id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-264746-gfn312aa	Muse, Spencer	GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS	2012-03-29		.txt	text/plain	10976	583	58	The success of this project (it came in almost 3 years ahead of time and 10% under budget, while at the same time providing more data than originally planned) depended on innovations in a variety of areas: breakthroughs in basic molecular biology to allow manipulation of DNA and other compounds; improved engineering and manufacturing technology to produce equipment for reading the sequences of DNA; advances in robotics and laboratory automation; development of statistical methods to interpret data from sequencing projects; and the creation of specialized computing hardware and software systems to circumvent massive computational barriers that faced genome scientists. Although the list of important biotechnologies changes on an almost daily basis, there are three prominent data types in today's environment: (1) genome sequences provide the starting point that allows scientists to begin understanding the genetic underpinnings of an organism; (2) measurements of gene expression levels facilitate studies of gene regulation, which, among other things, help us to understand how an organism's genome interacts with its environment; and (3) genetic polymorphisms are variations from individual to individual within species, and understanding how these variations correlate with phenotypes such as disease susceptibility is a crucial element of modern biomedical research.	./cache/cord-264746-gfn312aa.txt	./txt/cord-264746-gfn312aa.txt