either Hubei or Germany. We do not find evidence for preferential migration paths from Hubei into different European regions or from each European region to the others. Sustained local transmission is first evident in Italy and then shortly thereafter in the other European regions considered. Before the first border closures in Europe, we estimate that the rate of occurrence of new cases from within-country transmission was within the bounds of the estimated rate of new cases from migration. In summary, our analysis offers a view on the early state of the epidemic in Europe and on migration patterns of the virus before border closures. This information will enable further study of the necessity and timeliness of border closures.


id: cord-269124-oreg7rnj
title: Ancient pathogen genomics as an emerging tool for infectious disease research
author: Spyrou, Maria A.
date: 2019-04-05
txt: ./txt/cord-269124-oreg7rnj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269124-oreg7rnj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-019-0119-1
doi: 10.1038/s41576-019-0119-1
summary:
  Examples of tools that have shown their effectiveness with ancient metagenomic DNA include the widely used Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) 68 ; the MEGAN Alignment Tool (MALT) 41 , which involves a taxonomic binning algorithm that can use whole genome databases (such as the National Center for Biotechnical Information (NCBI) Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database 69 ); Metagenomic Phylogenetic Analysis (MetaPhlAn) 70 , which is also integrated into the metagenomic pipeline MetaBIT 71 and uses thousands (or millions) of marker genes for the distinction of specific microbial clades; or Kraken 72 , an alignment free sequence classifier that is based on k-mer matching of a query to a constructed database. Similar limitations can arise when the evolutionary history of a microorganism is vastly affected by recombination, as observed for HBV 44, 53 , although HBV molecular dating was recently attempted using a different genomic data set and suggested that the currently explored diversity of Old and New World pri mate lineages (including all human genotypes) may have emerged within the last 20,000 years 43 .

abstract:
  Over the past decade, a genomics revolution, made possible through the development of high-throughput sequencing, has triggered considerable progress in the study of ancient DNA, enabling complete genomes of past organisms to be reconstructed. A newly established branch of this field, ancient pathogen genomics, affords an in-depth view of microbial evolution by providing a molecular fossil record for a number of human-associated pathogens. Recent accomplishments include the confident identification of causative agents from past pandemics, the discovery of microbial lineages that are now extinct, the extrapolation of past emergence events on a chronological scale and the characterization of long-term evolutionary history of microorganisms that remain relevant to public health today. In this Review, we discuss methodological advancements, persistent challenges and novel revelations gained through the study of ancient pathogen genomes.


id: cord-269389-x8i5x62v
title: The concept of quarantine in history: from plague to SARS
author: Gensini, Gian Franco
date: 2004-04-12
txt: ./txt/cord-269389-x8i5x62v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269389-x8i5x62v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474622/
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.03.002
summary:
  Measures analogous to those employed against the plague have been adopted to fight against the disease termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in recent times various countries have set up official entities for the identification and control of infections. The concept of (modern) preventive quarantine is strictly related to plague and dates back to 1377, when the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa, today called Dubrovnik (Croatia), officially issued the socalled ''trentina'' (an Italian word derived from ''trenta'', that is, the number 30), a 30-day isolation period. 10 More recently (2003) the proposal of the constitution of a new European monitoring, regulatory and research institution was made, since the already available system of surveillance, set up in Europe to control the onset of epidemics, came up against an enormous challenge in the global emergency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

abstract:
  The concept of ‘quarantine’ is embedded in health practices, attracting heightened interest during episodes of epidemics. The term is strictly related to plague and dates back to 1377, when the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa (then belonging to the Venetian Republic) officially issued a 30-day isolation period for ships, that became 40 days for land travellers. During the next 100 years similar laws were introduced in Italian and in French ports, and they gradually acquired other connotations with respect to their original implementation. Measures analogous to those employed against the plague have been adopted to fight against the disease termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in recent times various countries have set up official entities for the identification and control of infections. Even more recently (2003) the proposal of the constitution of a new European monitoring, regulatory and research institution has been made, since the already available system of surveillance has found an enormous challenge in the global emergency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In the absence of a targeted vaccine, general preventive interventions have to be relied upon, including high healthcare surveillance and public information. Quarantine has, therefore, had a rebound of celebrity and updated evidence strongly suggests that its basic concept is still fully valid.


id: cord-270940-acwkh6ed
title: Viral zoonoses in Europe
author: Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari
date: 2005-06-29
txt: ./txt/cord-270940-acwkh6ed.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270940-acwkh6ed.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024128/
doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.012
summary:
  Recently, during an outbreak in Finland in 2002, the causative agent of Pogosta disease was isolated for the first time in Europe from skin biopsies and a blood sample of patients [115] ; the virus strains were most closely related to SINV strains isolated from mosquitoes in Sweden and Russia 20 years previously. The genus Nairovirus (family Bunyaviridae) is composed of 34 predominantly tick-borne viruses that have been divided into seven serogroups [154] including several associated with severe human and livestock diseases (especially Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus). Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which is the type species of the genus and is transmitted by mosquitoes, causing an influenza-like disease that affects domestic animals and humans.

abstract:
  A number of new virus infections have emerged or re-emerged during the past 15 years. Some viruses are spreading to new areas along with climate and environmental changes. The majority of these infections are transmitted from animals to humans, and thus called zoonoses. Zoonotic viruses are, as compared to human-only viruses, much more difficult to eradicate. Infections by several of these viruses may lead to high mortality and also attract attention because they are potential bioweapons. This review will focus on zoonotic virus infections occurring in Europe.


id: cord-272536-bl8bdrcm
author: De Vito, Andrea
date: 2020-09-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32952967/
doi: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.056
title:
  Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment of Rickettsial Diseases in the Mediterranean Area During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Literature

abstract:
  The purpose of the present review is to give an update regarding the classification, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnoses, and treatment of the Rickettsial diseases present in the Mediterranean area. We performed a comprehensive search, through electronic databases (Pubmed – MEDLINE) and search engines (Google Scholar), of peer-reviewed publications (articles, reviews, and books). The availability of new diagnostic tools, including Polymerase Chain Reaction and nucleotide sequencing has significantly modified the classification of intracellular bacteria, including the order Rickettsiales with more and more new Rickettsia species recognized as human pathogens. Furthermore, emerging Rickettsia species have been found in several countries and are often associated with unique clinical pictures that may challenge the physician in the early detection of the diseases. Rickettsial infections include a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from a benign to a potentially life treating disease that requires prompt recognition and proper management. Recently, due to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the differential diagnosis with COVID-19 is of crucial importance. The correct understanding of the clinical features, diagnostic tools, and proper treatment can assist clinicians in the management of Rickettsioses in the Mediterranean area.


id: cord-277833-x81ni7m5
title: COVID-19 in Europe: Le roi est mort, vive le roi!
author: Stienen, Martin N.
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-277833-x81ni7m5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277833-x81ni7m5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2040202.105
doi: 10.14245/ns.2040202.105
abstract: nan
summary:
  4, 5 In the past couple of weeks, the COVID-19 crisis with its near 2.5 million confirmed cases (170,000 casualties) has fundamentally impacted our practice as spine surgeons worldwide, as it has exerted a significant effect on us as human beings. Most spine surgeons in the public sector in Europe are employed by hospitals -on more or less fixed salary -without major economic pressure to operate and with the comfortable protection of high social security standards for a system-relevant profession. It is sad but very likely that the heavy blow of this crisis is yet to come: as the European economy continues to bleed out, unemployment and poverty are on the rise, which has a well-known and long-lasting (spanning over several generations) negative effect on bodily and mental health. The patient fulfills certain risk factors for unfavorable course in case of COVID-19 infection and according to the NASS (North American Spine Society) guidelines he would qualify for "elective" or potentially for "urgent" care.


id: cord-283979-1dn7at6k
title: Arthropods as vectors of transmissible diseases in Spain()
author: Portillo, Aránzazu
date: 2018-12-14
txt: ./txt/cord-283979-1dn7at6k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283979-1dn7at6k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2387020618304364
doi: 10.1016/j.medcle.2018.10.008
summary:
  23 Spain was an endemic country of malaria until 1964, when WHO declared it a The risk of emergence/re-emergence is calculated based on three factors: (a) presence of cases of the disease in humans in the last 5 years in Europe, Mediterranean, Central and South American countries with a significant relationship with Spain; (b) presence of the vector in Spain; (c) pathogenicity of the virus for humans. Following this meeting, a special article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which stated that the distribution of infectious diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, rickettsiosis or West Nile fever are expanding at the same rate as their AVs. 38 We know that climate variations and extreme weather events have a profound impact on AVBD. In relation to this issue, the epidemiology of Mediterranean spotted fever seems clearly associated with climate change, especially with low rainfall values 47 and it has been shown that warming causes greater aggressiveness in its AVs. Table 4 shows the tick-borne diseases throughout the world, with the prediction of risk for Spain (subjective assessments).

abstract:
  Different aspects related to globalization together with the great capacity of the arthropod vectors to adapt to a changing world favour the emergence and reemergence of numerous infectious diseases transmitted by them. Diptera (mosquitoes and sandflies), ticks, fleas and lice, among others, cause a wide spectrum of diseases with relevance in public health. Herein, arthropod-borne disease are reviewed, with special emphasis on the existing risk to contract them in Spain according to different parameters, such as the presence of arthropod and the circulation or the possible circulation of the causative agents.


id: cord-288183-pz3t29a7
title: Chapter 15 A Global Approach to Energy and the Environment The G-Cubed Model
author: McKibbin, Warwick J.
date: 2013-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-288183-pz3t29a7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288183-pz3t29a7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780444595683000158
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59568-3.00015-8
summary:
  Macroeconomic policy issues in Japan have been examined using G-Cubed by McKibbin (2002) and Callen and McKibbin (2003) where the experience of Japan during the 1990s was captured by the model as a serious of policy errors particularly in announcing fiscal expansion and generating crowding out through asset markets, but then not delivering the fiscal spending causing a persistent downward drop in GDP; in India by McKibbin and Singh (2003) where nominal income targeting was shown to be a far better monetary regime than inflation targeting given the prevalence of supply side rather than demand-side shocks in the Indian economy; in China by McKibbin and Tang (2000) and McKibbin and Huang (2000) where financial reforms where found to have profound effects on economic growth and the balance of payments adjustment but that a loss in confidence in China could devastate economic growth; and in Asia in McKibbin and Le (2004) and McKibbin and Chanthapun (1999) where flexible exchange rate regimes were found to be far better at insulating East Asian economies against global economic shocks that pegging to either the US dollar or a common Asia currency.

abstract:
  Abstract G-Cubed is a multi-country, multi-sector, intertemporal general equilibrium model that has been used to study a variety of policies in the areas of environmental regulation, tax reform, monetary and fiscal policy, and international trade. It is designed to bridge the gaps between three areas of research – econometric general equilibrium modeling, international trade theory, and modern macroeconomics – by incorporating the best features of each. This chapter describes the theoretical and empirical structure of the model, summarizes its applications and contributions to the literature, and discusses two example applications in detail.


id: cord-293365-z1h788sc
title: Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry
author: Semenza, Jan C
date: 2019-04-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30976790/
doi: 10.1093/jtm/taz026
abstract:
  Background: Climate change is not only increasing ambient temperature but also accelerating the frequency, duration and intensity of extreme weather and climate events, such as heavy precipitation and droughts, and causing sea level rise, which can lead to population displacement. Climate change-related reductions in land productivity and habitability and in food and water security can also interact with demographic, economic and social factors to increase migration. In addition to migration, climate change has also implications for travel and the risk of disease. This article discusses the impact of climate change on migration and travel with implications for public health practice. Methods: Literature review. Results: Migrants may be at increased risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases, due to factors in their country of origin and their country of destination or conditions that they experience during migration. Although migration has not been a significant driver of communicable disease outbreaks to date, public health authorities need to ensure that effective screening and vaccination programmes for priority communicable diseases are in place. Population growth coupled with socio-economic development is increasing travel and tourism, and advances in technology have increased global connectivity and reduced the time required to cover long distances. At the same time, as a result of climate change, many temperate regions, including high-income countries, are now suitable for vector-borne disease transmission. This is providing opportunities for importation of vectors and pathogens from endemic areas that can lead to cases or outbreaks of communicable diseases with which health professionals may be unfamiliar. Conclusion: Health systems need to be prepared for the potential population health consequences of migration, travel and tourism and the impact of climate change on these. Integrated surveillance, early detection of cases and other public health interventions are critical to protect population health and prevent and control communicabledisease outbreaks.


id: cord-293542-o0zspgrk
title: Facing the threat of highly infectious diseases in Europe: the need for a networking approach
author: Ippolito, G.
date: 2014-12-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486072/
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02876.x
abstract:
  In recent years emerging and re-emerging infections, as well as the risk of bioterrorist events, have attracted increasing attention from health authorities because of the epidemic potential that renders some of them a real public health challenge. These highly infectious diseases (HIDs) are occurring more and more frequently in Europe, and despite the many initiatives in place to face them, many unsolved problems remain, and coordinated efforts for dealing with HIDs appear mandatory. Whereas uncoordinated measures would lead to only partial and poor responses to these emerging threats, networking represents a valuable approach to these diseases, in order to: (i) ensure a rapid and effective response; (ii) stimulate complementarity and prevent duplication; (iii) promote international cooperation, exchange of experience, good practice and protocols; and (iv) support the less prepared countries in the European Community.


id: cord-298052-mbg6e2j1
title: Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance
author: Hardstaff, Jo L
date: 2015-04-01
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4
doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Trade in live animals can contribute to the introduction of exotic diseases, the maintenance and spread endemic diseases. Annually millions of animals are moved across Europe for the purposes of breeding, fattening and slaughter. Data on the number of animals moved were obtained from the Directorate General Sanco (DG Sanco) for 2011. These were converted to livestock units to enable direct comparison across species and their movements were mapped, used to calculate the indegrees and outdegrees of 27 European countries and the density and transitivity of movements within Europe. This provided the opportunity to discuss surveillance of European livestock movement taking into account stopping points en-route. RESULTS: High density and transitivity of movement for registered equines, breeding and fattening cattle, breeding poultry and pigs for breeding, fattening and slaughter indicates that hazards have the potential to spread quickly within these populations. This is of concern to highly connected countries particularly those where imported animals constitute a large proportion of their national livestock populations, and have a high indegree. The transport of poultry (older than 72 hours) and unweaned animals would require more rest breaks than the movement of weaned animals, which may provide more opportunities for disease transmission. Transitivity is greatest for animals transported for breeding purposes with cattle, pigs and poultry having values of over 50%. CONCLUSIONS: This paper demonstrated that some species (pigs and poultry) are traded much more frequently and at a larger scale than species such as goats. Some countries are more vulnerable than others due to importing animals from many countries, having imported animals requiring rest-breaks and importing large proportions of their national herd or flock. Such knowledge about the vulnerability of different livestock systems related to trade movements can be used to inform the design of animal health surveillance systems to facilitate the trade in animals between European member states. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-298685-qxkxjxsz
title: Porcine epidemic diarrhea: A retrospect from Europe and matters of debate
author: Pensaert, Maurice B.
date: 2016-12-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030
abstract:
  Abstract A retrospect is given on the emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) during the early seventies in Europe. While, at first, it appeared as a disease affecting feeder pigs, fattening- and adult swine, it later also became pathogenic for neonatal and suckling pigs hereby drastically increasing its economic impact. Isolation of the causative virus revealed a new porcine coronavirus, the origin of which has never been clarified. Pathogenesis studies with the prototype strain CV777 showed severe villous atrophy in neonatal pigs and the virus-animal interactions showed many similarities with transmissible gastro-enteritis virus (TGEV), another porcine coronavirus. Disease patterns in field outbreaks showed muchvariation but, while farm related factors played a role, possible genetic variations of virus strains in Europe have not been examined and are thus unknown. CV777 in experimental pigs caused diarrheal disease and mortality rates similar to those later encountered in Asia and more recently with the “original” US strains even though genomic typing of the prototype European strain have shown that it belongs to the S-INDEL strains. In Europe, PED has become endemic during the eighties and nineties and subsequently regressed so that, after 2000, swine populations in many countries have largely become seronegative. Sporadic outbreaks have recently reappeared showing a large variety of clinical outcomes.


id: cord-300792-hpyywul0
author: Thaler, M.
date: 2020-05-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06033-1
doi: 10.1007/s00167-020-06033-1
title:
  Disruption of joint arthroplasty services in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online survey within the European Hip Society (EHS) and the European Knee Associates (EKA)

abstract:
  PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on joint arthroplasty service in Europe by conducting an online survey of arthroplasty surgeons. METHODS: The survey was conducted in the European Hip Society (EHS) and the European Knee Associates (EKA). The survey consisted of 20 questions (single, multiple choice, ranked). Four topics were addressed: (1) origin and surgical experience of the participant (four questions); (2) potential disruption of arthroplasty surgeries (12 questions); (3) influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the particular arthroplasty surgeon (four questions); (4) a matrix provided 14 different arthroplasty surgeries and the participant was asked to state whether dedicated surgery was stopped, delayed or cancelled. RESULTS: Two-hundred and seventy-two surgeons (217 EHS, 55 EKA) from 40 different countries participated. Of the respondents, 25.7% stated that all surgeries were cancelled in their departments, while 68.4% responded that elective inpatient procedures were no longer being performed. With regard to the specific surgical procedures, nearly all primary TJA were cancelled (92.6%) as well as aseptic revisions (94.7%). In most hospitals, periprosthetic fractures (87.2%), hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fractures and septic revisions for acute infections (75.8%) were still being performed. CONCLUSION: During the current 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, we are experiencing a near-total shutdown of TJA. A massive cutback was observed for primary TJA and revision TJA, even in massively failed TJA with collapse, dislocation, component failure or imminent dislocation. Only life-threatening pathologies like periprosthetic fractures and acute septic TJA are currently undergoing surgical treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00167-020-06033-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
title: Expanding the Concept of Public Health
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2014-10-10
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124157668000021
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1
abstract:
  Ancient societies recognized the needs of sanitation, food safety, workers’ health, and medical care to protect against disease and to promote well-being and civic prosperity. New energies and knowledge since the eighteenth century produced landmark discoveries such as prevention of scurvy and vaccination against smallpox. The biological germ theory and competing miasma theory each proved effective in sanitation, and immunization in control of infectious diseases. Non-communicable diseases as the leading causes of mortality have responded to innovative preventive care of health risk factors, smoking, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthful diets, and diabetes mellitus. Health promotion proved effective to modern public health in tackling disease origins, individual behavior, and social and economic conditions. The global burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases, aging and chronic illness faces rising costs and still inadequate prevention. The evolution of concepts of public health will have to address these new challenges of population health.


id: cord-304282-om2xc4bs
title: Will Africa be Devastated by Covid-19 as Many Predicted? Perspective and Prospective
author: Berhan, Yifru
date: 2020-05-17
txt: ./txt/cord-304282-om2xc4bs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304282-om2xc4bs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v30i3.17
doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v30i3.17
abstract: nan
summary:
  Since the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19 or SARS CoV-2 infection) has been declared as pandemic, several mathematicians and statisticians have developed different trajectory curves for Africa, with the assumption that the virus can have an exponential pattern of transmission. A very important argument is; had the Covid-19 transmission been as contagious as in Europe and USA, by this time, every health facility in Africa and other tropical countries could have been flooded with severely ill patients and deaths. The other side of the coin is; the overwhelming cases and deaths experienced in Europe and USA is despite the fact that they started to report Covid-19 confirmed cases almost same time or later than many of the countries in the tropical climate zone. An important observation was that, like the currently observed Covid-19 pandemic, the morbidity and mortality of the aforementioned influenza outbreaks were not that much spreading and killing outside the temperate zone, at least in Africa.


id: cord-308821-j4vylbhy
title: The role of law in pandemic influenza preparedness in Europe
author: Martin, R.
date: 2009-03-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261313/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.01.002
abstract:
  The European Union (EU) is composed of 27 states with widely varying histories, economies, cultures, legal systems, medical systems and approaches to the balance between public good and private right. The individual nation states within Europe are signatories to the International Health Regulations 2005, but the capacity of states to undertake measures to control communicable disease is constrained by their obligations to comply with EU law. Some but not all states are signatories to the Schengen Agreement that provides further constraints on disease control measures. The porous nature of borders between EU states, and of their borders with other non-EU states, limits the extent to which states are able to protect their populations in a disease pandemic. This paper considers the role that public health laws can play in the control of pandemic disease in Europe.


id: cord-309210-3dpnmswf
title: Avian Influenza Risk Perception, Europe and Asia
author: de Zwart, Onno
date: 2007-02-17
txt: ./txt/cord-309210-3dpnmswf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309210-3dpnmswf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17479894/
doi: 10.3201/eid1302.060303
summary:
  We found risk perceptions of avian influenza to be at an intermediate level and beliefs of efficacy to be slightly lower. We found risk perceptions of avian influenza to be at an intermediate level and beliefs of efficacy to be slightly lower. The effects of age also varied by country; mean risk perception levels were higher in older age groups in Europe but not in Asia. Risk perception and efficacy levels before and after the introduction of avian influenza in Europe did not differ significantly. Although our results are difficult to compare with theirs, our study appears to indicate a higher feeling of vulnerability, with 41.8% of Hong Kong respondents thinking it likely or very likely that they would become infected with influenza during an outbreak. Although in all countries an influenza pandemic is perceived as a real risk, the level of self-efficacy appears to be rather low.

abstract:
  During autumn 2005, we conducted 3,436 interviews in European and Asian countries. We found risk perceptions of avian influenza to be at an intermediate level and beliefs of efficacy to be slightly lower. Risk perceptions were higher in Asia than Europe; efficacy beliefs were lower in Europe than Asia.


id: cord-309527-hf18tqva
title: Factors affecting environmental practice adoption at small European airports: An investigation
author: Harley, Grace
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-309527-hf18tqva.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309527-hf18tqva.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920920307598
doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102572
summary:
  The aim of this research is to investigate the range of environmental practices (EPs) that are employed at small European airports and identify the factors which affect their adoption. The aim of this research is to identify the range of EPs that are currently employed at small airports in the ECAA, observe which environmental impact categories are prioritised, and better understand the motivations and barriers to EP adoption in order to propose recommendations for future policy and practice. The third section asked respondents to rate the extent of EP adoption at their airport/s and identify which EP practice types were currently employed across eight environmental target areas: (1) water use reduction/quality improvement, (2) emissions reduction, (3) energy-use reduction, (4) noise reduction, (5) biodiversity improvement/protection, (6) waste reduction, (7) land use management, (8) design of green buildings.

abstract:
  The majority of the world’s 3759 commercial airports handle under 5 million passengers a year and these small airports rarely employ practices to address their environmental externalities. The aim of this research is to investigate the range of environmental practices (EPs) that are employed at small European airports and identify the factors which affect their adoption. The findings of an online survey of 413 small airports in the European Common Aviation Area reveal that the EPs most commonly adopted concern waste management and noise reduction. Privately owned airports were generally more engaged with EPs than publicly owned ones. Consumer pressure, regulatory intervention, and airport size positively affected the adoption of environmental practices whereas complexity, perceived relative advantage and human resource constraints acted as barriers to adoption. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy and practice to support EP engagement and reduce the environmental impact of small airport operations worldwide.


id: cord-315576-bgcqkz0p
author: Yamamoto, Naoki
date: 2020-08-05
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720314912?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110160
title:
  Apparent difference in fatalities between Central Europe and East Asia due to SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19: Four hypotheses for possible explanation

abstract:
  The comparison of the numbers of cases and deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 shows that people in Central Europe are much more affected than people in East Asia where the disease originally occurred. Trying to explain this difference, this communication presents four hypotheses that propose the following reasons for the observed findings: 1) Differences in social behaviors and cultures of people in the two regions; 2) Possible outbreak of virulent viruses in Central Europe due to multiple viral infection, and the involvement of immuno-virological factors associated with it, 3) Possibility of corona resistance gene mutation occurring among East Asians as a result of long-term co-evolution of virus and host, and 4) possible involvement of hygienic factors. Direct or indirect supportive evidences for each one of our hypotheses are presented and experimental approaches for their evaluation are discussed. Finally, we suggest that the dynamics of the pandemic also shows that the problems of the new coronavirus can be overcome due to people's awareness of the epidemics, rational viral diagnostics and a high level of medical care.


id: cord-317153-2la3hkzv
author: Kauhala, Kaarina
date: 2011-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-317153-2la3hkzv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317153-2la3hkzv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32288758/
doi: 10.1093/czoolo/57.5.584
summary:
  We aimed to review the history of the introduction and colonization of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe, the features behind its successful expansion and its impact on native fauna. In northern Europe potential competitors include the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the badger Meles meles, but studies of their diets or habitat preferences do not indicate severe competition. Raccoon dogs may also compete with native medium-sized carnivores, such as the Eurasian badger Meles meles and the red fox Vulpes vulpes (Jędrzejewska and Jędrzejewski, 1998; Kowalczyk et al., 2008) . The raccoon dog population is still increasing, and today the raccoon dog is the most common medium-sized carnivore in Finland (Kauhala, 2007) . The prevalence and risk of infection in wild animals (e.g., foxes) is lower in northern than in southern Finland, probably due to the sparse raccoon dog population in the north.

title:
  Invasion of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe: History of colonization, features behind its success, and threats to native fauna

abstract:
  We aimed to review the history of the introduction and colonization of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe, the features behind its successful expansion and its impact on native fauna. The raccoon dog quickly colonized new areas after being introduced to the European part of the former Soviet Union. Today it is widespread in Northern and Eastern Europe and is still spreading in Central Europe. Features behind its success include its adaptability, high reproductive potential, omnivory, hibernation in northern areas, multiple introductions with > 9000 individuals from different localities, and tendency to wander enabling gene flow between populations. Firm evidence of the raccoon dog’s negative impact on native fauna, such as a reduction in bird populations, is still scarce. Raccoon dogs may destroy waterfowl nests, although a nest predation study in Latvia did not confirm this. Predator removal studies in Finland suggested that the raccoon dog’s impact on game birds is smaller than expected. However, raccoon dogs may have caused local extinction of frog populations, especially on islands. Raccoon dogs may compete with other carnivores for food, for example for carrion in winter, or for the best habitat patches. In northern Europe potential competitors include the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the badger Meles meles, but studies of their diets or habitat preferences do not indicate severe competition. The raccoon dog is an important vector of diseases and parasites, such as rabies, Echinococcus multilocularis and Trichinella spp. and this is no doubt the most severe consequence arising from the spread of this alien species in Europe.


id: cord-319365-v75pvlka
title: Comparing working conditions and job satisfaction in hospitality workers across Europe
author: Navajas-Romero, Virginia
date: 2020-07-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834355/
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102631
abstract:
  Job satisfaction is important in the tourism sector since workers’ satisfaction is key to providing high-quality service, which is very important in determining organizational success. The working conditions that influence job satisfaction depend to a large extent on the institutional context, which shows similarities in some European countries. This research aims to compare working conditions and job satisfaction among European country blocks that have similar institutional characteristics. Unlike previous studies, this research adopts a comprehensive approach by considering institutional and organizational factors in the analysis of employees’ perceptions of job satisfaction. The sample is made up of 1633 workers in 16 European countries. The results demonstrate the existence of three different models of working conditions in Europe leading to differing levels of job satisfaction in tourism. These models do not correspond to the clusters identified by the previous literature, which adopts an institutional perspective.


id: cord-321340-hwds5rja
title: Importations of COVID-19 into African countries and risk of onward spread
author: Sun, H.
date: 2020-05-24
txt: ./txt/cord-321340-hwds5rja.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321340-hwds5rja.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.22.20110304v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110304
summary:
  As new epicentres in Europe and America have arisen, of particular concern is the increased number of imported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Africa, where the impact of the pandemic could be more severe. We aim to estimate the number 16 of COVID-19 cases imported from 12 major epicentres in Europe and America to each African 17 country, as well as the probability of reaching 10,000 infections in total by the end of March, April, 18 and May following viral introduction. We aim to estimate the number 16 of COVID-19 cases imported from 12 major epicentres in Europe and America to each African 17 country, as well as the probability of reaching 10,000 infections in total by the end of March, April, 18 and May following viral introduction.

abstract:
  Background The emergence of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 has caused widespread transmission around the world. As new epicentres in Europe and America have arisen, of particular concern is the increased number of imported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Africa, where the impact of the pandemic could be more severe. We aim to estimate the number of COVID-19 cases imported from 12 major epicentres in Europe and America to each African country, as well as the probability of reaching 10,000 infections in total by the end of March, April, and May following viral introduction. Methods We used the reported number of cases imported from the 12 major epicentres in Europe and America to Singapore, as well as flight data, to estimate the number of imported cases in each African country. Under the assumption that Singapore has detected all the imported cases, the estimates for Africa were thus conservative. We then propagated the uncertainty in the imported case count estimates to simulate the onward spread of the virus, until 10,000 infections are reached or the end of May, whichever is earlier. Specifically, 1,000 simulations were run separately under two scenarios, where the reproduction number under the stay-at-home order was assumed to be 1.5 and 1.0 respectively. Findings We estimated Morocco, Algeria, South Africa, Egypt, Tunisia, and Nigeria as having the largest number of COVID-19 cases imported from the 12 major epicentres. Based on our 1,000 simulation runs, Morocco and Algeria's estimated probability of reaching 10,000 infections by end of March was close to 100% under both scenarios. In particular, we identified countries with less than 100 cases in total reported by end of April whilst the estimated probability of reaching 10,000 infections by then was higher than 50% even under the more optimistic scenario. Conclusion Our study highlights particular countries that are likely to reach (or have reached) 10,000 infections far earlier than the reported data suggest, calling for the prioritization of resources to mitigate the further spread of the epidemic.


id: cord-321911-kqbvt9v2
title: Tackling cervical cancer in Europe amidst the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Arbyn, Marc
date: 2020-07-13
txt: ./txt/cord-321911-kqbvt9v2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321911-kqbvt9v2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2468266720301225
doi: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30122-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  key: cord-321911-kqbvt9v2 authors: Arbyn, Marc; Bruni, Laia; Kelly, Daniel; Basu, Partha; Poljak, Mario; Gultekin, Murat; Bergeron, Christine; Ritchie, David; Weiderpass, Elisabete title: Tackling cervical cancer in Europe amidst the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-13 journal: Lancet Public Health DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30122-5 sha: doc_id: 321911 cord_uid: kqbvt9v2 nan Geographical distribution of the world age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer by country, in Europe (+ Cyprus & Turkey), estimated for 2018 (source IARC, GLOBOCAN 2018) 1 . Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis Age-standardised incidence (100 000 women-years)


id: cord-322364-uo49h1ku
title: The economics of Africa''s floriculture air-cargo supply chain
author: Button, Kenneth
date: 2020-07-06
txt: ./txt/cord-322364-uo49h1ku.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322364-uo49h1ku.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102789
doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102789
summary:
  Air transportation often plays a critical role when the supply-chain involves high-value, non-durable, relatively light-weight, and compact consignments such as flowers, and geographically when regions are difficult to access by other trunk modes. (2014) , using South Africa''s international trade data, shows air transportation generally has a comparative advantage when the trunk-haul movement is over relatively long distances, the perishables involved are light weight, low volume and high value items, and especially if the shelf-life of the product is short. 34 As a consequence, about 10% of the flowers are moved through Kilimanjaro International Airport which can only offer belly-hold space, with the remainder being exported through Nairobi which also has easier, if longer, surface transportation access as well as significantly more air cargo capacity, South Africa is the most mature producer of floriculture products in Africa, with an industry dating back to the 1920s and 1930s.

abstract:
  This article examines the economics of Africa's emerging air cargo supply chains, taking floriculture as a case study. Floriculture is an important employer, and earner of foreign exchange for several regions of central/southern and eastern Africa including more recently Ethiopia. Air transportation often plays a critical role when the supply-chain involves high-value, non-durable, relatively light-weight, and compact consignments such as flowers, and geographically when regions are difficult to access by other trunk modes. The success of air cargo chains, however, depend as much on the quality of surface modes serving various “last mile” access and egress functions, as well as efficient nodal interchange points and the availability of suitable airport and airline capacity. The last, because of the important role of belly-hold space, includes consideration of passenger as well as cargo specific services. To meet the needs of Africa's floriculture sector, a variety of supply-chain models have emerged that embrace air and surface links, as well as storage at various points in the chain. The paper considers the nature of these chains, the reason d'être for their structures, and their limitations.


id: cord-325484-bd6ba0cp
title: World wars and the age of oil: Exploring directionality in deep energy transitions
author: Johnstone, Phil
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-325484-bd6ba0cp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325484-bd6ba0cp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2214629620303078
doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101732
summary:
  This paper contributes to emerging literatures on war and energy transitions [3, 4, [11] [12] [13] , integrating insights from historical and geopolitical literatures with sociotechnical perspectives to understand the role of world war in the 20th century development of the ''age of oil'' [14] . In this paper we combine geopolitical and historical literatures with sociotechnical approaches to understand how the heightened conditions of maintaining abundant and constant supply during the First and Second World Wars influenced the emergence of the ''age of oil'' identified as being a key element in the fourth surge by Perez which forms the culmination of the first deep transition. Building on the DT framework and the recognition of the key rule of maintaining abundant and constant supply during world wars [27] , we build on diverse literatures to build an interpretive account of how the exceptional demand pressures of total war influenced dynamics in multiple sociotechnical systems and the relevance these changes had for oil transitions.

abstract:
  This paper explores the role of the world wars in 20th century energy transitions, focusing on the growth of oil as a major energy source which accelerated after the Second World War in North America and Europe. We utilise the recently developed Deep Transitions framework which combines Techno-Economic Paradigms and sociotechnical transitions approaches. The first deep transition entails the long running emergence of industrial modernity since the late 18th century which culminated in the post-Second World War economic ‘golden age’ underpinned by rapid and stable growth and prosperity in North America and Western Europe. The Deep Transitions framework draws attention to the increasing role of fossil fuels over this long period, and how fossil fuel consumption accelerated in the 20th century taking on a particular direction where energy, mobility, and food systems became increasingly reliant on oil while the share of coal as a proportion of the energy mix decreased. This paper integrates sociotechnical, historical and geopolitical literatures to examine how the development of the age of oil was shaped by wartime demand pressures and logistical challenges and the search for new solutions to these challenges in the United States of America and the United Kingdom.


id: cord-326532-2ehuuvnx
title: COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study
author: Götzinger, Florian
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-326532-2ehuuvnx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326532-2ehuuvnx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352464220301772
doi: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30177-2
summary:
  This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5·06, 95% CI 1·72–14·87; p=0·0035), male sex (2·12, 1·06–4·21; p=0·033), pre-existing medical conditions (3·27, 1·67–6·42; p=0·0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10·46, 5·16–21·23; p<0·0001). For this cohort study, European members of the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)-which currently includes 304 clinicians and researchers, most of whom are based at tertiary or quaternary paediatric infectious diseases or paediatric pulmonology units, across 128 paediatric health-care institutions in 31 European countries [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] -were invited to contribute cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection that had been managed at or managed remotely by their health-care institution (including individuals admitted to other hospitals or identified during community screening) before or during the study period.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: To date, few data on paediatric COVID-19 have been published, and most reports originate from China. This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. METHODS: This multicentre cohort study involved 82 participating health-care institutions across 25 European countries, using a well established research network—the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)—that mainly comprises paediatric infectious diseases specialists and paediatric pulmonologists. We included all individuals aged 18 years or younger with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, detected at any anatomical site by RT-PCR, between April 1 and April 24, 2020, during the initial peak of the European COVID-19 pandemic. We explored factors associated with need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and initiation of drug treatment for COVID-19 using univariable analysis, and applied multivariable logistic regression with backwards stepwise analysis to further explore those factors significantly associated with ICU admission. FINDINGS: 582 individuals with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included, with a median age of 5·0 years (IQR 0·5–12·0) and a sex ratio of 1·15 males per female. 145 (25%) had pre-existing medical conditions. 363 (62%) individuals were admitted to hospital. 48 (8%) individuals required ICU admission, 25 (4%) mechanical ventilation (median duration 7 days, IQR 2–11, range 1–34), 19 (3%) inotropic support, and one (<1%) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5·06, 95% CI 1·72–14·87; p=0·0035), male sex (2·12, 1·06–4·21; p=0·033), pre-existing medical conditions (3·27, 1·67–6·42; p=0·0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10·46, 5·16–21·23; p<0·0001). The most frequently used drug with antiviral activity was hydroxychloroquine (40 [7%] patients), followed by remdesivir (17 [3%] patients), lopinavir–ritonavir (six [1%] patients), and oseltamivir (three [1%] patients). Immunomodulatory medication used included corticosteroids (22 [4%] patients), intravenous immunoglobulin (seven [1%] patients), tocilizumab (four [1%] patients), anakinra (three [1%] patients), and siltuximab (one [<1%] patient). Four children died (case-fatality rate 0·69%, 95% CI 0·20–1·82); at study end, the remaining 578 were alive and only 25 (4%) were still symptomatic or requiring respiratory support. INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 is generally a mild disease in children, including infants. However, a small proportion develop severe disease requiring ICU admission and prolonged ventilation, although fatal outcome is overall rare. The data also reflect the current uncertainties regarding specific treatment options, highlighting that additional data on antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs are urgently needed. FUNDING: ptbnet is supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit.


id: cord-331714-2qj2rrgd
title: Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
author: Lvov, Dimitry Konstantinovich
date: 2015-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128017425000088
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801742-5.00008-8
summary:
  Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Artashat virus (ARTSV, strain LEIV-2236Ar) was originally isolated from Ornithodoros alactagalis ticks (family Argasidae) collected in the burrows of a small five-toed jerboa (Allactaga elater) near Arevashat village (40 02 absence of antigenic relationships with any known viruses, it was referred to as an "unclassified bunyavirus." 1À3 Taxonomy.

abstract:
  In this chapter, we describe 73 zoonotic viruses that were isolated in Northern Eurasia and that belong to the different families of viruses with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome. The family includes viruses with a segmented negative-sense ssRNA genome (families Bunyaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae) and viruses with a positive-sense ssRNA genome (families Togaviridae and Flaviviridae). Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Other viruses described in the chapter can cause epizootics in wild or domestic animals: Geta virus (GETV, Alphavirus), Influenza A virus (Influenzavirus A), Bhanja virus (BHAV, Phlebovirus) and more. The chapter also discusses both ecological peculiarities that promote the circulation of these viruses in natural foci and factors influencing the occurrence of epidemic and epizootic outbreaks


id: cord-336912-44hifagu
author: Wernly, Bernhard
date: 2020-10-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33134037/
doi: 10.1007/s10389-020-01405-w
title:
  Cardiovascular health care and health literacy among immigrants in Europe: a review of challenges and opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: Europe is a destination for many migrants, a group whose proportion of the overall population will increase over the next decades. The cardiovascular (CV) risk distribution and outcomes, as well as health literacy, are likely to differ from the host population. Challenges related to migrant health status, cardiovascular risk distribution and health literacy are compounded by the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) crisis. METHODS: We performed a narrative review of available evidence on migrant CV and health literacy in Europe. RESULTS: Health literacy is lower in migrants but can be improved through targeted interventions. In some subgroups of migrants, rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, most importantly hypertension and diabetes, are higher. On the other hand, there is strong evidence for a so-called healthy migrant effect, describing lower rates of CV risk distribution and mortality in a different subset of migrants. During the COVID-19 pandemic, CV risk factors, as well as health literacy, are key elements in optimally managing public health responses in the ongoing pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Migrants are both an opportunity and a challenge for public health in Europe. Research aimed at better understanding the healthy migrant effect is necessary. Implementing the beneficial behaviors of migrants could improve outcomes in the whole population. Specific interventions to screen for risk factors, manage chronic disease and increase health literacy could improve health care for migrants. This pandemic is a challenge for the whole population, but active inclusion of immigrants in established health care systems could help improve the long-term health outcomes of migrants in Europe.


id: cord-340791-jcsfbxgu
title: The nature of airports
author: Vogel, Hans-Arthur
date: 2019-03-22
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128105283000019
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-810528-3.00001-9
abstract:
  This chapter presents the historic development of global air transportation. As it is the main function to accommodate this traffic growth, airports have advanced in response to it. First, their role within the air transport system will be described. A picture of their social, environmental, economic and political impact will be given next. This chapter’s feature is on airport products and services.


id: cord-350104-b99y6n43
author: de Zwart, Onno
date: 2009-01-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125335/
doi: 10.1007/s12529-008-9008-2
title:
  Perceived Threat, Risk Perception, and Efficacy Beliefs Related to SARS and Other (Emerging) Infectious Diseases: Results of an International Survey

abstract:
  PURPOSE: To study the levels of perceived threat, perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, and self-efficacy for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and eight other diseases in five European and three Asian countries. METHOD: A computer-assisted phone survey was conducted among 3,436 respondents. The questionnaire focused on perceived threat, vulnerability, severity, response efficacy, and self-efficacy related to SARS and eight other diseases. RESULTS: Perceived threat of SARS in case of an outbreak in the country was higher than that of other diseases. Perceived vulnerability of SARS was at an intermediate level and perceived severity was high compared to other diseases. Perceived threat for SARS varied between countries in Europe and Asia with a higher perceived severity of SARS in Europe and a higher perceived vulnerability in Asia. Response efficacy and self-efficacy for SARS were higher in Asia compared to Europe. In multiple linear regression analyses, country was strongly associated with perceived threat. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high perceived threat for SARS indicates that it is seen as a public health risk and offers a basis for communication in case of an outbreak. The strong association between perceived threat and country and different regional patterns require further research.


id: cord-353775-ogb56xg9
title: Wage inequality and poverty effects of lockdown and social distancing in Europe
author: Palomino, Juan C.
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-353775-ogb56xg9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353775-ogb56xg9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103564
doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103564
summary:
  Under four different scenarios (2 months of lockdown and 2 months of lockdown plus 6 months of partial functioning of closed occupations at 80%, 70% and 60% of full capacity) we estimate for 29 European countries an average increase in the headcount poverty index that goes from 4.9 to 9.4 percentage points and a mean loss rate for poor workers between 10% and 16.2%. To estimate the impact of social distancing on wage inequality and poverty across Europe, we concentrate on the legal restrictions (supply side) due to the closure of non-essential occupations and workers not being able to perform their activities at home during the lockdown period. The first step to measure the changes in wage inequality and poverty across Europe due to lockdown is to calculate the index of teleworking at the occupational level.

abstract:
  Social distancing and lockdown measures taken to contain the spread of COVID-19 may have distributional economic costs beyond the contraction of GDP. Here we evaluate the capacity of individuals to work under a lockdown based on a Lockdown Working Ability index which considers their teleworking capacity and whether their occupation is essential or closed. Our analysis reveals substantial and uneven potential wage losses across the distribution all around Europe and we consistently find that both poverty and wage inequality rise in all European countries. Under four different scenarios (2 months of lockdown and 2 months of lockdown plus 6 months of partial functioning of closed occupations at 80%, 70% and 60% of full capacity) we estimate for 29 European countries an average increase in the headcount poverty index that goes from 4.9 to 9.4 percentage points and a mean loss rate for poor workers between 10% and 16.2%. The average increase in the Gini coefficient ranges between 3.5% to 7.3% depending on the scenario considered. Decomposing overall wage inequality in Europe, we find that lockdown and social distance measures produce a double process of divergence: both inequality within and between countries increase.


id: cord-354738-4rxradwz
title: European Bats as Carriers of Viruses with Zoonotic Potential
author: Kohl, Claudia
date: 2014-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354738-4rxradwz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123684/
doi: 10.3390/v6083110
summary:
  In this review, selected viruses detected and isolated in Europe are discussed from our point of view in regard to their human-pathogenic potential. Various publications reviewed bats globally as carriers and potential reservoir hosts of human-pathogenic and zoonotic viruses [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] , while hardly anything is known about human-pathogenicity of European bat viruses apart from lyssaviruses. Similar to the case of the LLOV filovirus, virus isolates and prevalence studies in both humans and bats could improve knowledge and clarify their zoonotic potential. Sero-prevalence studies should be conducted on the orthoreoviruses isolated from European bats, especially as a closely related virus was detected in a diseased child in Slovenia [83] . Other bat viruses detected by using molecular techniques should be isolated (e.g., MERS-like CoV or Bat Bunyavirus) to allow for characterization and follow-up sero-prevalence studies.

abstract:
  Bats are being increasingly recognized as reservoir hosts of highly pathogenic and zoonotic emerging viruses (Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Rabies virus, and coronaviruses). While numerous studies have focused on the mentioned highly human-pathogenic bat viruses in tropical regions, little is known on similar human-pathogenic viruses that may be present in European bats. Although novel viruses are being detected, their zoonotic potential remains unclear unless further studies are conducted. At present, it is assumed that the risk posed by bats to the general public is rather low. In this review, selected viruses detected and isolated in Europe are discussed from our point of view in regard to their human-pathogenic potential. All European bat species and their roosts are legally protected and some European species are even endangered. Nevertheless, the increasing public fear of bats and their viruses is an obstacle to their protection. Educating the public regarding bat lyssaviruses might result in reduced threats to both the public and the bats.


