id sid tid token lemma pos cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 1 1 key key NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 1 2 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 1 cord-346853 cord-346853 NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 2 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 3 0c1qdjb5 0c1qdjb5 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 4 authors author NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 5 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 6 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 7 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 8 E. E. NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 9 C. C. NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 10 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 11 Drummond Drummond NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 12 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 13 A. A. NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 14 J. J. NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 15 title title NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 16 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 17 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 18 Evolutionary Evolutionary NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 19 Genetics Genetics NNPS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 20 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 21 Viral Viral NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 22 Emergence Emergence NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 23 date date NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 24 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 25 2007 2007 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 26 journal journal NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 2 27 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 1 Wildlife wildlife NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 2 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 3 Emerging Emerging NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 4 Zoonotic Zoonotic NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 5 Diseases Diseases NNPS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 6 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 7 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 8 Biology Biology NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 10 Circumstances circumstance NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 11 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 12 Consequences consequence NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 13 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 14 Cross Cross NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 15 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 16 Species Species NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 17 Transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 18 DOI doi NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 19 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 20 10.1007/978 10.1007/978 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 21 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 22 3 3 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 23 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 24 540 540 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 25 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 26 70962 70962 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 27 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 3 28 6_3 6_3 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 4 1 sha sha NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 4 2 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 4 3 95f661ce374695621257078189a1809f5c5a9579 95f661ce374695621257078189a1809f5c5a9579 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 4 4 doc_id doc_id CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 4 5 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 5 1 346853 346853 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 5 2 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 5 3 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 5 4 0c1qdjb5 0c1qdjb5 XX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 1 Despite despite IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 3 wealth wealth NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 5 data datum NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 6 describing describe VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 8 ecological ecological JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 9 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 10 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 11 underpin underpin VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 12 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 13 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 14 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 15 little little JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 16 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 17 known know VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 18 about about IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 19 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 20 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 21 processes process NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 22 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 23 allow allow VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 24 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 25 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 26 jump jump VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 27 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 28 barriers barrier NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 29 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 30 establish establish VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 31 productive productive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 32 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 33 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 34 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 35 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 6 36 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 1 Understanding understand VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 3 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 4 basis basis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 5 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 6 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 7 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 8 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 9 therefore therefore RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 10 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 11 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 12 research research NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 13 goal goal NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 14 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 15 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 16 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 17 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 18 debates debate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 19 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 20 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 21 area area NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 22 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 23 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 24 considered consider VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 25 within within IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 26 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 27 rigorous rigorous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 28 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 29 framework framework NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 30 established establish VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 31 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 32 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 33 genetics genetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 7 34 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 2 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 5 respective respective JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 6 roles role NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 7 played play VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 8 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 9 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 10 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 11 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 12 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 13 drift drift NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 14 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 15 shaping shape VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 16 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 17 diversity diversity NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 18 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 19 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 20 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 21 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 22 importance importance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 23 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 24 understanding understand VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 25 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 26 nature nature NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 27 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 28 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 29 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 8 30 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 1 Herein herein RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 4 discuss discuss VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 5 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 6 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 7 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 9 rules rule NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 10 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 11 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 12 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 13 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 14 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 15 especially especially RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 16 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 17 certain certain JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 18 types type NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 19 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 20 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 21 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 22 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 23 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 24 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 25 infect infect VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 26 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 27 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 28 type type NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 29 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 30 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 31 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 32 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 33 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 34 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 35 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 36 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 37 emerge emerge VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 38 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 39 others other NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 9 40 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 2 stress stress VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 4 complex complex JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 5 interplay interplay NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 6 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 7 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 8 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 9 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 10 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 11 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 12 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 13 ability ability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 14 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 15 recognize recognize VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 16 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 17 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 18 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 19 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 20 divergent divergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 21 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 22 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 10 23 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 2 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 3 emphasize emphasize VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 5 current current JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 6 lack lack NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 8 convincing convincing JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 9 data datum NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 10 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 11 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 12 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 13 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 14 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 15 requires require VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 16 adaptation adaptation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 17 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 18 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 19 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 20 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 21 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 22 during during IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 23 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 24 early early JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 25 stages stage NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 26 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 27 infection infection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 28 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 29 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 30 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 31 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 32 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 33 largely largely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 34 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 35 chance chance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 36 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 37 involving involve VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 38 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 39 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 40 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 41 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 42 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 43 strain strain NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 44 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 45 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 46 necessary necessary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 47 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 48 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 11 49 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 1 Until until IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 2 recently recently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 4 studies study NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 5 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 6 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 7 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 8 frequently frequently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 9 involved involve VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 10 compiling compile VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 11 lists list NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 13 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 14 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 15 were be VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 16 considered consider VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 17 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 18 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 19 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 20 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 21 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 22 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 23 had have VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 24 increased increase VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 25 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 26 frequency frequency NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 27 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 28 geographical geographical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 29 range range NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 30 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 31 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 32 describing describe VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 33 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 34 ecological ecological JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 35 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 36 responsible responsible JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 37 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 38 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 39 appearance appearance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 12 40 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 1 Such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 2 studies study NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 3 gave give VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 4 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 5 emphasis emphasis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 6 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 7 how how WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 8 changes change NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 9 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 10 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 11 ecology ecology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 12 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 13 notably notably RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 14 increases increase VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 15 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 16 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 17 size size NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 18 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 19 modifications modification NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 20 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 21 land land NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 22 use use NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 23 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 24 global global JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 25 travel travel NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 26 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 27 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 28 political political JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 29 upheavals upheaval NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 30 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 31 had have VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 32 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 33 responsible responsible JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 34 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 35 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 36 elevated elevated JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 37 burden burden NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 38 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 39 infectious infectious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 40 disease disease NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 41 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 42 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 43 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 44 increasing increase VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 45 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 13 46 proximity proximity NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 1 and/or and/or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 2 density density NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 4 possible possible JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 5 reservoir reservoir NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 6 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 8 Morse Morse NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 9 1995 1995 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 14 11 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 1 What what WP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 2 was be VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 3 largely largely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 4 absent absent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 5 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 6 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 7 studies study NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 8 was be VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 9 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 10 consideration consideration NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 12 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 13 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 14 processes process NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 15 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 16 underlie underlie VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 17 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 18 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 20 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 21 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 22 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 23 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 24 Childs Childs NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 25 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 26 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 15 27 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 16 1 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 16 2 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 16 3 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 16 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 16 5 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 4 main main JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 5 role role NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 6 played play VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 7 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 9 biology biology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 10 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 12 first first JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 13 studies study NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 15 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 16 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 17 was be VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 18 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 19 reconstruct reconstruct VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 20 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 21 origin origin NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 22 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 23 spread spread NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 24 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 25 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 26 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 27 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 28 largely largely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 29 through through IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 30 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 31 analysis analysis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 33 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 17 34 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 18 1 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 18 2 Nichol Nichol NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 18 3 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 18 4 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 18 5 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 18 6 1993 1993 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 18 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 19 1 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 1 Although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 3 focus focus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 4 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 5 changing change VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 6 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 7 ecology ecology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 8 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 9 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 10 history history NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 11 was be VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 12 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 13 important important JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 14 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 15 necessary necessary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 16 first first JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 17 step step NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 18 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 21 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 22 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 23 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 24 impossible impossible JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 25 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 26 disentangle disentangle VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 27 ecology ecology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 28 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 29 genetics genetics NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 30 when when WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 31 explaining explain VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 32 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 33 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 34 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 35 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 36 specific specific JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 37 pathogen pathogen NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 38 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 39 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 40 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 41 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 42 essential essential JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 43 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 44 ask ask VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 45 what what WP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 46 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 47 processes process NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 48 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 49 responsible responsible JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 50 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 51 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 52 appearance appearance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 53 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 54 spread spread NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 55 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 56 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 20 57 ? ? . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 3 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 5 study study NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 7 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 8 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 9 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 10 come come VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 12 age age NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 13 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 15 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 16 critical critical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 17 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 18 determine determine VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 19 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 20 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 21 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 22 any any DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 23 general general JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 24 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 25 rules rule NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 26 governing govern VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 27 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 28 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 29 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 30 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 21 31 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 2 genetics genetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 3 aims aim VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 4 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 5 understand understand VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 7 processes process NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 8 responsible responsible JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 9 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 11 origin origin NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 12 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 13 maintenance maintenance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 15 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 16 variation variation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 17 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 18 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 22 19 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 2 great great JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 3 obsession obsession NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 6 genetics genetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 7 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 8 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 9 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 10 reveal reveal VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 12 respective respective JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 13 roles role NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 15 random random JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 16 fluctuations fluctuation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 17 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 18 allele allele NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 19 frequencies frequency NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 20 - - : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 21 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 22 drift drift NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 23 - - : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 24 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 25 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 26 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 27 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 28 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 29 advantageous advantageous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 30 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 31 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 32 shaping shape VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 33 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 34 diversity diversity NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 36 Gillespie Gillespie NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 37 1998 1998 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 23 39 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 1 Although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 3 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 4 face face NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 5 value value NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 6 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 7 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 8 genetics genetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 9 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 10 seem seem VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 12 little little JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 13 relevance relevance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 14 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 16 problem problem NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 18 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 19 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 20 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 21 we -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 22 suggest suggest VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 23 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 25 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 26 fact fact NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 27 provides provide VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 28 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 29 essential essential JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 30 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 31 framework framework NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 24 32 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 1 For for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 2 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 5 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 6 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 7 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 8 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 9 simply simply RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 10 requires require VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 12 chance chance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 13 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 15 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 16 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 17 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 18 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 19 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 20 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 21 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 22 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 23 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 24 little little JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 25 involvement involvement NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 26 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 27 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 28 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 25 29 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 1 Alternatively alternatively RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 4 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 5 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 6 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 7 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 8 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 9 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 10 adapt adapt VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 11 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 12 successfully successfully RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 13 spread spread VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 14 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 15 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 16 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 17 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 26 18 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 2 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 3 scenario scenario NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 5 different different JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 6 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 7 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 8 represent represent VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 9 different different JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 10 fitness fitness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 11 peaks peak NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 12 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 13 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 14 " " `` cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 15 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 16 landscape landscape NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 17 " " '' cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 18 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 19 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 20 traversing traverse VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 21 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 22 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 23 peaks peak NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 24 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 25 difficult difficult JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 26 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 27 they -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 28 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 29 connected connect VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 30 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 31 valleys valley NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 32 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 33 low low JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 34 fitness fitness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 27 35 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 3 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 4 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 5 emergent emergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 6 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 7 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 8 only only RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 9 infect infect VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 10 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 11 small small JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 12 number number NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 13 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 14 individuals individual NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 15 when when WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 17 first first RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 18 enters enter VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 19 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 20 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 21 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 22 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 23 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 24 drift drift NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 25 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 26 expected expect VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 27 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 28 play play VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 29 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 30 major major JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 31 role role NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 32 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 33 determining determine VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 34 what what WP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 35 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 36 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 37 get get VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 38 fixed fix VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 39 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 40 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 41 drift drift NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 42 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 43 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 44 potent potent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 45 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 46 small small JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 47 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 28 48 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 1 Finally finally RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 4 respective respective JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 5 influences influence NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 7 drift drift NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 8 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 9 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 10 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 11 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 12 vary vary VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 13 according accord VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 14 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 16 size size NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 18 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 19 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 20 bottleneck bottleneck NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 21 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 22 accompanies accompany VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 23 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 24 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 25 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 26 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 27 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 28 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 29 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 30 itself -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 31 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 32 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 33 function function NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 34 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 35 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 36 mode mode NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 37 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 38 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 29 39 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 2 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 3 paper paper NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 5 address address VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 6 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 8 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 9 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 10 questions question NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 11 surrounding surround VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 12 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 13 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 14 genetics genetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 15 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 16 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 17 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 30 18 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 1 Although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 3 genetics genetics NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 4 relates relate VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 5 equally equally RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 6 well well RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 7 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 8 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 10 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 11 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 12 differences difference NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 13 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 14 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 15 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 16 immune immune JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 17 responses response NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 19 as as RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 20 well well RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 21 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 22 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 23 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 24 we -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 25 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 26 concentrate concentrate VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 27 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 28 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 29 latter latter JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 30 where where WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 31 data data NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 32 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 33 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 34 abundant abundant JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 35 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 36 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 37 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 38 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 39 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 40 tracked track VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 41 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 42 readily readily RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 31 43 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 1 To to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 2 focus focus VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 4 paper paper NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 5 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 7 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 8 consider consider VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 9 four four CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 10 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 11 questions question NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 12 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 13 1 1 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 32 14 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 1 Are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 2 certain certain JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 3 types type NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 5 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 6 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 7 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 8 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 9 emerge emerge VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 10 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 11 others other NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 33 12 ? ? . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 34 1 2 2 LS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 34 2 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 1 Are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 2 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 3 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 4 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 5 related relate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 6 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 7 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 8 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 9 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 10 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 11 undergo undergo VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 12 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 13 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 14 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 15 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 16 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 17 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 18 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 19 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 20 distantly distantly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 21 related relate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 22 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 23 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 35 24 ? ? . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 36 1 3 3 LS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 36 2 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 1 Does do VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 2 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 3 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 4 require require VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 5 adaptation adaptation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 6 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 8 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 9 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 10 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 37 11 ? ? . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 38 1 4 4 LS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 38 2 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 39 1 Is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 39 2 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 39 3 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 39 4 prerequisite prerequisite NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 39 5 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 39 6 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 39 7 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 39 8 ? ? . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 1 Although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 2 definitive definitive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 3 answers answer NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 4 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 5 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 6 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 7 forthcoming forthcoming JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 8 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 9 all all DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 10 cases case NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 11 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 13 discuss discuss VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 14 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 15 data datum NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 16 required require VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 17 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 18 resolve resolve VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 19 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 20 issues issue NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 40 21 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 1 Finally finally RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 3 as as RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 4 well well RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 5 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 6 shedding shed VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 7 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 8 light light NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 9 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 11 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 13 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 14 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 15 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 16 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 17 answering answer VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 18 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 19 questions question NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 20 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 21 provide provide VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 22 more more JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 23 general general JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 24 insights insight NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 25 into into IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 26 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 27 nature nature NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 28 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 29 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 30 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 41 31 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 2 broadest broad JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 3 division division NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 4 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 5 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 6 classification classification NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 7 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 8 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 9 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 10 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 11 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 12 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 13 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 14 genome genome NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 15 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 16 composed compose VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 18 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 20 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 21 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 23 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 24 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 25 where where WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 26 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 27 genomic genomic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 28 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 29 acid acid NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 30 comprises comprise VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 31 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 33 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 34 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 36 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 37 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 38 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 39 latter latter JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 40 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 41 usually usually RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 42 considered consider VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 43 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 44 include include VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 45 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 46 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 47 make make VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 48 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 49 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 50 copy copy NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 51 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 52 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 53 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 54 genome genome NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 55 through through IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 56 reverse reverse JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 57 transcription transcription NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 42 58 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 1 Although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 2 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 3 known know VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 4 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 5 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 7 genomes genome NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 8 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 9 even even RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 10 accounting account VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 11 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 12 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 13 bias bias NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 15 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 16 clear clear JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 17 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 19 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 20 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 21 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 22 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 23 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 24 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 25 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 26 diseases disease NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 27 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 28 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 43 29 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 44 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 44 2 Cleaveland Cleaveland NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 44 3 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 44 4 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 44 5 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 1 2001 2001 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 2 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 3 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 4 2002 2002 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 5 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 6 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 8 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 9 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 10 Cleaveland Cleaveland NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 11 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 12 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 45 13 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 46 1 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 46 2 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 46 3 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 46 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 46 5 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 2 contrast contrast NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 4 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 5 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 6 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 7 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 8 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 9 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 10 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 11 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 13 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 14 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 15 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 16 co co NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 17 - - NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 18 speciation speciation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 19 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 20 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 21 extend extend VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 22 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 23 millions million NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 24 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 25 years year NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 47 26 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 2 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 3 perhaps perhaps RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 4 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 5 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 6 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 7 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 8 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 9 establish establish VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 10 persistent persistent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 11 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 12 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 14 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 15 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 16 so so RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 17 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 18 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 19 easily easily RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 20 track track VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 21 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 22 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 24 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 25 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 48 27 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 1 That that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 3 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 4 seem seem VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 5 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 6 possess possess VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 7 inherently inherently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 8 more more JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 9 " " `` cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 10 emergibility emergibility NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 11 " " '' cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 12 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 13 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 14 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 15 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 16 usually usually RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 17 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 18 put put VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 19 down down RP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 20 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 21 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 22 very very RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 23 rapid rapid JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 24 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 25 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 26 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 27 change change NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 49 28 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 2 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 3 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 4 thought think VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 5 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 6 evolve evolve VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 7 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 8 logs log NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 9 faster fast RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 10 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 11 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 12 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 13 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 15 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 16 combination combination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 18 highly highly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 19 error error NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 20 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 21 prone prone JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 22 replication replication NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 23 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 24 RNA rna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 25 polymerase polymerase NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 26 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 27 reverse reverse JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 28 transcriptase transcriptase NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 29 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 30 large large JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 31 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 32 sizes size NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 33 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 34 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 35 rapid rapid JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 36 replication replication NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 37 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 39 Domingo Domingo NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 40 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 41 Holland Holland NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 42 1997 1997 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 43 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 44 Moya Moya NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 45 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 46 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 47 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 48 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 50 50 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 2 turn turn NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 4 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 5 rapid rapid JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 6 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 9 change change NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 10 allows allow VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 12 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 13 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 14 quickly quickly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 15 generate generate VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 16 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 17 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 18 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 19 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 20 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 21 required require VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 22 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 23 adapt adapt VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 24 them -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 25 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 26 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 27 environments environment NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 28 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 29 including include VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 30 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 31 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 32 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 51 33 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 1 Although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 2 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 3 effect effect NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 4 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 5 broadly broadly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 6 true true JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 7 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 8 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 9 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 10 still still RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 11 substantial substantial JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 12 variation variation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 13 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 15 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 16 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 18 ability ability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 19 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 20 cause cause VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 21 emergent emergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 22 diseases disease NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 52 23 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 1 Understanding understand VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 3 basis basis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 5 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 6 variation variation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 7 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 8 critical critical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 9 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 11 development development NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 13 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 14 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 15 model model NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 16 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 17 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 18 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 20 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 21 understanding understand VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 22 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 23 constraints constraint NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 24 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 26 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 27 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 28 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 29 general general JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 53 30 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 1 If if IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 3 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 6 change change NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 7 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 8 driven drive VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 9 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 11 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 12 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 13 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 14 neutral neutral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 15 variants variant NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 16 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 17 generated generate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 18 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 19 then then RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 20 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 21 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 22 important important JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 23 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 24 determining determine VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 25 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 26 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 27 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 28 change change NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 29 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 30 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 31 replication replication NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 32 error error NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 33 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 34 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 35 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 36 generation generation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 37 time time NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 54 38 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 2 variation variation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 3 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 4 error error NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 5 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 6 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 7 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 8 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 9 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 10 subject subject NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 12 considerable considerable JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 13 research research NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 14 activity activity NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 16 Malpica Malpica NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 17 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 18 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 19 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 55 20 2002 2002 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 56 1 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 56 2 Pugachev Pugachev NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 56 3 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 56 4 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 56 5 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 56 6 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 56 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 56 8 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 1 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 2 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 3 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 4 growing grow VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 5 body body NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 7 data datum NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 8 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 9 how how WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 10 generation generation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 11 times time NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 12 vary vary VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 13 within within IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 14 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 15 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 57 16 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 58 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 58 2 Markowitz Markowitz NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 58 3 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 58 4 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 58 5 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 59 1 2003 2003 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 59 2 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 59 3 Whalley Whalley NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 59 4 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 59 5 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 59 6 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 59 7 2001 2001 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 59 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 59 9 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 1 However however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 3 despite despite IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 4 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 5 wealth wealth NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 7 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 8 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 9 theory theory NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 10 about about IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 12 interplay interplay NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 13 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 14 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 15 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 16 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 17 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 18 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 19 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 20 we -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 21 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 22 still still RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 23 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 24 way way NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 25 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 26 producing produce VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 27 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 28 all all RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 29 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 30 encompassing encompass VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 31 picture picture NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 32 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 33 what what WP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 34 determines determine VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 35 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 36 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 37 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 38 change change NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 39 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 40 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 60 41 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 2 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 3 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 4 part part NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 5 due due IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 6 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 7 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 8 lack lack NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 10 detailed detailed JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 11 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 12 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 13 experimental experimental JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 14 measurements measurement NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 15 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 16 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 17 critical critical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 18 parameters parameter NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 20 partly partly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 21 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 22 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 23 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 24 limited limited JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 25 complexity complexity NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 26 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 27 available available JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 28 analytical analytical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 29 models model NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 30 when when WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 31 compared compare VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 32 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 33 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 34 reality reality NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 35 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 36 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 37 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 61 38 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 3 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 4 all all DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 6 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 7 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 8 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 9 neatly neatly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 10 fit fit VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 12 picture picture NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 13 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 14 rapid rapid JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 15 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 16 slow slow JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 17 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 18 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 19 respectively respectively RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 62 20 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 2 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 3 dramatic dramatic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 4 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 5 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 6 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 8 simian simian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 9 foamy foamy NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 10 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 12 SFV SFV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 14 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 15 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 16 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 17 co co VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 18 - - VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 19 diverged diverged JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 20 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 21 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 22 primate primate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 23 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 24 over over IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 25 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 26 million million CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 27 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 28 years year NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 29 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 30 evolved evolve VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 31 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 32 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 33 remarkably remarkably RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 34 low low JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 35 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 36 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 37 approximately approximately RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 38 10 10 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 39 -8 -8 JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 40 substitutions substitution NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 41 per per IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 42 site site NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 43 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 44 per per IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 45 year year NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 46 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 47 similar similar JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 48 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 49 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 50 seen see VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 51 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 52 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 53 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 54 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 55 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 56 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 57 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 58 Switzer Switzer NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 59 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 60 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 61 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 62 2005 2005 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 63 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 63 64 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 2 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 3 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 4 explanation explanation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 5 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 6 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 7 low low JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 8 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 10 change change NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 11 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 12 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 13 combination combination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 15 greatly greatly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 16 reduced reduce VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 17 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 18 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 19 replication replication NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 20 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 21 strong strong JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 22 purifying purifying NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 23 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 24 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 25 so so IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 26 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 27 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 28 vast vast JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 29 majority majority NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 30 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 31 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 32 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 33 arise arise VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 34 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 35 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 36 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 37 selectively selectively RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 38 eliminated eliminate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 64 39 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 1 At at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 3 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 4 end end NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 5 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 7 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 8 spectrum spectrum NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 10 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 11 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 12 growing grow VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 13 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 14 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 15 single single RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 16 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 17 stranded stranded JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 19 ss ss NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 21 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 22 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 23 evolve evolve VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 24 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 25 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 26 approaching approach VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 27 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 28 seen see VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 29 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 31 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 32 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 33 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 34 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 35 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 36 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 37 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 38 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 39 error error NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 40 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 42 Sanz Sanz NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 43 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 44 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 45 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 46 1999 1999 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 47 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 48 Shackleton Shackleton NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 49 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 50 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 51 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 52 2005 2005 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 65 54 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 1 Although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 2 mutation mutation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 3 provides provide VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 5 raw raw JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 6 materials material NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 7 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 9 change change NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 10 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 12 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 13 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 14 dual dual JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 15 processes process NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 16 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 17 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 18 drift drift NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 20 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 21 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 22 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 23 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 24 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 25 ultimate ultimate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 26 arbiters arbiter NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 27 over over IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 28 what what WP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 29 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 30 variation variation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 31 remains remain VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 32 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 33 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 34 long long JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 35 term term NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 66 36 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 1 Because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 2 all all DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 3 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 4 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 5 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 6 absolute absolute JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 7 dependence dependence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 8 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 9 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 10 cellular cellular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 11 machinery machinery NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 12 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 13 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 14 productive productive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 15 life life NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 16 cycle cycle NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 17 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 18 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 19 interaction interaction NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 20 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 21 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 22 proteins protein NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 23 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 24 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 25 cellular cellular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 26 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 27 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 28 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 29 cells cell NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 30 makes make VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 31 up up RP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 32 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 33 large large JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 34 part part NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 35 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 36 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 37 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 38 ' ' POS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 39 fitness fitness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 40 landscape landscape NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 67 41 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 2 would would MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 3 therefore therefore RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 4 expect expect VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 5 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 6 interaction interaction NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 7 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 8 specific specific JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 9 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 10 sequences sequence NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 11 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 12 cellular cellular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 13 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 14 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 15 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 16 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 17 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 18 importance importance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 19 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 20 determining determine VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 21 why why WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 22 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 24 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 25 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 26 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 27 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 28 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 29 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 30 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 31 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 32 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 33 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 34 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 35 others other NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 37 Baranowski Baranowski NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 38 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 39 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 40 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 41 2001 2001 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 68 43 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 1 For for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 2 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 4 avian avian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 5 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 6 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 7 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 8 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 9 usually usually RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 10 unable unable JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 11 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 12 evolve evolve VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 13 human human NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 14 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 15 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 16 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 17 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 18 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 19 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 20 they -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 21 lack lack VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 22 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 23 correct correct JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 24 amino amino NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 25 acids acid NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 26 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 27 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 28 number number NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 29 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 30 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 31 proteins protein NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 33 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 34 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 35 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 36 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 37 Webby Webby NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 38 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 39 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 40 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 41 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 42 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 43 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 69 45 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 1 Most Most JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 2 attention attention NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 3 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 4 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 5 directed direct VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 6 toward toward IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 8 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 9 haemagluttinin haemagluttinin NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 11 HA HA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 13 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 14 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 15 requires require VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 16 specific specific JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 17 amino amino NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 18 acids acid NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 19 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 20 interact interact VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 21 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 22 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 23 sialic sialic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 24 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 25 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 26 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 27 cells cell NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 28 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 29 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 30 correct correct JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 31 configuration configuration NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 33 Scholtissek Scholtissek NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 34 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 35 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 36 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 37 1993 1993 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 38 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 39 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 40 Sect Sect NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 70 41 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 71 1 4 4 LS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 71 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 71 3 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 2 intimacy intimacy NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 5 relationship relationship NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 6 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 7 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 8 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 9 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 10 receptor receptor NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 11 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 12 predicts predict VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 13 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 14 generalist generalist NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 15 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 16 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 17 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 18 infect infect VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 19 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 20 broad broad JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 21 range range NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 22 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 23 cellular cellular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 24 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 25 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 26 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 27 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 28 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 29 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 30 cross cross VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 31 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 32 boundaries boundary NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 33 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 34 specialist specialist NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 35 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 36 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 37 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 38 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 39 narrower narrow JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 40 tropism tropism NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 72 41 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 1 Strikingly strikingly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 3 provisional provisional JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 4 analyses analysis NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 5 suggest suggest VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 6 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 7 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 8 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 9 indeed indeed RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 11 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 12 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 13 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 14 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 15 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 16 utilize utilize VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 17 conserved conserved JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 18 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 19 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 20 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 21 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 22 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 23 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 24 jump jump VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 25 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 26 boundaries boundary NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 27 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 28 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 29 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 30 use use VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 31 divergent divergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 32 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 33 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 35 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 36 2002 2002 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 73 38 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 1 If if IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 2 validated validate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 3 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 4 more more JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 5 data datum NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 6 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 7 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 8 result result NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 9 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 10 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 11 great great JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 12 importance importance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 13 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 15 allows allow VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 16 predictions prediction NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 17 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 18 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 19 made make VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 20 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 21 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 22 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 23 types type NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 24 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 25 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 26 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 27 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 28 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 29 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 30 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 31 emerge emerge VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 32 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 33 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 34 future future NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 74 35 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 1 Another another DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 2 factor factor NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 3 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 4 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 5 influence influence VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 7 ability ability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 8 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 9 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 10 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 11 cross cross VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 12 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 13 boundaries boundary NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 14 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 16 mode mode NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 18 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 75 19 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 2 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 3 easy easy JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 4 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 5 imagine imagine VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 6 how how WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 7 certain certain JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 8 types type NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 10 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 11 mechanism mechanism NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 12 - - : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 13 particularly particularly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 14 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 15 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 16 vector vector NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 17 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 18 borne bear VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 19 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 20 - - : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 21 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 22 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 23 readily readily RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 24 facilitate facilitate VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 25 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 26 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 27 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 28 others other NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 76 29 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 2 both both PDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 3 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 4 cases case NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 5 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 7 probability probability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 8 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 9 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 10 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 11 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 12 emergent emergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 13 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 14 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 15 relatively relatively RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 16 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 17 compared compare VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 18 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 19 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 20 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 21 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 22 blood blood NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 23 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 24 borne bear VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 25 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 26 sexually sexually RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 27 transmitted transmit VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 77 28 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 4 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 5 striking strike VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 6 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 7 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 8 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 10 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 11 described describe VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 12 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 13 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 14 earliest early JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 15 lists list NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 16 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 17 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 18 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 19 were be VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 20 transmitted transmit VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 21 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 22 mosquito mosquito NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 23 vectors vector NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 25 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 26 arboviruses arboviruses NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 28 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 29 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 30 could could MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 31 potentially potentially RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 32 take take VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 33 blood blood NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 34 meals meal NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 35 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 36 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 37 range range NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 38 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 39 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 40 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 78 41 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 1 However however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 3 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 4 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 5 increased increase VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 6 probability probability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 8 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 9 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 10 generally generally RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 11 translate translate VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 12 into into IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 13 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 14 increased increase VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 15 likelihood likelihood NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 16 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 17 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 19 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 20 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 21 chapters chapter NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 22 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 23 Childs Childs NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 24 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 25 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 79 26 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 1 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 2 Real Real NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 3 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 4 Biek Biek NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 5 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 6 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 7 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 10 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 11 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 12 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 13 number number NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 15 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 16 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 17 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 18 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 19 simple simple JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 20 calculus calculus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 21 omits omit VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 80 22 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 1 For for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 2 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 4 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 5 appears appear VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 6 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 7 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 8 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 9 association association NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 10 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 11 mode mode NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 13 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 14 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 16 ability ability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 18 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 19 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 20 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 21 successfully successfully RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 22 replicate replicate VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 23 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 24 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 25 cells cell NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 26 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 27 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 28 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 29 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 30 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 81 31 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 2 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 3 best well RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 4 documented document VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 5 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 7 arboviruses arbovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 8 where where WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 9 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 10 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 11 strong strong JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 12 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 13 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 14 both both CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 15 comparative comparative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 16 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 17 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 18 vitro vitro FW cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 19 studies study NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 20 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 21 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 22 necessity necessity NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 23 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 24 replicating replicate VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 25 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 26 very very RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 27 different different JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 28 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 29 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 30 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 31 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 32 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 33 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 34 arthropods arthropod NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 35 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 36 mammals mammal NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 37 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 38 imposes impose VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 39 strong strong JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 40 constraints constraint NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 41 against against IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 42 sequence sequence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 43 change change NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 45 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 46 2003b 2003b NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 47 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 48 Woelk Woelk NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 49 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 50 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 51 2002 2002 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 52 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 53 Zárate Zárate NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 54 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 55 Novella Novella NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 56 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 82 58 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 2 effect effect NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 3 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 4 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 5 likely likely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 6 attributable attributable JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 7 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 8 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 9 antagonistic antagonistic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 10 fitness fitness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 11 trade trade NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 12 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 13 off off NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 14 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 15 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 16 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 17 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 18 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 19 increase increase VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 20 fitness fitness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 21 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 22 one one CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 23 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 24 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 25 reduce reduce VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 26 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 27 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 28 another another DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 83 29 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 1 Hence hence RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 4 majority majority NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 5 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 6 amino amino NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 7 acid acid NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 8 changes change NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 9 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 10 arise arise VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 11 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 12 either either DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 13 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 14 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 15 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 17 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 18 slightly slightly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 19 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 21 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 22 eventually eventually RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 23 removed remove VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 24 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 25 purifying purify VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 26 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 84 27 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 2 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 5 seems seem VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 6 especially especially RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 7 difficult difficult JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 8 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 9 establish establish VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 10 productive productive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 11 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 12 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 13 insect insect NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 14 cells cell NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 16 Zárate Zárate NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 17 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 18 Novella Novella NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 19 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 21 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 22 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 23 perhaps perhaps RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 24 explains explain VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 25 why why WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 26 vector vector NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 27 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 28 seems seem VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 29 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 30 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 31 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 32 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 33 correlate correlate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 34 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 35 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 36 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 37 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 38 animal animal NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 39 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 40 plant plant NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 41 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 42 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 44 Gaunt Gaunt NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 45 et et FW cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 46 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 47 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 48 2001 2001 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 49 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 50 Chare Chare NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 51 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 52 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 53 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 85 55 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 1 However however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 3 perhaps perhaps RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 5 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 6 striking striking JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 8 all all DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 9 observations observation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 10 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 11 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 12 context context NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 13 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 14 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 15 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 16 arboviruses arbovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 17 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 18 frequently frequently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 19 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 20 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 21 sporadic sporadic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 22 disease disease NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 23 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 24 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 25 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 26 few few JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 27 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 28 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 29 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 30 sustain sustain VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 31 long long JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 32 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 33 term term NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 34 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 35 networks network NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 36 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 37 dead dead JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 38 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 39 end end NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 40 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 41 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 86 42 commonplace commonplace JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 87 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 87 2 M.E.J. M.E.J. NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 87 3 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 87 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 87 5 personal personal JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 87 6 communication communication NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 87 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 87 8 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 1 Hence hence RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 4 intricate intricate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 5 adaptations adaptation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 6 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 7 replicate replicate VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 8 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 9 divergent divergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 10 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 11 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 12 act act VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 13 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 14 prevent prevent VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 15 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 16 arboviruses arbovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 17 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 18 successful successful JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 19 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 20 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 21 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 22 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 23 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 88 24 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 1 Whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 2 similar similar JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 3 constraints constraint NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 4 apply apply VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 5 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 6 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 7 transmitted transmit VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 8 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 9 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 10 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 11 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 12 unknown unknown JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 89 13 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 1 Central central JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 2 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 3 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 4 discussion discussion NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 5 so so RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 6 far far RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 7 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 8 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 10 assumption assumption NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 11 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 12 nearly nearly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 13 all all DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 14 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 15 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 16 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 17 jumped jump VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 18 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 19 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 20 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 21 another another DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 22 animal animal NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 23 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 24 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 25 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 26 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 27 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 28 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 29 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 30 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 31 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 32 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 90 33 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 3 one one CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 5 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 6 great great JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 7 successes success NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 8 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 9 molecular molecular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 10 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 11 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 12 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 13 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 14 identification identification NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 15 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 16 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 17 very very RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 18 rapidly rapidly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 19 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 20 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 21 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 22 reservoir reservoir NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 23 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 24 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 25 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 26 myriad myriad NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 27 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 28 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 29 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 91 30 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 2 rapid rapid JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 3 discoveries discovery NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 5 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 6 nonhuman nonhuman NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 7 primate primate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 8 ancestry ancestry NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 11 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 12 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 13 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 15 HIV HIV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 18 Huet Huet NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 19 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 20 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 21 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 22 1990 1990 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 24 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 25 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 26 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 27 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 28 bat bat NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 29 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 30 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 31 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 32 ultimate ultimate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 33 reservoir reservoir NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 34 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 35 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 36 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 38 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 39 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 40 CoV CoV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 43 Lau Lau NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 44 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 45 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 46 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 47 2005 2005 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 48 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 49 Li Li NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 50 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 51 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 52 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 53 2005 2005 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 55 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 56 serve serve VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 57 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 58 important important JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 59 illustrations illustration NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 92 60 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 93 1 However however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 93 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 93 3 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 93 4 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 93 5 exceptions exception NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 93 6 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 1 Perhaps perhaps RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 3 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 4 notable notable JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 5 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 7 Ebola Ebola NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 8 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 10 where where WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 11 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 12 thousands thousand NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 13 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 14 animal animal NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 15 specimens specimen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 16 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 17 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 18 surveyed survey VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 19 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 20 Africa Africa NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 21 without without IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 22 certain certain JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 23 identification identification NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 24 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 25 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 26 reservoir reservoir NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 27 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 29 Breman Breman NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 30 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 31 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 32 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 33 1999 1999 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 34 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 35 Peterson Peterson NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 36 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 37 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 38 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 39 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 41 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 42 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 43 bats bat NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 44 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 45 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 46 recently recently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 47 implicated implicate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 49 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 50 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 51 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 52 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 53 Gonzalez Gonzalez NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 54 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 55 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 56 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 57 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 58 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 59 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 61 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 62 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 63 C C NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 64 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 65 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 66 cause cause NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 67 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 68 one one CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 69 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 70 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 71 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 72 prevalent prevalent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 73 somewhat somewhat RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 74 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 75 diseases disease NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 76 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 77 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 78 identified identify VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 79 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 80 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 81 but but CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 82 where where WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 83 no no DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 84 close close JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 85 relatives relative NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 86 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 87 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 88 discovered discover VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 89 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 90 Simmonds Simmonds NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 91 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 92 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 94 93 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 1 However however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 4 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 5 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 6 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 7 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 8 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 9 increased increase VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 10 sampling sampling NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 12 taxa taxon NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 13 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 14 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 15 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 16 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 17 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 18 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 19 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 20 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 21 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 22 determined determine VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 23 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 24 if if IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 25 they -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 26 still still RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 27 exist exist VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 28 today today NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 95 29 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 2 next next JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 3 question question NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 4 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 5 arises arise VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 6 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 7 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 8 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 9 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 10 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 11 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 12 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 13 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 14 jump jump VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 15 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 16 boundaries boundary NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 17 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 18 others other NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 96 19 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 2 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 3 compelling compelling JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 4 idea idea NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 5 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 6 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 7 context context NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 8 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 9 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 10 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 11 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 12 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 13 constraints constraint NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 14 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 15 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 16 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 17 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 18 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 19 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 20 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 21 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 22 closely closely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 23 related relate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 24 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 25 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 26 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 27 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 28 question question NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 29 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 30 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 31 greater great JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 32 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 33 chance chance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 34 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 35 successful successful JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 36 crossspecies crossspecie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 37 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 39 DeFilippis DeFilippis NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 40 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 41 Villarreal Villarreal NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 42 2000 2000 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 97 44 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 2 theory theory NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 3 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 4 supported support VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 5 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 6 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 7 broad broad JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 8 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 9 brush brush NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 10 observations observation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 98 11 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 2 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 4 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 5 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 6 no no DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 7 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 8 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 10 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 11 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 12 infect infect VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 13 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 14 come come VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 15 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 16 organisms organism NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 17 as as RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 18 divergent divergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 19 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 20 plants plant NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 21 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 22 fish fish NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 23 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 24 reptiles reptile NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 25 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 26 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 27 amphibians amphibian NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 29 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 30 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 31 Rambaut Rambaut NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 32 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 34 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 35 even even RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 36 though though IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 37 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 38 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 39 cases case NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 40 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 41 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 42 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 43 plant plant NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 44 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 45 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 46 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 47 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 48 occur occur VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 49 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 50 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 51 regular regular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 52 basis basis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 53 through through IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 54 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 55 consumption consumption NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 56 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 57 infected infect VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 58 food food NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 99 59 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 1 Rather rather RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 4 majority majority NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 5 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 6 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 7 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 8 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 10 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 11 origin origin NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 12 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 13 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 14 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 15 occasional occasional JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 16 few few JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 17 coming come VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 18 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 19 birds bird NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 100 20 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 3 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 4 insect insect NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 5 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 6 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 7 infect infect VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 8 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 9 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 11 that that RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 12 is is RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 13 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 14 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 15 arboviruses arboviruses NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 17 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 18 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 19 always always RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 20 jump jump VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 21 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 22 another another DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 23 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 24 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 25 rather rather RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 26 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 27 directly directly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 28 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 29 insects insect NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 30 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 31 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 32 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 33 described describe VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 34 above above RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 35 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 36 tend tend VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 37 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 38 cause cause VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 39 dead dead JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 40 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 41 end end NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 42 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 43 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 44 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 45 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 47 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 48 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 49 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 50 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 51 Nel Nel NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 52 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 53 Rupprecht Rupprecht NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 54 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 55 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 56 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 57 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 58 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 59 discussion discussion NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 60 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 61 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 62 origin origin NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 63 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 64 rhabdoviruses rhabdovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 65 infecting infect VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 66 mammals mammal NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 67 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 68 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 69 potential potential JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 70 insect insect NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 71 source source NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 72 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 101 73 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 1 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 2 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 3 revealing revealing JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 4 question question NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 5 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 6 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 7 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 8 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 9 any any DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 10 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 11 trends trend NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 12 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 13 respect respect NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 14 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 16 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 17 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 18 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 19 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 20 affect affect VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 21 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 102 22 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 3 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 4 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 5 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 6 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 7 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 8 closest close JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 9 relatives relative NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 10 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 12 simian simian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 13 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 14 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 15 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 16 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 17 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 18 infect infect VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 19 us -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 20 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 21 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 22 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 23 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 24 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 25 orders order NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 103 26 ? ? . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 1 At at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 2 present present NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 3 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 4 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 5 insufficient insufficient JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 6 data datum NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 7 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 8 fully fully RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 9 test test VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 10 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 11 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 12 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 13 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 15 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 16 clearly clearly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 17 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 18 research research NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 19 priority priority NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 20 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 21 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 22 future future NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 104 23 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 4 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 5 difficult difficult JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 6 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 7 fully fully RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 8 disentangle disentangle VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 9 probability probability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 10 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 11 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 12 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 13 probability probability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 15 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 16 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 17 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 18 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 19 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 20 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 21 we -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 22 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 23 clearly clearly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 24 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 25 closely closely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 26 related relate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 27 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 28 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 29 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 30 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 31 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 32 rodents rodent NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 33 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 34 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 35 global global JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 36 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 37 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 38 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 39 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 40 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 41 exposed expose VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 42 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 43 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 44 latter latter JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 105 45 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 1 There there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 2 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 4 however however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 5 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 6 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 7 tentative tentative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 8 pieces piece NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 10 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 11 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 12 suggest suggest VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 13 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 14 primate primate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 15 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 16 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 17 especially especially RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 18 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 19 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 20 infect infect VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 21 us -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 22 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 23 predicted predict VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 24 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 25 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 26 close close JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 27 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 28 relationship relationship NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 106 29 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 1 As as RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 2 well well RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 3 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 5 obvious obvious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 6 cases case NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 8 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 9 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 10 HIV-2 HIV-2 NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 11 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 12 whose whose WP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 13 ultimate ultimate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 14 origins origin NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 15 lie lie VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 16 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 17 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 19 Pan Pan NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 20 troglodytes troglodyte NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 21 troglodytes troglodyte NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 23 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 24 sooty sooty JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 25 mangabey mangabey NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 26 monkeys monkey NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 28 Cercocebus Cercocebus NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 29 torquatus torquatus FW cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 30 atys atys NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 32 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 33 respectively respectively RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 34 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 35 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 36 variety variety NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 37 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 38 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 39 major major JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 40 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 41 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 42 seem seem VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 43 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 44 have have VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 45 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 46 origins origin NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 47 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 48 nonhuman nonhuman NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 49 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 107 50 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 1 These these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 2 include include VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 3 dengue dengue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 4 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 5 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 6 yellow yellow JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 7 fever fever NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 8 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 10 GB GB NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 11 viruses viruse VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 12 A A NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 13 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 14 C C NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 15 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 16 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 17 B B NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 18 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 19 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 20 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 21 HTLV HTLV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 22 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 23 I I NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 24 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 25 II II NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 108 26 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 1 That that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 2 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 4 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 5 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 6 seem seem VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 7 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 8 have have VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 9 appeared appear VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 10 relatively relatively RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 11 recently recently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 12 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 13 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 14 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 15 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 16 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 17 consequence consequence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 18 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 19 changing change VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 20 ecological ecological JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 21 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 22 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 23 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 24 notably notably RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 25 deforestation deforestation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 26 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 27 linked link VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 28 activities activity NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 29 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 30 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 31 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 32 increased increase VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 33 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 34 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 35 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 36 contact contact NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 37 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 38 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 39 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 40 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 41 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 43 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 44 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 45 absence absence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 46 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 47 retrospective retrospective JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 48 diagnoses diagnosis NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 49 makes make VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 50 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 51 difficult difficult JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 52 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 53 determine determine VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 54 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 55 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 56 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 57 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 58 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 59 common common JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 60 now now RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 61 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 62 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 63 previous previous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 64 times time NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 65 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 66 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 67 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 68 history history NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 69 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 109 70 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 1 Turning turn VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 3 tables table NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 5 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 6 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 7 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 8 examples example NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 10 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 11 transmitting transmit VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 13 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 14 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 15 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 16 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 18 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 19 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 20 serious serious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 21 consequences consequence NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 23 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 24 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 25 appears appear VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 26 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 27 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 28 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 29 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 30 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 31 measles measle NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 33 Ferber Ferber NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 34 2000 2000 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 36 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 37 TTV TTV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 39 Okamoto Okamoto NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 40 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 41 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 42 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 43 2000 2000 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 110 45 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 2 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 3 doubtless doubtless RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 4 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 5 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 6 continuing continue VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 7 problem problem NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 8 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 9 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 10 perhaps perhaps RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 11 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 12 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 13 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 14 movement movement NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 15 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 16 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 17 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 18 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 19 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 20 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 21 industrialized industrialize VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 22 nations nation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 23 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 24 indigenous indigenous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 25 peoples people NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 26 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 27 naïve naïve JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 28 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 29 backgrounds background NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 111 30 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 1 There there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 2 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 3 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 4 good good JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 5 mechanistic mechanistic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 6 reasons reason NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 7 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 8 believing believe VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 9 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 10 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 11 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 12 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 13 relationship relationship NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 14 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 15 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 16 distance distance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 17 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 18 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 19 likelihood likelihood NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 20 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 21 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 22 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 112 23 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 2 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 4 if if IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 5 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 6 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 7 argued argue VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 8 above above RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 11 ability ability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 12 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 13 recognize recognize VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 14 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 15 infect infect VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 16 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 17 cells cell NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 18 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 19 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 20 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 21 component component NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 22 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 23 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 24 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 25 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 26 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 27 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 28 then then RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 29 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 30 related relate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 31 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 32 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 33 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 34 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 35 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 36 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 37 share share VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 38 related related JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 39 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 40 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 113 41 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 1 Given give VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 3 pace pace NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 4 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 5 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 7 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 8 evolve evolve VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 11 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 12 easy easy JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 13 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 14 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 15 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 16 highly highly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 17 dependent dependent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 18 relationships relationship NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 19 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 20 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 21 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 22 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 23 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 24 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 25 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 26 quickly quickly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 27 established establish VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 28 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 29 so so IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 30 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 31 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 32 probability probability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 33 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 34 successful successful JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 35 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 36 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 37 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 38 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 39 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 40 decrease decrease VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 41 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 42 increasing increase VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 43 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 44 distance distance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 114 45 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 1 If if IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 2 true true JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 4 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 5 theory theory NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 6 further further RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 7 predicts predict VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 8 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 10 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 11 slowly slowly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 12 evolving evolve VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 13 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 14 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 15 should should MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 16 initially initially RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 17 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 18 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 19 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 20 jump jump VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 21 wider wide JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 22 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 115 23 boundaries boundary NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 1 but but CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 3 when when WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 4 they -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 5 do do VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 6 adapt adapt VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 7 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 9 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 10 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 11 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 12 eventually eventually RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 13 find find VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 15 much much RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 16 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 17 difficult difficult JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 18 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 19 make make VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 20 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 21 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 22 jumps jump VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 116 23 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 2 pattern pattern NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 3 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 4 partly partly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 5 explain explain VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 7 tendency tendency NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 8 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 9 slower slow RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 10 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 11 evolving evolve VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 12 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 13 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 14 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 15 co co VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 16 - - VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 17 diverge diverge VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 18 rather rather RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 19 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 20 move move VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 21 horizontally horizontally RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 22 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 23 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 25 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 26 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 117 28 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 1 There there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 2 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 4 however however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 5 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 6 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 7 complicating complicate VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 8 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 9 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 10 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 11 simple simple JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 12 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 13 rule rule NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 118 14 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 2 issue issue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 4 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 5 vs vs IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 6 transmissibility transmissibility NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 7 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 8 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 9 discussed discuss VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 10 above above RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 119 11 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 1 There there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 2 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 3 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 4 numerous numerous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 5 exceptions exception NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 6 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 8 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 9 trend trend NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 120 10 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 2 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 4 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 5 large large JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 6 number number NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 8 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 9 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 10 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 12 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 13 appear appear VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 14 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 15 have have VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 16 arisen arise VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 17 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 18 rodents rodent NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 19 rather rather RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 20 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 21 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 23 M.E.J. M.E.J. NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 24 Woolhouse Woolhouse NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 25 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 26 personal personal JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 27 communication communication NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 121 29 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 2 implies imply VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 3 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 5 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 6 density density NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 8 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 9 rodent rodent NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 10 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 11 allows allow VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 12 them -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 13 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 14 carry carry VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 15 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 16 greater great JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 17 diversity diversity NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 18 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 19 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 20 and/or and/or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 21 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 22 rodents rodent NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 23 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 24 live live VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 25 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 26 close close JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 27 proximity proximity NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 28 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 29 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 30 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 31 increases increase VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 32 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 33 probability probability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 34 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 35 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 37 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 38 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 39 chapters chapter NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 40 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 41 Gonzalez Gonzalez NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 42 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 43 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 122 44 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 123 1 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 123 2 Klein Klein NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 123 3 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 123 4 Calisher Calisher NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 123 5 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 123 6 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 123 7 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 123 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 123 9 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 1 Another another DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 2 factor factor NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 4 potential potential JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 5 importance importance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 6 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 7 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 8 related relate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 9 immune immune JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 10 responses response NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 124 11 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 3 closely closely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 4 related related JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 5 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 6 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 7 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 8 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 9 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 10 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 11 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 12 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 13 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 14 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 15 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 16 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 17 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 18 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 19 share share VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 20 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 21 alleles allele NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 22 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 23 determine determine VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 24 immune immune JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 25 responses response NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 26 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 27 specific specific JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 28 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 125 29 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 2 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 3 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 4 particularly particularly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 5 well well RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 6 documented document VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 7 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 8 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 9 major major JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 10 histocompatibility histocompatibility NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 11 complex complex NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 13 MHC MHC NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 15 group group NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 16 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 17 loci locus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 18 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 19 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 20 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 21 certain certain JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 22 allelic allelic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 23 lineages lineage NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 24 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 25 persisted persist VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 26 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 27 millions million NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 28 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 29 years year NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 30 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 31 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 32 history history NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 34 Figueroa Figueroa NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 35 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 36 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 37 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 38 1988 1988 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 126 40 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 3 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 4 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 5 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 6 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 7 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 8 exposed expose VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 9 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 10 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 11 novel novel JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 12 pathogen pathogen NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 13 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 15 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 16 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 17 through through IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 18 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 19 combination combination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 20 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 21 shared share VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 22 common common JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 23 ancestry ancestry NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 24 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 25 good good JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 26 fortune fortune NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 27 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 28 already already RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 29 possess possess VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 30 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 31 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 32 immune immune JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 33 response response NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 34 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 35 prevent prevent VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 36 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 37 infection infection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 38 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 39 being be VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 40 established establish VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 127 41 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 1 Understandably understandably RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 3 most most JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 4 definitions definition NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 5 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 6 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 7 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 8 focus focus VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 9 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 11 issue issue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 13 disease disease NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 128 14 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 2 means mean VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 3 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 4 no no DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 5 distinction distinction NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 6 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 7 drawn draw VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 8 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 9 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 10 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 11 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 12 spread spread VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 13 efficiently efficiently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 14 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 15 us -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 16 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 17 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 18 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 19 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 20 only only RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 21 cause cause VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 22 sporadic sporadic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 23 disease disease NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 24 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 25 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 26 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 27 no no DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 28 human human NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 29 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 30 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 31 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 32 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 33 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 129 34 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 4 seems seem VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 5 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 6 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 7 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 8 if if IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 9 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 11 majority majority NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 12 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 13 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 14 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 15 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 16 diseases disease NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 18 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 19 represent represent VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 20 dead dead JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 21 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 22 end end NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 23 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 130 24 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 2 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 3 represent represent VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 5 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 6 background background NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 7 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 8 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 9 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 10 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 11 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 12 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 131 13 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 1 For for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 2 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 4 almost almost RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 5 all all DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 6 avian avian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 7 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 8 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 9 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 10 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 11 transmissions transmission NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 13 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 14 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 15 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 16 result result NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 17 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 18 dead dead JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 19 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 20 end end NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 21 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 22 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 23 yet yet CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 24 occasional occasional JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 25 avian avian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 26 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 27 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 28 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 29 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 30 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 31 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 32 cause cause VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 33 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 132 34 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 1 Each each DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 2 time time NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 3 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 4 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 5 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 6 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 7 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 8 occurs occur VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 10 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 11 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 12 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 13 small small JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 14 chance chance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 15 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 17 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 18 take take VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 19 hold hold NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 133 20 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 2 problem problem NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 3 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 4 identifying identify VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 5 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 6 quantifying quantify VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 8 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 9 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 10 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 11 determine determine VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 12 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 13 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 14 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 15 initial initial JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 16 infection infection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 17 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 18 survive survive VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 20 grow grow VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 21 into into IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 22 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 23 full full RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 24 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 25 fledged fledged JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 26 epidemic epidemic NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 134 27 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 1 To to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 2 understand understand VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 3 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 6 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 7 therefore therefore RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 8 crucial crucial JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 9 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 10 understand understand VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 11 why why WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 12 only only RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 13 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 14 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 15 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 16 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 17 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 18 regularly regularly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 19 establish establish VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 20 long long JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 21 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 22 term term NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 23 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 24 networks network NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 26 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 27 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 28 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 29 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 30 Childs Childs NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 31 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 32 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 33 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 34 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 35 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 36 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 135 38 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 1 Perhaps perhaps RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 3 central central JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 4 question question NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 5 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 6 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 7 respect respect NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 8 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 9 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 10 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 11 following follow VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 12 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 13 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 14 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 15 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 16 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 17 emergent emergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 18 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 19 must must MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 20 adapt adapt VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 21 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 22 replicate replicate VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 23 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 24 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 25 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 26 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 27 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 28 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 29 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 30 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 31 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 32 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 33 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 34 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 35 essentially essentially RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 36 blind blind JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 37 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 38 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 39 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 136 40 ? ? . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 1 Arguments argument NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 2 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 3 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 4 advanced advance VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 5 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 6 both both DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 7 sides side NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 8 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 9 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 10 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 11 currently currently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 12 little little JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 13 good good JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 14 data datum NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 15 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 16 choose choose VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 17 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 18 them -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 137 19 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 1 For for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 2 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 4 one one CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 5 model model NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 7 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 8 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 9 posits posit VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 10 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 11 adaptation adaptation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 12 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 13 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 14 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 15 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 16 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 17 during during IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 18 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 19 early early JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 20 period period NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 21 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 22 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 23 epidemic epidemic NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 24 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 25 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 26 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 27 importance importance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 28 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 29 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 30 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 31 raises raise VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 32 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 33 basic basic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 34 reproductive reproductive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 35 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 36 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 37 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 38 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 39 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 40 R r NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 41 0 0 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 42 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 43 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 44 greater great JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 45 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 46 1 1 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 47 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 48 so so IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 49 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 50 sustained sustained JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 51 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 52 networks network NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 53 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 54 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 138 55 established establish VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 139 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 139 2 Anita Anita NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 139 3 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 139 4 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 139 5 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 139 6 2003 2003 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 139 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 139 8 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 2 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 3 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 4 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 5 thought think VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 6 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 7 occur occur VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 8 during during IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 10 " " `` cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 11 stuttering stutter VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 12 chains chain NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 13 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 14 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 15 " " '' cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 16 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 17 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 18 characterize characterize VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 19 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 20 early early JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 21 stages stage NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 22 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 23 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 140 24 epidemic epidemic NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 141 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 141 2 Anita Anita NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 141 3 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 141 4 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 141 5 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 141 6 2003 2003 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 141 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 141 8 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 1 Hence hence RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 3 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 4 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 5 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 6 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 7 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 8 evolved evolve VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 9 humanto humanto JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 10 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 11 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 12 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 13 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 14 simply simply RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 15 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 16 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 17 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 18 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 19 yet yet RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 20 fully fully RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 21 adapted adapt VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 22 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 23 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 24 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 25 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 26 R r NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 27 0 0 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 28 < < XX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 29 1 1 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 31 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 32 human human NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 33 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 34 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 35 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 36 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 37 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 38 would would MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 39 surely surely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 40 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 41 favored favor VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 42 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 43 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 44 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 45 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 46 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 47 increases increase VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 48 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 49 number number NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 50 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 51 secondary secondary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 52 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 142 54 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 1 Empirical empirical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 2 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 3 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 4 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 5 theory theory NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 6 comes come VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 7 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 8 one one CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 11 best well RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 12 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 13 documented document VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 14 cases case NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 15 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 16 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 17 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 18 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 19 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 20 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 21 carnivore carnivore NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 22 parvoviruses parvovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 24 ssDNA ssdna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 25 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 143 27 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 2 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 3 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 5 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 6 feline feline JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 7 parvoviruses parvovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 8 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 9 infected infected JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 10 cats cat NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 11 jumped jump VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 12 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 13 dogs dog NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 14 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 16 early early JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 17 1970s 1970 NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 18 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 19 therein therein RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 20 giving give VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 21 rise rise NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 22 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 23 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 24 canine canine JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 25 parvoviruses parvovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 26 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 27 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 28 event event NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 29 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 30 was be VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 31 accompanied accompany VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 32 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 33 strong strong JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 34 positive positive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 35 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 36 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 37 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 38 extremely extremely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 39 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 40 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 41 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 42 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 43 substitution substitution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 45 Shackelton Shackelton NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 46 et et FW cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 47 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 48 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 49 2005 2005 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 144 51 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 1 Direct direct JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 2 adaptation adaptation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 3 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 4 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 5 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 6 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 7 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 8 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 9 seems seem VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 10 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 11 have have VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 12 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 13 central central JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 14 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 16 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 18 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 19 Venezuelan venezuelan JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 20 equine equine NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 21 encephalitis encephalitis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 22 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 24 Brault Brault NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 25 et et FW cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 26 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 27 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 28 2002 2002 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 145 30 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 1 Further further RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 3 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 4 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 5 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 6 no no DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 7 strong strong JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 8 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 9 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 10 date date NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 11 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 12 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 13 cross cross NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 14 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 15 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 16 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 17 event event NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 18 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 19 dengue dengue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 20 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 21 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 22 monkeys monkey NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 23 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 24 dengue dengue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 25 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 26 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 27 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 28 involved involve VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 29 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 30 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 31 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 32 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 33 latter latter JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 35 Twiddy Twiddy NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 36 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 37 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 38 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 39 2002 2002 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 41 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 42 experimental experimental JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 43 studies study NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 44 imply imply VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 45 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 46 adaptation adaptation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 47 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 48 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 49 principal principal JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 50 vector vector NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 51 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 52 dengue dengue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 53 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 54 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 55 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 56 urban urban JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 57 human human NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 58 setting setting NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 59 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 60 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 61 Aedes Aedes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 62 aegypti aegypti NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 63 mosquito mosquito NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 64 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 65 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 66 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 67 crucial crucial JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 68 prerequisite prerequisite NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 69 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 70 sustained sustained JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 71 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 146 72 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 147 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 147 2 Moncayo Moncayo NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 147 3 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 147 4 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 147 5 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 147 6 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 147 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 147 8 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 1 An an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 2 alternative alternative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 3 model model NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 4 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 5 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 6 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 7 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 8 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 9 rather rather RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 10 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 12 emergent emergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 13 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 14 adapting adapt VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 15 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 16 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 17 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 18 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 19 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 20 following follow VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 21 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 22 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 23 successful successful JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 24 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 25 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 26 only only RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 27 occur occur VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 28 if if IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 29 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 30 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 31 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 32 already already RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 33 possesses possess VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 34 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 35 necessary necessary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 36 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 38 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 39 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 40 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 41 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 42 receptor receptor NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 43 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 44 binding binding NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 46 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 47 exposed expose VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 48 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 49 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 50 recipient recipient NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 51 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 148 52 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 2 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 3 words word NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 5 successful successful JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 6 emergent emergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 7 strains strain NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 8 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 9 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 10 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 11 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 12 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 13 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 14 sense sense NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 15 preadapted preadapte VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 16 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 17 establish establish VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 18 productive productive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 19 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 20 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 21 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 22 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 23 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 24 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 26 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 27 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 28 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 29 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 30 Childs Childs NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 31 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 32 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 33 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 34 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 35 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 36 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 38 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 39 so so IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 40 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 41 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 42 probability probability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 43 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 44 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 45 then then RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 46 becomes become VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 47 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 48 function function NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 49 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 50 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 51 frequency frequency NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 52 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 53 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 149 54 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 3 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 5 majority majority NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 7 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 8 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 10 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 11 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 12 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 13 least least JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 15 result result VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 16 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 17 dead dead JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 18 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 19 end end NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 20 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 21 implies imply VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 22 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 23 even even RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 24 short short JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 25 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 26 term term NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 27 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 28 chains chain NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 29 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 30 difficult difficult JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 31 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 32 establish establish VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 33 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 34 most most JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 35 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 36 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 37 they -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 38 lack lack VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 39 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 40 necessary necessary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 41 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 150 42 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 3 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 5 majority majority NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 7 emergent emergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 8 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 10 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 11 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 12 difficult difficult JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 13 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 14 show show VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 15 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 16 cross cross NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 17 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 18 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 19 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 20 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 21 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 22 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 23 adaptation adaptation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 24 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 25 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 26 recipient recipient NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 27 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 151 28 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 1 To to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 2 take take VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 3 two two CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 4 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 5 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 6 profile profile NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 7 examples example NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 8 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 9 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 10 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 11 sequence sequence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 12 analyses analysis NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 13 suggest suggest VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 14 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 15 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 16 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 18 was be VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 19 subject subject JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 20 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 21 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 22 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 23 during during IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 24 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 25 early early JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 26 spread spread NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 27 through through IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 152 28 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 153 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 153 2 Yeh Yeh NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 153 3 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 153 4 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 153 5 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 153 6 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 153 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 1 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 3 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 4 unclear unclear JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 5 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 6 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 7 was be VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 8 adaptation adaptation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 9 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 11 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 12 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 13 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 14 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 15 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 16 immune immune JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 17 escape escape NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 154 18 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 3 while while IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 5 transition transition NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 6 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 7 SIVcpz SIVcpz NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 8 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 9 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 10 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 11 HIV HIV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 12 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 13 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 14 seems seem VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 15 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 16 have have VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 17 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 18 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 19 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 20 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 21 change change NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 22 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 23 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 24 pressure pressure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 26 Sharp Sharp NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 27 et et FW cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 28 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 29 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 30 2001 2001 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 32 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 33 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 34 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 35 unclear unclear JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 36 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 37 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 38 reflects reflect VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 39 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 40 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 41 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 42 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 43 relaxation relaxation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 44 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 45 selective selective JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 46 constraints constraint NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 155 47 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 1 Finally finally RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 3 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 4 exposure exposure NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 5 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 6 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 8 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 9 right right JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 10 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 11 configuration configuration NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 12 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 13 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 14 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 15 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 16 critical critical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 17 importance importance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 18 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 19 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 20 establishment establishment NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 21 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 22 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 23 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 156 24 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 1 For for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 2 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 5 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 6 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 7 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 8 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 9 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 10 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 11 HLA HLA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 12 type type NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 13 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 14 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 15 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 16 willing willing JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 17 recipient recipient NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 18 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 19 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 20 emergent emergent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 21 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 22 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 23 another another DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 157 24 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 2 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 3 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 6 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 8 particular particular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 9 combination combination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 10 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 11 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 12 sequence sequence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 13 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 14 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 15 immune immune JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 16 system system NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 17 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 18 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 19 necessary necessary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 20 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 21 start start VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 22 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 23 successful successful JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 24 infection infection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 158 25 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 2 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 4 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 5 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 6 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 7 again again RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 8 provides provide VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 9 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 10 highly highly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 11 illustrative illustrative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 12 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 14 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 16 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 17 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 18 Webby Webby NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 19 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 20 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 21 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 22 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 23 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 24 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 159 26 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 1 Central central JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 3 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 4 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 5 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 7 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 8 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 9 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 10 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 11 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 12 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 13 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 14 productively productively RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 15 infect infect VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 16 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 17 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 18 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 19 sialic sialic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 20 acid acid NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 21 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 22 receptors receptor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 23 found find VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 24 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 25 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 26 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 27 surface surface NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 28 oligosaccharides oligosaccharide NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 160 29 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 1 All all DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 2 avian avian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 3 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 4 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 5 replicate replicate VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 6 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 8 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 9 tract tract NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 10 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 11 bind bind VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 12 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 13 sialic sialic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 14 acid acid NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 15 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 16 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 17 α α NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 18 2,3-linkage 2,3-linkage CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 19 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 20 galactose galactose NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 161 21 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 2 contrast contrast NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 4 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 5 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 6 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 7 replicate replicate VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 8 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 11 tract tract NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 12 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 13 producing produce VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 14 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 15 distinctive distinctive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 16 disease disease NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 17 symptoms symptom NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 18 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 20 bind bind VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 21 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 22 sialic sialic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 23 acid acid NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 24 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 25 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 26 α α NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 27 2,6-linkage 2,6-linkage CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 162 28 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 1 Hence hence RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 4 shift shift NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 5 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 6 α α NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 7 2,3-to 2,3-to CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 8 α α NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 9 2,6-linkage 2,6-linkage NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 10 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 11 critical critical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 12 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 13 enabling enable VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 14 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 15 switch switch NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 16 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 17 birds bird NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 18 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 19 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 20 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 21 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 22 involves involve VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 23 changes change NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 24 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 25 two two CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 26 amino amino NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 27 acid acid NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 28 residues residue NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 29 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 30 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 31 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 32 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 33 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 34 genes gene NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 35 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 36 play play VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 37 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 38 roles role NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 40 Matrosovich Matrosovich NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 41 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 42 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 43 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 44 1997 1997 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 163 45 ; ; . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 164 1 Taubenberger Taubenberger NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 164 2 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 164 3 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 164 4 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 164 5 2005 2005 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 164 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 164 7 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 2 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 3 question question NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 5 therefore therefore RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 6 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 7 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 8 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 9 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 10 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 11 appear appear VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 12 de de FW cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 13 novo novo NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 14 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 15 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 16 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 17 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 18 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 19 short short JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 20 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 21 networks network NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 22 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 23 people people NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 24 who who WP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 25 initially initially RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 26 suffer suffer VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 27 avian avian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 28 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 29 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 30 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 31 whether whether IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 32 they -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 33 preexist preexist VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 34 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 35 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 36 avian avian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 37 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 38 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 39 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 40 if if IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 41 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 42 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 43 strain strain NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 44 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 45 transmitted transmit VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 46 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 47 then then RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 48 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 49 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 50 follow follow VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 165 51 ? ? . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 1 Again again RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 3 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 4 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 5 little little JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 6 data datum NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 7 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 8 determine determine VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 10 relative relative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 11 importance importance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 13 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 14 two two CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 15 aspects aspect NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 16 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 17 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 18 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 19 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 20 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 21 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 22 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 23 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 24 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 25 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 26 size size NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 27 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 28 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 29 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 30 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 31 avian avian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 32 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 33 must must MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 34 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 35 orders order NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 36 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 37 magnitude magnitude NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 38 greater great JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 39 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 40 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 41 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 42 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 43 handful handful NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 44 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 45 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 46 cases case NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 47 during during IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 48 most most JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 49 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 166 50 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 2 suggest suggest VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 3 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 4 three three CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 5 important important JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 6 advances advance NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 7 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 8 required require VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 9 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 10 fully fully RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 11 elucidate elucidate VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 12 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 13 role role NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 15 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 16 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 17 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 18 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 19 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 167 20 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 1 First first RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 3 improvements improvement NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 4 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 5 needed need VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 6 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 8 analytical analytical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 9 methods method NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 10 available available JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 11 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 12 measure measure VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 13 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 14 pressures pressure NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 15 acting act VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 16 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 17 genes gene NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 168 18 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 2 methods method NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 3 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 4 commonly commonly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 5 used use VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 6 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 7 present present JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 8 involve involve VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 9 comparisons comparison NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 10 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 12 numbers number NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 13 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 14 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 16 d d NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 17 S S NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 20 nonsynonymous nonsynonymous NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 22 d d NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 23 N N NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 25 substitutions substitution NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 26 per per IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 27 site site NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 169 28 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 1 Although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 2 informative informative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 4 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 5 methods method NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 6 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 7 highly highly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 8 conservative conservative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 9 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 10 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 11 greatly greatly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 12 limited limited JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 13 when when WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 14 detecting detect VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 15 positive positive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 16 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 17 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 18 sporadic sporadic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 19 amino amino NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 20 acid acid NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 21 sites site NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 22 along along IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 23 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 24 single single JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 25 lineage lineage NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 26 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 27 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 28 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 29 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 30 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 31 form form NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 32 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 33 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 34 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 35 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 36 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 37 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 38 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 39 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 40 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 170 41 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 1 Second second RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 3 despite despite IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 4 ever ever RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 5 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 6 expanding expand VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 7 sequence sequence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 8 databases database NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 10 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 11 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 12 surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 13 few few JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 14 examples example NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 15 where where WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 16 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 17 sequence sequence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 18 data data NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 19 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 20 available available JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 21 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 22 both both DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 23 donor donor NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 24 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 25 recipient recipient NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 26 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 171 27 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 1 As as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 2 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 3 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 4 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 5 point point NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 6 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 7 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 8 dengue dengue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 9 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 10 one one CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 12 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 13 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 14 important important JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 15 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 16 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 18 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 20 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 21 multitude multitude NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 22 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 23 sequence sequence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 24 data datum NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 25 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 26 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 27 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 28 readily readily RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 29 available available JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 30 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 31 only only RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 32 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 33 handful handful NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 34 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 35 samples sample NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 36 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 37 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 38 collected collect VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 39 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 40 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 41 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 42 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 43 donor donor NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 44 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 45 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 46 Old Old NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 47 World World NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 48 monkeys monkey NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 50 Wang Wang NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 51 2000 2000 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 172 53 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 1 Third third JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 3 models model NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 5 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 6 need need VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 7 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 8 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 9 developed develop VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 10 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 11 take take VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 12 into into IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 13 account account NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 14 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 15 only only RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 16 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 17 varying vary VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 18 selective selective JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 19 environment environment NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 20 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 21 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 22 most most JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 23 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 24 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 173 25 exist exist VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 1 but but CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 2 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 3 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 4 accurately accurately RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 5 reflect reflect VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 7 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 8 complex complex JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 9 life life NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 10 cycle cycle NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 12 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 13 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 174 14 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 1 These these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 2 models model NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 3 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 4 probably probably RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 5 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 6 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 7 tractable tractable JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 8 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 9 analytical analytical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 10 techniques technique NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 11 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 12 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 13 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 14 mean mean VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 15 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 16 computationally computationally RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 17 intensive intensive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 18 simulation simulation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 19 studies study NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 20 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 21 become become VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 22 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 23 increasingly increasingly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 24 important important JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 25 component component NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 26 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 27 research research NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 28 into into IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 29 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 30 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 31 genetics genetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 32 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 33 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 34 disease disease NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 175 35 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 1 Although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 2 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 3 engine engine NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 6 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 7 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 8 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 9 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 11 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 12 mutation mutation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 13 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 14 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 15 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 16 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 17 mounting mount VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 18 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 19 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 20 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 21 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 22 variability variability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 23 observed observe VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 24 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 26 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 27 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 28 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 29 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 30 shaped shape VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 31 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 32 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 33 part part NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 34 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 35 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 36 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 176 37 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 1 Further further RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 3 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 4 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 5 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 6 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 7 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 8 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 9 potentially potentially RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 10 increases increase VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 11 fitness fitness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 12 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 13 creating create VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 14 advantageous advantageous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 15 genotypes genotype NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 16 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 17 removing remove VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 18 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 19 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 20 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 22 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 23 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 24 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 25 supposed suppose VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 26 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 27 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 28 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 29 assist assist VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 30 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 31 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 32 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 33 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 177 34 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 2 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 3 perhaps perhaps RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 4 best good JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 5 shown show VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 6 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 8 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 11 primate primate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 12 lentiviruses lentiviruse NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 13 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 14 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 15 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 16 HIV HIV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 17 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 18 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 19 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 20 only only RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 21 experience experience VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 22 extremely extremely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 23 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 24 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 25 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 26 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 27 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 28 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 29 multiple multiple JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 30 template template NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 31 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 32 switching switch VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 33 events event NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 34 occurring occur VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 35 during during IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 36 each each DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 37 replication replication NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 38 cycle cycle NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 40 Jung Jung NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 41 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 42 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 43 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 44 2002 2002 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 46 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 47 but but CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 48 where where WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 49 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 50 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 51 seem seem VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 52 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 53 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 54 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 55 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 56 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 57 cases case NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 58 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 59 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 60 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 61 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 178 62 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 179 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 179 2 Bailes Bailes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 179 3 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 179 4 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 179 5 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 179 6 2003 2003 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 179 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 179 8 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 4 cross cross NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 5 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 6 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 7 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 8 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 9 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 10 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 11 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 12 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 13 birds bird NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 14 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 15 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 16 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 17 often often RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 18 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 19 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 20 reassortment reassortment NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 21 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 22 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 24 HA HA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 26 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 27 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 29 NA NA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 31 subtypes subtype NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 33 Webby Webby NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 34 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 35 Webster Webster NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 36 2001 2001 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 37 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 38 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 39 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 40 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 41 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 42 Webby Webby NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 43 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 44 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 180 45 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 181 1 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 181 2 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 181 3 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 181 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 181 5 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 1 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 2 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 3 recent recent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 4 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 5 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 6 point point NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 7 concerns concern VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 8 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 9 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 10 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 12 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 182 13 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 2 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 3 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 6 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 7 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 8 argued argue VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 9 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 10 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 12 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 14 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 15 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 16 recombinant recombinant NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 18 avian avian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 20 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 21 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 22 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 24 Stavrinides Stavrinides NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 25 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 26 Guttman Guttman NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 27 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 29 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 30 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 31 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 32 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 33 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 34 even even RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 35 have have VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 36 allowed allow VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 37 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 38 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 39 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 40 acquire acquire VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 41 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 42 critical critical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 43 suite suite NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 44 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 45 amino amino NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 46 acid acid NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 47 changes change NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 48 required require VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 49 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 50 cause cause VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 51 infection infection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 52 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 53 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 55 Stanhope Stanhope NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 56 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 57 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 58 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 59 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 183 61 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 1 However however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 3 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 4 closer close JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 5 inspection inspection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 8 pertinent pertinent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 9 sequence sequence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 10 data data NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 11 casts cast VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 12 serious serious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 13 doubt doubt NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 14 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 15 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 16 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 18 see see VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 19 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 20 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 21 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 22 Wang Wang NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 23 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 24 Eaton Eaton NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 25 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 26 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 27 volume volume NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 184 29 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 1 First first RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 4 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 5 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 6 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 7 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 10 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 11 weak weak JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 12 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 13 best good JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 14 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 15 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 17 seems seem VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 18 equally equally RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 19 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 20 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 21 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 22 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 23 signal signal NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 24 said say VBD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 25 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 26 support support VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 27 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 28 results result NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 29 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 30 variation variation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 31 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 32 substitution substitution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 33 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 34 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 35 lineages lineage NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 36 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 37 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 38 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 39 different different JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 40 genes gene NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 41 produce produce VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 42 slightly slightly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 43 different different JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 44 trees tree NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 46 Gibbs Gibbs NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 47 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 48 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 49 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 50 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 51 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 52 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 53 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 54 Rambaut Rambaut NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 55 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 185 57 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 1 Second second RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 4 proposed propose VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 5 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 6 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 8 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 10 would would MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 11 have have VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 12 involved involve VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 13 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 14 distantly distantly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 15 related related JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 16 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 17 strains strain VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 18 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 20 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 21 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 22 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 23 responsible responsible JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 24 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 25 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 26 very very RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 27 recent recent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 28 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 29 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 30 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 31 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 32 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 33 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 35 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 36 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 37 Rambaut Rambaut NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 38 2004 2004 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 186 40 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 1 Another another DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 2 reason reason NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 3 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 4 doubt doubt VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 5 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 6 role role NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 7 played play VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 8 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 9 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 10 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 11 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 12 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 13 general general JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 14 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 15 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 16 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 17 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 18 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 19 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 20 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 21 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 22 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 23 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 24 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 25 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 26 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 27 particularly particularly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 28 common common JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 29 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 30 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 31 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 32 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 33 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 34 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 35 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 36 no no DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 37 reason reason NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 38 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 39 suppose suppose VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 40 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 41 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 42 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 43 any any DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 44 more more JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 45 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 46 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 47 mechanistic mechanistic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 48 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 49 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 50 product product NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 187 51 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 1 For for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 2 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 4 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 5 appears appear VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 6 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 7 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 8 extremely extremely RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 9 rare rare JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 10 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 11 negative negative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 12 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 13 sense sense NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 15 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 17 Chare Chare NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 18 et et NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 19 al al NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 20 . . NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 21 2003 2003 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 23 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 24 most most RBS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 25 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 26 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 27 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 29 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 30 always always RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 31 encapsidated encapsidate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 32 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 33 thereby thereby RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 34 greatly greatly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 35 limiting limit VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 36 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 37 template template NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 38 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 39 switching switching NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 40 thought thought NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 41 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 42 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 43 central central JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 44 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 45 RNA rna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 46 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 188 47 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 1 As as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 2 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 3 number number NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 4 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 5 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 6 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 7 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 8 negative negative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 9 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 10 sense sense NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 12 genomes genome NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 13 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 14 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 15 automatically automatically RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 16 argues argue VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 17 against against IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 18 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 19 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 20 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 21 general general JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 22 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 23 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 24 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 25 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 189 26 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 3 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 4 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 5 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 6 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 7 common common JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 8 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 9 positive positive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 10 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 11 sense sense NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 13 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 14 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 15 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 16 most most JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 17 cases case NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 19 appears appear VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 20 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 21 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 22 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 23 sporadic sporadic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 24 event event NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 25 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 26 does do VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 27 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 28 occur occur VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 29 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 30 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 31 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 32 enough enough JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 33 frequency frequency NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 34 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 35 make make VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 36 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 37 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 38 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 39 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 40 strategy strategy NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 41 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 42 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 43 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 44 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 45 course course NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 46 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 47 rare rare JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 48 events event NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 49 like like IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 50 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 51 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 52 sometimes sometimes RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 53 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 54 critical critical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 55 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 56 kick kick NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 57 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 58 starting start VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 59 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 60 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 61 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 62 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 63 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 190 64 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 1 Most Most JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 2 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 4 available available JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 5 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 6 suggests suggest VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 7 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 8 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 9 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 10 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 12 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 13 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 14 controlled control VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 15 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 16 two two CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 17 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 18 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 19 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 20 ability ability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 21 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 22 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 23 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 24 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 25 question question NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 26 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 27 undergo undergo VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 28 template template NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 29 switching switching NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 30 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 31 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 32 frequency frequency NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 33 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 34 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 35 multiple multiple JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 36 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 37 occur occur VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 191 38 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 2 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 3 these these DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 4 factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 5 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 6 explain explain VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 7 why why WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 8 HIV HIV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 9 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 10 such such PDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 11 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 12 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 13 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 15 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 16 ; ; : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 17 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 18 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 19 possesses possess VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 20 two two CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 21 copies copy NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 22 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 23 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 25 genome genome NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 26 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 27 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 28 means mean VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 29 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 30 template template NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 31 switching switching NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 32 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 33 occur occur VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 34 readily readily RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 35 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 36 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 37 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 38 ease ease NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 39 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 40 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 41 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 42 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 43 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 44 spread spread VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 45 worldwide worldwide RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 46 means mean NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 47 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 48 multiple multiple JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 49 infections infection NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 50 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 51 abundant abundant JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 192 52 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 1 However however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 3 HIV HIV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 4 appears appear VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 5 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 6 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 8 exception exception NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 9 rather rather RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 10 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 12 rule rule NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 193 13 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 1 For for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 2 example example NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 4 HTLV HTLV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 5 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 6 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 7 retrovirus retrovirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 8 like like IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 9 HIV HIV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 10 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 11 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 12 also also RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 13 reported report VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 14 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 15 have have VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 16 jumped jump VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 17 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 18 boundaries boundary NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 20 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 21 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 22 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 23 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 24 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 26 during during IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 27 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 28 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 29 history history NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 194 30 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 1 However however RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 3 there there EX cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 4 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 5 no no DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 6 evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 7 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 8 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 9 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 10 HTLV HTLV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 195 11 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 1 In in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 2 fact fact NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 4 even even RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 5 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 7 case case NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 8 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 9 HIV HIV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 11 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 12 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 13 certain certain JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 14 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 15 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 16 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 17 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 18 critical critical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 19 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 20 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 21 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 22 despite despite IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 23 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 24 frequency frequency NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 196 25 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 1 Overall overall RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 3 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 4 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 5 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 7 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 8 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 9 per per IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 10 base base NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 11 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 12 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 13 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 14 very very RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 15 much much RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 16 lower low JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 17 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 18 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 19 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 20 mutation mutation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 21 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 22 most most JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 24 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 25 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 26 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 27 seems seem VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 28 logical logical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 29 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 30 conclude conclude VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 31 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 32 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 33 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 34 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 35 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 36 key key JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 37 requirement requirement NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 38 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 39 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 40 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 41 but but CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 42 rather rather RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 43 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 44 happy happy JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 45 coincidence coincidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 197 46 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 1 Much much JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 2 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 3 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 4 chapter chapter NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 5 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 6 explored explore VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 8 issue issue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 10 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 11 role role NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 12 played play VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 13 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 14 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 15 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 16 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 17 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 18 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 19 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 20 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 198 21 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 2 result result NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 4 contrary contrary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 5 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 6 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 7 perceptions perception NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 8 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 10 inherent inherent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 11 adaptability adaptability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 14 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 15 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 16 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 17 that that DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 18 successful successful JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 19 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 20 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 21 characterized characterize VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 22 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 23 sustained sustained JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 24 human human NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 25 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 26 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 27 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 28 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 29 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 30 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 31 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 32 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 33 far far RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 34 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 35 difficult difficult JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 36 process process NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 37 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 38 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 39 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 40 expected expect VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 41 given give VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 42 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 43 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 44 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 45 at at IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 46 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 47 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 48 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 49 mutate mutate VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 199 50 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 200 1 Why why WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 200 2 might may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 200 3 this this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 200 4 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 200 5 so so RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 200 6 ? ? . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 1 One one CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 2 probable probable JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 3 answer answer NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 4 lies lie VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 5 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 6 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 7 theory theory NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 8 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 10 genomes genome NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 13 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 14 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 15 so so RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 16 small small JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 18 usually usually RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 19 less less JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 20 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 21 15 15 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 22 kb kb NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 23 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 24 length length NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 26 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 27 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 28 so so RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 29 multifunctional multifunctional JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 30 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 31 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 32 most most JJS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 33 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 34 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 35 likely likely JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 36 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 37 affect affect VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 38 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 39 critical critical JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 40 aspect aspect NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 41 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 42 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 43 biology biology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 45 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 46 2003a 2003a CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 201 48 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 1 As as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 2 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 4 although although IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 5 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 6 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 7 abundant abundant JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 8 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 10 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 11 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 12 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 13 vast vast JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 14 majority majority NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 15 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 16 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 17 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 18 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 19 slightly slightly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 20 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 21 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 22 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 23 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 24 reduce reduce VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 25 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 26 fitness fitness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 27 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 28 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 29 long long JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 30 term term NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 202 31 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 1 Much much JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 2 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 4 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 5 variation variation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 6 sampled sample VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 7 within within IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 9 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 10 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 11 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 12 including include VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 13 those those DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 14 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 15 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 16 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 17 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 18 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 19 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 20 species specie NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 21 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 22 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 23 therefore therefore RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 24 consist consist VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 25 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 26 short short RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 27 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 28 lived live VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 29 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 30 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 31 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 32 which which WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 33 can can MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 34 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 35 thought think VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 36 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 37 as as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 38 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 39 form form NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 40 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 41 mutational mutational JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 42 straightjacket straightjacket NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 203 43 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 1 Unlike unlike IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 2 many many JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 3 other other JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 4 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 5 systems system NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 6 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 7 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 8 dominated dominate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 9 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 10 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 11 drift drift NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 12 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 13 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 14 balance balance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 15 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 16 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 17 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 18 genetics genetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 19 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 20 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 21 dominated dominate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 22 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 23 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 24 mutation mutation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 25 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 26 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 27 balance balance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 29 Domingo Domingo NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 30 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 31 Holland Holland NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 32 1997 1997 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 204 34 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 2 requirements requirement NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 4 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 5 compact compact JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 6 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 7 highly highly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 8 pleiotropic pleiotropic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 9 genome genome NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 10 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 11 coupled couple VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 12 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 13 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 14 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 15 error error NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 16 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 17 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 18 lead lead VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 19 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 20 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 21 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 22 mutational mutational JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 23 load load NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 25 Elena Elena NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 26 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 27 Moya Moya NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 28 1999 1999 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 30 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 31 leaves leave VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 32 little little JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 33 room room NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 34 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 35 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 36 limitless limitless JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 37 adaptability adaptability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 38 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 39 have have VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 40 attributed attribute VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 41 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 42 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 43 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 205 44 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 3 mutation mutation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 4 rates rate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 5 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 6 so so RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 7 high high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 8 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 10 is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 11 possible possible JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 12 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 13 even even RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 14 highly highly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 15 beneficial beneficial JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 16 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 17 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 18 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 19 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 20 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 21 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 22 spread spread VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 23 through through IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 24 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 25 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 26 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 27 because because IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 28 they -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 29 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 30 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 31 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 32 chance chance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 33 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 34 linked link VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 35 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 36 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 37 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 38 that that WDT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 39 arise arise VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 40 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 41 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 42 same same JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 43 genome genome NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 206 44 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 1 This this DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 2 will will MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 3 evidently evidently RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 4 hinder hinder VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 5 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 6 ability ability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 7 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 8 emerge emerge VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 9 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 10 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 11 hosts host NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 12 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 13 does do VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 14 much much JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 15 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 16 explain explain VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 17 why why WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 18 some some DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 20 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 21 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 22 better well RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 23 able able JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 24 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 25 cross cross VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 26 species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 27 barriers barrier NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 28 than than IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 29 others other NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 207 30 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 1 As as IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 2 such such JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 3 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 5 propose propose VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 6 that that IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 7 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 8 true true JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 9 importance importance NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 10 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 11 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 12 nearly nearly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 13 neutral neutral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 15 or or CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 16 slightly slightly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 17 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 19 theory theory NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 20 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 21 molecular molecular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 22 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 24 Ohta Ohta NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 25 1992 1992 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 27 Ohta Ohta NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 28 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 29 1998 1998 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 30 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 31 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 32 study study NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 33 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 34 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 35 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 36 has have VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 37 not not RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 38 been be VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 39 fully fully RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 40 appreciated appreciate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 41 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 42 yet yet CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 43 may may MD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 44 be be VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 45 crucial crucial JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 46 to to TO cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 47 fully fully RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 48 understanding understand VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 49 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 208 50 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 1 Evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 2 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 3 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 4 recognition recognition NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 5 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 6 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 7 Positively positively RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 8 charged charge VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 9 amino amino NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 10 acid acid NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 11 substitutions substitution NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 12 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 13 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 14 E2 E2 NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 15 envelope envelope NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 16 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 17 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 18 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 19 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 20 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 21 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 22 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 23 Venezuelan venezuelan JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 24 equine equine NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 25 encephalitis encephalitis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 209 26 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 1 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 2 search search NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 3 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 4 Ebola Ebola NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 5 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 6 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 7 animals animal NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 8 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 10 Democratic Democratic NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 11 Republic Republic NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 13 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 14 Congo Congo NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 15 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 16 Cameroon Cameroon NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 210 17 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 1 ecologic ecologic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 2 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 3 virologic virologic NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 4 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 5 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 6 serologic serologic NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 7 surveys survey NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 8 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 9 1979 1979 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 10 - - SYM cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 11 1980 1980 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 12 Selection Selection NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 13 pressures pressure NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 14 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 16 capsid capsid JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 17 genes gene NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 18 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 19 plant plant NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 21 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 22 reflect reflect VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 23 mode mode NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 24 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 25 transmission transmission NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 26 Phylogenetic Phylogenetic NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 27 analysis analysis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 28 reveals reveal VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 29 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 30 low low JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 31 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 32 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 33 homologous homologous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 34 recombination recombination NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 35 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 36 negative negative JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 37 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 38 sense sense NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 39 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 40 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 41 Diseases disease NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 42 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 43 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 44 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 45 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 46 domestic domestic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 47 mammals mammal NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 48 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 49 pathogen pathogen NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 50 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 51 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 52 host host NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 53 range range NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 54 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 55 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 56 risk risk NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 57 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 58 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 59 An an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 60 introduction introduction NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 61 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 62 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 63 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 64 ecology ecology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 65 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 66 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 67 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 68 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 69 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 70 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 71 fitness fitness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 72 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 73 survival survival NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 74 Rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 75 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 76 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 77 mutation mutation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 78 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 79 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 80 distribution distribution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 81 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 82 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 83 effects effect NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 84 on on IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 85 fitness fitness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 86 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 87 vesicular vesicular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 88 stomatitis stomatitis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 89 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 90 Human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 91 diseases disease NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 92 threaten threaten VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 93 great great JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 211 94 apes ape NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 212 1 MHC MHC NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 212 2 polymorphism polymorphism NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 213 1 pre pre JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 213 2 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 213 3 dating dating JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 213 4 speciation speciation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 1 Phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 2 relationships relationship NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 4 flaviviruses flavivirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 5 correlate correlate VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 6 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 8 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 9 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 10 disease disease NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 11 association association NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 12 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 214 13 biogeography biogeography NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 2 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 6 Population Population NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 7 genetics genetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 8 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 9 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 10 concise concise JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 11 course course NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 12 Error error NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 13 thresholds threshold NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 14 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 16 constraints constraint NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 17 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 19 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 20 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 21 Patterns pattern NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 22 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 23 intra intra JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 24 - - : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 25 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 26 inter inter JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 27 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 28 host host JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 29 nonsynonymous nonsynonymous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 30 variation variation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 31 reveal reveal VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 32 strong strong JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 33 purifying purifying NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 34 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 35 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 36 dengue dengue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 215 37 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 2 phylogeography phylogeography NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 4 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 5 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 6 Viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 7 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 8 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 9 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 10 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 11 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 13 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 14 Genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 15 organisation organisation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 16 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 17 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 18 chimpanzee chimpanzee NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 19 lentivirus lentivirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 20 related relate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 21 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 22 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 23 Recombination Recombination NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 24 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 25 multiply multiply VB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 26 infected infected JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 27 spleen spleen NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 28 cells cell NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 29 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 30 HIV HIV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 31 patients patient NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 32 Severe severe JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 33 acute acute JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 34 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 35 syndrome syndrome NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 36 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 37 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 38 like like JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 39 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 40 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 41 Chinese chinese JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 42 horseshoe horseshoe NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 43 bats bat NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 44 Bats bat NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 45 are be VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 46 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 47 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 48 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 49 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 50 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 51 like like JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 216 52 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 2 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 3 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 4 character character NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 5 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 6 spontaneous spontaneous JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 7 mutation mutation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 8 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 9 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 11 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 12 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 13 novel novel JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 14 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 15 intervention intervention NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 16 results result NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 17 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 18 more more RBR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 19 accurate accurate JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 20 assessment assessment NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 21 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 22 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 23 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 24 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 25 type type NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 26 1 1 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 27 replication replication NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 28 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 29 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 30 T t NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 31 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 32 cell cell NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 33 decay decay NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 34 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 217 35 vivo vivo NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 218 1 Avian avian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 218 2 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 1 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 2 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 3 differ differ VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 4 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 5 human human JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 6 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 7 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 8 recognition recognition NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 9 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 10 sialyloligosaccharides sialyloligosaccharide NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 11 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 12 gangliosides ganglioside NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 13 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 14 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 15 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 16 higher high JJR cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 17 conservation conservation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 18 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 19 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 20 HA HA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 21 receptor receptor NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 22 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 23 binding bind VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 24 site site NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 25 Dengue dengue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 26 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 27 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 28 adaptation adaptation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 29 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 30 peridomestic peridomestic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 219 31 mosquitoes mosquito NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 220 1 Factors factor NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 220 2 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 220 3 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 220 4 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 220 5 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 220 6 infectious infectious JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 220 7 diseases disease NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 2 population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 3 genetics genetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 4 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 6 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 9 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 10 Genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 11 identification identification NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 13 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 14 hantavirus hantavirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 15 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 16 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 17 an an DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 18 outbreak outbreak NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 19 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 20 acute acute JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 21 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 221 22 illness illness NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 2 nearly nearly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 3 neutral neutral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 4 theory theory NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 5 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 6 molecular molecular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 7 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 8 Evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 9 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 10 nearly nearly RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 11 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 12 neutral neutral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 222 13 mutations mutation NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 1 Species species NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 2 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 3 specific specific JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 4 TT TT NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 5 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 6 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 7 cross cross JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 8 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 9 species species JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 10 infection infection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 11 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 12 nonhuman nonhuman NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 223 13 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 1 Potential potential JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 2 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 3 filovirus filovirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 4 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 5 High high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 6 fidelity fidelity NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 7 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 8 yellow yellow JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 9 fever fever NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 10 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 11 RNA rna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 224 12 polymerase polymerase NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 225 1 García García NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 225 2 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 225 3 Arenal Arenal NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 225 4 F F NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 225 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 225 6 1999 1999 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 225 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 1 Genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 2 variability variability NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 4 natural natural JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 5 populations population NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 6 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 7 cotton cotton NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 8 leaf leaf NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 9 curl curl NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 10 geminivirus geminivirus NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 11 , , , cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 12 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 13 single single RB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 14 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 15 stranded strand VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 16 DNA dna NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 17 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 18 Analysis analysis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 19 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 20 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 21 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 22 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 23 nucleoproteins nucleoprotein VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 24 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 25 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 26 assessment assessment NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 27 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 28 molecular molecular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 29 genetic genetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 30 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 31 leading lead VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 32 to to IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 33 new new JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 34 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 35 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 36 lineages lineage NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 37 High high JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 38 rate rate NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 39 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 40 viral viral JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 41 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 42 associated associate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 43 with with IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 44 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 45 emergence emergence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 46 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 47 canine canine JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 226 48 parvoviruses parvovirus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 1 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 2 origins origin NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 3 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 4 acquired acquire VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 5 immune immune JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 6 deficiency deficiency NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 7 syndrome syndrome NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 8 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 9 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 10 where where WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 11 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 12 when when WRB cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 13 Evidence evidence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 14 from from IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 15 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 16 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 17 analysis analysis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 18 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 19 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 20 sequences sequence NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 21 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 22 a a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 23 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 24 history history NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 25 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 26 SARS SARS NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 27 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 28 CoV CoV NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 29 Infect infect VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 30 Mosaic Mosaic NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 31 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 32 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 33 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 34 severe severe JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 35 acute acute JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 36 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 37 syndrome syndrome NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 38 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 39 Ancient Ancient NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 40 co co NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 41 - - NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 42 speciation speciation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 43 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 44 simian simian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 45 foamy foamy NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 46 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 47 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 48 primates primate NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 49 Characterization characterization NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 50 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 51 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 52 1918 1918 CD cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 53 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 54 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 55 polymerase polymerase NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 56 genes gene NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 57 Phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 58 relationships relationship NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 59 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 60 differential differential NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 61 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 62 pressures pressure NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 63 among among IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 64 genotypes genotype NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 65 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 66 dengue-2 dengue-2 NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 67 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 68 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 69 relationships relationship NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 70 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 71 endemic endemic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 72 / / SYM cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 73 epidemic epidemic NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 74 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 75 sylvatic sylvatic JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 76 dengue dengue NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 77 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 78 Kinetics kinetic NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 79 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 80 acute acute JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 81 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 82 B b NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 83 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 84 infection infection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 85 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 86 humans human NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 87 Emergence Emergence NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 88 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 89 influenza influenza NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 90 A a DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 227 91 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 1 Reduced reduce VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 2 positive positive JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 3 selection selection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 4 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 5 vector vector NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 6 - - HYPH cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 7 borne bear VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 9 viruses virus NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 10 Population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 11 biology biology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 12 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 13 multihost multihost NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 14 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 15 Population population NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 16 biology biology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 17 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 18 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 19 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 20 re re JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 21 - - JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 22 emerging emerge VBG cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 23 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 24 Characterization characterization NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 25 of of IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 26 severe severe JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 27 acute acute JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 28 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 29 syndrome syndrome NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 30 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 31 genomes genome NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 32 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 33 Taiwan Taiwan NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 228 34 : : : cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 229 1 Molecular molecular JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 229 2 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 229 3 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 1 genome genome NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 2 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 3 Vesicular Vesicular NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 4 stomatitis stomatitis NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 5 virus virus NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 6 evolution evolution NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 7 during during IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 8 alternation alternation NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 9 between between IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 10 persistent persistent JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 11 Infection infection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 12 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 13 insect insect NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 14 cells cell NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 15 and and CC cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 16 acute acute JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 17 infection infection NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 18 in in IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 19 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 20 cells cell NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 21 Is be VBZ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 22 dominated dominate VBN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 23 by by IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 24 the the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 25 persistence persistence NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 26 phase phase NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 230 27 Acknowledgements acknowledgement NNS cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 2 thank thank VBP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 3 The the DT cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 4 Wellcome Wellcome NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 5 Trust Trust NNP cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 6 for for IN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 7 financial financial JJ cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 8 support support NN cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 9 . . . cord-346853-0c1qdjb5 231 10 _SP