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# bib

id: cord-002122-s2r0en6f
title: Interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary hypertension associated with suspected ehrlichiosis in a dog
author: Toom, Marjolein Lisette den
date: 2016-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-002122-s2r0en6f.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4937533/
doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0228-1
summary:
  BACKGROUND: In dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), respiratory signs are uncommon and clinical and radiographic signs of interstitial pneumonia are poorly described. Treatment with oxygen supplementation, a typed packed red blood cell transfusion and medical therapy with doxycycline, pimobendan and sildenafil was initiated and the dog improved clinically. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica *Correspondence: M.L.denToom@uu.nl 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands Full list of author information is available at the end of the article vasorum, Leishmania chagasi, Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis carinii, Babesia canis, Leptospira sp., Mycoplasma sp, canine distemper virus and adenovirus [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . This case report describes the clinical, radiographic and echocardiographic presentation of a dog with interstitial pneumonia and severe PH suspected to be associated with E.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), respiratory signs are uncommon and clinical and radiographic signs of interstitial pneumonia are poorly described. However, in human monocytic ehrlichiosis, respiratory signs are common and signs of interstitial pneumonia are well known. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is classified based on the underlying disease and its treatment is aimed at reducing the clinical signs and, if possible, addressing the primary disease process. PH is often irreversible, but can be reversible if it is secondary to a treatable underlying etiology. CME is currently not generally recognized as one of the possible diseases leading to interstitial pneumonia and secondary PH in dogs. Only one case of PH associated with CME has been reported worldwide. CASE PRESENTATION: A seven-year-old, male intact, mixed breed dog was presented with 2 weeks history of lethargy and dyspnea. The dog previously lived in the Cape Verdean islands. Physical examination showed signs of right-sided congestive heart failure and poor peripheral perfusion. Thoracic radiography showed moderate right-sided cardiomegaly with dilation of the main pulmonary artery and a mild diffuse interstitial lung pattern with peribronchial cuffing. Echocardiography showed severe pulmonary hypertension with an estimated pressure gradient of 136 mm Hg. On arterial blood gas analysis, severe hypoxemia was found and complete blood count revealed moderate regenerative anemia and severe thrombocytopenia. A severe gamma hyperglobulinemia was also documented. Serology for Ehrlichia canis was highly positive. Treatment with oxygen supplementation, a typed packed red blood cell transfusion and medical therapy with doxycycline, pimobendan and sildenafil was initiated and the dog improved clinically. Approximately 2 weeks later, there was complete resolution of all clinical signs and marked improvement of the PH. CONCLUSION: This report illustrates that CME might be associated with significant pulmonary disease and should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in dogs presenting with dyspnea and secondary pulmonary hypertension, especially in dogs that have been in endemic areas. This is important because CME is a treatable disease and its secondary lung and cardiac manifestations may be completely reversible.


id: cord-002560-pue5q5wp
author: Moreno, Paloma S.
date: 2017-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-002560-pue5q5wp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002560-pue5q5wp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5453527/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178433
summary:
  Recently, due to the advent of molecular enrichment protocols, high throughput sequencing and new metagenomic analytical methods we are now able to explore, identify and characterise viruses from different biological and environmental samples with a greater capacity [2, [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] In studies of human faeces, the virome has been shown to include viruses that infect eukaryotic organisms and viruses that infect prokaryotes (bacteriophages) [2, 5, [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . Another eukaryotic viral family found in one healthy dog sample was Parvoviridae, genetic analysis of the 3 contigs/singletons showed a coverage of approximately 3.5% of the complete genome of canine parvovirus reference sequence (NC_001539), or 9.3% of the polyprotetin Ns1-Ns2. Nucleic acids from a single faecal sample from a dog with acute diarrhoea (DD1), which had 18 contigs/singletons of canine astrovirus (after tBLASTx analysis) was used to determine the complete genome sequence.

title:
  Characterisation of the canine faecal virome in healthy dogs and dogs with acute diarrhoea using shotgun metagenomics

abstract:
  The virome has been increasingly investigated in numerous animal species and in different sites of the body, facilitating the identification and discovery of a variety of viruses. In spite of this, the faecal virome of healthy dogs has not been investigated. In this study we describe the faecal virome of healthy dogs and dogs with acute diarrhoea in Australia, using a shotgun metagenomic approach. Viral sequences from a range of different virus families, including both RNA and DNA families, and known pathogens implicated in enteric disease were documented. Twelve viral families were identified, of which four were bacteriophages. Eight eukaryotic viral families were detected: Astroviridae, Coronaviridae, Reoviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae and Papillomaviridae. Families Astroviridae, Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae were found only in dogs with acute diarrhoea, with Astroviridae being the most common family identified in this group. Due to its prevalence, characterisation the complete genome of a canine astrovirus was performed. These studies indicate that metagenomic analyses are useful for the investigation of viral populations in the faeces of dogs. Further studies to elucidate the epidemiological and biological relevance of these findings are warranted.


id: cord-008085-3ihuqvei
title: Nonneoplastic disorders of the brain
author: Thomas, William B.
date: 2005-07-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7128835/
doi: 10.1016/s1096-2867(99)80030-9
abstract:
  Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are helpful in the diagnosis of many nonneoplastic brain disorders in the dog and cat. The ability of CT and MRI to depict normal and abnormal anatomy facilitates the identification of developmental anomalies, including hydrocephalus, Chiari malformations, arachnoid cysts, and cerebellar hypoplasia. These imaging modalities also allow the detection of hemorrhage and infarction and are therefore useful in the evaluation of spontaneous cerebrovascular disorders and head trauma. Finally, many inflammatory diseases, such as encephalitis, brain abscess, and parasite migration, cause abnormalities detectable by CT and MRI. Although more research on the imaging features of specific nonneoplastic brain disorders is needed, current information indicates that CT and MRI are useful in the management of these disorders.


id: cord-011669-hkkpw2bl
title: Lissencephaly in Shih Tzu dogs
author: Rodríguez-Sánchez, Diego Noé
date: 2020-06-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305484/
doi: 10.1186/s13028-020-00528-0
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Lissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by smooth and thickened cerebral surface, which may result in structural epilepsy. Lissencephaly is not common in veterinary medicine. Here, we characterize the first cases of lissencephaly in four Shih Tzu dogs, including clinical presentations and findings of magnetic resonance imaging of lissencephaly and several concomitant brain malformations. CASE PRESENTATION: Early-onset acute signs of forebrain abnormalities were observed in all dogs, which were mainly cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Based on neurological examination, the findings were consistent with symmetrical and bilateral forebrain lesions. Metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases were excluded. Magnetic resonance imaging for three dogs showed diffuse neocortical agyria and thickened gray matter while one dog had mixed agyria and pachygyria. Other features, such as internal hydrocephalus, supracollicular fluid accumulation, and corpus callosum hypoplasia, were detected concomitantly. Antiepileptic drugs effectively controlled cluster seizures, however, sporadic isolated seizures and signs of forebrain abnormalities, such as behavioral alterations, central blindness, and strabismus persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Lissencephaly should be considered an important differential diagnosis in Shih Tzu dogs presenting with early-onset signs of forebrain abnormalities, including cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Magnetic resonance imaging was appropriate for ante-mortem diagnosis of lissencephaly and associated cerebral anomalies.


id: cord-014516-r59usk02
title: Research Communications of the 24th ECVIM‐CA Congress
author: nan
date: 2015-01-10
txt: ./txt/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4858066/
doi: 10.1111/jvim.12491
abstract: nan
summary:
  Serum prolactin concentration measured in 22/23 dogs at time zero, 6 weeks and 6 months was 3.35 ng/ml (range, 1.4-6.36), 3.57 ng/ml (range, 1.87-7.39) and 3.92 ng/ml (range, 2.01-12.92) and did not differ significantly in either time period when compared with time zero (P = 0.99 and P = 0.52).Altogether, results of this study failed to demonstrate a significant role of thyroid supplementation on the majority of evaluated behavioural symptoms as well as neurohormonal status of hypothyroid dogs during 6 months of therapy. The aims of the present study were (1) to describe a clinical series of recent autochtonous cases and (2) to retrospectively assess Angiostrongylus vasorum qPCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, collected over the last 7 years from a larger series of dogs, healthy or with other respiratory conditions, in order to investigate the past prevalence of the disease in Belgium.


id: cord-014527-nvzfpntu
title: Research Communications of the 25th ECVIM‐CA Congress
author: nan
date: 2015-11-09
txt: ./txt/cord-014527-nvzfpntu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014527-nvzfpntu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4913621/
doi: 10.1111/jvim.13647
abstract: nan
summary:
  A negative outcome was associated with higher fecal S100A12 concentrations in CE dogs, but the response to different forms of treatment and fecal S100A12 has not been reported, and this information will be important to further evaluate the utility of fecal S100A12 as a biomarker for gastrointestinal disease. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric 2-or multiple-group comparisons, the likelihood ratio to evaluate the association between groups of dogs and response to treatment, and a receiver operating characteristic curve to calculate sensitivity and specificity at the optimum cut-off concentration. The objectives of this study were to describe pulmonary transit time and myocardial perfusion normalized to heart rate (nPTT and nMP, respectively), evaluated by means of contrast echocardiography, in dogs with stable stage C ACVIM myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and to assess short-term effects of pimobendan on these parameters.


id: cord-021453-vf8xbaug
title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs
author: Dysko, Robert C.
date: 2007-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149775/
doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50014-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.


id: cord-021655-ojfm5rt3
title: Overview of African Wild Dog Medicine
author: Langan, Jennifer N.
date: 2018-09-28
txt: ./txt/cord-021655-ojfm5rt3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021655-ojfm5rt3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151821/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-55228-8.00077-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Seasonal changes in steroid hormone profiles, body weight, semen quality and the reproductive tract in captive African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in South Africa Population analysis and breeding and transfer plan: african painted (wild) dog (Lycaon pictus) Monitoring stress in captive and free-ranging African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites Studies of male reproduction in captive African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) Natural selection of the communal rearing of pups in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) Canine distemper in African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) -possibly vaccine induced Vaccine-associated canine distemper infection in a litter of African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) Comparison of oral and intramuscular recombinant canine distemper vaccination in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) Immunization and antibody persistence to canine distemper and rabies vaccination in captive african wild dogs (Lycaon pictus A survey of internal parasites in free-ranging African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus


id: cord-022561-rv5j1201
title: Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System
author: Boes, Katie M.
date: 2017-02-17
txt: ./txt/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158316/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00013-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  Mechanisms contributing to glucocorticoid-mediated neutrophilia include the following: • Increased release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow storage pool • Decreased margination of neutrophils within the vasculature, with a resulting increase in the circulating pool • Decreased migration of neutrophils from the bloodstream into tissues The magnitude of neutrophilia tends to be species dependent, with dogs having the most pronounced response (up to 35,000 cells/µL) and in decreasing order of responsiveness, cats (30,000 cells/µL), horses (20,000 cells/µL), and cattle (15,000 cells/µL) having less marked responses. As a result, animals with Chédiak-Higashi 746.e1 CHAPTER 13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common canine hereditary bleeding disorder and has also been described in many other domestic species.


id: cord-022597-9b1a8cri
title: Hematopoietic Tumors
author: nan
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-022597-9b1a8cri.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022597-9b1a8cri.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158371/
doi: 10.1016/b978-072160558-6.50034-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Hepatosplenic lymphoma is a relatively uncommon, distinct presentation in the dog marked by a lack of peripheral lymphadenopathy in the face of hepatic, splenic, and bone marrow infiltration with malignant lymphocytes, usually of T-cell origin. The prognosis for canine lymphoma varies and depends on a number of factors, such as the location of disease, the extent of disease (the clinical stage), the presence or absence of clinical signs (the substage), the histologic grade, the immunophenotype (T cell or B cell), exposure to previous chemotherapy or corticosteroids and subsequent development of MDR (see Chapter 11), altered cell death processes (apoptosis), the proliferation rate of the tumor, the presence of concurrent medical problems or paraneoplastic conditions (e.g., hypercalcemia, weight loss, and liver insufficiency), and possibly gender.* Although canine lymphoma is rarely curable (fewer than 10% of cases), complete responses and a good quality of life during extended remissions and survival are typical.


id: cord-022664-jw0jvpc6
title: In this issue – October 2010
author: Jackson, AE
date: 2010-09-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159546/
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00498_1.x
abstract:
  Computed tomography diagnosis of brain infarction in dogs · Tibial tuberosity advancement in canine stifles · Holter monitoring in dogs with mitral valve disease · Staggers in horses grazing paspalum infected with Claviceps paspali · Distal luxation of the patella in a horse · Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotypes in sheep at slaughter · Alzheimer type II astrocytes in the brains of pigs with salt poisoning · Classification of infectious bronchitis viruses in poultry field specimens · Mortality events in sea‐caged yellowtail kingfish


id: cord-022754-ehq9qnoo
title: Liver
author: nan
date: 2012-07-25
txt: ./txt/cord-022754-ehq9qnoo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022754-ehq9qnoo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161409/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00061-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Conversely, in cases of chronic end-stage liver disease, such as cirrhosis, serum hepatic enzyme activities may not be markedly increased, or may even be within the reference interval as a result of the replacement of hepatocytes with fibrous tissue. World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Standards for the Clinical and Histological Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Liver Disease suggest that the cytologic evaluation of bile forms part of the minimum diagnostic requirement for cats with extrahepatic cholestasis and for dogs guidance. 32 Hyperglobulinemia can be seen in dogs with cirrhosis, but it remains to be determined whether this corresponds with increased autoantibodies as occurs in humans with autoimmune hepatitis, or whether it reflects nonspecific systemic antibody production in response to antigens from the portal blood which bypass the liver through acquired PSSs. 83 Mild nonregenerative anemia may be a reflection of chronic disease.


id: cord-022756-kdgo4rqb
title: Hematopoietic Tumors
author: nan
date: 2012-11-28
txt: ./txt/cord-022756-kdgo4rqb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022756-kdgo4rqb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161412/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2362-5.00032-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  Hepatosplenic lymphoma is a relatively uncommon, distinct presentation in the dog marked by a lack of significant peripheral lymphadenopathy in the face of hepatic, splenic, and bone marrow infiltration with malignant lymphocytes, usually of T-cell origin. In a randomized study of 60 dogs with lymphoma comparing CHOP-based chemotherapy with CHOPbased chemotherapy and a human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) DNA cationic-lipid complexed autologous whole tumor cell vaccine, a small measure of immunomodulation was documented by delayed-type hypersensitivity; however, significant improvement in clinical outcome was not noted. 263 Total body irradiation (and/or ablative chemotherapy) for complete or partial bone marrow ablation followed by reconstitution with bone marrow or stem-cell transplant in dogs, although a recognized model in comparative research settings, 264,265 is still in its early phases of development and application in clinical veterinary It is associated with slow progression and long-term survival following corticosteroid management; however, it does have the potential to progress to high-grade lymphoma.


id: cord-023095-4dannjjm
title: Research Abstract Program of the 2011 ACVIM Forum Denver, Colorado, June 15–18, 2011
author: nan
date: 2011-05-03
txt: ./txt/cord-023095-4dannjjm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023095-4dannjjm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166756/
doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0726.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of ivabradine on heart rate (HR), blood pressure, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, left atrial (LA) performance, and clinical tolerance in healthy cats after repeated oral doses. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate and ECG time intervals to body mass in apparently healthy horses and ponies and to calculate normal ranges for different weight groups. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypercoagulability in PLN dogs based on thromboelastography (TEG), and to determine whether hypercoagulability in these patients could be predicted by clinical assessments that identify systemic hypertension (systolic blood pressure 4 160 mmHg), hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin o 2.7 mg/dl), antithrombin activity (o 70%), and degree of proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] !


id: cord-023134-y665agnh
title: Oral Research Communications of the 22(nd) ECVIM‐CA Congress
author: nan
date: 2012-11-20
txt: ./txt/cord-023134-y665agnh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023134-y665agnh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167033/
doi: 10.1111/jvim.12000
abstract: nan
summary:
  Doppler echocardiographic indices of diastolic function of the right ventricle are good prognostic markers during left ventricular (LV) failure secondary to ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy.The aims of the present study were: to assess LV and RV diastolic function by conventional Doppler and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (PW-TDI) in dogs with mitral valve disease (MVD), with or without pulmonary hypertension (PH); to test if echocardiographic parameters of LV and RV diastolic dysfunction correlate to the Doppler-estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP).114 dogs were prospectively evaluated, including 86 dogs with MVD. The aims of the present study were to assess whether diabetic cats have pathological evidence of islet inflammation or pancreatitis and to define islet lesions in comparison to a well-matched control population.Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pancreatic samples were collected from post-mortem examination performed on diabetic and control cats died due to any disease at the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich (Switzerland) between 1997 and 2009.


id: cord-023353-2yoz1t6a
title: ABSTRACTS FROM THE 2010 EVDI ANNUAL MEETING
author: nan
date: 2010-12-28
txt: ./txt/cord-023353-2yoz1t6a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023353-2yoz1t6a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169298/
doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01774.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  3 Department of Physiology and Biometry, Ghent University, Belgium Introduction/Purpose: The microbubble-based contrast agents for ultrasonography have become more used in recent years in dogs1, and have been reported to be useful in differentiating adenomas from nonadenomatous lesions in human patients with adrenal masses2. Peak intensity Time to Introduction/Purpose: Studies with contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) on focal splenic lesions have shown discrepancies in accuracy for differentiating benign from malignant lesions.1-3 A speculative explanation for false positives may be the absence of a dual blood supply to the spleen compared to the liver. 1 The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the suggested maximum normal kidney size obtained from radiographs is too high and also to evaluate whether breed type (brachycephalic, doliocephalic, mesocephalic), age, gender, weight and body condition of the dog have an impact on kidney size.


id: cord-026021-b8vtmr9h
title: Blood Transfusion and Blood Substitutes
author: Hohenhaus, Ann E.
date: 2011-06-22
txt: ./txt/cord-026021-b8vtmr9h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026021-b8vtmr9h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271207/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0654-3.00031-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  A plasma transfusion counteracts the anticoagulant effects of rodenticide intoxication in one dog, and red blood cells from the same donor provides enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity in a second, anemic dog. Whole blood contains red blood cells, clotting factors, proteins, and platelets and is the product most commonly transfused into dogs and cats. With the identification of a new red blood cell antigen in both dogs and cats, recommendations for appropriate compatibility testing before the first transfusion are a currently being revaluated. 5, 37, 40, 132 The best example of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction in veterinary medicine is the administration of type A red blood cells to a type B cat. Crossmatching does not prevent sensitization to red blood cell antigens, which may result in a hemolytic reaction during future transfusions because it detects only antibodies that are currently present in the donor or recipient.


id: cord-026031-hnf5vayd
title: Emergency Care
author: Ford, Richard B.
date: 2009-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271342/
doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160138-3/50002-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  Fresh whole blood Coagulopathy with active hemorrhage (disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia; massive acute hemorrhage; no stored blood available) Stored whole blood Massive acute or ongoing hemorrhage; hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage that is unresponsive to conventional crystalloid and colloid fluid therapy; unavailability of equipment required to prepare blood components Packed red blood cells Nonregenerative anemia, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, correction of anemia before surgery, acute or chronic blood loss Fresh frozen plasma Factor depletion associated with active hemorrhage (congenital: von Willebrand''s factor, hemophilia A, hemophilia B; acquired: vitamin K antagonist, rodenticide intoxication, DIC); acute or chronic hypoproteinemia (burns, wound exudates, body cavity effusion; hepatic, renal, or gastrointestinal loss); colostrum replacement in neonates Frozen plasma Acute plasma or protein loss; chronic hypoproteinemia; (contains stable colostrum replacement in neonates; hemophilia B and clotting factors) selected clotting factor deficiencies Platelet-rich plasma* Thrombocytopenia with active hemorrhage (immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, DIC); platelet function abnormality (congenital: thrombasthenia in Bassett hounds; acquired: NSAIDs, other drugs) Cryoprecipitate


id: cord-034471-enmtckpe
title: The changing epidemiology of dog bite injuries in the United States, 2005–2018
author: Tuckel, Peter S.
date: 2020-11-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7603431/
doi: 10.1186/s40621-020-00281-y
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In 2018, the most recent year for which data are available, dog bites ranked as the 13th leading cause of nonfatal emergency department visits in the United States. As dog ownership spirals upwards in the United States, it is important to continue to monitor the epidemiology of dog bite injuries. This study provides contemporary data on the incidence of dog bites injuries in the United States and in New York and profiles individuals who have been treated for dog bites in emergency departments. The study also examines the demographic correlates of the rate of injuries at the neighborhood level in New York City and maps the rate in each neighborhood. METHODS: At the national level, the study examines longitudinal data on dog bite injuries from 2005 to 2018 gathered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For New York, the study analyzes data for 2005–2018 collected by the New York State Department of Health. A negative binomial regression analysis was performed on the state data to measure the simultaneous effects of demographic variables on the incidence of dog-related injuries. A thematically shaded map of the rate of dog bite injuries in New York City’s neighborhoods was created to identify neighborhoods with higher-than-average concentration of injuries. RESULTS: In both the United States and New York the rate of dog-bite injuries increased from 2005 to 2011 and then underwent a significant decline. Injuries due to dog bites, however, still remain a sizable public health problem. Injuries are more prevalent among school-age children, inhabitants of less-densely populated areas, and residents of poorer neighborhoods. In New York City, poorer neighborhoods are also associated with fewer dogs being spayed or neutered. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the rate of dog bite injuries, prevention programs – particularly those which center on teaching the dangers of canine interactions with humans – should be targeted at children. Dog bite injuries tend to be clustered in identifiable neighborhoods. Dog bite prevention programs and stricter enforcement of dog laws can target these neighborhoods.


id: cord-253525-r6ocr18h
title: Small animal reproduction: Scientific facts versus dogmas or unverified beliefs
author: Fontbonne, Alain
date: 2020-03-11
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0093691X20301801
doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.014
abstract:
  Small Animal Reproduction is a rather recent topic in the field of Animal Reproduction. Although some continuing educational societies aim to improve the level of general knowledge, published scientific facts are still limited, and there are many hypotheses or affirmations that remain unverified or even sometimes dogmatic or empirical. Through examples, this article reviews the main causes that may sometimes challenge a veterinary practitioner faced with a dog or a cat presenting reproductive problems. It could be difficult to orientate the diagnosis or the therapeutic approach, not knowing if what is found in the literature is a scientific proof or just an unverified affirmation. This problem may result from the fact that there are still physiological processes that remain unclear, but also that some common beliefs are based on old studies that have not been repeated or verifiedIn addition, to make it more challenging to seek for the information, there are unverifiedaffirmations,unclear nomenclature, clinical conditions which have not been standardized in the literature, clinical conditions mostly described through case reports, lack of studies on specific topics, areas of small animal reproduction that have been neglected by researchers, contradictory data or even studies that lack objectivity. The growing interest for research in Small Animal Reproduction will probably reduce the gap between unverified beliefs and scientific facts.


id: cord-255011-7oqfod62
author: Erles, Kerstin
date: 2008-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-255011-7oqfod62.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255011-7oqfod62.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501280/
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.008
summary:
  Canine influenza virus, which recently has been detected in some parts of the United States, is likely to become part of the disease complex because it often causes mild respiratory disease characterized by nasal discharge and persistent cough [5] . Because of a small number of samples in grade 4, grades 3 and 4 were merged and referred to as ''''moderate respiratory disease.'''' CRCoV was most frequently detected in the trachea of dogs with mild clinical signs (grade 2). After 3 weeks of stay at a shelter, almost 100% of dogs tested positive for antibodies to CRCoV compared with 30% on the day of entry, indicating that the virus was highly prevalent in the population and was easily transmitted. CRCoV is frequently detected in dogs with clinical respiratory signs and may contribute to the CIRD complex. Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease

title:
  Canine Respiratory Coronavirus: An Emerging Pathogen in the Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex

abstract:
  Infectious respiratory disease in dogs is a constant challenge because of the involvement of several pathogens and environmental factors. Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) is a new coronavirus of dogs, which is widespread in North America, Japan, and several European countries. CRCoV has been associated with respiratory disease, particularly in kenneled dog populations. The virus is genetically and antigenically distinct from enteric canine coronavirus; therefore, specific tests are required for diagnosis.


id: cord-258696-01wj76es
author: Decaro, Nicola
date: 2008-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-258696-01wj76es.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258696-01wj76es.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113507005172
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.008
summary:
  The dogs, three 2.5-month-old and two 6-month-old pups, were successfully infected, shedding viral RNA with their faeces for the entire observation period (21 days) and displaying systemic clinical signs resembling those observed during the course of natural infection. At postmortem examination, remarkable lesions were observed in the internal organs of the euthanized pups, that tested positive for CCoV by real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation on cell cultures. Unexpectedly, CCoV type II RNA was detected at very high titres in the internal organs of the dead pups and the virus (strain CB/05) was isolated on canine cell cultures. (last day of observation) reaching the maximal mean value of 6.79 Â 10 5 RNA copy numbers/ml of template at day 10 p.i. Surprisingly, CCoV RNA was never detected in the blood of the 6-month-old pups, as well as in the euthanized animals, in whose organs remarkable viral RNA titres were found.

title:
  Experimental infection of dogs with a novel strain of canine coronavirus causing systemic disease and lymphopenia

abstract:
  A pantropic canine coronavirus (CCoV) strain (CB/05) has been recently associated to a fatal outbreak of systemic disease in young dogs. We report the clinical, virological and serological findings in dogs experimentally infected with strain CB/05. The dogs, three 2.5-month-old and two 6-month-old pups, were successfully infected, shedding viral RNA with their faeces for the entire observation period (21 days) and displaying systemic clinical signs resembling those observed during the course of natural infection. Leucopenia (acute lymphopenia) occurred in all infected dogs, with values dropping below 60% of the initial counts. Considering the severity of the CB/05-induced disease, two of the youngest pups were euthanized for ethical reasons at days 8–9 postinfection, whereas the other pups underwent a slow but progressive improvement of their clinical status with complete recovery. At postmortem examination, remarkable lesions were observed in the internal organs of the euthanized pups, that tested positive for CCoV by real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation on cell cultures. All pups seroconverted for CCoV, as shown by the high optical density values and antibody titres detected by ELISA and virusneutralisation tests, respectively. The present study confirms that strain CB/05 is highly pathogenic for dogs, being able to induce a severe disease (and in some cases the death) even in experimental conditions.


id: cord-258783-ev0h95b9
title: Canine Distemper Spillover in Domestic Dogs from Urban Wildlife
author: Kapil, Sanjay
date: 2011-11-30
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.005
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.005
abstract:
  Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a major disease of domestic dogs that develops as a serious systemic infection in unvaccinated or improperly vaccinated dogs. Domesticated dogs are the main reservoir of CDV, a multihost pathogen. This virus of the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae occurs in other carnivorous species including all members of the Canidae and Mustelidae families and in some members of the Procyonidae, Hyaenidae, Ursidae, and Viverridae families. Canine distemper also has been reported in the Felidae family and marine mammals. The spread and incidences of CDV epidemics in dogs and wildlife here and worldwide are increasing.


id: cord-261867-6n0g3bz5
title: Canine Reproductive, Respiratory, and Ocular Diseases due to Canine Herpesvirus
author: Evermann, James F.
date: 2011-10-28
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.007
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.007
abstract:
  This review documents how clinical inquiry expands as our knowledge base about canine herpesvirus (CHV) increases. We must understand the various forms of CHV infection that may occur in the dog population. This has prompted the veterinary community to develop more sensitive diagnostic assays. CHV is more common than we considered a decade ago. Up to 70% of some high-risk dog populations have been infected with and are latent carriers of CHV. Recognition of the various forms of CHV-induced disease, availability of diagnostic assays with increased sensitivity, and the formation of reliable biosecurity measures will allow for better control steps.


id: cord-261955-6drue8i9
author: Schulz, B. S.
date: 2007-12-18
txt: ./txt/cord-261955-6drue8i9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261955-6drue8i9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086157/
doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00470.x
summary:
  High prevalences of CPV and CCoV were detected in faecal samples of dogs with diarrhoea from animal shelters, indicating the influence of hygiene and infection pressure (Stann and others 1984 , Tennant and others 1993 , Sokolow and others 2005 . The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of enteric viruses in healthy dogs and to compare the data with prevalences in samples obtained from dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (AHD) to gain more information about incidence and importance of enteric viruses in the dog population in Southern Germany. The prevalence of CCoV in dogs with AHD is comparable with older German studies, which examined the faecal samples from dogs with diarrhoea by EM, but so far no information is available about the prevalence of this virus in healthy dogs in Southern Germany. Although healthy dogs shedding CCoV were shown to be significantly younger than virus-negative dogs in this study, this difference in age could not be demonstrated for the patients with AHD.

title:
  Comparison of the prevalence of enteric viruses in healthy dogs and those with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea by electron microscopy

abstract:
  Objectives: To evaluate prevalence of enteric viruses in healthy dogs and to compare it with prevalences in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Methods: Faecal samples were collected from 200 healthy dogs and examined by electron microscopy for presence of viral particles. Data were compared with viral prevalences that had been determined retrospectively by electron microscopy for 936 dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Results: There were significantly more negative faecal samples among the healthy dogs (82·0 per cent) compared with 55·8 per cent in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0·001). With a prevalence of 17·5 per cent, significantly more healthy dogs were shedding coronavirus compared with 11·6 per cent in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P=0·034). Parvovirus was only detected in one healthy dog (0·5 per cent), thus with a prevalence that was significantly lower than 16·0 per cent detected in the dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0·001). Paramyxovirus was not found in any of the healthy dogs but was found in 9·3 per cent of dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0·001). Clinical Significance: Results suggest that shedding of parvovirus and paramyxovirus is strongly associated with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea. However, coronavirus seems to be even more prevalent among healthy dogs, raising the need for further studies to investigate the strain‐associated pathogenicity of this virus.


id: cord-262612-6mxzwm0h
title: Canine and Feline Uveitis
author: Townsend, Wendy M.
date: 2008-02-23
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.12.004
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.12.004
abstract:
  The clinical signs of uveitis occur as a result of inflammation within the vascular coat of the eye, which causes breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier and blood-retinal barrier. Many infectious and noninfectious causes can incite episodes of uveitis. Although a complete diagnostic evaluation is highly recommended to identify any underlying etiologic agent, many cases remain idiopathic in nature. The goals of therapy are preserving vision, minimizing pain, and halting inflammation.


id: cord-263811-w0983x19
title: Canine Adenoviruses and Herpesvirus
author: Decaro, Nicola
date: 2008-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-263811-w0983x19.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263811-w0983x19.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561608000685
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.006
summary:
  Clinical signs typical of ITB are observed when CAV-2 infection is complicated by other viral or bacterial pathogens of dogs, including canine parainfluenza 3 virus [45] , CDV [46] [47] [48] , Bordetella bronchiseptica [49] , mycoplasmas [50, 51] , and Streptococcus equi subsp. In addition, other viruses with tropism for the respiratory tract have been recently identified and associated with ITB-like forms in dogs, such as influenza A virus [54, 55] , a pantropic variant of CCoV [56] , and the canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) [57, 58] . Kennel cough is typically a complex of diseases caused by viral pathogens (eg, CAVs, CHV, canine parainfluenza virus, reoviruses) in association with bacteria, mainly B bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma spp. Because CAV-2 can also be detected in the internal organs and feces of vaccinated or acutely infected dogs [46] and CAV-1 is also frequently isolated from respiratory secretions, trachea, and lungs, distinction between CAV-1 and CAV-2 necessarily deserves laboratory examination. Diagnosis of infectious canine hepatitis virus (CAV-1) infection in puppies with encephalopathy

abstract:
  Canine adenoviruses (CAVs) and canine herpesvirus (CHV) are pathogens of dogs that have been known for several decades. The two distinct types of CAVs, type 1 and type 2, are responsible for infectious canine hepatitis and infectious tracheobronchitis, respectively. In the present article, the currently available literature on CAVs and CHV is reviewed, providing a meaningful update on the epidemiologic, pathogenetic, clinical, diagnostic, and prophylactic aspects of the infections caused by these important pathogens.


id: cord-273573-a9inlk96
author: Jaeger, Gry
date: 2013-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-273573-a9inlk96.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273573-a9inlk96.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-55-67
doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-67
summary:
  title: Haemorrhagic pneumonia in sled dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. Following training on the 4th day post-vaccine, several dogs in the kennel started to cough, and 24 hours later there were more animals in the pack with an intensive cough. In a study of experimental parvovirus infection in dogs, Potgieter and others [13] observed that dogs vaccinated with modified live CDV and CAV-1 five days before Figure 6 Control radiograph of the lung of case 2 eight weeks after admission to hospital. zooepidemicus is not normally carried by dogs, but it can probably cause disease in a situation where there is high level exposure from diseased dogs or other sources in the environment, an on-going viral infection, temperature stress, transport stress, intense exercise associated with training and competition and vaccine induced immunosuppression. Outbreak and control of haemorrhagic pneumonia due to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in dogs A clonal outbreak of acute fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in intensively housed (shelter) dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp.

title:
  Haemorrhagic pneumonia in sled dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus - one fatality and two full recoveries: a case report

abstract:
  In spite of yearly vaccination, outbreaks of canine infectious respiratory disease are periodically seen amongst domestic dogs. These infections compromise host defense mechanisms, and, when combined with other stressful events, allow opportunistic pathogens like Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus to create serious disease. Early recognition and treatment are tremendously important for a successful outcome in these cases. A polyvalent vaccine was given to 22 racing dogs three days after a competition, followed by two days of rest, and then the dogs were returned to regular training. Coughing was noticed among the dogs four days after immunisation. Three days after this outbreak one of the dogs was unusually silent and was found dead the next morning. Simultaneously two other dogs developed haemorrhagic expectorate, depression and dyspnea and were brought in to the veterinary hospital. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated in pure culture from all three cases. They were treated and rehabilitated successfully, and won a sledge race three months later. This paper discusses the necropsy results, treatment regime, rehabilitation and the chronology of vaccination, stressful events and disease.


id: cord-278224-sq7tokbx
title: Behavioral predictors of subsequent respiratory illness signs in dogs admitted to an animal shelter
author: Protopopova, Alexandra
date: 2019-10-23
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224252
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224252
abstract:
  Individual variability is evident in behavior and physiology of animals. Determining whether behavior at intake may predict subsequent illness in the animal shelter may influence the management of dogs housed at animal shelters and reduce overall disease. While normally associated with mild disease and low mortality rates, respiratory disease nevertheless poses significant challenges to the management of dogs in the stressful environment of animal shelters due to its highly infectious nature. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore whether behavior at intake can predict subsequent occurrence and progression of upper respiratory disease in dogs at animal shelters. In a correlational study, 84 dogs were assessed throughout their stay at a city animal shelter. The dogs were subjected to a behavioral assessment, 1 min in-kennel behavioral observations across two observation periods, and the collection of urinary cortisol:creatinine (C:C) ratio. The occurrence and progression of upper respiratory disease was monitored through repeated clinical exams (rectal temperature and the occurrence of nasal and ocular discharge, and presence of coughing and sneezing). A basic PLS Path regression model revealed that time in the shelter (estimate = .53, p < .001), and sociability (estimate = .24, p < .001) and curiosity scores (estimate = .09, p = .026) were associated with increased illness. Activity and anxiety scores, however, were not associated with illness. Urinary C:C, taken on the first full day, did not predict subsequent illness when accounting for time. Limitations included attrition of dogs, a small percentage receiving vaccinations, and continuous and non-systematic rotation of dogs in the kennels. Understanding if behavior can predict subsequent illness may improve shelter management practices, and in turn, result in improved live-release outcomes.


id: cord-279026-s3yx62u6
title: Adverse consequences of vaccination
author: Tizard, Ian R.
date: 2020-07-10
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323682992000198
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-68299-2.00019-8
abstract:
  The importance of adverse effects from vaccination must not be overstated. Vaccine benefits greatly exceed any risks from the procedure. Neither must they be minimized. Unnecessary vaccination must be discouraged. Hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine components are real and must be guarded against. Residual virulence, although a concern tends to be more a hypothetical than a real problem. Progressive improvements in animal vaccines have significantly reduced the chances of adverse effects occurring, although some issues persist. One such example is injection-site sarcomas in cats. Another issue is the influence of animal size on the prevalence of adverse events in dogs.


id: cord-279551-py2awuav
author: Willi, Barbara
date: 2015-07-16
txt: ./txt/cord-279551-py2awuav.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279551-py2awuav.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26179635/
doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0471-0
summary:
  title: Clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from Hungary to Switzerland In the present study, we describe a distemper outbreak in 15 rescue dogs that were imported from Hungary to Switzerland by an animal welfare organisation. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens in domestic dogs and causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in unvaccinated dogs or dogs with incomplete vaccination [1] . The study provides data on vaccination, medical history, clinical examinations and diagnostic imaging of the dogs and CDV testing, testing for canine parvovirus (CPV) and vector-borne infections. The vaccine-specific real-time reverse transcription (RT)quantitative (q)PCR was negative for all ten dogs that were tested, which supports the finding of infection with a wild-type CDV strain.

title:
  Clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from Hungary to Switzerland

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major pathogen of dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. In Switzerland, distemper in domestic dogs is rarely reported. In recent years, the import of dogs from Eastern Europe to Switzerland has steadily increased. In the present study, we describe a distemper outbreak in 15 rescue dogs that were imported from Hungary to Switzerland by an animal welfare organisation. The data on vaccination and medical history were recorded (14 dogs), and the samples were collected to investigate CDV and vector-borne infections (13 dogs) and canine parvovirus infection (12 dogs). The dogs were monitored for six months. RESULTS: One dog was euthanised directly after import. Thirteen dogs showed clinical signs after arrival, i.e., diarrhoea (57 %), coughing (43 %) and nasal and/or ocular discharge (21 %); radiographic findings that were compatible with bronchopneumonia were present in four dogs. CDV infection was diagnosed in 11 dogs (85 %); 10 dogs (91 %) tested PCR-positive in conjunctival swabs. Vector-borne infections (Babesia spp., Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis) were found in 4 dogs (31 %). Three dogs were hospitalized, and six dogs received ambulatory therapy for up to two months until recovery. None of the dogs developed neurological disease. CDV shedding was detected for a period of up to four months. Because dogs were put under strict quarantine until CDV shedding ceased, CDV did not spread to any other dogs. The CDV isolates showed 99 % sequence identity in the HA gene among each other and belonged to the Arctic-like lineage of CDV. CONCLUSIONS: The present study highlights the imminent risks of spreading contagious viral and vector-borne infections through the non-selective import of sick dogs and dogs with incomplete vaccination from Eastern Europe. CDV shedding was detected for several months after the cessation of clinical signs, which emphasised the roles of asymptomatic carriers in CDV epidemiology. A long-term follow-up using sensitive PCR and strict quarantine measures is of upmost importance in preventing the spread of infection. Dog owners and animal welfare organisations should be educated regarding the importance of complete vaccinations and the impact of dog imports on the spread of viral and vector-borne pathogens.


id: cord-284262-lddmo1sv
title: Circovirus in Tissues of Dogs with Vasculitis and Hemorrhage
author: Li, Linlin
date: 2013-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-284262-lddmo1sv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284262-lddmo1sv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1904.121390
doi: 10.3201/eid1904.121390
summary:
  We identified a canine circovirus in the liver of a dog that had necrotizing vasculitis and granulomatous lymphadenitis, both of which are described in PCV2-infected pigs (4) . A fourth sample cohort consisted of tissue samples from 21 necropsy cases of dogs whose clinical signs or microscopic lesions matched the sentinel animal (i.e., hemorrhagic diarrhea, vasculitis, and/or granulomatous disease); these samples were selected from the tissue archives of Anatomic Pathology at the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. To establish tissue distribution and investigate whether DogCV contributes to canine disease, we developed and validated an ISH oligomeric probe and examined the sentinel dog and dogs from 21 suspected, retrospective cases that included >2 of these 3 signs: vasculitis, hemorrhage, or granulomatous disease. We characterized the genome of multiple DogCV strains, determined DogCV prevalence in dog fecal and plasma samples and tissue distribution in infected animals, and detected paracrystalline arrays in inclusion bodies in macrophages.

abstract:
  We characterized the complete genome of a novel dog circovirus (DogCV) from the liver of a dog with severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, vasculitis, and granulomatous lymphadenitis. DogCV was detected by PCR in fecal samples from 19/168 (11.3%) dogs with diarrhea and 14/204 (6.9%) healthy dogs and in blood from 19/409 (3.3%) of dogs with thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, fever of unknown origin, or past tick bite. Co-infection with other canine pathogens was detected for 13/19 (68%) DogCV-positive dogs with diarrhea. DogCV capsid proteins from different dogs varied by up to 8%. In situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy detected DogCV in the lymph nodes and spleens of 4 dogs with vascular compromise and histiocytic inflammation. The detection of a circovirus in tissues of dogs expands the known tropism of these viruses to a second mammalian host. Our results indicate that circovirus, alone or in co-infection with other pathogens, might contribute to illness and death in dogs.


id: cord-285096-g9y3au1a
title: Tropism and pathological findings associated with canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)
author: Mitchell, Judy A.
date: 2013-03-23
txt: ./txt/cord-285096-g9y3au1a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285096-g9y3au1a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.025
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.025
summary:
  Following experimental infection in dogs, all five CRCoV isolates gave rise to clinical signs of respiratory disease consistent with that observed during natural infection. Following experimental infection in dogs, all five CRCoV isolates gave rise to clinical signs of respiratory disease consistent with that observed during natural infection. In that study we demonstrated that young dogs were susceptible to experimental infection with both CRCoV isolates, which gave rise to clinical signs of respiratory disease consistent with naturally occurring infection. Analyses specifically focused on the histopathological changes in the canine upper and lower respiratory tissues, virulence differences among CRCoV isolates derived from CIRD cases representing wide geographical locations; UK and USA [MO, NE, UT and MI] , and the demonstration of Koch''s postulates. Consistent with observations made during naturally occurring infection, dogs in this study also displayed clinical signs of mild respiratory disease following viral challenge (nasal discharge, sneezing, and coughing); whilst the control group remained healthy.

abstract:
  Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) occurs frequently in densely housed dog populations. One of the common pathogens involved is canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), however little is known regarding its pathogenesis and the role it plays in the development of CIRD. The pathogenesis of five geographically unrelated canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) isolates was investigated. Following experimental infection in dogs, all five CRCoV isolates gave rise to clinical signs of respiratory disease consistent with that observed during natural infection. The presence of CRCoV was associated with marked histopathological changes in the nares and trachea, with loss and damage to tracheal cilia, accompanied by inflammation. Viral shedding was readily detected from the oropharynx up to 10 days post infection, but there was little or no evidence of rectal shedding. The successful re-isolation of CRCoV from a wide range of respiratory and mucosal associated lymphoid tissues, and lung lavage fluids demonstrates a clear tropism of CRCoV for respiratory tissues and fulfils the final requirement for Koch's postulates. By study day 14 dogs had seroconverted to CRCoV and the antibodies raised were neutralising against both homologous and heterologous strains of CRCoV in vitro, thus demonstrating antigenic homogeneity among CRCoV strains from the two continents. Defining the role that CRCoV and other agents play in CIRD is a considerable, but important, challenge if the disease is to be managed, treated and prevented more successfully. Here we have successfully developed a model for studying the pathogenicity and the role of CRCoV in CIRD.


id: cord-285493-eg2ltip6
author: Schwab, S.
date: 2007-02-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275833/
doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.11.006
title:
  Non-suppurative Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin in Cats and Dogs: an Immunohistochemical Study

abstract:
  Non-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown cause is a frequent finding in dogs and cats. Fifty-three dogs and 33 cats with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology were examined immunohistochemically for 18 different infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and prion protein(Sc). In 14 (26%) of the dogs and 13 (39%) of the cats a causative agent was identified in the central nervous system (CNS), two dogs and one cat giving positive results for two infectious agents simultaneously. The study revealed infections with known causative agents (porcine herpes virus 1, feline infectious peritonitis virus, Escherichia coli) and a new disease pattern of parvovirus infection in the CNS of dogs and cats. Infection of the CNS with feline leukaemia virus was found in a cat. Five dogs and four cats gave positive results for West Nile virus (WNV) antigen. In one dog, canine parainfluenza virus antigen was detected in the brain. Four dogs and four cats gave positive results for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The significance of the detection of WNV and EMCV antigen requires further study. The aetiology remained undetermined in 39 dogs (74%) and 20 cats (61%). Although it is possible that non-infectious causes play a more important role than previously thought, infections with hitherto unrecognized agents cannot be ruled out.


id: cord-288202-r3r2bc7v
author: Morel, Noelia
date: 2013-01-10
txt: ./txt/cord-288202-r3r2bc7v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288202-r3r2bc7v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23326610/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001967
summary:
  Under this premise, we have developed a new copro-ELISA test after extensive screening of a large panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and polyclonal sera, which performs with high standards of sensitivity (92.6%) and specificity (86.4%) as established by necropsy diagnosis of dogs. granulosus copro-antigen detection under the premise that in addition to performing with high standards of proven sensitivity and specificity, it had to be robust, standardized and developed in a kit format to be available for its use in regional programs for the control of the disease. Interestingly, the average absorbance readings of the fecal samples obtained from these animal were 1.16 and 2.99 AU, which represent strong positive results, indicating the sensitivity of the test and confirming the capacity of the assay to detect small numbers of parasites that had been observed in the experimentally infected dogs.

title:
  A Monoclonal Antibody-Based Copro-ELISA Kit for Canine Echinococcosis to Support the PAHO Effort for Hydatid Disease Control in South America

abstract:
  Cystic echinococcosis is still a major concern in South America. While some regions show advances in the control of the disease, others have among the highest incidence in the world. To reverse this situation the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has launched a regional project on cystic echinococcosis control and surveillance. An early concern of the program was the lack of a standardized diagnostic tool to monitor infection in dogs, a key target of control programs. Under this premise, we have developed a new copro-ELISA test after extensive screening of a large panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and polyclonal sera, which performs with high standards of sensitivity (92.6%) and specificity (86.4%) as established by necropsy diagnosis of dogs. The key component of the test, MAbEg9 has a convenient IgG isotype and reacts with a periodate-resistant epitope found in high molecular weight components of the worm. Time-course analysis of experimentally infected dogs showed that even animals with a very low number of parasites could be detected as early as day 20 post infection. The test was formulated in a ready-to-use kit format with proven stability of each component for a minimum of 3 months at room temperature. This characteristic facilitates its standardized use and shipping to other laboratories, which was demonstrated by the identical results obtained by two different laboratories in Peru and our own laboratory when a large number of field samples were analyzed independently in a blind fashion.


id: cord-293151-g3758oes
title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs
author: Nemzek, Jean A.
date: 2015-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124095274000122
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00012-2
summary:
  This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. Several factors that increase pressure at the site and/or affect the integrity of the skin will predispose an individual to develop pressure sores, including poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting coaptation devices (Swaim and Angarano, 1990) . Chronic or recurrent corneal ulcers may also be associated with infection or hereditary causes in some breeds of dogs; however, these would be rare in the laboratory setting. Research Complications Treatment of early-stage or low-grade mammary tumors may be rewarding, allowing dogs to continue on study.

abstract:
  Historically, the dog played an important role as a laboratory animal in biomedical research. Although numbers are declining, the use of dogs continues to be common in pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular studies. The normal biology of the dog as both a laboratory and a companion animal has been well studied and reference values are presented here as a clinical and experimental resource. This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. In addition, diseases and conditions that arise secondary to the housing and experimental manipulation of dogs is discussed with emphasis on treatment and prevention.


id: cord-293274-ysr1l557
title: Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 by healthy and sick dogs during COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
author: Perisé-Barrios, Ana Judith
date: 2020-09-22
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.22.308023
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.22.308023
abstract:
  COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease originated by SARS-CoV-2. Infection of animals with SARS-CoV-2 are being reported during last months, and also an increase of severe lung pathologies in domestic dogs has been detected by veterinarians in Spain. Therefore it is necessary to describe the pathological processes in those animals that show symptoms similar to those described in humans affected by COVID-19. The potential for companion animals contributing to the continued human-to-human disease, infectivity, and community spread is an urgent issue to be considered. Forty animals with pulmonary pathologies were studied by chest X-ray, ultrasound study, and computed tomography. Nasopharyngeal and rectal swab were analyzed to detect canine pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. Twenty healthy dogs living in SARS-CoV-2 positive households were included. Immunoglobulin detection by different immunoassays was performed. Our findings show that sick dogs presented severe alveolar or interstitial pattern, with pulmonary opacity, parenchymal abnormalities, and bilateral lesions. Forty dogs were negative for SARS-CoV-2 but Mycoplasma spp. was detected in 26 of 33 dogs. Five healthy and one pathological dog presented IgG against SARS-CoV-2. Here we report that despite detecting dogs with IgG α-SARS-CoV-2, we never obtained a positive RT-qPCR, not even in dogs with severe pulmonary disease; suggesting that even in the case of a canine infection transmission would be unlikely. Moreover, dogs living in COVID-19 positive households could have been more exposed to be infected during outbreaks.


id: cord-297724-xoqrc3xo
title: Large-scale survey of adverse reactions to canine non-rabies combined vaccines in Japan
author: Miyaji, Kazuki
date: 2012-01-15
txt: ./txt/cord-297724-xoqrc3xo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297724-xoqrc3xo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22264736/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.12.023
summary:
  We performed a large-scale survey to investigate vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs), including anaphylaxis, in Japan by distributing questionnaires on VAAEs to veterinary hospitals from April 1, 2006 through May 31, 2007. The questionnaires about adverse reactions to canine non-rabies combined vaccines were distributed by the Japan Small Animal Veterinary Association to veterinary hospitals in Japan from April 1, 2006 through May 31, 2007. The questionnaires not only recorded standard information: date of birth, breed, sex and neuter status, weight, and date of vaccination, but also included important factors associated with adverse reactions, such as type of vaccination, signs, and time of their onset since vaccination (Fig. 1) . The risks involved in vaccination of dogs were highlighted by previous large epidemiological studies (Gaskell et al., 2002; Moore et al., 2005) ; however, surveys on VAAEs had only been performed on a small scale in Japan (Ohmori et al., 2002 (Ohmori et al., , 2005a Fujimura, 2006) .

abstract:
  Canine non-rabies combined vaccines are widely used to protect animals from infectious agents, and also play an important role in public health. We performed a large-scale survey to investigate vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs), including anaphylaxis, in Japan by distributing questionnaires on VAAEs to veterinary hospitals from April 1, 2006 through May 31, 2007. Valid responses were obtained for 57,300 vaccinated dogs at 573 animal hospitals; we obtained VAAEs information for last 100 vaccinated dogs in each veterinary hospital. We found that of the 57,300, 359 dogs showed VAAEs. Of the 359 dogs, death was observed in 1, anaphylaxis in 41, dermatological signs in 244, gastrointestinal signs in 160, and other signs in 106. Onset of VAAEs was mostly observed within 12 h after vaccination (n = 299, 83.3%). In this study, anaphylaxis events occurred within 60 min after vaccination, and about half of these events occurred within 5 min (n = 19, 46.3%). Furthermore, where anaphylaxis was reported, additional information to support the diagnosis was obtained by reinvestigation. Our resurvey of dogs with anaphylaxis yielded responses on 31 dogs; 27 of these demonstrated collapse (87.1%), 24 demonstrated cyanosis (77.4%), and both signs occurred in 22 (71.0%). Higher rates of animal VAAEs, anaphylaxis, and death were found in Japan than in other countries. Further investigations, including survey studies, will be necessary to elucidate the interaction between death and vaccination and the risk factors for VAAEs, and thus develop safer vaccines. Moreover, it may also be necessary to continually update the data of VAAEs.


id: cord-298155-ou8vjogc
title: Epidemiological survey on intestinal helminths of stray dogs in Guimarães, Portugal
author: Silva, Vanessa
date: 2020-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-298155-ou8vjogc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298155-ou8vjogc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837054/
doi: 10.1007/s12639-020-01252-2
summary:
  The prevalence of intestinal parasites was evaluated by examination of dog faecal sample, in the municipal control animal centre of Guimarães (north Portugal), identifying risk factors and transmission to man. This represent a substantial Public Health risk factor, from an epidemiological point of view, due to the strong environmental contamination of stray dog''s feces, without any deworming program and with a high probability of carrying pathogens and parasites, easily transmitted to man. Natural transmission of parasitic infections from dogs to man may occur, directly or indirectly, via environmental factors and represent a potential public health risk, particularly to individuals with close contact with those animals (Pullola et al. In fact, parasitic infections were observed specially in the third collection, in young animals that had recently arrived and were dewormed, revealing a severe environmental contamination with a higher risk of zoonotic transmission from dogs.

abstract:
  The new legislative framework on Animal Welfare brought increased responsibilities to municipal shelters, in particular in the collection of stray dogs, their sterilization and future adoption. These centers quickly became overcrowded, leading to high parasitism environmental contamination, to the easy spread of parasitic infections and to increased risks to public health. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was evaluated by examination of dog faecal sample, in the municipal control animal centre of Guimarães (north Portugal), identifying risk factors and transmission to man. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths was 57.2% (95% confidence interval 41.3–71.9%) and observed helminths of the gastrointestinal tract were recorded: Ancylostoma caninum (33%), Toxocara canis (29%), Dipylidium caninum (6%), Capillaria spp. (3%), Trichuris vulpis (1.66%). It is important to point out that young dogs were significantly infected more frequently (p ≤ 0.1) than non-sterilized females and the higher occurrence of nematode infection occurred at the new arrival of stray dogs, in the third collection. With impact on public health, the higher prevalence (p ≤ 0.1) of T. canis in young dogs suggests the existence of real risk for human infection and demonstrate the necessity for a parasite control programme reinforcement at the municipal dog shelter.


id: cord-300187-fr6tme32
title: Infectious Hepatopathies in Dogs and Cats
author: Kearns, Shawn
date: 2009-11-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945087/
doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.06.004
abstract:
  This article serves to review the various infectious diseases that affect the liver primarily or as a part of systemic infection. Although bacterial infections are probably the most common cause of infectious hepatitis, the clinician should be aware of other potential organisms and other commonly involved systems. Therefore, this article includes a description of common bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, parasitic, and rickettsial diseases in dogs and cats.


id: cord-302261-vpspaxmx
title: Comparative Pancreatic Pathology
author: Whitley, E.M.
date: 2014-08-21
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123864567034158
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.03415-8
abstract:
  Spontaneous pathologies of the pancreas are important causes of morbidity and mortality in some veterinary species and rare in others. As in human beings, the pancreas of most domestic and exotic animals is a composite organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions. The similarities between structure and function of porcine, canine, and human pancreata are such that the pig and dog serve as valuable models in basic and translational studies, most recently for efforts aimed at modeling pancreatitis and diabetes, developing functional and sustainable replacement of endocrine functions, and in imaging and manipulation studies. This article will provide a brief review of spontaneous veterinary diseases and their underlying mechanisms and the morphological features that reflect these alterations. Several species- or breed-specific conditions and the effects of selected systemic diseases on the pancreas are also discussed. The contributions to our knowledge of pancreatic physiology and pathology by small mammal (rodent) and engineered animal models and the in-depth mechanisms homologous to those in the human pancreas are covered in other sections of this article.


id: cord-303187-ny4qr2a2
author: Belo, Vinícius Silva
date: 2017-11-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29091961/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187233
title:
  Abundance, survival, recruitment and effectiveness of sterilization of free-roaming dogs: A capture and recapture study in Brazil

abstract:
  The existence of free-roaming dogs raises important issues in animal welfare and in public health. A proper understanding of these animals’ ecology is useful as a necessary input to plan strategies to control these populations. The present study addresses the population dynamics and the effectiveness of the sterilization of unrestricted dogs using capture and recapture procedures suitable for open animal populations. Every two months, over a period of 14 months, we captured, tagged, released and recaptured dogs in two regions in a city in the southeast region of Brazil. In one of these regions the animals were also sterilized. Both regions had similar social, environmental and demographic features. We estimated the presence of 148 females and 227 males during the period of study. The average dog:man ratio was 1 dog for each 42 and 51 human beings, in the areas without and with sterilization, respectively. The animal population size increased in both regions, due mainly to the abandonment of domestic dogs. Mortality rate decreased throughout the study period. Survival probabilities did not differ between genders, but males entered the population in higher numbers. There were no differences in abundance, survival and recruitment between the regions, indicating that sterilization did not affect the population dynamics. Our findings indicate that the observed animal dynamics were influenced by density-independent factors, and that sterilization might not be a viable and effective strategy in regions where availability of resources is low and animal abandonment rates are high. Furthermore, the high demographic turnover rates observed render the canine free-roaming population younger, thus more susceptible to diseases, especially to rabies and leishmaniasis. We conclude by stressing the importance of implementing educational programs to promote responsible animal ownership and effective strategies against abandonment practices.


id: cord-303641-v2kl62c8
title: A canine model of experimental infection with Leishmania (L.) mexicana
author: Cruz-Chan, Julio Vladimir
date: 2014-08-09
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-361
doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-361
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a tropical disease affecting over one million patients annually and Leishmania (L.) mexicana is one of the major etiological agents in the Americas. Here we established the first experimental infection of L. (L.) mexicana in canids. METHODS: Beagle dogs were infected intradermally with culture-derived L. (L.) mexicana. We followed skin ulcer development, histopathological signs, parasite burden and the immune status of the infected dogs. RESULTS: All infected dogs developed uniform oval-craterform ulcers similar to those observed in humans, associated with mixed T helper 1/T helper 2 immune responses. Parasites were detected in the healed lesions 15 weeks post-infection. Higher anti-Leishmania IgG levels correlated with larger lesions and high IgG1/IgG2 ratio was associated with some level of splenomegaly. CONCLUSIONS: The canine model described in this work will be of use for further understanding of L. (L.) mexicana immunopathogenensis, and for drug and vaccine development.


id: cord-304385-864o4buq
title: Demography, Hunting Ecology, and Pathogen Exposure of Domestic Dogs in the Isoso of Bolivia
author: FIORELLO, CHRISTINE V.
date: 2006-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-304385-864o4buq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304385-864o4buq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16909569/
doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00466.x
summary:
  We investigated the potential for disease spillover from the domestic dog population to the wild carnivore population in the Isoso of Bolivia, an area of tropical dry forest contiguous with a national park. Based on our results and the susceptibility of wild species previously reported in the literature, domestic dogs represent a disease risk for wildlife in the Bolivian Isoso. In addition, because nearly all hunting activities include dogs (Noss & Cuéllar 2001; Kaa-Iya Project, unpublished data) and hunters from the communities utilize much of the TCO, the transmission of infectious diseases from the domestic dogs to wildlife is a potential risk. We used a combination of blood sampling, informal discussions with local residents, a questionnaire survey, and a large data set on hunting to study domestic dogs in indigenous communities of southeastern Bolivia.

abstract:
  Abstract: Disease is increasingly recognized as a threat to the conservation of wildlife, and in many cases the source of disease outbreaks in wild carnivores is the domestic dog. For disease to spill over from a domestic to a wild population, three conditions must be satisfied: susceptibility of the wild species, presence of the disease agent in the domestic population, and contact between the two populations of interest. We investigated the potential for disease spillover from the domestic dog population to the wild carnivore population in the Isoso of Bolivia, an area of tropical dry forest contiguous with a national park. Using questionnaires and discussions with residents, we gathered data on the demography of dogs in the Isoso, including adult and neonatal mortality, litter size, and hunting frequency. We analyzed a large data set containing self‐recorded information on hunting in various communities of the Isoso to determine the extent of dog participation in hunting and the duration of hunting trips. Finally, we took blood samples from dogs in the Isoso for a serosurvey of common canine pathogens. More than 95% of dogs had positive titers to canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus. There was also a high seroprevalence in dogs for other pathogens, a high population turnover of dogs (which may allow diseases to be maintained endemically), and frequent opportunities for contact between domestic and wild carnivores. Based on our results and the susceptibility of wild species previously reported in the literature, domestic dogs represent a disease risk for wildlife in the Bolivian Isoso.


id: cord-309587-xc4jaw31
title: The Feasibility of Canine Rabies Elimination in Africa: Dispelling Doubts with Data
author: Lembo, Tiziana
date: 2010-02-23
txt: ./txt/cord-309587-xc4jaw31.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309587-xc4jaw31.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000626
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000626
summary:
  We conclude that (1) rabies substantially affects public and animal health sectors, hence regional and national priorities for control ought to be higher, (2) for practical purposes domestic dogs are the sole maintenance hosts and main source of infection for humans throughout most of Africa and Asia and sufficient levels of vaccination coverage in domestic dog populations should lead to elimination of canine rabies in most areas, (3) the vast majority of domestic dog populations across sub-Saharan Africa are accessible for vaccination with community sensitization being of paramount importance for the success of these programs, (4) improved local capacity in rabies surveillance and diagnostics will help evaluate the impact of control and elimination efforts, and (5) sustainable resources for effective dog vaccination campaigns are likely to be available through the development of intersectoral financing schemes involving both medical and veterinary sectors.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Canine rabies causes many thousands of human deaths every year in Africa, and continues to increase throughout much of the continent. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This paper identifies four common reasons given for the lack of effective canine rabies control in Africa: (a) a low priority given for disease control as a result of lack of awareness of the rabies burden; (b) epidemiological constraints such as uncertainties about the required levels of vaccination coverage and the possibility of sustained cycles of infection in wildlife; (c) operational constraints including accessibility of dogs for vaccination and insufficient knowledge of dog population sizes for planning of vaccination campaigns; and (d) limited resources for implementation of rabies surveillance and control. We address each of these issues in turn, presenting data from field studies and modelling approaches used in Tanzania, including burden of disease evaluations, detailed epidemiological studies, operational data from vaccination campaigns in different demographic and ecological settings, and economic analyses of the cost-effectiveness of dog vaccination for human rabies prevention. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that there are no insurmountable problems to canine rabies control in most of Africa; that elimination of canine rabies is epidemiologically and practically feasible through mass vaccination of domestic dogs; and that domestic dog vaccination provides a cost-effective approach to the prevention and elimination of human rabies deaths.


id: cord-316500-vik30moa
author: Cardillo, Lorena
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-316500-vik30moa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316500-vik30moa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32566119/
doi: 10.1155/2020/6207297
summary:
  Here, we aimed to determine the infectious causes of death in young dogs aged up to 1 year, examining how it relates to age (under and over 6 months), lifestyle (owned versus ownerless), breed (purebred and crossbreed), and gender. In the first days of life, bacterial infections are described to be the prevalent cause of neonatal disease and death [2] ; in contrast, at other ages, many factors have been attributed for outbreaks of viral diseases, including age, vaccination status, breed [3, 4] , habitat [5] , and seasons [6] . After examining bacterial and viral prevalence, infection risk was examined for the most frequently detected pathogens related to the four variables considered in the study (Table 4) . To assess infectious causes of death in dogs aged under 1 year of age, the circulation of agents in Southern Italy and whether age, lifestyle, gender, or breed can influence infections and relative lesion generalisation, a survey was conducted on 138 deceased pups.

title:
  Lifestyle as Risk Factor for Infectious Causes of Death in Young Dogs: A Retrospective Study in Southern Italy (2015–2017)

abstract:
  Infectious diseases are a common cause of death in young dogs. Several factors are thought to predispose young dogs to microbiological infections. Identifying the cause of death is often a challenge, and broad diagnostic analysis is often needed. Here, we aimed to determine the infectious causes of death in young dogs aged up to 1 year, examining how it relates to age (under and over 6 months), lifestyle (owned versus ownerless), breed (purebred and crossbreed), and gender. A retrospective study was conducted in a 3-year period (2015–2017) on 138 dead dogs that had undergone necropsy and microbiological diagnostics. Enteritis and pneumonia were the most commonly observed lesions. Polymicrobism was more prevalent (62.3%) than single-agent infections and associated with a higher rate of generalised lesions. Ownerless dogs showed over a three-fold higher predisposition to viral coinfections than owned dogs. Above all, canine parvovirus was the most prevalent agent (77.5%), followed by canine coronavirus (31.1%) and canine adenovirus (23.9%); ownerless pups had a higher predisposition to these viruses. Escherichia coli (23.9%), Clostridium perfringens type A (18.1%), and Enterococcus spp. (8.7%) were the most commonly identified bacteria, which mostly involved in coinfections. A lower prevalence of CDV and Clostridium perfringens type A was observed in puppies under 6 months of age. In conclusion, this study is the first comprehensive survey on a wide panel of microbiological agents related to necropsy lesions. It lays the groundwork for future studies attempting to understand the circulation of infectious agents in a determined area.


id: cord-316746-toen5nvr
title: Canine parvovirus: a predicting canine model for sepsis
author: Alves, F.
date: 2020-06-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32539830/
doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02417-0
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a severe condition associated with high prevalence and mortality rates. Parvovirus enteritis is a predisposing factor for sepsis, as it promotes intestinal bacterial translocation and severe immunosuppression. This makes dogs infected by parvovirus a suitable study population as far as sepsis is concerned. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the differences between two sets of SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria in outcome prediction: SIRS 1991 and SIRS 2001. The possibility of stratifying and classifying septic dogs was assessed using a proposed animal adapted PIRO (Predisposition, Infection, Response and Organ dysfunction) scoring system. RESULTS: The 72 dogs enrolled in this study were scored for each of the PIRO elements, except for Infection, as all were considered to have the same infection score, and subjected to two sets of SIRS criteria, in order to measure their correlation with the outcome. Concerning SIRS criteria, it was found that the proposed alterations on SIRS 2001 (capillary refill time or mucous membrane colour alteration) were significantly associated with the outcome (OR = 4.09, p < 0.05), contrasting with the 1991 SIRS criteria (p = 0.352) that did not correlate with the outcome. No significant statistical association was found between Predisposition (p = 1), Response (p = 0.1135), Organ dysfunction (p = 0.1135), total PIRO score (p = 0.093) and outcome. To explore the possibility of using the SIRS criteria as a fast decision-making tool, a Fast-and-Frugal tree (FFT) was created with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 29%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increasing the SIRS criteria specificity may improve their prognostic value and their clinical usefulness. In order to improve the proposed PIRO scoring system outcome prediction ability, more specific criteria should be added, mainly inflammatory and organ dysfunction biomarkers.


id: cord-317153-2la3hkzv
author: Kauhala, Kaarina
date: 2011-10-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32288758/
doi: 10.1093/czoolo/57.5.584
title:
  Invasion of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe: History of colonization, features behind its success, and threats to native fauna

abstract:
  We aimed to review the history of the introduction and colonization of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe, the features behind its successful expansion and its impact on native fauna. The raccoon dog quickly colonized new areas after being introduced to the European part of the former Soviet Union. Today it is widespread in Northern and Eastern Europe and is still spreading in Central Europe. Features behind its success include its adaptability, high reproductive potential, omnivory, hibernation in northern areas, multiple introductions with > 9000 individuals from different localities, and tendency to wander enabling gene flow between populations. Firm evidence of the raccoon dog’s negative impact on native fauna, such as a reduction in bird populations, is still scarce. Raccoon dogs may destroy waterfowl nests, although a nest predation study in Latvia did not confirm this. Predator removal studies in Finland suggested that the raccoon dog’s impact on game birds is smaller than expected. However, raccoon dogs may have caused local extinction of frog populations, especially on islands. Raccoon dogs may compete with other carnivores for food, for example for carrion in winter, or for the best habitat patches. In northern Europe potential competitors include the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the badger Meles meles, but studies of their diets or habitat preferences do not indicate severe competition. The raccoon dog is an important vector of diseases and parasites, such as rabies, Echinococcus multilocularis and Trichinella spp. and this is no doubt the most severe consequence arising from the spread of this alien species in Europe.


id: cord-317632-2bjzn6p7
title: Could bio-detection dogs be used to limit the spread of COVID-19 by travellers?
author: Jones, Robert T
date: 2020-08-12
txt: ./txt/cord-317632-2bjzn6p7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317632-2bjzn6p7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa131
doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa131
abstract: nan
summary:
  Screening travellers for COVID-19 at airports is an attractive option that could prevent imported infections, and may reduce the need to enforce quarantine on travellers. 5 Further work by the same team demonstrated the use of trained dogs in identifying malaria parasites in asymptomatic children. 6 The dogs were trained using odour samples collected on socks worn by confirmed positive asymptomatic or negative children in The Gambia. The study demonstrated that dogs could identify malaria with a degree of sensitivity and specificity broadly in line with the World Health Organization''s criteria for the procurement of rapid diagnostic tests. Phase 1 is a proof-of-principle study to demonstrate that medical detection dogs can be trained to identify asymptomatic or mild symptomatic infections with SARS-CoV-2 with high sensitivity and specificity. Phase 2 is an assessment of the capability of the trained dogs to detect people with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Trained dogs identify people with malaria parasites by their odour


id: cord-317787-6hz8dxsi
author: Jaffey, Jared A.
date: 2019-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-317787-6hz8dxsi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317787-6hz8dxsi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31649945/
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00352
summary:
  Keywords: pulmonary fibrosis, canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), pulmonary hypertension, pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, PIBO BACKGROUND Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO), a syndrome in children most commonly caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia (1, 2) and adenovirus (1) and occasionally Bordetella pertussis (3, 4) is associated with chronic inflammatory and fibrotic lesions of small airways leading to chronic airflow obstruction (5) . Importantly, severe damage to the lung can lead to end-stage and untreatable fibrosis, with most cases in dogs not having a recognizable trigger and thus being termed "idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis." This report describes a puppy developing PIBO after Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia with histologic evidence of small airway changes strongly supporting development of pulmonary fibrosis. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans, a syndrome in children that can be caused by adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumonia, and less commonly Bordetella pertussis, is treated after resolution of infection with supportive therapies and corticosteroids to target inflammation (1-3).

title:
  Presumptive Development of Fibrotic Lung Disease From Bordetella bronchiseptica and Post-infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in a Dog

abstract:
  A 7-month-old Miniature Poodle acquired from a pet store developed cough and subsequently respiratory distress compatible with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. Partial but incomplete resolution of clinical signs and thoracic radiographic/computed tomographic imaging lesions were noted with use of susceptibility-guided antimicrobials. Additionally, a concern for an infectious nidus led to left cranial lung lobectomy at 9 months of age. Histopathology predominantly revealed polypoid and constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans (i.e., small airway disease). Intermittent antimicrobial administration over the next 5 years failed to blunt progressive clinical signs. At 8 years, necropsy confirmed severe airway-centered interstitial fibrosis. This pattern of fibrosis was strongly suggestive of underlying small airway disease as the trigger. In retrospect, post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO), a syndrome in young children caused by pulmonary infections but not yet recognized in pet dogs, likely initiated a pathway of fibrosis in this dog. In dogs with risk factors for community-acquired pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, PIBO is a differential diagnosis with development of severe, persistent respiratory signs incompletely responsive to appropriate antimicrobials. Untreated PIBO may lead to airway-centered interstitial fibrosis. Future study is required to determine if targeted therapy of PIBO could alter the course of end-stage pulmonary fibrosis.


id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0
author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M.
date: 2020-05-27
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113789
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113789
title:
  A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects

abstract:
  Over time the human–animal bond has been changed. For instance, the role of pets has changed from work animals (protecting houses, catching mice) to animals with a social function, giving companionship. Pets can be important for the physical and mental health of their owners but may also transmit zoonotic infections. The One Health initiative is a worldwide strategy for expanding collaborations in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment. However, in One Health communications the role of particularly dogs and cats is often underestimated. Objective: Evaluation of positive and negative One Health issues of the human–companion animal relationship with a focus on zoonotic aspects of cats and dogs in industrialized countries. Method: Literature review. Results: Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health, while owners are increasing aware of pet’s health and welfare. The changing attitude of humans with regard to pets and their environment can also lead to negative effects such as changes in feeding practices, extreme breeding, and behavioral problems, and anthropozoonoses. For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. Conclusions: One Health issues need frequently re-evaluated as the close human–animal relationship with pet animals can totally differ compared to decennia ago. Because of the changed human–companion animal bond, recommendations regarding responsible pet-ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conforming the biology of the animal are required. Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept.


id: cord-321549-r7bmtloy
title: Scent dog identification of samples from COVID-19 patients – a pilot study
author: Jendrny, Paula
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-321549-r7bmtloy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321549-r7bmtloy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32703188/
doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05281-3
summary:
  METHODS: Eight detection dogs were trained for 1 week to detect saliva or tracheobronchial secretions of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in a randomised, double-blinded and controlled study. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings indicate that trained detection dogs can identify respiratory secretion samples from hospitalised and clinically diseased SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals by discriminating between samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and negative controls. As dogs can be trained quickly, the aim of the present study was to test the concept of using dogs reliably and in real-time to discriminate between samples of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and non-infected controls. The individuals were only tested for SARS-CoV-2 virus and therefore one cannot exclude that a former infection, especially with another human coronavirus like HCoV-OC43 resulted in false positive indications of the dogs and that cross detection occurred. Detection dogs were able to discriminate respiratory secretions of infected SARS-CoV-2 individuals from those of healthy controls with high rates of sensitivity and specificity.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread, early, ideally real-time, identification of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals is pivotal in interrupting infection chains. Volatile organic compounds produced during respiratory infections can cause specific scent imprints, which can be detected by trained dogs with a high rate of precision. METHODS: Eight detection dogs were trained for 1 week to detect saliva or tracheobronchial secretions of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in a randomised, double-blinded and controlled study. RESULTS: The dogs were able to discriminate between samples of infected (positive) and non-infected (negative) individuals with average diagnostic sensitivity of 82.63% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.02–83.24%) and specificity of 96.35% (95% CI: 96.31–96.39%). During the presentation of 1012 randomised samples, the dogs achieved an overall average detection rate of 94% (±3.4%) with 157 correct indications of positive, 792 correct rejections of negative, 33 incorrect indications of negative or incorrect rejections of 30 positive sample presentations. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings indicate that trained detection dogs can identify respiratory secretion samples from hospitalised and clinically diseased SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals by discriminating between samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and negative controls. This data may form the basis for the reliable screening method of SARS-CoV-2 infected people.


id: cord-329150-9g5nu5ok
title: Dreaming about Dogs: An Online Survey
author: Schredl, Michael
date: 2020-10-19
txt: ./txt/cord-329150-9g5nu5ok.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329150-9g5nu5ok.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101915
doi: 10.3390/ani10101915
summary:
  On the one hand, dog owners dream about dogs more often and had overall positively toned dreams, whereas persons with negative experiences with dogs in their waking life reported a higher percentage of dreams with threatening dogs. Ordinal regressions (cumulative logit model) were used for analyzing the effects of waking-life variables, e.g., owning a dog, having owned a dog, time spent with the dog, or negative experiences in the past with dogs, on dog dream variables (dog dream percentage, emotional tone of dog dreams) controlled for age, sex, education, and dream recall frequency. These persons reported higher percentages of threatening dog dreams, indicating that a negative experience in waking life, e.g., being bitten by a dog during childhood, can have lasting effects on dream life.

abstract:
  SIMPLE SUMMARY: The findings of the survey indicate that waking-life experiences with dogs (owning a dog or negative experiences with dogs in the past) affect dreaming in a significant way. On the one hand, dog owners dream about dogs more often and had overall positively toned dreams, whereas persons with negative experiences with dogs in their waking life reported a higher percentage of dreams with threatening dogs. ABSTRACT: Dogs have been close human companions for millennia and one would expect—according to the continuity hypothesis of dreaming—that dogs are also quite common in dreams. Previous studies showed that the percentages of dreams that include dogs range from about 1.5% to 5%, but studies relating waking-life experiences with dogs with dreams about dogs have not been carried out. In total, 1695 persons (960 women, 735 men) completed an online survey that included questions about dreams and waking-life experiences that included dogs. The findings indicate that dogs show up, on average, in about 5% of remembered dreams, but this percentage is much higher in the dreams of dog owners and persons with close contacts with dogs. Moreover, the active time spent with a dog and the proximity during sleep is also related to a higher percentage of dreams that include dogs. Although dreams including dogs are on average more positively toned than dreams in general, about 11% of the dog dreams included threatening dogs. Persons who had negative experiences with dogs in their waking lives reported more threatening dog dreams. The results support the continuity hypothesis and it would be very interesting to conduct content analytic studies with dream samples obtained from dog owners to learn more about the variety of interactions between dreamers and dogs.


id: cord-330204-guhrtz1h
title: Rabies elimination research: juxtaposing optimism, pragmatism and realism
author: Cleaveland, Sarah
date: 2017-12-20
txt: ./txt/cord-330204-guhrtz1h.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29263285/
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1880
summary:
  We demonstrate how research has generated optimism about the feasibility of achieving global targets of zero human deaths from dogmediated rabies, guided pragmatism in the design of dog vaccination strategies in LMICs, and instilled realism in the path towards global canine rabies elimination. While it is often recommended that a detailed understanding of dog ecology is needed for effective canine rabies control, the consistency of research findings generated over the past 30 years allows us to be confident in concluding that mass dog vaccination is feasible across a wide range of settings and campaigns can and should be initiated without delay. However, a focus on mass dog vaccination currently remains the most pragmatic and cost-effective approach to canine rabies control and elimination.

abstract:
  More than 100 years of research has now been conducted into the prevention, control and elimination of rabies with safe and highly efficacious vaccines developed for use in human and animal populations. Domestic dogs are a major reservoir for rabies, and although considerable advances have been made towards the elimination and control of canine rabies in many parts of the world, the disease continues to kill tens of thousands of people every year in Africa and Asia. Policy efforts are now being directed towards a global target of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030 and the global elimination of canine rabies. Here we demonstrate how research provides a cause for optimism as to the feasibility of these goals through strategies based around mass dog vaccination. We summarize some of the pragmatic insights generated from rabies epidemiology and dog ecology research that can improve the design of dog vaccination strategies in low- and middle-income countries and which should encourage implementation without further delay. We also highlight the need for realism in reaching the feasible, although technically more difficult and longer-term goal of global elimination of canine rabies. Finally, we discuss how research on rabies has broader relevance to the control and elimination of a suite of diseases of current concern to human and animal health, providing an exemplar of the value of a ‘One Health’ approach.


id: cord-334894-v5mu9ey2
title: Amelioration of oxidative stress using N‐acetylcysteine in canine parvoviral enteritis
author: Gaykwad, C.
date: 2017-07-12
txt: ./txt/cord-334894-v5mu9ey2.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12434
doi: 10.1111/jvp.12434
summary:
  In this study, antioxidant potential of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in dogs infected with canine parvovirus with a nonblinded randomized clinical trial has been carried out. In addition, NAC treatment significantly improved glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity and decreased nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations on day 3 and 5 compared to supportive treatment in parvo‐infected dogs. The results of this study suggest that NAC represents a potential additional treatment option that could be considered to improve the health condition and minimize the duration of hospitalization in case of canine parvoviral diarrhea. Recently, it has been observed that parvovirus infection is linked with oxidative stress, and marked enhancement of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and poor antioxidant reserve (Luo & Qiu, 2013; Nykky, Vuento, & Gilbert, 2014; Panda, Patra, Nandi, & Swarup, 2009) . A strong association of CPV with oxidative stress suggests incorporation of antioxidants in therapeutic regimen in canine parvoviral diarrhea may help in ameliorating the clinical signs.

abstract:
  Previously, antioxidants have not been evaluated for treatment of parvoviral diarrhea in dogs. In this study, antioxidant potential of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in dogs infected with canine parvovirus with a nonblinded randomized clinical trial has been carried out. A total 18 parvo‐infected dogs were randomly divided into two groups: nine parvo‐infected dogs were treated with supportive treatment and nine parvo‐infected dogs were treated with NAC along with supportive treatment. Simultaneously, nine healthy dogs were kept as healthy control. In parvo‐infected dogs, marked hemoconcentration, leucopenia, neutropenia and oxidative stress were noticed compared to healthy dogs. The NAC treatment progressively improved the leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, and eosinophil counts over the time in parvovirus‐infected dogs compared to dogs that received only supportive treatment. In addition, NAC treatment significantly improved glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity and decreased nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations on day 3 and 5 compared to supportive treatment in parvo‐infected dogs. However, supportive treatment alone failed to ameliorate oxidative stress in the infected dogs till day 5. The results of this study suggest that NAC represents a potential additional treatment option that could be considered to improve the health condition and minimize the duration of hospitalization in case of canine parvoviral diarrhea.


id: cord-337977-vzue2p6p
title: The triad “dogs, conservation and zoonotic diseases” – An old and still neglected problem in Brazil
author: Ellwanger, Joel Henrique
date: 2019-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-337977-vzue2p6p.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32572390/
doi: 10.1016/j.pecon.2019.06.003
summary:
  (echinococcosis), Rickettsia rickettsii (Brazilian spotted fever), different canine viruses (e.g., distemper virus, adenovirus, coronavirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus) , rabies virus, among other pathogens, to both humans and wildlife (Craig et al., 1992; Fiorello et al., 2006 Fiorello et al., , 2017 Dantas-Torres, 2007; Labruna et al., 2007; Pinter et al., 2008; Piranda et al., 2008; Yabsley et al., 2008; Moraes-Filho et al., 2009; Brunetti et al., 2011; Ogrzewalska et al., 2012; Furtado et al., 2013; Millán et al., 2013; Parrish et al., 2015; Basano et al., 2016; Campos et al., 2016; Curi et al., 2016; Doherty et al., 2017; Lessa et al., 2016; Faccini-Martínez et al., 2017) . From an ecological perspective, the circulation of dogs between wildlife environments (considering protected and non-protected areas) and urban regions make the dogs facilitators of the movement of zoonotic diseases between wild animals and humans.

abstract:
  Abstract The presence of domestic/free-ranging dogs in Brazilian protected areas and native vegetation fragments is an important problem, mainly because these animals pose a threat to wild species that live in such areas. In addition, dogs constantly circulate between wildlife environments and urban regions, acting as “bridges” in spillover events. Dogs are traditionally recognized as vectors of zoonoses, which are correct, but their roles as facilitating agents for the “jump” of pathogens from wild animals to humans (and vice versa) are sparsely debated. In this context, this work briefly describes the different roles of dogs in the dynamics and ecology of infectious diseases, using the Brazilian scenario as a study model.


id: cord-339759-us1spoxu
author: Cornelis, I.
date: 2017-03-07
txt: ./txt/cord-339759-us1spoxu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339759-us1spoxu.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28267222/
doi: 10.1111/jsap.12622
summary:
  The aims of this study were therefore to describe the signalment, clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, including results of MRI and long-term survival in dogs diagnosed with presumptive MUO of the spinal cord without concurrent clinical signs of intracranial involvement. Dogs were excluded if (1) the clinical records or imaging studies were incomplete or not available for review, (2) dogs showed clinical or neurological signs of intracranial involvement at time of presentation, (3) they had a peracute onset of clinical signs that were not progressive after 12 to 24 hours, (4) they had signs of extradural or extradural/intramedullary spinal cord compression on MRI and if (5) they had positive infectious disease titres or if clinical presentation, CSF analysis or necropsy findings were suggestive of SRMA or eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis (>10% eosinophils in CSF) (Dewey et al .

title:
  Clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and outcome in dogs diagnosed withpresumptive spinal‐only meningoen‐cephalomyelitis of unknown origin

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: To summarise clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and long‐term outcome for dogs clinically diagnosed with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin affecting the spinal cord alone. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for dogs diagnosed with presumptive spinal‐only meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin between 2006 and 2015. RESULTS: 21 dogs were included; the majority presented with an acute (43%) or chronic (52%) onset of neurological signs. Ambulatory paresis was the most common neurological presentation (67%). Neurological examination most commonly revealed a T3‐L3 myelopathy, and spinal hyperaesthesia was a common finding (71%). A spinal cord lesion was visible in 90% of cases on magnetic resonance imaging. Eighteen lesions (86%) showed parenchymal contrast enhancement and 17 lesions (81%) showed contrast enhancement of overlying meninges. All dogs were treated with immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticosteroids, sometimes combined with cytosine arabinoside. At time of data capture, 10/21 dogs (48%) had died or been euthanased because of the condition. Overall median survival time was 669 days. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs presenting with a progressive myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging features can possibly help to distinguish presumptive meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin from other more common spinal diseases. Overall, long‐term survival is guarded, approximately 50% of dogs will die or be euthanased despite appropriate therapy.


id: cord-344131-e7phs0jd
title: Section 4 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
author: Ford, Richard B.
date: 2012-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-344131-e7phs0jd.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781437707984000049
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0798-4.00004-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  Before actually collecting and submitting a sample to a laboratory for bacterial culture, it is appropriate (whenever feasible to do so) to prepare, stain, and examine, under direct microscopy, exudates or fluid from the suspect material or tissue. Fine-needle aspiration, the use of needle and syringe to remove cells from normal and abnormal tissue, apply them to a glass slide, stain the smear, and review the results immediately is among the most useful, cost-effective procedures available in clinical practice. Do not remove the syringe from the tissue while maintaining negative pressure, because this can Enlargement of nucleus or nuclei larger than 10 nm Decreased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio Multinucleation because of abnormal mitosis Abnormal or frequent mitosis Variations in size and shape of nuclei Increase in size and number of nucleoli Increased basophilia of cellular cytoplasm; increased RNA content Anisokaryosis or pleomorphism Multinucleated giant cells box 4-4 cytologic feAtuRes of mAlignAncy 4 result in the aspiration of significant amounts of blood from the skin, thereby significantly diluting the sample with peripheral blood.


id: cord-347256-0ghflk81
title: Pathophysiology and aetiology of hypoglycaemic crises
author: Morgan, R. K.
date: 2018-08-13
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12911
doi: 10.1111/jsap.12911
abstract:
  Hypoglycaemia is a common, life‐threatening complication that occurs as a component of a wide variety of disease processes. Despite its frequent occurrence, information concerning the aetiology, characteristics and outcomes of hypoglycaemic crises in veterinary medicine is limited. This review summarises the current understanding of the pathophysiology of hypoglycaemia, the body's counter‐regulatory response, underlying aetiologies, diagnosis and treatment. Disease mechanisms are discussed and published evidence in veterinary literature regarding prognostic indicators, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment is examined for hypoglycaemia‐related disease processes including insulinoma, glucose‐lowering toxins and medications.


id: cord-351357-8ahlir5y
title: Zoonotic Vectorborne Pathogens and Ectoparasites of Dogs and Cats in Eastern and Southeast Asia
author: Colella, Vito
date: 2020-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-351357-8ahlir5y.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32441628/
doi: 10.3201/eid2606.191832
summary:
  To provide data that can be used to inform treatment and prevention strategies for zoonotic pathogens in animal and human populations, we assessed the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens and their vectors on 2,381 client-owned dogs and cats living in metropolitan areas of 8 countries in eastern and Southeast Asia during 2017–2018. Tan To provide data that can be used to inform treatment and prevention strategies for zoonotic pathogens in animal and human populations, we assessed the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens and their vectors on 2,381 client-owned dogs and cats living in metropolitan areas of 8 countries in eastern and Southeast Asia during 2017-2018. Although previous investigations have explored the occurrence of zoonotic diseases in animals living in remote areas (4) (5) (6) (7) , our year-long multicenter study explored the occurrence of vectorborne pathogens and ectoparasites in pet dogs and cats from metropolitan areas in eastern and Southeast Asia.

abstract:
  To provide data that can be used to inform treatment and prevention strategies for zoonotic pathogens in animal and human populations, we assessed the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens and their vectors on 2,381 client-owned dogs and cats living in metropolitan areas of 8 countries in eastern and Southeast Asia during 2017–2018. Overall exposure to ectoparasites was 42.4% in dogs and 31.3% in cats. Our data cover a wide geographic distribution of several pathogens, including Leishmania infantum and zoonotic species of filariae, and of animals infested with arthropods known to be vectors of zoonotic pathogens. Because dogs and cats share a common environment with humans, they are likely to be key reservoirs of pathogens that infect persons in the same environment. These results will help epidemiologists and policy makers provide tailored recommendations for future surveillance and prevention strategies.


