Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 605 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12263 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 44 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 570 disease 99 patient 63 virus 60 COVID-19 57 SARS 52 human 51 infection 50 cell 38 Health 36 Disease 32 HIV 31 animal 30 study 29 health 28 cause 28 United 26 case 25 model 25 infectious 25 China 24 clinical 24 Fig 23 treatment 23 figure 23 Ebola 22 vaccine 22 PCR 21 dna 19 States 18 Africa 17 lung 16 respiratory 16 RNA 15 risk 15 result 15 population 15 cat 13 sign 13 diagnosis 13 COPD 12 increase 12 University 12 Europe 12 CNS 11 pulmonary 11 datum 11 child 10 surveillance 10 outbreak 10 lesion Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 55401 disease 37344 patient 27215 % 23674 cell 19689 infection 16512 study 15778 case 14711 virus 12626 treatment 11189 health 10872 risk 9926 year 9168 animal 8872 result 8798 time 8597 diagnosis 8323 model 8247 response 8195 level 8131 system 7823 factor 7656 population 7544 group 7474 effect 7473 datum 7457 day 7272 therapy 7117 blood 7008 child 6971 age 6967 analysis 6943 gene 6785 vaccine 6636 protein 6510 number 6481 control 6415 syndrome 6329 dog 6303 method 6165 lung 6078 change 5992 use 5743 type 5632 mouse 5588 cat 5530 rate 5493 tissue 5369 outbreak 5340 role 5248 development Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 9842 al 7895 et 6974 . 3955 COVID-19 3945 SARS 3378 de 3018 Health 2618 mg 2546 • 2453 China 2439 United 2390 Disease 2374 T 2288 CT 2076 States 1988 HIV 1955 HSCT 1938 la 1925 y 1828 PCR 1794 Fig 1614 el 1606 CoV-2 1535 Ebola 1518 MRI 1488 US 1460 C 1408 B 1380 Africa 1270 RNA 1247 COPD 1225 A 1202 kg 1161 C. 1135 World 1124 II 1110 Europe 997 University 928 IV 918 National 917 los 873 Table 862 que 858 AIDS 856 GVHD 843 West 839 PD 835 S. 818 Alzheimer 810 M. Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 16864 it 12006 we 6529 they 2557 i 2140 he 2118 them 1251 she 1187 one 610 us 519 itself 324 themselves 282 you 96 me 94 him 64 her 35 ourselves 35 himself 9 s 8 oneself 8 myself 8 iga1 8 herself 7 u 6 mg 5 o139 5 itma 5 em 5 's 4 yourself 3 ya 3 theirs 3 mutationtaster3 3 mrnas 2 tecpr2 2 o103 2 n40np 2 its 2 il-1β 2 cgvh 1 ≥65 1 ı 1 İt 1 zoo- 1 zfpm2 1 yhi83hgq 1 y638 1 y402h 1 w 1 ttg2 1 theremaindwareeitherent~~ympas Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 250541 be 51565 have 16762 use 14493 include 10589 increase 10428 associate 9621 cause 9130 show 8077 develop 7495 do 7318 occur 7047 base 6891 report 6224 follow 6124 find 6094 identify 5800 see 5509 provide 5291 reduce 5225 lead 5103 require 4929 result 4674 affect 4667 compare 4538 relate 4395 consider 4274 make 4175 suggest 4157 treat 4147 induce 4124 describe 4058 present 4037 perform 3809 give 3736 involve 3689 know 3654 infect 3513 become 3440 detect 3415 improve 3397 emerge 3390 receive 3271 demonstrate 3250 need 3220 remain 3215 determine 3134 decrease 3087 observe 3038 evaluate 2975 produce Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 21426 not 14707 also 13266 clinical 13194 other 12738 - 12248 high 12063 such 11928 more 9805 most 9554 human 8346 infectious 8293 well 7818 however 7019 low 6931 only 6904 severe 6579 acute 6211 respiratory 6067 new 6028 chronic 5971 common 5829 many 5793 first 5758 important 5717 different 5686 early 5569 as 5331 specific 5239 large 5057 immune 5009 normal 4904 often 4834 pulmonary 4700 small 4557 viral 4394 significant 4378 inflammatory 4309 non 4193 long 4110 renal 3998 public 3917 several 3596 primary 3506 less 3491 genetic 3455 medical 3436 old 3401 further 3398 usually 3357 present Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2678 most 1093 least 1067 Most 896 good 659 high 325 great 280 large 177 low 129 early 115 late 94 bad 83 common 75 big 72 strong 57 poor 51 old 49 small 36 close 34 young 28 simple 26 safe 26 near 25 short 24 deadly 23 long 23 fast 21 easy 15 wide 10 new 10 broad 8 deep 7 weak 7 heavy 7 fit 7 Least 6 slight 6 rich 5 mild 5 clear 4 slow 4 rare 4 healthy 4 fine 4 few 3 warm 3 strict 3 severe 3 pure 3 grave 2 thick Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7127 most 715 least 334 well 9 highest 7 worst 7 fast 6 hard 5 youngest 5 oldest 3 lowest 3 long 2 early 2 -sialyllactose 1 strongest 1 smallest 1 shortest 1 greatest 1 cuituredonboneslicesbothin 1 close 1 cfdna 1 -wheeze 1 -v 1 -significantly 1 -human 1 -fcv 1 -chest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 www.who.int 25 www 14 www.cdc.gov 14 www.biomedcentral.com 13 doi.org 12 github.com 11 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 10 creativecommons.org 9 www3.niaid.nih.gov 5 www.worldometers.info 5 www.fda.gov 4 www.oie.int 4 www.mutationtaster.org 4 www.mofa.go.jp 4 www.ebi.ac.uk 4 www.columbia-lyme.org 4 clinicaltrials.gov 3 www3.niaid.nih 3 www3 3 www.mdpi.com 3 orcid.org 3 nihroadmap.nih.gov 2 www3.niaid 2 www.unacast.com 2 www.un.org 2 www.synapse.org 2 www.natureindex.com 2 www.nature.com 2 www.mohfw.gov.in 2 www.microbialrosettastone.com 2 www.medrxiv.org 2 www.informatics.jax.org 2 www.gov.uk 2 www.google.org 2 www.fao.org 2 www.eucomm.org 2 www.cdc 2 www.aphis.usda.gov 2 sites.tufts.edu 2 opendata.ncats.nih.gov 2 lifetime-initiative.eu 2 grants 2 extranet.who.int 2 data.covid.umd.edu 2 coronavirus.jhu.edu 2 apps.who.int 1 xcmsonline.scripps.edu 1 www8.cao.go.jp 1 www.zoonosis.ac.uk 1 www.wwpdb.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 24 http://www 13 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/15/333 8 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/ 4 http://www.mutationtaster.org 3 http://www3.niaid.nih 3 http://www3 3 http://www.who.int/ 2 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme 2 http://www3.niaid 2 http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ 2 http://www.worldometers.info/ 2 http://www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/ 2 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/new/2006/nw02/en 2 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/ 2 http://www.unacast.com/covid19/social-distancing-scoreboard 2 http://www.un.org 2 http://www.oie.int/eng/ 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/ 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ 2 http://www.nature.com/reprints 2 http://www.microbialrosettastone.com/ 2 http://www.fda.gov/ 2 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/imgt/hla/ 2 http://www.columbia-lyme.org/flatp/lymeoverview.html 2 http://www.cdc.gov/ 2 http://www.cdc 2 http://sites.tufts.edu/naumovalabs/analecta/ 2 http://opendata.ncats.nih.gov/covid19/animal 2 http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/hmp/ 2 http://grants 2 http://github.com/mjharris95/ 2 http://github.com/midas-network/COVID-19 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.01.20029801 2 http://doi.org/10 2 http://data.covid.umd.edu/ 2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/4.0/ 1 http://xcmsonline.scripps.edu/ 1 http://www8.cao.go.jp/ 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/ 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/centers/ 1 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ 1 http://www/who.int/ocp 1 http://www.zoonosis.ac.uk/ 1 http://www.wwpdb.org/ 1 http://www.wwarn.org/ 1 http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/ 1 http://www.wsj.com/arti 1 http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-rate/ 1 http://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidatevaccines Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 3 jibilbao@unav.es 2 silvio.aime@unito.it 2 marion.smits@erasmusmc.nl 2 christian.loewe@meduniwien.ac.at 2 nicholas.screaton@papworth.nhs.uk 2 eitank@hadassah.org.il 1 woertler@roe.med.tum.de 1 werner.jaschke@i-med.ac.at 1 webmaster@vivaxmalaria.com 1 w.niessen@erasmusmc.nl 1 vsber@mail.ru 1 vmiele@sirm.org 1 twu11@asu.edu 1 tupsons@gmail.com 1 tlammers@ukaachen.de 1 thomas.hany@gmail.com 1 t.yousry@ucl.ac.uk 1 stevechapman@doctors.org.uk 1 steve.ebdon-jackson@hpa.org.uk 1 stephan.grabbe@unimedizin-mainz.de 1 stefan.rohde@klinikumdo.de 1 sreeder@wisc.edu 1 smdmacedo@yahoo.com.br 1 smakap@sbb.rs 1 sebastian.leschka@kssg.ch 1 sadlerd@ccf.org 1 s.padley@ic.ac.uk 1 ruediger.vonkummer@uniklinikum-dresden.de 1 rsilverio@sirm.org 1 reto.meuli@chuv.ch 1 research@f1000.com 1 ramiro.mendez@salud.madrid.org 1 raija.seuri@hus.fi 1 r.m.pijnappel@umcutrecht.nl 1 r.jager@ucl.ac.uk 1 r.batterham@ucl.ac.uk 1 quiquesoto@gmail.com 1 prof_yudin@mail.ru 1 peter@brader.md 1 peter.vock@insel.ch 1 peter.mildenberger@unimedizin-mainz.de 1 petecavanagh@gmail.com 1 pauljf@ccml.fr 1 paula.richards@uhns.nhs.uk 1 paul.parizel@uantwerpen.be 1 paolo.toma@opbg.net 1 p.sly@uq.edu.au 1 opiany@gmail.com 1 olivier.clement@inserm.fr 1 o.m.vandelden@amc.uva.nl Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 disease is not 41 diseases are not 40 patients did not 34 infection is usually 33 data are available 33 disease is often 32 disease is usually 30 diagnosis is usually 28 % were male 28 disease is more 28 patients do not 27 patients are alive 26 infection is not 24 levels were significantly 24 patients had normal 24 treatment is not 23 disease has not 23 patient did not 23 studies are necessary 20 % were female 20 cells are also 20 diagnosis is often 20 disease is also 20 infections are often 20 studies have also 20 study did not 20 virus was first 19 infections are common 19 patients are not 19 therapy is not 18 disease does not 18 infection is often 18 treatment is available 17 disease is common 17 disease is most 17 studies have not 16 disease is endemic 16 disease was not 16 patients are more 15 cells are not 15 diagnosis is not 15 disease are not 15 disease is now 15 infection has not 15 virus is not 14 diagnosis is difficult 14 disease is due 14 disease is present 14 disease is still 14 diseases do not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 data are not available 4 disease is not always 4 levels were not significantly 3 day is not far 3 disease has not yet 3 disease is not well 3 patients are no longer 3 treatment had no effect 2 animals are not only 2 animals do not typically 2 cells are not immortal 2 cells had no effect 2 cells has not yet 2 data are not comparable 2 data have not yet 2 diagnosis is not always 2 disease are not necessarily 2 disease are not yet 2 disease is not clearly 2 disease is not common 2 disease is not perfectly 2 disease is not readily 2 disease is not usually 2 disease is not yet 2 diseases are not endemic 2 diseases are not static 2 diseases are not typically 2 diseases are not well 2 diseases were no longer 2 groups was not significantly 2 groups were not statistically 2 infection is not always 2 infection is not present 2 infections are not uncommon 2 levels do not necessarily 2 levels were not different 2 patient had no significant 2 patient has not yet 2 patients are not always 2 patients is not entirely 2 patients is not well 2 patients showed no difference 2 patients were not significantly 2 population is not high 2 population is not only 2 results were not statistically 2 studies are not available 2 studies are not ethical 2 studies do not always 2 studies have not yet A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-258052-y9pzsoqa author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department date = 2018-09-06 keywords = Ebola; disease; infectious summary = A key method for detecting the presence of an emerging infectious disease syndrome or a biological weapons exposure in an ED patient is to develop a general approach that seeks out key historical and physical examination clues. Any suspicion of smallpox should prompt infectious disease consultation, airborne isolation procedures, and notification of local, state, and national public health authorities. Any suspicion of a VHF should prompt immediate consultation with an infectious disease physician and state and local health authorities. 20 There are several experimental treatments and vaccines (which can be used for postexposure prophylaxis) that are available for filovirus infections and arenavirus infections that would likely be used in any domestic VHF cases caused by these groups of viruses. 22 MERS should be suspected in individuals with upper or lower respiratory infection after travel to the Middle East in the prior 2 weeks, and confirmatory molecular testing can be done in conjunction with state and local health authorities. doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.011 id = cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date = 2019-08-30 keywords = RNA; disease; human; influenza; pandemic; virus summary = A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions. doi = 10.1007/82_2019_176 id = cord-104486-syirijql author = Adiga, Aniruddha title = Data-driven modeling for different stages of pandemic response date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; datum; disease; model; pandemic summary = Governments have been forced to respond to the rapidly changing dynamics of the pandemic, and are becoming increasingly reliant on different modeling and analytical techniques to understand, forecast, plan and respond; this includes statistical methods and decision support methods using multi-agent models, such as: (i) forecasting epidemic outcomes (e.g., case counts, mortality and hospital demands), using a diverse set of data-driven methods e.g., ARIMA type time series forecasting, Bayesian techniques and deep learning, e.g., [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] , (ii) disease surveillance, e.g., [6, 7] , and (iii) counter-factual analysis of epidemics using multi-agent models, e.g., [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] ; indeed, the results of [11, 14] were very influential in the early decisions for lockdowns in a number of countries. doi = nan id = cord-312366-8qg1fn8f author = Adiga, Aniruddha title = Mathematical Models for COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; Sweden; datum; disease; model; population summary = As the pandemic takes hold, researchers begin investigating: (i) various intervention and control strategies; usually pharmaceutical interventions do not work in the event of a pandemic and thus nonpharmaceutical interventions are most appropriate, (ii) forecasting the epidemic incidence rate, hospitalization rate and mortality rate, (iii) efficiently allocating scarce medical resources to treat the patients and (iv) understanding the change in individual and collective behavior and adherence to public policies. Like projection approaches, models for epidemic forecasting can be broadly classified into two broad groups: (i) statistical and machine learning-based data-driven models, (ii) causal or mechanistic models-see 29, 30, 2, 31, 32, 6, 33 and the references therein for the current state of the art in this rapidly evolving field. In the context of COVID-19 case count modeling and forecasting, a multitude of models have been developed based on different assumptions that capture specific aspects of the disease dynamics (reproduction number evolution, contact network construction, etc.). doi = 10.1007/s41745-020-00200-6 id = cord-334446-yf8vynqe author = Agrawal, Gaurav title = Putting Crohn’s on the MAP: Five Common Questions on the Contribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis to the Pathophysiology of Crohn’s Disease date = 2020-10-22 keywords = Crohn; MAP; MTB; Mycobacterium; disease summary = Further factors include the pathogenicity of the bacteria and strain varieties, host immune-microbe interaction, macrophage functioning, the influence of the gut microbiome, optimal testing and protocols, treatment trials, and appropriate antibiotic combination chemotherapy. Low cure rates MAP has been cultured and grown in human blood but took 18 months to do so Can create dysbiosis of the local (gut) microbiome leading to inflammatory cascades Disease is a result of host-microbe interaction and immune susceptibility of the host Infection does not mean disease is expressed but may result in colonization/persistence/latency Table 2 Koch''s Postulates Hence, if Crohn''s disease is similarly the result of a mycobacterial infection, such as MAP, then there should be similar clinical deterioration instead of a positive response in a cohort of patients to anti-TNF therapy. Involvement of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in TNF-α production from macrophage: possible link between MAP and immune response in Crohn''s disease doi = 10.1007/s10620-020-06653-0 id = cord-324788-echu0zmf author = Aich, Palok title = Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date = 2009-07-30 keywords = HPA; IL-6; disease; infection; response; stress summary = The current review focuses on (a) the effects of psychological stressors in humans and animals, (b) various methodologies employed to understand stress responses and their outcomes, and (c) the current status of the attempts to correlate stress and disease with respiratory disease as model system. While many genes and environmental factors contribute to susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune/infl ammatory diseases, a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which a combination of neuropeptides, neurohormones and neurotransmitters can modulate immune responses is essential for effective design of future interventions. We conducted bovine microarray analyses of RNA isolated from blood mononuclear cells to determine if changes in gene expression correlated with either stress or the severity of BRD infection; results support the conclusion that differential regulation of pro-infl ammatory responses is a major mechanism contributing to increased disease susceptibility. doi = nan id = cord-002095-47dbqu2r author = Al-Helou, Georges title = When the Illness Goes Off Script—An Exercise in Clinical Reasoning date = 2016-03-14 keywords = HLH; disease; script summary = The clinician triggers the illness scripts of familiar diseases such as viral or bacterial respiratory infections and tick-borne infections to compare to his problem representation. While disseminated endemic fungal infections can cause fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and pulmonary disease, an acute presentation with widespread skin lesions would be more likely in an immunocompromised patient. The problem representation is now fever, hypotension (resolved), diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, widespread lymphadenopathy, disseminated rash (resolved), leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, DIC, severe AKI, and mild hepatitis with no evident infection. It is the mismatch between common illness scripts (pleural) 5 and a patient''s presentation that prompts diagnosticians to consider rare diseases. Rare diseases such as HLH were considered only after the discussant found irreconcilable mismatches with the illness scripts of more common conditions. When clinicians know the illness scripts of common diseases well enough to recognize telltale deviations from the norm, they can trigger the consideration of rare conditions and request help from colleagues and other resources that will ultimately lead to a diagnosis. doi = 10.1007/s11606-016-3632-3 id = cord-347449-mey7e8gd author = Albers, Heidi J. title = Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date = 2020-07-09 keywords = disease; policy; risk summary = Here, we review how these economic frameworks capture-or do not capture-drivers and characteristics of the human-environment interaction, while reflecting the natural and socio-institutional settings of LMICs. We then propose how modeling frameworks can be expanded to incorporate the disease risk posed by that interaction to inform needed socio-enviro-epidemiological research and policy analysis, using an iterative process of data collection and modelling in an interdisciplinary setting. To address how humans influence zoonotic disease risk borne from environmental interactions, these hotspot maps can be combined with economic decision models at fine resolution that specify markets and institutions, landscape patterns, and resource use in LMICs, and thereby illustrate the decisions behind where and how people overlap with pathogen hosts, which influences their pathogen exposure. Empirical analysis that defines correlations but is not specific to people''s decisions does not provide information about how human-environment interactions affect conservation or disease spread, which implies that policy levers are difficult to identify below generalities, such as "slow deforestation," "limit fragmentation," and "close wildlife markets." doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00449-6 id = cord-308658-38f8ftmh author = Aleta, Alberto title = Evaluation of the potential incidence of COVID-19 and effectiveness of contention measures in Spain: a data-driven approach date = 2020-03-06 keywords = Spain; disease; figure summary = Our results are in line with the most recent recommendations from the World Health Organization, namely, that the best strategy is the early detection and isolation of individuals with symptoms, followed by interventions and public recommendations aimed at reducing the transmissibility of the disease, which although not efficacious for disease eradication, would produce as a second-order effect a delay of several days in the raise of the number of infected cases Here, we follow the modeling path and analyze, through a data-driven stochastic SEIR-metapopulation model, the temporal and spatial transmission of the COVID-19 disease in Spain as well as the expected impact of possible and customary contention measures. Figure 4 shows the expected hitting time for each province when the disease starts from 5 different locations, as well as one case with seeds in multiple places, as obtained from the SEIR metapopulation model. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.01.20029801 id = cord-288023-6uflg5oc author = Allen,, Koya C. title = Tracking the Traveler Without a Passport: Perspective on Surveillance of Imported Disease date = 2014-08-25 keywords = disease; travel summary = This would allow researchers and practitioners to extend prevention strategies beyond endemic regions and the individuals therein, and consider international travel behavior a significant facet of imported disease risk. 2 Travel health needs a fresh perspective and alternative concept for understanding risk and the intricate link that exists between perceptions, behavior, and the role they play in our capabilities for successful prevention and response to imported diseases. One strategy could be the use of the concept of "Cultural Embeddedness" (CE), which could aid our understanding of the relationship between travel behavior and imported disease risk. Admittedly, not every country has the capability to develop programs following broad-based recommendations for prevention and control of diseases such as dengue and chikungunya; however, collaboration between countries and organizations and the use of surveillance tools and networks, such as Health-map, Geo-Sentinel, Pro-med, and other more sophisticated aggregate surveillance systems, make it possible for not only outbreak detection but also outbreak prediction. doi = 10.1111/jtm.12143 id = cord-310557-d33ll0ka author = Alotaibi, Badriah M. title = Strengthening health security at the Hajj mass gatherings: characteristics of the infectious diseases surveillance systems operational during the 2015 Hajj date = 2017-02-26 keywords = Hajj; disease; health summary = Method: We reviewed documents, including guidelines and reports from the Saudi Ministry of Health''s database, to describe the characteristics of the infectious diseases surveillance systems that were operational during the 2015 Hajj, highlighting best practices and gaps and proposing strategies for strengthening and improvement. During Hajj, enhanced indicator-based notifiable diseases surveillance systems complement the existing surveillance tool to ensure timely reporting of event information for appropriate action by public health officials. 10 The use of appropriate surveillance systems during mass gatherings ensures the timely collection, analysis and interpretation of health data for effective planning and response to infectious diseases threats. 14 Furthermore, there is need to sustain the enhanced surveillance system and other public health interventions at key locations in the Kingdom, including the points of entry, after the Hajj, as a prevention and control strategy for the international spread of diseases during other mass gatherings with international dimensions, principally the Umrah pilgrimage. doi = 10.1093/jtm/taw087 id = cord-253638-5f9ofdsc author = Alsaied, Tarek title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Pandemic Implications in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease date = 2020-06-10 keywords = CHD; COVID-19; case; disease; patient summary = Given the increased risk for severe COVID‐19 observed in adults with underlying cardiac involvement, there is concern that patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) may likewise be at increased risk for severe infection. In this review, we describe the effects of COVID‐19 in the pediatric and young adult population and review the cardiovascular involvement in COVID‐19 focusing on implications for patients with congenital heart disease in particular. 4-Cardiac care team members are at risk for acquiring COVID-19 and may play a role in spreading the disease between patients and in the society at large. It is important to know that 3.8% of the cases reported from China were of healthcare team members suggesting that health care providers are at a significantly increased risk of contracting COVID-19 11, 83 . doi = 10.1161/jaha.120.017224 id = cord-009820-fi54s0x7 author = Andries, K. title = Pathogenicity of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis (Vomiting and Wasting Disease) Virus of Pigs, using Different Routes of Inoculation date = 2010-05-13 keywords = disease; pig; virus summary = SUMMARY: Forty‐eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. The present studies were primarily designed to determine whether a virus isolate, obtained from pigs with the vomiting and wasting syndrome only, could produce clinical signs after inoculation by different routes. When sick, pigs were killed at time intervals varying from one to five days after the appearance of clinical signs and different tissues were collected for virus isolation. From the pigs killed at different time intervals after inoculation, the following tissues were collected for virus isolation : nasal mucosa, tonsils, lungs (apical and cardiac lobes), pyloric region of the stomach, pons and medulla combined, cerebrum, cerebellum and blood clot. Forty-eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb00754.x id = cord-306707-dde4nlhh author = Antabe, Roger title = Diseases, Emerging and Infectious date = 2019-12-04 keywords = disease; infectious summary = Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are largely preventable, and yet with their profound impact and increasing prevalence, they remain a threat to global health, which must be addressed. The SDGs posit that through increased surveillance and allocating more resources and funding to this health issue, diagnostic and treatment programs will be improved, and the epidemic of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will once again begin to decline. Therefore, a global network of specialist and experts is key in designing future responses to EIDs. The introduction of vaccines led to the eradication of major infectious disease such as Smallpox and Measles that plagued earlier centuries as leading causes of death. In view of the disproportionate global burden of infectious diseases where some regions are more prone relative to others, a key consideration in eradicating EIDs may be the reallocation of resources, including expertise and clinical technology to areas that are most impacted. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10439-1 id = cord-300969-a3zcggf2 author = Antolin, Michael F. title = EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS date = 2012-02-06 keywords = Nesse; Williams; disease; evolutionary; human; medicine summary = The interface between evolutionary biology and the biomedical sciences promises to advance understanding of the origins of genetic and infectious diseases in humans, potentially leading to improved medical diagnostics, therapies, and public health practices. Williams'' writings on the evolution of senescence and life histories provided fundamental conceptual developments in evolutionary biology (Williams 1957) , as did his thoughts on the role of natural selection in adaptive evolution on multiple levels from genes to individuals to groups of organisms (Williams 1966) . This dynamic view of disease accounts for the variability in human-adapted pathogens such as influenza viruses and malaria, where evolutionary escape hinders development of vaccines with long-lasting protection and results in multidrug resistance. Currently, few medical schools teach evolutionary topics beyond human genetic variation, drug resistance, pathogen virulence, and adaptation by natural selection (Nesse and Schiffman 2003; Downie 2004; Childs et al. doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01552.x id = cord-016826-oatjcmy0 author = Arata, Andrew A. title = Old and New Pestilences date = 2005 keywords = Africa; America; Asia; New; case; disease summary = At the time of this writing, two such pathogens are active, warranting such concern: a) cases of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, caused by a coronavirus) appeared in China in November, 2002, and has spread to Western and Central Europe and North America; b) a strain of Avian Influenza Virus (N5H1), first identified in Hong Kong in 1997, reemerged in 2002 in Southeast Asia. Dengue, and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), have spread globally, infecting vast new areas, especially urban areas where the human living conditions are substandard, but readily suited for vector breeding. A good example is the recent outbreak of West Nile encephilitis in the U.S. In 1999 and 2000, the virus was isolated from/around New York City from large numbers of dead birds (especially crows and jays): 21 human cases and two deaths were confirmed. doi = 10.1007/0-387-24103-5_3 id = cord-280348-vrnxucye author = Argano, Christiano title = Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COPD; disease; mortality; patient summary = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an important leading cause of morbidity and mortality with high economic and social costs: according to the WHO, COPD is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated to be the third by 2020; furthermore, the global burden of COPD is expected to increase in the coming years, due to the prevalence of smoking and aging of the world population [1] . The following clinical characteristics were evaluated: respiratory and non-respiratory disease distribution at hospital admission (according to International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision); cognitive status and mood disorders (by the Short-Blessed-Test [SBT] [9] and the Geriatric-Depression-Scale [GDS] [10] ,respectively; performance in activities of daily living at hospital admission (measured by means of the Barthel Index [BI] [11] ; severity and comorbidity index(assessed by the Cumulative-Illness-Rating-Scale CIRS-s and CIRS-c, respectively) [12] , glomerular filtration rate (using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration-formula [13] ), length of hospital stay, drugs prescriptions (at admission, discharge, at 3 and 12 months follow-up), destination at discharge, in-hospital and 3-month and 1-year mortality rate. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02412-1 id = cord-293622-gdplbrsf author = Arget, Michael title = Successful Treatment of Legionnaires’ Disease with Tigecycline in an Immunocompromised Man with a Legion of Antibiotic Allergies date = 2019-04-30 keywords = Legionnaires; disease summary = We describe an immunocompromised and severely ill patient with Legionnaires'' disease and who also has allergies to both fluoroquinolones and macrolides; he was successfully treated using tigecycline, a third generation glycylcycline, indicating that tigecycline may serve as a safe and effective alternative therapeutic option for treatment of Legionnaires'' disease in select cases. A recently published case series describes eight patients with Legionnaires'' disease who were switched to tigecycline, often due to worsening sepsis and/or respiratory status, following initial exposure to macrolide and/or fluoroquinolone therapy (median of three days) [8] . While the integrated results of these two randomized controlled trials support the early use of tigecycline as empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, one of these trials permitted switching to oral levofloxacin following at least three days of intravenous therapy if evidence of clinical improvement. doi = 10.7759/cureus.4577 id = cord-292623-mxdlii77 author = Arji, Goli title = Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification date = 2019-09-26 keywords = disease; fuzzy; infectious; system; technique summary = So, the major objective of the current study is to examine the researches in which fuzzy logic techniques have been applied in infectious diseases so to determining its trends and methods, through the processes of conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In this methodical review, the studies related to the employment of the fuzzy logic techniques in an infectious disease were assessed, and depending on the acquired outcomes, we can notice an interest amongst the researchers regarding this specific field of research. 40 studies were scrutinized and the main conclusions can be briefed as follows: (1) the key application field of the fuzzy logic in an infectious disease was related to dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis, (2) amongst the fuzzy logic techniques fuzzy inference system, rule-based fuzzy logic, ANFIS and fuzzy cognitive map are commonly used in many studies, and (3) the major performance evaluation indicators such as the sensitivity, specificity, and the accuracy the ROC curve is employed. doi = 10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004 id = cord-266809-3gl8km98 author = Ather, Amber title = Reply to: "Coronavirus Disease 2019: Implications for Clinical Dental Care" date = 2020-08-15 keywords = Disease summary = We would like to thank Drs. Jadhav and Mittal for their letter to the editor in which they have put forward their concerns and suggestions regarding the manuscript titled ''Coronavirus Disease 19 : Implications for Clinical Dental Care'' (1). We strongly agree with the concerns expressed by the authors regarding asymptomatic carriers of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) and the potential transmission to dental health care professionals. However, it is noteworthy that pulse oximeter detects hypoxemia in contrast to "hypoxia" as mentioned by the authors. In agreement with the authors, oxygen saturation measurements are a vital screening tool to identify potential asymptomatic patients and should be incorporated into routine dental clinical practice. Notably, the potential importance of silent hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients has become evident only more recently (3) . We appreciate the authors for elaborating on the outline and basic design considerations for negative-pressure rooms/ airborne infection isolation rooms for dental practices. COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care doi = 10.1016/j.joen.2020.08.005 id = cord-315825-ckg8mf8t author = B, Liu title = Decrease of respiratory diseases in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province during COVID-19 date = 2020-09-02 keywords = child; disease; welfare summary = In order to resist the epidemic of COVID-19 outbreak, this welfare institute actively responded to government exhortation and carefully planned many urgent measures according to ''Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia Epidemic in New Corona virus Infections in Service Organizations of Children''s Welfare (First Edition)'' released by the O ce of the Ministry of Civil A airs, 7 for examples, disinfection and sterilization, isolation and age-based partitioned management, as well as monitoring body temperature. According to the data analysis of the same time period from 2018 to 2020, the anti-epidemic measures lead to that the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases reduced significantly among children of the social children welfare institute in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019. Based on the survey analysis, we can clearly conclude that the actions taken during the epidemic of COVID-19 have strikingly resulted in the prevalence rate transform of respiratory diseases for the children, which suggests that the disinfection and management in welfare institutions administration should be strengthened daily. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa150 id = cord-307899-427a7i3h author = BITTLE, JAMES L. title = Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date = 1989-12-31 keywords = States; United; cause; disease; infection; vaccine; virus summary = Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 id = cord-302277-c66xm2n4 author = Bakaletz, Lauren O. title = Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases date = 2004 keywords = Candida; disease; infection; model; virus summary = Briefly, viral infection compromises the protective functions of the Eustachian tube, alters respiratory-tract secretions, damages the mucosal epithelial lining, interferes with antibiotic efficacy, modulates the immune response and enhances bacterial adherence 77 and colonization 78 to predispose the host to bacterial OM. In otitis media, which is a middle ear infection, a synergistic interaction that results in disease owing to co-infection with an upper respiratory tract virus and three bacterial species -Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and Moraxella catarrhalis -is well documented. It seems likely that the transient suppression of RDC migration and the delayed development of an effective adaptive immune response to a second infection might be another mechanism by which influenza virus predisposes the host to bacterial co-infection. Using this criterion, a mouse model of polymicrobial-induced osteoclastogenesis, bacterial penetration, leukocyte recruitment and softtissue necrosis has been developed to clarify the role of cytokines in periodontal disease. doi = 10.1038/nrmicro928 id = cord-006508-rje9bnph author = Ballas, Samir K. title = Sickle Cell Anaemia: Progress in Pathogenesis and Treatment date = 2012-10-10 keywords = RBC; acute; anaemia; cell; disease; pain; patient; sickle summary = doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262080-00003 id = cord-307803-rlvk6bcx author = Balloux, Francois title = Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us? date = 2017-10-19 keywords = disease; host; human; pathogen summary = Infectious diseases have historically represented the most common cause of death in humans until recently, exceeding by far the toll taken by wars or famines. Conversely, Yersinia pestis, another intracellular obligate bacterium and the agent of plague, has a natural life cycle involving alternating infections of rodents and fleas, but can infect essentially any mammalian host. Apart from a few putative ancestral pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori [15] , that might have co-speciated with their human host, the infectious diseases afflicting us were acquired through host jumps from other wild or domesticated animal hosts or sometimes from the wider environment. We might also speculate that the evolutionary potential and high genetic diversity of most pathogens limits our ability to detect protective variants in the human genome, particularly so if these were only effective against a subset of lineages within a pathogenic species. doi = 10.1186/s12915-017-0433-z id = cord-259724-pbxd67tt author = Bamias, Giorgos title = Balkan Nephropathy: Evolution of Our Knowledge date = 2008-08-23 keywords = BEN; balkan; disease; endemic summary = Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), originally described in the late 1950s as a chronic tubulointerstitial kidney disease, is identified by its unique epidemiological features. The quest for the responsible environmental factor has been long and diverse, and although no definitive answer has been provided to date, converging lines of evidence support the theory that long-term consumption of food contaminated with aristolochic acid underlies the pathogenesis of BEN. Finally, if somebody were to solve the mystery of BEN, he or she should use information from both animal models of interstitial nephropathy and the recognized effects of the candidate environmental factors in human health and disease. Recently, work by Grollman et al 42, 54 expanded these results by showing that aristolochic acidspecific adducts were present in the renal cortex of 5 patients with BEN from an endemic region in Croatia, but not in 5 patients with other forms of chronic renal disease or 5 patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell cancer living in a nonendemic area of Croatia. doi = 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.05.024 id = cord-301117-egd1gxby author = Barh, Debmalya title = In Silico Models: From Simple Networks to Complex Diseases date = 2013-11-15 keywords = biological; cell; disease; model; modeling; parameter; silico; system summary = Bioinformatics deals with methods for storing, retrieving, and analyzing biological data and protein sequences, structures, functions, pathways, and networks, and recently, in silico disease modeling and simulation using systems biology. Bioinformatics is the computational data management discipline that helps us gather, analyze, and represent this information in order to educate ourselves, understand biological processes in healthy and diseased states, and to facilitate discovery of better animal products. The development of such computational modeling techniques to include diverse types of molecular biological information clearly supports the gene regulatory network inference process and enables the modeling of the dynamics of gene regulatory systems. Understanding the complexity of the disease and its biological significance in health can be achieved by integrating data from the different functional genomics experiments with medical, physiological, and environmental factor information, and computing mathematically. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-416002-6.00021-3 id = cord-311795-kvv3fx2n author = Barratt, Ruth title = Clinician perceptions of respiratory infection risk; a rationale for research into mask use in routine practice date = 2019-08-31 keywords = PPE; disease; mask; protective summary = An important area of infection prevention and control (IPC) is the optimal use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers (HCWs), including masks for protection against respiratory pathogens. An important area of infection prevention and control (IPC) is the optimal use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers (HCWs), including masks for protection against respiratory pathogens. Respiratory infectious diseases are transmitted via contact, droplet and/or airborne modes, necessitating healthcare worker (HCW) use of surgical masks or respirators and other personal protective equipment (PPE) together with appropriate hand hygiene. During periods of high-risk for respiratory infectious disease, such as the annual influenza season or a novel influenza pandemic, health departments have, and may, encourage or mandate the use of a protective respiratory mask by the general public to minimise the transmission from symptomatic people to others [49] . doi = 10.1016/j.idh.2019.01.003 id = cord-255519-tcobane8 author = Bartels, Matthew N. title = Acute Medical Conditions: Cardiopulmonary Disease, Medical Frailty, and Renal Failure date = 2020-10-02 keywords = American; Association; Cardiovascular; Rehabilitation; cardiac; disease; exercise; heart; patient; pulmonary summary = The population of patients who benefit from both cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation is increasing as the population ages and heart disease remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Many patients with stroke, vascular disease, or other conditions can be included in active cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation programs or benefit from the application of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation principles to their rehabilitation. For secondary prevention in patients with known cardiopulmonary disease, exercise should be at a safe level at 60% or more of the maximum heart rate to achieve a training effect. 82 Rehabilitation is focused on a program that resembles exercise for patients with heart failure, with the addition of close monitoring of oxygen saturation and the use of appropriate levels of supplemental oxygen to prevent hypoxemia. Individuals who are disabled tend to have lower activity levels, which puts them at increased risk of cardiac and pulmonary disease and may present obstacles for a standard rehabilitation program for a person who is newly disabled and who has preexisting cardiopulmonary limitations. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-62539-5.00027-8 id = cord-266988-72uvawth author = Barth, Rolf F. title = The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; disease summary = title: The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 disease is caused by a novel coronavirus, which has been named "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)" [2] . Our current understanding of the pathology and the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease and SARS-CoV-2 transmission is at an early stage and much still remains to be learned [5, 6] . Therefore, the total number of autopsies performed is miniscule compared to the number of deaths, but nevertheless they are both very revealing and important in order to better understand the multi-organ involvement associated with COVID-19 infection and for the development of better treatment strategies [1, 3] . The autopsy reports that already have been published provide a solid base for a better understanding of the consequences of COVID-19 infection but much more remains to be learned about this complex disease in order to develop better treatment strategies. doi = 10.1186/s13000-020-00999-9 id = cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author = Bartlett, John G. title = Why Infectious Diseases date = 2014-09-15 keywords = States; United; antibiotic; disease; infectious summary = The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciu441 id = cord-027870-cuvfy4pj author = Baselga, Eulalia title = Inflammatory and Purpuric Eruptions date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Fig; Kawasaki; NLE; Sweet; acute; congenital; disease; erythema; neonatal; syndrome summary = Other annular erythemas known to be a manifestation of well-defi ned diseases (e.g. neonatal lupus) or with distinctive clinical or histologic features (e.g. erythema multiforme, erythema chronicum migrans, erythema marginatum rheumaticum, and erythema gyratum repens) are not considered under this heading. Differential diagnosis includes other eruptions with ringlike lesions, such as neonatal lupus, erythema multiforme, urticaria, urticarial lesions of pemphigoid, fungal infections, erythema chronicum migrans, and congenital Lyme disease. [98] [99] [100] This type of reaction may be seen in infants with an unknown or presumably viral etiology ( Fig. 19-9) Hypersensitivity syndrome reaction is a serious drug reaction characterized by fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, and internal organ involvement, especially of the liver. Sweet syndrome, or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a benign disease characterized by tender, raised erythematous plaques, fever, peripheral leukocytosis, histologic fi ndings of a dense dermal infi ltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and a rapid response to systemic corticosteroids. 412 Congenital erythropoietic porphyria and transient elevated porphyrin levels in neonates with hemolytic disease may also cause photosensitivity. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3432-2.50022-4 id = cord-346866-90w4zepx author = Bassareo, Pier Paolo title = Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine date = 2020-08-20 keywords = covid-19; disease; hospital; principle; quarantine summary = title: Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine In that book, the procedure of separating infected from healthy people to prevent leprosy from spreading, according to Mosaic Law was described, (if the shiny spot on the skin is white but does not appear to be more than skin deep and the hair in it has not turned white, the priest is to isolate the affected person for seven days. 15 Since disease was considered as a divine punishment for sinners, the biblical 40-day period of purification had crossed over into health practices and the term ''quarantine'' had great symbolic and religious significance to medieval Christians. 19 20 According to current knowledge, the bubonic plague has an averaged 37-day period from infection to death; therefore, the European quarantines would be highly successful in determining the health of crews from potential trading and supply ships. doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138370 id = cord-276855-j10tvmvd author = Batsukh, Zayat title = One Health in Mongolia date = 2012-10-14 keywords = Health; Mongolia; disease; sector summary = An intersectoral coordination mechanism established between the veterinary and public health sectors has expanded its function to incorporate more work on food safety, emergency management, and effects of climate change on zoonotic diseases. mechanism established between the veterinary and public health sectors has expanded its function to incorporate more work on food safety, emergency management, and effects of climate change on zoonotic diseases. The Coordination Committee has responsibility for developing joint policy on the prevention and control of priority zoonotic diseases; for approving action plans produced by a technical working group; for making recommendations on risk assessment, early warning and response activities during outbreaks; for reviewing and revising zoonotic diseases standard operational procedures (SOPs) and guidelines to reflect intersectoral collaboration; for providing methodological assistance to improve the capacity of professional institutions at the national and subnational level; for coordinating cooperation among different sectors in carrying out early detection and response functions; and for monitoring and evaluating overall zoonotic disease prevention and control. doi = 10.1007/82_2012_253 id = cord-346339-y7z1sa8y author = Baumgärtner, Wolfgang title = Re-emergence of neuroinfectiology date = 2016-01-11 keywords = CNS; disease summary = Neuroinfectiology represents an emerging multidisciplinary field which centers on the complex interactions between CNS and pathogen-associated cellular and molecular processes, inflammation, immune responses, degeneration, stem cell homeostasis as well as tissue repair and regeneration. New molecular detection systems will improve our ability to rapidly diagnose and recognize emerging and re-emerging pathogens and the host genetic factors involved in disease susceptibility, but the development of new strategies for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of neurological disorders will only be efficiently addressed by an interdisciplinary approach bridging the fields of neuroscience and infection medicine. Future studies in neuroinfectiology will address questions relating to the mechanisms of direct and indirect as well as acute, delayed and long-term damage, the role of misdirected immune responses in lesion initiation and the progression as well as prevention of CNS infection by developing appropriate intervention strategies and potential beneficial approaches for tissue regeneration. doi = 10.1007/s00401-016-1535-3 id = cord-273602-cq276tj8 author = Bavishi, Chirag title = Acute myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: A review date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; Disease; patient summary = Randomized trials are urgently needed to investigate treatment modalities to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with COVID-19 related acute myocardial injury. In this concise review, we will focus on acute myocardial injury in COVID-19 infection, its prevalence, plausible pathophysiologic mechanisms, guidance on the use of cardiac biomarkers, and general management strategies. In a prospective cohort study by Du et al(11) of 179 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, troponin I ≥0.05 ng/mL was independently associated with mortality in addition to age ≥65 years, pre-existing cardiovascular (CV) or cerebrovascular diseases and CD3+CD8+ Tcells ≤75 cells/μL. Epidemiological studies and randomized trials are urgently needed to investigate treatment modalities regulating immune function and inhibiting inflammatory responses to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with COVID-19 related acute myocardial injury. Association of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) With Myocardial Injury and Mortality doi = 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.05.013 id = cord-281437-cb3u1s7s author = Bedford, Juliet title = A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response date = 2019-11-06 keywords = Ebola; disease; epidemic; health; response summary = The science of epidemiology has described patterns of disease in human populations, investigated the causes of those diseases, evaluated attempts to control them 7 and has been the foundation for public health responses to epidemic infections for over 100 years. The vulnerability of populations to outbreaks of zoonotic diseases such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Nipah has increased, the rise and spread of drug-resistant infections, marked shifts in the ecology of known vectors (for example, the expanding range of Aedes mosquitoes) and massive amplification of transmission through globally connected, high-density urban areas (particularly relevant to Ebola, dengue, influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus SARS-CoV). Preparing for epidemics, therefore, requires global health, economic and political systems to be integrated just as much as infectious disease epidemiology, translational research and development, and community engagement. doi = 10.1038/s41586-019-1717-y id = cord-018619-aknktp6d author = Bello-Orgaz, Gema title = A Survey of Social Web Mining Applications for Disease Outbreak Detection date = 2015 keywords = Twitter; disease; web summary = Recently, the research on artificial intelligence techniques applied to develop technologies allowing monitoring web data sources for detecting public health events has been emerged as a new relevant discipline called Epidemic Intelligence (EI). Recently, the research on artificial intelligence techniques applied to develop technologies allowing monitoring web data sources for detecting public health events has been emerged as a new relevant discipline called Epidemic Intelligence (EI). It is a secure web-based multilingual warning tool that is continuously monitoring and analysing global media data sources to identify information about disease outbreaks and other events related to public healthcare. Once the data have been extracted from the social media sites (RSS feeds, WWW, social networks, ProMED-mail, search engines, etc...), the next stage is to perform the text analysis methods for the trend detection, identifying potential sources of disease outbreaks. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-10422-5_36 id = cord-277703-sxt9lw0l author = Belz, Katie title = Rabbit hemorrhagic disease date = 2004-04-30 keywords = Disease; RHD summary = Abstract Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a rapidly lethal infectious viral disease of the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) characterized by high mortality rates, acute hepatic necrosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. [1] [2] [3] [4] Disease RHD is caused by the Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV). In this form of the disease, rabbits die suddenly, exhibiting no or very few signs. The acute form of the RHD is seen in rabbit populations where the disease is enzootic. In a sudden outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease, the duration of signs in rabbits before death is usually less than a day (Photograph kindly provided by Elizabeth Morales Salinas). The Americas were free of RHD until December of 1988 when it is thought that a shipment of -This is the most common disease seen in clinical practice. Outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in domestic lagomorphs Viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits and human health doi = 10.1053/j.saep.2004.01.006 id = cord-016960-xhzvp35g author = Berencsi, György title = Fetal and Neonatal Illnesses Caused or Influenced by Maternal Transplacental IgG and/or Therapeutic Antibodies Applied During Pregnancy date = 2012-03-08 keywords = CTLA-4; Nieri; SLE; TNF; antibody; cell; disease; neonatal; patient; pregnancy; treatment summary = The importance of maternal anti-idiotypic antibodies are believed to prime the fetal immune system with epitopes of etiologic agents infected the mother during her whole life before pregnancy and delivery. Neonatal lupus is a model of passively acquired autoimmunity in which a mother-, who may have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sj€ ogren''s syndrome (SS) or may be entirely asymptomatic-synthesizes antibodies to SSA/Ro and/or SSB/ La ribonucleoproteins that enter the fetal circulation via trophoblast FcRn receptors and presumably cause tissue injury (Lee 1990 ) as mentioned above. Teplizumab (CD3-specific, hOKT3g1-Ala-Ala), a humanized Fc mutated anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody induced tolerance, on the progression of type 1 diabetes in patients with recent-onset disease even 2 years after the first diagnosis (Herold et al. Clinical and immune responses in resected colon cancer patients treated with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody vaccine that mimics the carcinoembryonic antigen Clinical use of anti-CD25 antibody daclizumab to enhance immune responses to tumor antigen vaccination by targeting regulatory T cells doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-4216-1_9 id = cord-283310-5wam14aa author = Bevova, M. R. title = The New Coronavirus COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; disease summary = Later, the pneumonia was associated with a new coronavirus; in February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus causing it. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus. The estimation of the case-fatality rate (portion of deaths divided by the total number of cases) for the disease varies from 1 to 7% [24, 25] depending on the sex and age composition of the population; strategies of testing, diagnostics, and treatment; bureaucratic peculiarities of healthcare in a particular country; and congestion of healthcare systems. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.3103/s0891416820020044 id = cord-343205-zjw4fbfd author = Bhaskar, Sonu title = Telemedicine as the New Outpatient Clinic Gone Digital: Position Paper From the Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) International Consortium (Part 2) date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; care; disease; health; monitoring; patient; telemedicine summary = Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the American College of Cardiology urgently updated its guidance on "Telehealth: Rapid Implementation for Your Cardiology Clinic, " in which it encouraged remote monitoring and virtual visits of patients with cardiac problems (16) . A program developed in Germany known as TRANSIT-stroke, in which rural hospitals established a telemedicine network, saw an improvement in patient outcomes as neurological assessment was made faster, treatments were issued within the required timeframe, and 24 h neurologist access was enabled (27) . The rapid move by various bodies, associations, and providers to use telemedicine in maintaining patient continuity while limiting COVID-19 risks of exposure to patients and healthcare workers will have a long-term impact well-beyond the current pandemic. Key Strategies for clinical management and improvement of healthcare services for cardiovascular disease and diabetes patients in the coronavirus (COVID-19) settings: recommendations from the REPROGRAM consortium doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00410 id = cord-254419-qw83atrx author = Bhattacharyya, Rajat title = The Interplay Between Coagulation and Inflammation Pathways in COVID-19-Associated Respiratory Failure: A Narrative Review date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; disease; patient; severe summary = This narrative review aims to summarize the current available evidence on the interplay between hypercoagulability, thrombo-inflammation, and pulmonary microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19 infection resulting in respiratory failure and how this information can be used to design clinical trials to optimize patient outcomes. ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, CRP C-reactive protein, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, NETS neutrophil extracellular traps, SARS-COV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, TMPRSS2 transmembrane protease serine 2 shown to be at higher risk of worse outcomes [13] [14] [15] (Fig. 2) . CHD chronic heart disease, CLD chronic lung disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, DOACS direct oral anticoagulants, FDPs fibrinogen degradation products, HTN hypertension, IFN interferon, JAK Janus kinase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, LMWH low molecular weight heparin, NSAIDS nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PT prothrombin time, TNF tumor necrosis factor, VW Ag Von Willebrand antigen and microvascular thrombosis appears to be responsible for the clinical picture that leads to progressive multi-organ failure in a small percentage of patients, ultimately causing fatalities. doi = 10.1007/s41030-020-00126-5 id = cord-283316-a8jewy2h author = Bianchini, Juana title = Prioritization of livestock transboundary diseases in Belgium using a multicriteria decision analysis tool based on drivers of emergence date = 2019-10-09 keywords = Belgium; disease; negligible; score summary = Score 2 Low: increased (il)legal imports of animal subproducts such as skin, meat and edible products from EU member states have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 0 Score 1 Negligible: increased (il)legal imports of NON-animal products such as tires, wood, furniture from EU member states have a negligible influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 2 Low: increased (il)legal imports of NON-animal products such as tires, wood, furniture from EU member states have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 2 Low: Increased imports of animal subproducts such as skin, meat and edible products from Third countries have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 2 Low: increased (il)legal imports of NON-animal products such as tires, wood, furniture from Third countries have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. doi = 10.1111/tbed.13356 id = cord-336115-7ykvl3u6 author = Binns, Colin title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health and Epidemiology date = 2020-05-19 keywords = CFR; COVID-19; disease summary = The history of public health contains a number of examples of infectious diseases that were initially thought to have had a very high CFR only for it to be revised downward later. 11 A disease that has a high transmission rate and is very severe is the greatest public health risk. COVID-19 has a high transmission rate, and the CFR appears to be greater than for influenza epidemics, and it is, therefore, potentially a major public health threat. In February, the CFR for COVID-19 infection was estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be 2%, much lower than for MERS and SARS, but estimates of the CFR have changed over time as the criteria for counting the number of cases in the denominator has changed to include very mild or even asymptomatic infections. Modeling of the role of contact tracing and case isolation suggest that these are effective in the control of epidemics such as COVID-19. doi = 10.1177/1010539520929223 id = cord-340285-mq9x12nw author = Blagosklonny, Mikhail V. title = From causes of aging to death from COVID-19 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; Rapamycin; age; cell; disease summary = In contrast, as we will discuss in the next section, it is hyper-functional immune response that leads to death from COVID-19 in the elderly by causing cytokine storm. It is driven by nutrient/hormone/cytokinesensing and growth-promoting signaling pathways such as Target of Rapamycin (TOR; mTOR), which are involved in developmental growth and later cause hyperfunctional aging and its diseases [24, 26] . Nutrients and obesity activate growth-promoting pathways (e.g., mTOR), thus accelerating development of quasi-programmed (age-related) diseases. Continuous use of rapamycin is expected to improve health, decrease age-related diseases and extend healthy lifespan, rendering individuals less vulnerable, when infected with the virus. As we discussed in the section "Cytokine storm is a hyperfunction", cytokine storm and hyper-inflammation is a main cause of death in COVID-19 pneumonia [36-40, 42, 45, 135, 141-143] Rapamycin, an antiinflammatory agent, inhibits hyper-functions, cellular senescence and decrease secretion of cytokines ( [74, 81, 144] . doi = 10.18632/aging.103493 id = cord-016657-w30hed7w author = Blatt, Amy J. title = Geographic Medicine date = 2014-09-29 keywords = disease; human; movement summary = By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, this chapter examines how public health communities can use information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs and clinical care. Studies have shown that the ability to identify the sources (origins) and sinks (destinations) of imported infections due to human travel and locating the high-risk sites of parasite importation could greatly improve the control and prevention programs [ 3 , 4 ] . Indeed, vector-borne diseases place an enormous burden on public health and require effi cient control strategies that are developed through an understanding of the origin (or sources) of infections and the relative importance of human movement at different scales. By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, public health communities can use this valuable information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-12003-4_8 id = cord-022561-rv5j1201 author = Boes, Katie M. title = Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System date = 2017-02-17 keywords = EMH; Fig; anemia; animal; blood; cause; cell; chapter; disease; disorder; dog; lymph; lymphocyte; lymphoid; lymphoma; marrow; node; red; spleen summary = Mechanisms contributing to glucocorticoid-mediated neutrophilia include the following: • Increased release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow storage pool • Decreased margination of neutrophils within the vasculature, with a resulting increase in the circulating pool • Decreased migration of neutrophils from the bloodstream into tissues The magnitude of neutrophilia tends to be species dependent, with dogs having the most pronounced response (up to 35,000 cells/µL) and in decreasing order of responsiveness, cats (30,000 cells/µL), horses (20,000 cells/µL), and cattle (15,000 cells/µL) having less marked responses. As a result, animals with Chédiak-Higashi 746.e1 CHAPTER 13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common canine hereditary bleeding disorder and has also been described in many other domestic species. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00013-8 id = cord-268326-sbz3uk5h author = Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy title = Lysosomes as a therapeutic target date = 2019-09-02 keywords = CMA; Gaucher; TFEB; autophagy; cathepsin; cell; disease; lysosomal; lysosome; patient; protein summary = With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases — including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease — this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs. Alterations in lysosomal functions, either in the fusion processes involved in the general pathways mentioned above or related to the function of lyso somal enzymes and non enzymatic proteins, can result in broad detrimental effects, including failure to clear potentially toxic cellular waste, inflammation, apopto sis and dysregulation of cellular signalling 8 . doi = 10.1038/s41573-019-0036-1 id = cord-346276-1dcp05rd author = Bonfá, Eloisa title = How COVID-19 is changing rheumatology clinical practice date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; Hospital; disease; patient summary = The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 led to unprecedented changes to rheumatology clinical practice worldwide, including the closure of research laboratories, the restructuring of hospitals and the rapid transition to virtual care. Abstract | The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 led to unprecedented changes to rheumatology clinical practice worldwide, including the closure of research laboratories, the restructuring of hospitals and the rapid transition to virtual care. Zhanguo Li. As a rheumatologist practicing at Peking University People''s Hospital, Beijing, the biggest challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic has been how to manage patients with rheumatic diseases remotely using online systems, social media platforms (such as WeChat) or telephone calls, because the patients simply could not physically attend the hospital. www.nature.com/nrrheum Zhanguo Li. To adapt to the totally unexpected changes to clinical practice, one option in my department of the People''s Hospital was to set up a consultant team consisting of 26 rheumatologists to provide medical service free to patients with rheumatic diseases, supported technically by an internet company. doi = 10.1038/s41584-020-00527-5 id = cord-021261-budyph2u author = Bonnaud, Laure title = Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p date = 2017-04-10 keywords = disease; infectious summary = In the case of influenza, national experts-virologists in particular-also became lobbyists for this public issue, linking it to other problems (by presenting it as a model for preparations against bioterrorism) and suggesting solutions, such as mass vaccination. In the French case, the authors analyse the mechanism for countering H1N1 flu and look at different ways of shaping the public problem, depending on whether the pandemic is deemed to be a public health issue, a stake of collective security, or a global problem affecting contemporary societies. Muriel Figuié takes a critical state-of-the-art look at the implementation of international public action in relation to animal health and more particularly at epidemiological surveillance and vaccination. Finally, epidemiological surveillance networks aside, the book pays little attention to the implementation of other devices or policies to fight against emerging infectious diseases. The next step towards understanding emerging diseases might therefore be to compare this new global health model with existing devices, in both the northern and southern countries. doi = 10.1007/s41130-017-0042-9 id = cord-317952-4oa9hfb4 author = Bourgonje, Arno R. title = Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) date = 2020-05-17 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; clinical; disease; patient summary = ACE2 was highly expressed on lung alveolar epithelial cells and small intestinal epithelial cells, consistent with potential routes of viral transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as both respiratory and gastrointestinal systems share interfaces with the external environment. ACE2 expression in the lungs and SARS-CoV-2 viral load have been suggested to increase with age, which might provide an explanation to the higher disease severity observed in older patients with COVID-19 [35] . Both SARS-CoV-2 infection, directly mediated by ACE2 expression and activity, and superimposed disease triggers may be responsible for the observed pathological findings. Additionally, another study reported purpura and livedo racemosa in several severely affected COVID-19 patients with small vessel thrombosis with co-localization of complement and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on histopathology [148] .This indicates direct viral infection of the small skin vessels. Circulating plasma concentrations of ACE2 in men and women with heart failure and effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-inhibitors: Potential implications for coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infected patients doi = 10.1002/path.5471 id = cord-018761-vm86d4mj author = Bradt, David A. title = Technical Annexes date = 2017-11-08 keywords = bias; case; disease; epidemic; sample summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-69871-7_8 id = cord-020544-kc52thr8 author = Bradt, David A. title = Technical Annexes date = 2019-12-03 keywords = Health; case; disease; epidemic summary = However, if Dukoral is readily available and staff are properly trained in its use according to the guidelines that come with the vaccine, the COTS program PERMITS Dukoral''s use (ideally before an outbreak) in the following high-risk populations: refugee populations in which cholera is present, health care workers managing cholera cases, and communities in which the incidence rate is greater than 1 in 1000 annually." [2] Epidemiological Surveillance (specific to cholera) doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-04801-3_7 id = cord-102530-wetqqt2i author = Brandell, Ellen E. title = The rise of disease ecology date = 2020-07-17 keywords = disease; ecology; topic summary = The steady increase in topics such as climate change, and emerging infectious diseases, superspreaders indicate that disease ecology as a field of research will continue advancing our understanding of complex host-pathogen interactions and forms a critical and adaptable component of the global response to emergent health and environmental threats. In addition 164 to topics that emerged from the literature, we also generated and assessed our own topic lists based on key research areas, such as climate change, dilution effect, superspreaders, network 166 analysis, EIDs, bovine tuberculosis, infectious diseases in bats and rodents, and chytrid fungus 167 ( Fig. 4) . Using key term searches, we next explored select topic trends: climate change, emerging 293 infectious diseases (EIDs), the dilution effect, superspreaders, network analysis, pathogens in 294 rodents and bats, bovine tuberculosis, and chytrid fungus in amphibians (Fig. 4B) . doi = 10.1101/2020.07.16.207100 id = cord-018899-tbfg0vmd author = Brauer, Fred title = Epidemic Models date = 2011-10-03 keywords = disease; model summary = For example, one of the fundamental results in mathematical epidemiology is that most mathematical epidemic models, including those that include a high degree of heterogeneity, usually exhibit "threshold" behavior, which in epidemiological terms can be stated as follows: If the average number of secondary infections caused by an average infective is less than one, a disease will die out, while if it exceeds one there will be an epidemic. [Technically, the attack rate should be called an attack ratio, since it is dimensionless and is not a rate.] The final size relation (9.3) can be generalized to epidemic models with more complicated compartmental structure than the simple SIR model (9.2), including models with exposed periods, treatment models, and models including quarantine of suspected individuals and isolation of diagnosed infectives. Compartmental models for epidemics are not suitable for describing the beginning of a disease outbreak because they assume that all members of a population are equally likely to make contact with a very small number of infectives. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-1686-9_9 id = cord-271814-a2vlkwce author = Brough, Helen A. title = Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: A statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; child; disease summary = In addition, there is no evidence that currently available asthma and allergy treatments, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators, increase the risk of severe disease from COVID‐19. allergy, asthma, biologics, children, coronavirus, corticosteroids, COVID-19, immunodeficiency, SARS-CoV-2, treatment clinically diagnosed, but not virologically confirmed. The care of children with allergies or immune conditions is being adapted to the current situation, with more remote working and providing guidance to children to reduce likelihood of infection in children who would be deemed at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Evaluating asthma and allergy more specifically as potential risk factors, a retrospective study based on electronic medical records from 140 hospitalized COVID-19 adult patients investigated pre-existing asthma or allergic diseases. As a joint project, questionThe current COVID-19 pandemic might also pose a risk to pediatric patients with secondary immunodeficiencies, such as patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune or severe allergic diseases. doi = 10.1111/pai.13262 id = cord-297125-la20vi9j author = Brower, Jennifer L. title = The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date = 2016-08-01 keywords = CDC; HIV; President; States; United; antibiotic; disease; infectious; threat summary = In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV ''Epidemic'' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "''Superbug'' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications. doi = 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 id = cord-331605-h1qf96oh author = Brown, Keith D. title = Precision medicine in kidney disease: the patient’s view date = 2020-08-05 keywords = disease; kidney summary = One of the goals of these research efforts is to inform and enable the implementation of precision medicine, whereby patient management is tailored to the individual according to the mechanisms underlying their disease to increase the chances of therapeutic success. One of the goals of these research efforts is to inform and enable the implementation of precision medicine, whereby patient management is tailored to the individual according to the mechanisms underlying their disease to increase the chances of therapeutic success. Participating in the Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) consortium as a patient with CKD and being involved in community engagement and education have provided me with a basic understanding of the origins of my CKD -I have a family history of type 2 diabetes and hypertension, kidney transplants in the short term. doi = 10.1038/s41581-020-0319-0 id = cord-268564-5qhumjas author = Brown, Lisa title = Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date = 2013-04-01 keywords = Europe; disease; flood; flooding; infectious summary = This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs. doi = 10.4161/dish.25216 id = cord-332658-548402bb author = Brownstein, John S title = Surveillance Sans Frontières: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence and the HealthMap Project date = 2008-07-08 keywords = disease; outbreak; report summary = sources can play an important role in early event detection and support situational awareness by providing current, highly local information about outbreaks, even from areas relatively invisible to traditional global public health efforts. and other nontraditional sources of surveillance data can facilitate early outbreak detection, increase public awareness of disease outbreaks prior to their formal recognition, and provide an integrated and contextualized view of global health information. With the aim of creating an integrated global view of emerging infections based not only on traditional public health datasets but rather on all available information sources, we developed HealthMap, a freely accessible, automated electronic information system for organizing data on outbreaks according to geography, time, and infectious disease agent [16] ( Figure 1 ). Ultimately, the monitoring of diverse media-based sources will augment epidemic intelligence with information derived outside the traditional public health infrastructure, yielding a more comprehensive and timely global view of emerging infectious disease threats. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050151 id = cord-023584-yaxawqhj author = Bucknall, R.A. title = The Continuing Search for Antiviral Drugs date = 2008-04-10 keywords = antiviral; compound; disease; test; virus summary = Of course, if wide-spectrum leads appear, the choice of test virus may be irrelevant, but the antiviral compounds (as distinct from interferon inducers) known at present are characterized by their relatively limited spectrum of activity, e.g., methisazone is active only against poxviruses (Bauer and Sadler, 1960) and possibly adenoviruses (Bauer and Apostolov, 1966) ; l-aminoadamantane is active only against influenza A1 and As and not against other myxo-or paramyxoviruses (Davies et al., 1964) ; guanidine and a-hydroxybenzyl benzimidazole are active only against picornaviruses and not against other small ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses (Eggers and Tamm, 1961) . In summary, a tissue culture screen should be able to proccss large numbers of tcst compounds, using viruses as relevant as possible to the diseases for which a drug is required, and should employ normal rather than neoplastic cells. doi = 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60460-3 id = cord-016136-vxjyjql6 author = Burge, Harriet A. title = Airplanes and Infectious Disease date = 2005-08-08 keywords = aircraft; disease summary = The risk of contracting such diseases depends on the presence of an infected person who is shedding infectious particles and sufficient exposure of a sensitive person to achieve an adequate dose to cause disease. However, because of the distances that can be traversed in a relatively short time, the crowded conditions on most commercial aircraft, and the inability to "escape", concern regarding the risk of contracting infectious disease during air travel has become significant [3, 4] . The risk of disease transmission is related to the probability that one or more individuals infected with the agent will be present in the environment. Given that some very common upper respiratory infections are airborne, and others produce copious droplets that could easily infect adjacent passengers, it is likely that such disease transmission does occur routinely on aircraft as it does in any other crowded environment. doi = 10.1007/b107241 id = cord-261058-yu2qw02l author = Burgner, David title = Kawasaki disease: What is the epidemiology telling us about the etiology? date = 2005-06-03 keywords = Kawasaki; coronary; disease summary = Thus in genetically susceptible children, acute infections such as those causing fever and rash, may result in unrecognised damage to the cardiovascular system that later manifests itself as adult cardiovascular disease. 3 The consensus view is that KD results from a widely distributed infectious agent (or possibly agents) that causes the clinical syndrome in genetically susceptible children. Kawasaki disease is more common in boys (male:female ratio 1.6:1) 1 a feature observed in many infectious diseases 30, 31 and also in coronary atherosclerosis, where sex differences in immune responses are suggested to mediate susceptibility. A recent report of an association between the presence of genetic material from a novel coronavirus and Kawasaki disease in a handful of cases 48 remains unproven and may reflect an epiphenomenon; the putative etiological agent is a relatively common viral pathogen in young children and it is unclear how long the DNA persists. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2005.03.002 id = cord-342588-berrojmq author = Burri, Christian title = Sleeping Sickness at the Crossroads date = 2020-04-08 keywords = african; disease; drug; hat; treatment summary = The development of this orally active compound is described in detail in the papers of Neau et al., and Dickie et al., Fexinidazole received a positive scientific opinion from the European Medicines Agency for treatment of Gambiense HAT in late 2018, it was approved by the drug regulatory authority of the DRC and added to the WHO list of essential medicines in 2019, and the first official application in the DRC happened at the end of January 2020 on World NTD day in a public ceremony. In 2012, the World Health Organization, which has played an instrumental role in the control, set the goal for the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT), as a public health problem for 2020 and for the total interruption of transmission to humans for 2030. doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed5020057 id = cord-013486-hg87xsyr author = Buttery, Philip C. title = Gene and Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease: Where Are We? date = 2020-10-30 keywords = DBS; GDNF; Parkinson; cell; disease; therapy summary = As such, these recombinant GF protein therapies are probably best considered as preparing the ground both for the more tractable genetic approach of GF GTs. Despite earlier work using LV-mediated GDNF delivery in animal models, the first GF to come to the clinic in the format of a GT was actually NRTN rather than GDNF, and used an AAV2 vector, rather than LVs. AAV2-NRTN was manufactured by the Californian biotech company Ceregene, with their product CERE-120 providing neuronal expression of NRTN as a pure protein without viral coding sequences [111] . This sort of regulation would require additional gene regulatory sequences and might be difficult to achieve within the restrictive payload of AAVs. This issue might drive a move to use LVs for GF therapy in due course, as these vectors can facilitate regulatable expression in different cells systems including the delivery of GFs to the striatum [131] . Phase 1 trial of convection-enhanced delivery of adeno-associated virus encoding glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with advanced Parkinson''s disease doi = 10.1007/s13311-020-00940-4 id = cord-258139-x4js9vqe author = Callan, Robert J title = Biosecurity and bovine respiratory disease date = 2005-03-04 keywords = BRDC; BVDV; disease; pathogen; respiratory summary = Alternatively, when the causative pathogens are endemic in a population and individual susceptibility is dependent on numerous interrelated factors, the management of animal resistance and risk factors may be proportionally more important for disease prevention than biosecurity practices. The authors emphasize five areas of biosecurity management that should be more rigorously applied for the reduction of respiratory disease prevalence in cattle, including (1) strategic vaccination, (2) calf biosecurity, (3) housing ventilation, (4) commingling and animal contact, and (5) bovine viral diarrhea virus control. Airborne pathogen concentration is a function of many factors, including animal type, housing system, stocking rate, bedding, humidity, dust particle density and size, and finally, elimination through ventilation. Because the pathogens involved in bovine respiratory disease are enzootic in the general cattle population, biosecurity practices aimed at the complete elimination of exposure are currently impractical. Because the pathogens involved in bovine respiratory disease are enzootic in the general cattle population, biosecurity practices aimed at the complete elimination of exposure are currently impractical. doi = 10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00004-x id = cord-346389-gbmnoo84 author = Callender, Lauren A. title = The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; China; MERS; SARS; disease; patient summary = Here, we review immune dysfunction in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of pre-existing comorbidities on the development of COVID-19. Furthermore, cardiovascular complications such as thromboembolic events, myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, arrythmia, cardiogenic shock and heat failure, have been documented in COVID-19 patients without prior cardiovascular disease (71), demonstrating a significant impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the heart. As infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in an acute respiratory disease that can progress to ARDS, respiratory failure and potentially even death, it is reasonable to speculate that patients with pre-existing respiratory disease would be at increased risk of severe COVID-19. Consequently, it has been proposed that liver damage associated with severe COVID-19 patients is due to dysregulated innate immunity against SARS-CoV-2, or hepatoxicity in response to treatments, rather than pre-existing liver disease. Therefore, the underlying pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease may increase vulnerability to hyperinflammation and cytokine storm upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in severe COVID-19. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991 id = cord-001427-qw1e5cof author = Cantas, Leon title = Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date = 2014-10-14 keywords = animal; bacterial; disease; human; zoonotic summary = Bacterial zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in many ways (4): (i) The transfer may occur through animal bites and scratches (5) ; (ii) zoonotic bacteria originating from food animals can reach people through direct fecal oral route, contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, and inadequate cooking (6) (7) (8) ; (iii) farmers and animal health workers (i.e., veterinarians) are at increased risk of exposure to certain zoonotic pathogens and they may catch zoonotic bacteria; they could also become carriers of the zoonotic bacteria that can be spread to other humans in the community (9) ; (iv) vectors, frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice can actively or passively transmit bacterial zoonotic diseases to humans. Almost 100 years ago, prior to application of hygiene rules and discovery of neither vaccines nor antibiotics, some bacterial zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of human deaths. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00144 id = cord-293819-tbdsr5iw author = Carvalho, C.L. title = Tularaemia: A challenging zoonosis date = 2014-01-13 keywords = Dermacentor; Francisella; disease; tularaemia; tularensis; type summary = In recent years, several emerging zoonotic vector-borne infections with potential impact on human health have been identified in Europe, including tularaemia, caused by Francisella tularensis. Recent outbreaks of tularaemia have occurred in several European countries, presented in Table 1 , including the Czech Republic, Kosovo, Bulgaria, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Turkey, France and Norway [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . The transmission of tularaemia to humans can occur either by direct contact with infected animals or indirectly due to arthropod vector bites, the ingestion of contaminated water, food or aerosols inhalation. Type A tularaemia is more commonly associated with the terrestrial cycle of the disease, with wild lagomorphs such as rabbits and hares acting as vertebrate hosts in which amplification of the agent occurs and where arthropods are disease-disseminating vectors [6, 22, 54, 57] . Tularemia in Denmark: identification of a Francisella tularensis subsp., holarctica strain by real time PCR and high-resolution typing by multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis doi = 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.01.002 id = cord-347885-fbl7jjb3 author = Cassini, Alessandro title = Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013 date = 2018-04-19 keywords = ECDC; EEA; disease summary = title: Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013 The study promotes an evidence-based approach to describing population health and assessing surveillance data availability and quality, and provides information for the planning and prioritisation of limited resources in infectious disease prevention and control. average annual estimate of the EU/EEA burden of selected infectious diseases surveyed by ECDC and measured in DALYs. The methodological framework of the BCoDE 2009-2013 study was based on the BCoDE project [19, 20] . This study presents the estimation of the burden of 31 selected infectious diseases in the EU/EEA in DALYs, adopting an incidence-and pathogen-based methodology and a consistent approach to surveillance and outcome data assessment. doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.16.17-00454 id = cord-352798-rb2ggonx author = Chaber, Anne-Lise title = The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date = 2017-11-21 keywords = Induced; disease; human summary = Human-Induced Disease as the label for diseases-both infectious and non-infectious-caused by human activities and their environmental impact emphasizes the role of the human in disease transmission and could serve reshaping our approach to disease management and prevention. Humans share most of the viruses, bacteria, and fungus with the rest of the animal kingdom, and thus it should come as no surprise that zoonotic pathogens were the cause of more than 65% of emergent infectious disease events in the last 60 years, with 75% of these originating in wild fauna (Keusch et al. Anthropogenic environmental change leads to the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife (Daszak et al. It estimated that the annual economic cost of illness and premature mortality linked to air pollution is $3600 billion (OECD 2014)-a figure that is 85% of the world''s annual public budget for human health. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife doi = 10.1007/s10393-017-1299-9 id = cord-273941-gu6nnv9d author = Chandran, Uma title = Chapter 5 Network Pharmacology date = 2017-12-31 keywords = TCM; Triphala; chinese; disease; drug; network; target summary = This is referred to as "polypharmacology." The concept of network biology was used to integrate data from DrugBank (Re and Valentini, 2013) and OMIM (Hamosh et al., 2005) , an online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders to understand the industry trends, the properties of drug targets, and to study how drug targets are related to disease-gene products. NP coupled to sophisticated spectroscopical analysis such as ultra-performance liquid chromatographyÀelectrospray, ionizationÀtandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) is a useful approach to study the absolute molecular mechanism of action of botanical formulations based on their constituent bioactives (Xu et al., 2014a) . A network pharmacology approach to understanding the mechanisms of action of traditional medicine: bushenhuoxue formula for treatment of chronic kidney disease A network-based analysis of the types of coronary artery disease from traditional Chinese medicine perspective: potential for therapeutics and drug discovery doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801814-9.00005-2 id = cord-343365-4y9fedcr author = Chang, Christopher title = Unmet Needs in Respiratory Diseases: “You Can’t Know Where You Are Going Until You Know Where You Have Been”—Anonymous date = 2013-11-30 keywords = RSV; SARS; disease; respiratory; vaccine summary = The promise of gene therapy as a cure for the disease has fizzled out, and while new antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals promise improved longevity and better quality of life, the average life span of a patient with cystic fibrosis is still at about 35 years. Several significant challenge areas include the diagnosis and treatment of certain specific infectious lung diseases, including viral lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, coronovirus, and enterovirus. The search for a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been ongoing for many years, but like the previous case of gene therapy in cystic fibrosis, this also has been a challenge to achieve. The current global strategies for the development of an RSV vaccine now target four areas: infants <6 months of age; infants >6 months of age and young children; pregnant women for whom passive immunization can be implemented; and the elderly, in whom RSV can also have significant morbidity [52] [53] [54] . doi = 10.1007/s12016-013-8399-2 id = cord-268324-86a0n0dc author = Charitos, Ioannis A title = Special features of SARS-CoV-2 in daily practice date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; Health; SARS; disease; patient; respiratory summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (commonly known as SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus (designated as 2019-nCoV), which was isolated for the first time after the Chinese health authorities reported a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The clinical picture of critical patients with severe inflammatory-induced lung disease and with sepsis or septic shock needing intensive care support and mechanical ventilation is characterized by a wide range of signs and symptoms of life-threatening multiorgan dysfunction or failure, including dyspnoea, tachypnoea (respiratory rate of > 30/min), tachycardia, chest pain or tightness, hypoxemia, virus-induced distributive shock, cardiac dysfunction, elevations in multiple inflammatory cytokines, renal impairment with oliguria, altered mental status, functional alterations of organs expressed as laboratory data of hyperbilirubinemia, acidosis [serum lactate level > 2 mmol/L (18 mg/dL)], coagulopathy, and thrombocytopenia. doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i18.3920 id = cord-267055-xscwk74r author = Chassagnon, Guillaume title = AI-Driven quantification, staging and outcome prediction of COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; disease summary = Our approach relies on automatic deep learning-based disease quantification using an ensemble of architectures, and a data-driven consensus for the staging and outcome prediction of the patients fusing imaging biomarkers with clinical and biological attributes. • A Covid-19-specific holistic, highly compact multi-omics signature integrating imaging/clinical/ biological data and associated comorbidities for automatic patient staging is presented and evaluated. Our approach relies on automatic deep learning-based disease quantification using an ensemble of architectures, and a datadriven consensus for the staging and outcome prediction of the patients fusing imaging biomarkers with clinical and biological attributes. In this study, we investigated an automatic method ( To the best of our knowledge this is among a few systematic efforts to quantify disease extent, to discover low dimensional and interpretable imaging biomarkers and to integrate them to clinical variables into short and long term prognosis of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.media.2020.101860 id = cord-256688-yy7abob9 author = Chavez, Summer title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A primer for emergency physicians date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient summary = DISCUSSION: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19, is primarily transmitted from person-to-person through close contact (approximately 6 ft) by respiratory droplets. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously referred to as 2019-nCoV, is the virus responsible for causing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . An emergency medicine approach to COVID-19 should focus on identifying and isolating patients at risk for infection, informing hospital infection prevention and local public health authorities, and engaging infectious disease and other specialists early in care. Emergency physicians should obtain a detailed travel history from all patients and suspect COVID-19 in patients presenting with symptoms of an acute upper respiratory illness and fever. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.03.036 id = cord-024134-ym7ce5ux author = Chawla, Sonam title = Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; disease; infection; pandemic summary = From a bird''s eye view, the COVID-19 pandemic management relies on revolutionizing the disease surveillance by incorporating artificial intelligence and data analytics, boosting the response strategies—extensive testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing—and promoting awareness and access to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, which are discussed in the present chapter. MeSH database defines pandemics as-"Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people." Such emergencies compromise human health, society, economics, and politics-a case in point: the COVID-19 pandemic is forecasted to cost the global economy one trillion US dollars (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/? • Healthcare workers and essential service providers • Groups at high risk of death and severe complications requiring hospitalization • Individuals (adults and children aged more than 6 months) in the community who have chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, or are immunocompromised • Persons without risk factors for complications (https://www.who.int/csr/ resources/publications/influenza/11_29_01_A.pdf) doi = 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_14 id = cord-103797-aowe4kyl author = Chen, Li title = Phase transitions and hysteresis of cooperative contagion processes date = 2016-03-30 keywords = disease summary = We show that, generically, cooperative coinfection exhibits discontinuous transitions from the disease free to high prevalence state when a critical transmission rate is crossed. We show that, generically, cooperative coinfection exhibits discontinuous transitions from the disease free to high prevalence state when a critical transmission rate is crossed. To understand the general behavior of the system and identify the nature of phase transitions, we investigated the dynamics on 2d square lattices and random networks while monitoring the fraction of non-susceptible nodes, 1 − ρ S in equilibrium, i.e. the fraction of nodes that are either infected by A or B or both, as a function of transmission rate parameters p and q. When p increases beyond the critical point p o c ≈ 0.181, the system exhibits a discontinuous jump to a large endemic state, see Fig. 2a , contrary to the single disease case (conventional SIS dynamics with a threshold p c ). doi = 10.1088/1367-2630/aa8bd2 id = cord-016241-qom2rokn author = Chen, Long title = Post-Newborn: A New Concept of Period in Early Life date = 2013-12-06 keywords = disease; infant; post summary = With the development of perinatal medicine, mortality rate of diseases in neonates such as premature infants, asphyxia, infectious diseases have decreased significantly, and consequently, issues of the quality of life for these survivors have aroused widespread concerns. However, a few surviving infants suffered from different kinds complications in the post-newborn, such as recurrent respiratory infections, physical retardation, cerebral palsy, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy, and congenital heart disease requiring early surgical treatment [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . How to further promote the growth and development and correct the complications and sequelae at the post-neonatal period, make the ill infants reach the level of normal infant development as early as possible, and reduce the incidence of adult-related diseases has become an important issue. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-7618-0_143 id = cord-266211-cz7m1iqk author = Cheng, Tsung O. title = The current state of cardiology in China date = 2004-03-25 keywords = China; Fig; chinese; coronary; disease summary = As was recently reported from the Fu Wai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing [52] , where I performed China''s first selective cine coronary arteriogram in 1973 [6] , in an analysis of 9196 cases from October 1987 to December 2000, death, myocardial infarction, stroke, serious arrhythmias, peripheral vascular complications, and allergic reactions to the contrast media were 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.01%, 0.29%, 0.26%, and 0.04%, respectively, as compared to 0.10%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.47%, 0.46%, and 0.23% in an analysis of 222,553 cases between 1984 and 1987 from the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions [53] . doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.10.011 id = cord-283719-zmizyx7e author = Cheng, Yuan-Yang title = Rehabilitation Programs for Patients with COronaVIrus Disease 2019: Consensus Statements of Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; Disease; patient summary = An online consensus meeting of an expert panel comprising members of the Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation was held to provide recommendations for rehabilitation protocols in each of the five COVID-19 stages, namely (1) outpatients with mild disease and no risk factors, (2) outpatients with mild disease and epidemiological risk factors, (3) hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease, (4) ventilator-supported patients with clear cognitive function, and (5) ventilator-supported patients with impaired cognitive function. For patients with advanced disease severity, a well-designed rehabilitation program is even more crucial to improve pulmonary secretion clearance, ameliorates side-effects related to a prolonged bedridden state, and even prevents intensive care unit-acquired weakness. 8 Altogether, potentially significant risk factors for severe COVID-19 that should be identified and considered when designing rehabilitation programs include old age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes, respiratory disease, and CVD. 29 Chest physiotherapy strategies that promote airway clearance include the following: Another important issue in the rehabilitation of patients with moderate to severe disease is preventing deconditioning due to acute illness. doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.015 id = cord-308066-lrbi5198 author = Childs, James E. title = Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date = 2007 keywords = Disease; H5N1; SARS; States; United; surveillance; virus summary = The uneven standards of surveillance, humanor animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. Following an outbreak of human monkeypox in several US states (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003a; see the chapter by Regnery, this volume), local populations of indigenous North American rodents were captured and examined for infection from areas around animal-holding facilities housing African rodents imported for the pet-trade and implicated as the source of monkeypox virus (Cunha 2004; Check 2004) . National institutions charged with strategic planning for emerging diseases or intentional releases of zoonotic agents have emphasized improving diagnostic capabilities for detecting human infections, modifying the immune status of human or domestic animals through vaccines, producing better antiviral or antibacterial drugs, and enhancing human-based surveillance as an early warning system (Fauchi 2002 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_16 id = cord-344486-iu5flbcl author = Chiotos, Kathleen title = Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; child; patient summary = In the few months since this initial publication, new evidence has emerged demonstrating the efficacy of the antiviral medication remdesivir in shortening time to clinical recovery in adults with COVID-19, while several other studies have shown ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . Further, additional observational studies have provided insight into the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in children, demonstrating that while most young patients experience mild illness, a small proportion develop severe illness associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) . Nevertheless, the panel recognizes that pediatric clinicians are likely to consider comorbidities when weighing the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy on a case-bycase basis, and in making these decisions may consider: 1) the available, albeit limited, pediatric COVID-19 literature; 2) risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 in adults; and 3) pre-existing medical conditions in children associated with worse clinical outcomes for other viral infections. doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa115 id = cord-336464-eslgz1ka author = Chomel, Bruno B. title = Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date = 2007-01-17 keywords = States; United; disease; human summary = The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia during 1998-1999, which caused 265 human cases of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was also the result of several major ecologic and environmental changes associated with deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig farming in association with production of fruit-bearing trees (16) . Wildlife may become new reservoirs of infection and may recontaminate domestic animals; examples include bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) (18) and brucellosis in outdoor-reared swine in Europe that resulted from spillover from the wild boar brucellosis (Brucella suis biovar 2) reservoir (19) . Another risk factor related to the emergence of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been the considerable increase in consumption of bushmeat in many parts of the world, especially Central Africa and the Amazon Basin, where 1-3.4 million tons and 67-164 million kilograms, respectively, are consumed each year (7) . doi = 10.3201/eid1301.060480 id = cord-003062-qm8kalyt author = Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi title = The association between temperature, rainfall and humidity with common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Bangladesh date = 2018-06-21 keywords = Bangladesh; Climate; disease; study summary = This observational study examined the association of temperature, humidity and rainfall with six common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in adults (malaria, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, encephalitis, pneumonia and bacterial meningitis) in northeastern Bangladesh. Unfortunately, very few studies on the relationship between various environmental variables and trends of infectious disease incidence have been performed so far in Bangladesh, although there are reports of some infections increasing sporadically in different regions of the country [17] [18] [19] . This study examined six infectious diseases based on clinical syndromes and laboratory support (malaria, enteric fever, encephalitis, diarrheal disease, pneumonia and meningitis) to offer a broader scope on the trend of these infectious diseases and their possible relation to climate change in Bangladesh. W.H.O reported dengue, viral encephalitis, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, pneumonia and meningitis as most sensitive to climate factors, and predicted a huge rise of cases in tropical countries [25] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0199579 id = cord-284125-35ghtmhu author = Chua, Kaw Bing title = Perspectives of public health laboratories in emerging infectious diseases date = 2013-06-26 keywords = disease; health; laboratory; public summary = 6 Emerging novel viruses are a major public health concern with the potential of causing high health and socioeconomic impacts, as has occurred with progressive pandemic infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), the recent pandemic caused by the novel quadruple re-assortment strain of influenza A virus (H1N1), and more transient events such as the outbreaks of Nipah virus in 1998/1999 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in 2003. To minimize the health and socioeconomic impacts of emerging epidemic infectious diseases, major challenges must be overcome in the national and international capacity for early detection, rapid and accurate etiological identification (especially those caused by novel pathogens), rapid response and effective control (Figure 1 ). However, to develop and establish such an effective national public health capacity, especially the laboratory component to support infectious disease surveillance, outbreak investigation and early response, a good understanding of the concepts of emerging infectious diseases and an integrated country and regional public health laboratory system in accordance with the nature and type of emerging pathogens, especially novel ones, are highly recommended. doi = 10.1038/emi.2013.34 id = cord-000254-bufbjdmw author = Clement, Annick title = Interstitial lung diseases in children date = 2010-08-20 keywords = ILD; TGF; alveolar; cell; child; disease; disorder; interstitial; lung; pulmonary summary = Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children represents a heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality (around 15%) [1, 2] . These disorders, more prevalent in young children, include diffuse developmental disorders, lung growth abnormalities, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, surfactant dysfunction disorders, disorders related to systemic diseases, disorders of immunocompromised host, and disorders of normal host caused by various insults such as aspiration syndrome or infections [8] . Several studies in the adult literature have reported an increased incidence of EBV and CMV infection in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, associated with virus DNA-positive lung tissue biopsies in several cases [147] . doi = 10.1186/1750-1172-5-22 id = cord-300301-7amiljnm author = Clements, Bruce W. title = Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats date = 2016-03-04 keywords = Ebola; West; disease; health; human; outbreak summary = Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. By April 26, a public health emergency, the first in the history of the United States, was declared to allow for the rapid development of a vaccine, mobilization of antiviral medications through the federally resourced Strategic National Stockpile, and enhanced surveillance through reporting and testing. While it may not be possible to predict which pathogens may emerge or reemerge, it is possible to build infrastructure and take general steps to make populations and public health systems better prepared for the next novel infectious disease outbreak. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801980-1.00010-6 id = cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author = Corrin, Bryan title = Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date = 2011-03-02 keywords = Fig; alveolar; asbestos; cause; disease; drug; dust; effect; exposure; fibre; fibrosis; high; interstitial; lung; patient; pneumoconiosis; pulmonary; respiratory; silica; worker summary = As a general rule, exposure to silica dust extends over many years, often 20 or more, before the symptoms of silicosis first appear: by the time the disease becomes overt clinically, much irreparable damage has been inflicted on the lungs. Confusingly, the term ''acute silicosis'' has since been applied to a further effect of heavy dust exposure in tunnellers, sand blasters and silica flour workers, namely pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis (see below), 71, 72 whilst the terms ''accelerated silicosis'' or ''cellular phase silicosis'' have been substituted for ''acute silicosis'' in referring to the rapid development of early cellular lesions. Asbestosis is defined as diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung caused by exposure to asbestos dust. The finely divided fume of several metals is highly toxic to the lungs and capable of producing severe acute and chronic damage to both the conductive airways and the alveoli, resulting in acute tracheobronchitis and bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, obliterative bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3369-8.00007-0 id = cord-354656-9ao33rq8 author = Cossart, Yvonne E title = The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date = 2014-07-07 keywords = Australia; country; disease; infection summary = 2 The success of rat extermination in controlling plague in Sydney 3 provided a triumphant validation of new microbiological theories; Joseph Lister''s carbolic spray was adopted by local surgeons; 4 Emil von Behring''s antitoxin treatment reduced mortality from diphtheria; 5 and Paul Ehrlich''s vision of a magic bullet to cure all infections was given credibility by the effi cacy of Salvarsan (arsphenamine, an arsenic-containing compound) against syphilis. 9,10 9,10 During World War II (WWII), intensive screening of Australian troops by miniature x-ray was followed up with bacteriological testing to identify patients with active infection, for whom treatment was compulsory. Tests were developed to screen donated blood and it soon became apparent that injecting drug use had silently amplifi ed prevalence of hepatitis C infection in young people in Western countries. doi = 10.5694/mja14.00112 id = cord-332298-ig1j5z07 author = Couetil, Laurent title = Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions date = 2020-07-30 keywords = EPA; airway; asthma; bal; disease; equine; horse; mild; severe summary = In the last few years, the terminology has further evolved with the term equine asthma (EA) now being recommended to describe horses with chronic respiratory signs ranging in severity from mild to severe that were previously referred as inflammatory airway disease and recurrent airway obstruction, respectively (3) . The future development of new portable and sensitive devices for measuring the lung function of horses (forced oscillation or flow interruption techniques), or the discovery of blood biomarkers for EA would help not only to facilitate the diagnosis of mild and moderate forms of EA in clinical practice, but also to possibly identify new phenotypes for these conditions. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured focus group discussions designed to capture current practices and opinions relating to the diagnosis and treatment of lower airway inflammation, as well as familiarity with and views on the most recent ACVIM consensus statement (3), in which the term "mild-moderate equine asthma" was recommended. doi = 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450 id = cord-264660-tfktgy57 author = Creech, C Buddy title = It’s True Even in a Pandemic: Children are Not Merely Little Adults date = 2020-05-30 keywords = disease summary = In this issue of CID, Mehta et al (CID PAPER) provide a systematic review of pediatric COVID-19, evaluating the available literature to date to glean characteristics of disease and transmission. The authors report that children represent only 5% or less of diagnosed COVID cases and the data available at the time of review suggest that children are less likely to develop either severe pneumonia or the laboratory alterations commonly associated with severe disease, such as lymphopenia and elevated inflammatory markers. The authors also report that intrauterine transmission appears to be extremely uncommon and that newborns born to infected mothers are likely to experience either asymptomatic disease or mild disease. Taken together, it would appear that children experience a very different response to SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults and raises the hypothesis that dysregulated host responses may be the primary driver of disease severity. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa680 id = cord-324775-3x5os79m author = Crowe, J.E. title = Human Respiratory Viruses date = 2008-07-30 keywords = RSV; disease; infection; respiratory; virus summary = Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen, with hMPV, PIV-3, influenza viruses, and rhinoviruses accounting for the majority of the remainder of acute viral respiratory infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), adenoviruses, and influenza viruses were identified initially as the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children. These patients also suffer more frequent and more severe disease including mortality with common respiratory viruses, including RSV, hMPV, PIV, influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses. Enterovirus infections occur most commonly in the summer months in temperate areas, which differs from the season of many of the other most common respiratory viruses such as paramyxoviruses and influenza virus. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. doi = 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00488-x id = cord-344408-4ko557n1 author = Cunningham, Andrew A. title = One Health, emerging infectious diseases and wildlife: two decades of progress? date = 2017-07-19 keywords = Health; disease; emergence; virus; wildlife summary = Around this time, emerging diseases were identified in a series of well-reported die-offs in wildlife, including canine distemper in African lions (Panthera leo) in the Serengeti, chytridiomycosis in amphibians globally, pilchard herpesvirus disease in Australasia and West Nile virus in corvids and other birds in New York [10 -13] . There are likely to be multiple causes of novel disease emergence, but the human-mediated transport of pathogens (often in infected hosts) or vectors across geographical or ecological boundaries, a process termed ''pathogen pollution'', has been identified as a major driver of this in wildlife [64] and also in plants [65] . salamandrivorans as a novel lethal fungus infecting and killing captive and wild salamanders in Europe [67, 85, 86] Challenges remain to understanding the wildlife origins of zoonotic EIDs. It is often difficult, time-consuming, logistically challenging and very expensive to identify the origins of newly emerged pathogens of humans. doi = 10.1098/rstb.2016.0167 id = cord-338582-o976nab9 author = Dahlhausen, Bob title = Future Veterinary Diagnostics date = 2010-09-19 keywords = PCR; RNA; detection; disease; dna; microarray summary = Genome sequencing has allowed efficient, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assays to be developed based on the detection of nucleic acids. PCR uses the highly specific molecular recognition ability of Watson-Crick base pairing to provide the selectivity needed for a nucleic acid probe to bind to a targeted DNA sequence and allow for its exponential amplification. It has been used to develop rapid diagnostic tests for several pathogenic viruses with singlestranded RNA genomes, including influenza A, 13 footand-mouth disease virus, 14 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus. DNA microarrays also permit relatively rapid interrogation of a clinical sample against thousands of genetic targets, allowing for simultaneous detection and discrimination among hundreds of pathogenic agents of veterinary interest. Unlike PCR technology where the target agent must be known to use specific test primers, microarrays can allow for the rapid diagnosis of multiple pathogenic agents in disease outbreaks and epidemics of unknown etiology. doi = 10.1053/j.jepm.2010.05.006 id = cord-006819-sxz1s6kz author = Daniel Givens, M. title = Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality date = 2008-05-27 keywords = abortion; cause; disease; infection; virus summary = The clinical presentations of disease due to reproductive pathogens are emphasized, with a focus on assisting development of complete lists of causes that result in abortion and infertility in these species. Fetal maceration results when abortion or parturition fails to occur following fetal death and CL regression (occasionally in bovine www.theriojournal.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Theriogenology 70 (2008) 270-285 Table 1 Infectious causes of infertility and abortion in domestic animals Infected animals can experience signs of infertility due to early embryonic death and abortion between 4 and 7 months of gestation. Transmission occurs via contact with materials contaminated by infected respiratory or vaginal discharges; the bacteria then spread hematogenously to the fetus. Affected animals might have no clinical signs of disease, but serve as a source of infection, or they can abort late in gestation and have stillbirths. doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.018 id = cord-276616-odmnvv7m author = Darcel, C. title = Reflections on scrapie and related disorders, with consideration of the possibility of a viral aetiology date = 1995 keywords = BSE; agent; disease; encephalopathy; scrapie; spongiform; virus summary = Conclusions drawn from the vaccination trials and transmission experiments were that ~crapie, given by subcutaneous inoculation, had a latent period of 2 years and longer; that the infective agent was resistant to 0.35% formalin; that the disease appeared more quickly and in a higher percentage of recipients following intracerebral than following~subcutaneous injection; and that the causative agent was probably a filtrable virus. There are many difficulties in studying either the natural or experimentally induced diseases: the animals involved, the incubation period required for the emergence of the disease, the innate resistance of a proportion of the population seen as an expression of genetic influences, the differing behaviour of strains of agents isolated from a given species, the symptomatology, the pathology, the uncertain nature of the agent and its means of transmission, the perceived ''lack'' of an immunological response or changes in the immune system, and the biological hazards involved in conducting experiments. doi = 10.1007/bf01839302 id = cord-313118-dv5xq2k4 author = Davis, Eric M. title = Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease: Sleep Disorders date = 2020-08-06 keywords = OSA; RLS; disease; disorder; patient; sleep summary = RECENT FINDINGS: Spanning the categories of endocrinologic disorders, metabolic/toxic disturbances, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, malignancy, and critical illness, the review highlights the prevalent coexisting pathology of sleep across the spectrum of systemic disorders. Sleep disorders affect high proportions of those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM): surveys of patients with DM compared with those of controls show a nearly 2-fold propensity for insomnia, fourfold higher use of sedative-hypnotics, and a 10-fold higher rate of hypersomnolence [16] . Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) spanning the broad spectrum of sleep disorders including hypersomnia, insomnia, sleep-related breathing, and RLS. In practice, these authors often pursue CPAP treatment for patients with OSA and cardiovascular risk factors (even in the absence of sleepiness) at least for a trial period to assess adherence to treatment and to determine if there are subjective and objective improvements to sleep quality. doi = 10.1007/s11940-020-00639-z id = cord-258626-p469ysi8 author = Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title = 2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date = 2014-02-26 keywords = CAV; cat; disease; vaccination; vaccine; virus summary = Criteria for assigning vaccines into these categories, and a third category, "generally not recommended," are based on: (1) morbidity and mortality associated with the specific disease (does the organism cause serious illness or does it cause a mild, transient disease that may pose only minimal risk to the individual or population?); (2) the prevalence and/or incidence rate of the disease (although a specific disease may not commonly be seen, the organism is ubiquitous in the environment and therefore poses risk to the individual or population); (3) the risk of the individual for exposure to the disease (indoor-only animal vs free-roaming individual, regional variations of occurrence); (4) the efficacy of the vaccine (does the vaccine prevent infection or simply ameliorate some signs or length of disease?); (5) the risks associated with administering the vaccine (are the risks associated with that vaccine greater than the risk of the disease?); (6) the potential for zoonotic disease; (7) the route of infection or transmissibility. 9, 13 The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II modified live virus product, as it stimulates the immune system to protect against both CAV-I and CAV-II, without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.11.006 id = cord-275538-c44gmu22 author = Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title = Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date = 2006-03-24 keywords = CAV; MLV; disease; vaccination; vaccine; virus summary = The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II MLV because it stimulates the immune system to protect against CAV-I and CAV-II without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine [4, 14, 20] . There is a killed vaccine available; however, vaccination against this agent is typically not recommended, because most animals are not at risk to contract the parasite, the vaccine does not prevent infection (it may ameliorate clinical signs and decrease cyst shedding), and the disease is readily amenable to therapy (fenbendazole, albendazole, and metronidazole are off-label uses but commonly accepted as standard of care). Because the vaccine does not fully prevent infection and carries an association with adverse events that may be greater than the actual disease, routine vaccination of household pets with this product is generally not recommended. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.12.003 id = cord-020769-elzkwyz0 author = Day, Brennan title = The new normal: lessons learned from SARS for corporations operating in emerging markets date = 2004-07-01 keywords = China; Hong; Kong; SARS; disease summary = This paper uses the recent SARS epidemic as a background to highlight the importance of crisis planning, particularly in emerging economies, and suggests how organizations can address these concerns. This paper will start by presenting background information on the SARS epidemic and the impact on organizations, especially those operating in emerging markets. Since emerging markets are increasingly important to the world economy and are at the same time susceptible to outbreaks of infectious diseases, we need to understand how we are linked together on an interdependent global level. If just three of the Asian emerging economies -China, India, and Indonesia -are able to maintain this growth rate of 6 percent per year, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has estimated that by 2010 approximately 700 million people in those countries will have an average income equivalent to that of Spain today. doi = 10.1108/00251740410542357 id = cord-260750-utbuj5iz author = Dear, Jonathan D. title = Bacterial Pneumonia in Dogs and Cats date = 2013-11-21 keywords = airway; bacterial; disease; pneumonia; respiratory summary = 3 Often, such diseases are acute and self-limiting, but in a subset of dogs inflammation associated with these organisms immobilizes the host''s immune defenses and predisposes infection with other (often bacterial) respiratory pathogens. Young animals are especially prone to the development of bacterial pneumonia because of their naive immune systems, and when coupled with alterations to the innate immune system, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or complement deficiency, the risk of life-threatening infection increases greatly (see Veterinary Clinics of North America 2007;37(5):845-60 for a comprehensive review of respiratory defenses in health and disease). 4, [11] [12] [13] DIAGNOSIS Bacterial pneumonia implies sepsis of the lower airway and lungs, so the diagnosis is confirmed by showing septic suppurative inflammation on airway cytology obtained through bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or tracheal wash, along with a positive microbiology culture. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.09.003 id = cord-352546-w3catjj3 author = Degeling, Chris title = Implementing a One Health approach to emerging infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political, ethical and legal dimensions date = 2015-12-29 keywords = EID; Health; Hendra; approach; disease; public summary = The effective control and prevention of EIDs therefore requires: (i) social science research to improve understanding of how EID threats and responses play out; (ii) the development of an analytic framework that catalogues case experiences with EIDs, reflects their dynamic nature and promotes inter-sectoral collaboration and knowledge synthesis; (iii) genuine public engagement processes that promote transparency, education and capture people''s preferences; (iv) a set of practical principles and values that integrate ethics into decision-making procedures, against which policies and public health responses can be assessed; (v) integration of the analytic framework and the statement of principles and values outlined above; and (vi) a focus on genuine reform rather than rhetoric. In particular we focused on materials pertaining to the social, political and ethical consequences of responses to the risks posed to human health and wellbeing by Hendra virus [HeV], Nipah virus [NiV] and Rabies virus [RbV] in Australasia, and compared them with international responses to canonical examples of pandemic and food borne zoonoses severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [17] and bovine spongiform encephalitis/variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (BSE/vCJD), respectively. doi = 10.1186/s12889-015-2617-1 id = cord-022505-17khcmta author = Delaney, Martha A. title = Rodentia date = 2018-10-26 keywords = Fig; Krinke; Rattus; disease; lesion; mouse; rat; rodent; skin; specie; squirrel summary = Common microscopic findings in rodents that may be misinterpreted as lesions include: multinucleated, karyomegalic, and cytomegalic hepatocytes are common in several rodent species and can increase with age ( Fig. 20 .1); hepatocellular intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations (pseudoinclusions) (Fig. 20 .1); eosinophilic cytoplasmic spherical inclusions in renal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes seen predominantly male mice, rats, and hamsters; splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, which is very common in healthy rodents of all ages (Fig. 20 .2); hemosiderin, lipofuscin, ceroid, and melanin (in dark or black coated animals) are commonly detected in various tissues, such as spleen, liver, kidney, and adrenal glands; cardiac muscle in the tunica of pulmonary veins in the lung is a normal finding in mice; male rodents may have refluxed seminal coagula in the urinary bladder and urethra that is thought to occur peri mortem; and adrenal X-zone vacuolation in female mice. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00020-1 id = cord-021555-rrverrsj author = Delano, Margaret L. title = Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Smith; States; United; animal; bovine; cattle; cause; clinical; day; diagnosis; differential; disease; etiology; goat; infection; lesion; necropsy; organism; ruminant; sheep; sign; treatment; virus summary = These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. doi = 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x id = cord-279215-qwk0jkqm author = Delmage, D. A. title = Auricular chondritis in a cat date = 2008-06-28 keywords = case; cat; disease summary = In humans, histologically similar lesions may involve the pinnae, nose, trachea, joints, eyes and heart, and the disease is termed relapsing polychondritis. A four-year-old male neutered domestic shorthaired cat was presented with thickening and intense erythema of the inner surfaces of both pinnae; the ear flap edges were thickened, slightly curled, distorted and painful (Fig 1) . The case described here is interesting because it is similar to that described by Bunge and others (1992) ; both cats had evidence of ocular and cardiac changes in addition to the pinna! Although the disease in cats has been designated relapsing polychondritis, the authors prefer the description of auricular chondritis in their patient, since they have no evidence of involvement of other cartilaginous tissues, nor does the benign clinical course in this case warrant the use of the qualifier ''relapsing''. doi = 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02457.x id = cord-336822-cw37jrt2 author = Dennison Himmelfarb, Cheryl R. title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Implications for Cardiovascular and Socially At-risk Populations date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; cardiovascular; disease summary = Dennison Himmelfarb and Baptiste discuss the implications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for cardiovascular and socially at-risk populations COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the newly discovered pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, a novel RNA-dependent RNA polymerase betacoronavirus that is thought to derive from bats At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19 The best way to prevent and slow transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads There is substantial concern that socially at-risk persons and those with cardiovascular conditions could experience delays in seeking healthcare as a result of self-isolation, low health and digital literacy, or lack of a primary care medical home. As information about COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, it is imperative that healthcare providers reinforce the general prevention guidelines in addition to recommendations for persons with cardiovascular disease by the American Heart Association, Heart Failure Society of America, and American College of Cardiology. doi = 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000710 id = cord-290591-yi6yjjne author = Desai, Angel N. title = Bending the epidemic curve: advancements and opportunities to reduce the threat of emerging pathogens date = 2019-04-03 keywords = disease summary = This invited editorial introduces a special issue of Epidemiology & Infection while also discussing advances in emerging infectious diseases. Although many of these diseases have the potential to cause public health emergencies, a lack of timely surveillance and effective interventions continue to hamper preparedness efforts [2] . review the recent Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, shedding light on transmission patterns of this emerging pathogen while also highlighting the importance of ongoing surveillance [6] . Lessons learned from the WHO response to the recent 2017 pneumonic plague outbreak in Madagascar are presented by Heitzinger et al., who highlight specifically the challenges of implementing rapid infection prevention and control measures in epidemic settings [7] . It is also crucial to encourage research during outbreaks through rapid data sharing to facilitate rapid response efforts, as is promoted through organisations such as the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) [9] . doi = 10.1017/s095026881900058x id = cord-309795-2kozsv4z author = Dewidar, Bedair title = Metabolic liver disease in diabetes – from mechanisms to clinical trials date = 2020-06-20 keywords = Disease; NAFLD; NASH; T2DM; diabetes; liver; type summary = NAFLD, which affects about 25% of the population [3] , comprises a broad range of abnormalities ranging from simple fatty liver (steatosis) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation, necrosis, and hepatocellular ballooning, and progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [2] . In general, both hyperglycemia and toxic lipids such as ceramides, DAG, FFA, and cholesterol can induce deleterious effects on liver cells (glucolipotoxicity), which might initiate NAFLD progression from simple steatosis to NASH and fibrosis via various mechanisms, including cell death, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial disorders [46] . BL, baseline; CCR2/5, C-C chemokine receptors type 2 and type 5; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; HbA 1c , glycated haemoglobin; LXR, Liver X receptor; MPC, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; NA, data not available; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SGLT, sodium-glucose cotransporter; THR, thyroid hormone receptor; T2DM, type 2 diabetes. Potential Nexus of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Resistance Between Hepatic and Peripheral Tissues doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154299 id = cord-281703-6xwcxe8l author = Di Altobrando, Ambra title = Should SARS‐CoV‐2 influence immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune blistering diseases? date = 2020-04-17 keywords = disease summary = In this dramatic period where the whole world is affected by the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19), scientific data relating to the causative virus SARS‐CoV‐2 as well as the subsequent therapeutic repercussions on the management of other diseases should be divulged in order to share as much information as possible among experts in a timely manner. In particular, we asked whether patients in immunosuppressive therapy Among possible trigger factors of autoimmune blistering diseases, immunization and viral infections are mentioned in the literature, although the underlying immunological mechanism is still unclear. 10 We hypothesize that the interruption of immunosuppressive therapy in autoimmune blistering disease patients may determine a dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines that not only exacerbates the bullous disease itself but may also be involved in the pathogenesis of the viral infection. doi = 10.1111/jdv.16491 id = cord-319463-erdwejd2 author = Diaz, J. H. title = Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date = 2011-12-31 keywords = States; United; disease; malaria summary = The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00527-4 id = cord-022581-awivedxp author = Diaz, James H. title = Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date = 2014-10-31 keywords = Lyme; RMSF; States; United; disease; tick summary = SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00298-8 id = cord-016403-id6fjgye author = Djikeng, Appolinaire title = Implications of Human Microbiome Research for the Developing World date = 2011-10-11 keywords = Africa; disease; human; microbiome summary = New high-throughput sequencing and data analysis approaches (Costello et al., 2009; Turnbaugh et al., 2009) , along with novel diversity screens and even more intrinsic single cell approaches to isolating new species (Lasken, 2009) , have presented the sciences with a unique opportunity to investigate and interrogate the microorganisms that are associated with the human body, all at a greater depth than previously appreciated. Global human microbiome studies using metagenomics analysis of known and unknown microorganisms provide unique but powerful opportunities to uncover the near-complete composition of the microbial content of an individual or a population at any given time, thus setting the stage for a comprehensive inventory of the genetic characteristics of potential human pathogens. Another example of the potential to come from using human metagenomic research and approaches in the developing world relates to another emerging infectious pathogen that causes Leptospirosis. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_16 id = cord-017324-l3d3t4wh author = DjukanoviĆ, Ljubica title = Balkan nephropathy date = 2008 keywords = balkan; disease; endemic; nephropathy; patient; renal summary = Balkan nephropathy does not spread beyond its already defined foci; the disease is distributed mosaically : non-endemic villages exist in the most affected regions, and there are spared families and households in the most affected settlements. Optic microscopic, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies of renal biopsies in children aged 5-15 from affected families in endemic regions failed to detect any Balkan nephropathy related changes [79] . The diagnosis of Balkan nephropathy is now established according to the first two criteria (residence in endemic village and positive family history) suggested by Danilović [106] , presence of tubular proteinuria and ruling out other renal diseases. Although no specific indicators of Balkan nephropathy have been recognized, epidemiological data, familial history as well as clinical characteristics of the disease enable differential diagnosis. However, recent studies indicated that patients with Balkan nephropathy are at increased risk for the development of upper urothelial tumors in both native and transplanted kidneys [117] . doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-84843-3_38 id = cord-265179-l5w1nkdo author = Dobbs, R. John title = Helicobacter Hypothesis for Idiopathic Parkinsonism: Before and Beyond date = 2008-08-13 keywords = Helicobacter; Parkinson; disease; parkinsonism summary = As a collateral hypothesis (Table 2) , we described the epidemiologic fit of Helicobacter infection to IP (including familial clusters, evidence for early acquisition, long prodrome and association with water source) and proposed an autoimmune basis [21] . Irrespective of evidence for current Helicobacter infection, the serum immunoblot antibody profile predicts not just the presence and severity of IP, but also the progression over 4 years [27] . e Clinically-relevant association between index and measures of disease facets and their progression in IP, despite potentially confounding effect of anti-parkinsonian medication. pylori immunoblot profile with abnormal bowel function within IP [28] , and with seborrheic dermatitis (frequent accompaniment of IP [64] ) in subjects without parkinsonism [72] , further implicates Helicobacter. Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of idiopathic Parkinson''s disease and non-arteric anterior optic ischaemic neuropathy Part 2: Response of facets of clinical idiopathic parkinsonism to Helicobacter pylori eradication. doi = 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00622.x id = cord-301856-71syce4n author = Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge title = Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity date = 2019-11-27 keywords = african; disease; european; genetic; human; population summary = With the burst of next-generation sequencing and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and systems biology, we are starting to witness the great impact of evolutionary processes on human immunity and how the interactions between microorganisms and humans that took place millennia ago might play a fundamental role not only in the response against modern pathogenic threats, but also in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations worldwide. Specific genetic variants selected throughout different periods of human history may have influenced immune responses of present-day populations against pathogenic microorganisms and may have played a role in the development of certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Patients with African ancestry present a higher frequency of MTB-related genetic variants than individuals from other populations, including variants in the gene encoding for Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), mediating cellular responses to bacterial Malaria is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the history of humanity. doi = 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.001 id = cord-273789-sbppgkza author = Donohoe, Holly title = Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date = 2014-08-20 keywords = Lyme; States; United; disease; risk; tick summary = One study from the United States reported the results of a survey of workers regarding their knowledge of Lyme disease and their behaviour regarding tick-bite prevention and one article provided a comprehensive review of the occupational risks (Piacentino & Schwartz, 2002) . Early case studies in the United States failed to show a significant increase in risk associated with outdoor recreation (e.g. Bowen et al., 1984; Ciesielski et al., 1989; Falco & Fish, 1989) but Smith et al.''s (1988) research found that persons who had spent more than 30 h per week in outdoor activities in endemic areas were 2.5 times more likely to test positive for Lyme disease. doi = 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006 id = cord-022203-t2f0vr1w author = Dowers, Kristy L title = The pyrexic cat date = 2009-05-15 keywords = FIP; cat; clinical; disease; fever; infection; sign summary = Clinical signs are often non-specific and include fever, anorexia and weight loss. Gastrointestinal signs are uncommon in cats compared to dogs, and include chronic diarrhea, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and anorexia. • Dysfunction of any organ system may result from granuloma formation within the tissue of that organ, e.g., liver, kidney, spleen, intestines, lungs, etc., however, organ failure producing clinical signs only rarely occurs, and most dysfunction is only detected on biochemical tests. Clinical signs in the acute, fatal form of extraintestinal disease are caused primarily by tissue damage from the rapidly dividing tachyzoites. • Young kittens are more likely to have gastrointestinal signs, although mild clinical disease has been reported in adult cats as well. Systemic signs, which are not present in all cats, include fever, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and lymphadenopathy. Systemic signs such as fever, anorexia and depression are commonly reported (44% of cats) and can be seen with skin lesions. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-2488-7.50024-7 id = cord-325148-oe3yv69y author = Dutta, Ritaban title = Replacement Management in Cattle: Health Management date = 2015-11-30 keywords = calf; disease; replacement summary = Greater attention must be paid to animal and environmental biosecurity to prevent introduction of diseases into the herd and to digestive disorders such as diarrhea, internal parasites and appropriate vaccination programs for the calves. Continual video monitoring of the herd, modern thermal infrared imaging of the dry cows and calves body parts to identify early symptoms, and overall animal health and biosecurity risk analysis could achieve a sustainable and efficient replacement management practice in cattle industry. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.01035-0 id = cord-021453-vf8xbaug author = Dysko, Robert C. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Animal; Ferguson; Peterson; Swaim; Veterinary; canine; cause; cell; clinical; day; diagnosis; disease; dog; infection; research; sign; treatment; tumor; wound summary = The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. doi = 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50014-4 id = cord-022393-s26d54ew author = E. Newcomer, Christian title = Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date = 2007-09-02 keywords = LCMV; Mus; animal; disease; human; infection; laboratory; mouse; virus summary = Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 id = cord-342412-azkamnpa author = Ecker, David J title = The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents date = 2005-04-25 keywords = Additional; File; RNA; United; disease; figure; virus summary = This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an ever-changing list of notifiable diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) lists agents with potential for use in bioterrorist attacks, and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) maintains a list of critical human pathogens. This article focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. It provides a compilation of lists, taken from the database, of important and/or regulated biological agents from a number of agencies including HHS, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), the NIAID, and other sources. doi = 10.1186/1471-2180-5-19 id = cord-352962-burm9nxm author = Eckmanns, Tim title = Digital epidemiology and global health security; an interdisciplinary conversation date = 2019-03-19 keywords = Health; disease; global; security; surveillance summary = However, with increasingly digitalized (algorithmic) global public health surveillance systems and related data-driven epidemiological analyses (e.g., Digital Epidemiology and other research methodologies), there seem to emerge epistemological shifts, as well as methodological ambivalences and diverse social and political effects. You, Henning and Stephen, both work from a social (or rather political) science perspective on the societal implications of Digital Epidemiology, which is shaped by multiple imperatives, e.g., of ''global health security'' as well the potentials of big data. As components in an emergent socio-technological apparatus of security for the strengthening of global health governmentalities, it is also crucial to consider the ways in which these expanding digital syndromic surveillance systems re-contour previous understandings of the temporalities, form and practice of preemption in the identification of forthcoming pandemics. doi = 10.1186/s40504-019-0091-8 id = cord-016413-lvb79oxo author = Efthimiou, Petros title = Adult-Onset Still’s Disease date = 2018-07-14 keywords = AOSD; HLA; adult; disease; patient summary = Adult-onset Still''s disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic, autoinflammatory disorder that often presents in adolescence and early adulthood with fever, rash, and polyarthritis. Mutation of perforin and the MUNC13-4 genes have been seen in patients with macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), a known severe, life-threatening complication of AOSD [3] . Patients who have the chronic articular disease pattern can present with joint erosions making the differential diagnosis from RA problematic, especially in the absence of systemic signs and symptoms. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) treatment in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult onset Still disease: preliminary experience in France Effectiveness of first-line treatment with recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in steroid-naive patients with new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results of a prospective cohort study Clinical manifestations of adult-onset Still''s disease presenting with erosive arthritis: association with low levels of ferritin and Interleukin-18 doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-96929-9_19 id = cord-352781-aqh9zxgh author = El Homsi, Maria title = Review of Chest CT Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease summary = Here, we review the pertinent clinical findings and the current published data describing chest CT findings in COVID-19 pneumonia, the diagnostic performance of CT for diagnosis, including differential diagnosis, as well the evolving role of imaging in this disease. In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Radiology (ACR), the Society of Thoracic Radiology (STR), and the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) issued their position statements recommending against the use of CT for widespread screening and diagnosis of COVID-19, instead reserving CT for those cases with clinical suspicion for complications like abscess or empyema [76] [77] [78] . Clinical Features and Chest CT Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Single-Center Study in Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases doi = 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100239 id = cord-021527-1etvgoxc author = Ellis, Christine title = Ferrets date = 2009-05-15 keywords = CBC; CHF; Key; Point; adrenal; chapter; disease; ferret; sign; treatment summary = • Diagnosis is based on the medical history, the physical examination findings, and a complete diagnostic work-up that includes a CBC, reticulocyte count, serum biochemical analysis, whole-body radiographs, and bone marrow cytology if indicated. M Key Point Base a presumptive diagnosis of insulinoma on the history, clinical signs, and repeated evidence of hypoglycemia in the presence of normal or elevated blood insulin levels. Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) is common in ferrets of all ages, and is similar in presentation to the disease in cats and dogs (see Chapter 27). • Differential diagnoses include the early stages of adrenal gland disease; however, hair loss on the body typically occurs as well when this condition is present. • Ferrets with congestive heart failure (CHF) may present with clinical signs that resemble symptoms associated with other disease entities, such as anorexia, ascites, coughing, dehydration, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, generalized weakness, hindlimb weakness, hypothermia, lethargy, tachypnea, and weight loss. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50177-7 id = cord-346964-9afuen7k author = Ensari, A. title = The Malabsorption Syndrome and Its Causes and Consequences date = 2014-08-21 keywords = cause; cell; disease; figure; intestinal summary = Depending upon the underlying condition, morphological abnormalities are seen in malabsorption range from normal mucosa with increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (gluten-sensitive enteropathy, viral gastroenteritis, food allergies, etc.), villous shortening with crypt hyperplasia (celiac disease (CD), treated CD, tropical sprue, and bacterial overgrowth), to completely flat mucosa (CD, refractory sprue, enteropathy-induced T-cell lymphoma, and autoimmune enteropathy). Celiac disease Celiac disease (CD), also known as celiac sprue, nontropical sprue, gluten-induced enteropathy, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE), is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine induced by a T-cell-mediated immune response and characterized by malabsorption after ingestion of wheat gluten or related proteins in rye (secalins) and barley (hordeins) in individuals with a certain genetic background. Diseases often associated with this phase include À enterokinase and trypsinogen deficiencies that can lead to protein malabsorption, À impaired micelle formation that can cause problems in fat stabilization and the resulting fat malabsorption due to deconjugation of bile salts, À stasis of intestinal content due to a variety of factors (motor and anatomical abnormalities and small bowel contamination from enterocolonic fistulas) that can cause bacterial overgrowth. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.03804-1 id = cord-272547-ld1bux2h author = Eslick, Guy D. title = Future Perspectives on Infections Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases date = 2010-10-09 keywords = disease summary = title: Future Perspectives on Infections Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases There are a vast number of infectious agents that are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases. Advances in technology should provide novel methods for identifying and diagnosing these organisms and the relationship they have with a specific digestive disease. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] In conjunction with this increasing incidence of digestive diseases are the re-emergence of certain infectious agents (Box 1) (eg, cholera) and the identification of new agents (eg, H pylori, Laribacter, Campylobacter concisus), which are associated with GI tract diseases. One of the main issues associated with infections and disease is determining the relationship of the cause and effect. 14 Although these technologies are increasing the understanding of the gut microflora, there remains large gaps of knowledge regarding the metabolic functions of these organisms and the relationship they have with human GI disease. Emerging infections of the gastrointestinal tract doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2010.08.002 id = cord-286607-5i406twr author = Esposito, Susanna title = The Gut Microbiota-Host Partnership as a Potential Driver of Kawasaki Syndrome date = 2019-04-05 keywords = Kawasaki; disease; intestinal; microbiota; patient summary = Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is a necrotizing vasculitis of smalland medium-sized vessels mostly affecting children under 5 years of age; a host of clinical and epidemiological data supports the notion that KS might result from an infectious disease. All studies available to date have confirmed that an imbalance in the gut microbiota might indirectly interfere with the normal function of innate and adaptive immunity, and that variable microbiota interactions with environmental factors, mainly infectious agents, might selectively drive the development of KS in genetically susceptible children. The microbiota, a microbial community of trillions of microorganisms and at least 1,000 different bacterial species, some eukaryotic fungi and viruses, and which covers every surface of the human body, plays a contributory role in many infections, immune-mediated disorders, rheumatologic diseases, and disorders of the nervous system. doi = 10.3389/fped.2019.00124 id = cord-009380-5uptbat3 author = Evermann, James F. title = Diagnostic Medicine: The Challenge of Differentiating Infection from Disease and Making Sense for the Veterinary Clinician date = 2007-09-28 keywords = detection; disease; infection summary = Diagnostic medicine has taken on a new, broader meaning in the 1990s and reflects an expansion of clinical investigation from the diagnosis of disease to include detection of infection (Evermann, 1998) . Disease diagnosis has customarily used diagnostic assays for early recognition of disease and rapid implementation of therapy in an individual animal basis, and when appropriate use of corrective management (segregation, culling, vaccination, etc.) on a population basis. With a combination of more sensitive diagnostic assays, the veterinarian''s concern to know the state of the preclinical infection, economic incentives to minimize disease by effectively controlling the infection, and concern over potential zoonotic diseases, laboratory diagnosis has taken on a different strategy. However, with early testing the problems of detecting cross-reacting viruses (feline enteric coronaviruses) increases, as does the question of whether the preclinical result accurately identifies an animal that is just infected or will progress onto disease (Evermann et al., 1995; Foley et al., 1997) . doi = 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80006-8 id = cord-308089-q2w9fb0i author = Ewald, Paul W. title = Evolution of virulence date = 2005-03-01 keywords = disease; pathogen; transmission; virulence summary = This new germ theory is emphasizing how environments and human activities influence the characteristics of infectious agents and the broader role of infection as a cause of chronic diseases. The association between vector-borne transmission and virulence explains why diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, sleeping sickness, and visceral leishmaniasis are so severe, whereas most of the respiratory-tract pathogens of humans are relatively benign. Evolutionary management of the virulence of vector-borne diseases requires interventions that elevate the immobilization of hosts more costly to the infecting pathogens. Although sexually transmitted pathogens are molded by natural selection to be benign over the short run, this long-term persistence within hosts raises the possibility of long-term damage, even though there is low probability of severe damage during any small period of time during the first years of infection. The theoretical framework for understanding the evolution of virulence of sexually transmitted pathogens provides clues about which infectious agents are the most likely causes of these illnesses. doi = 10.1016/s0891-5520(03)00099-0 id = cord-029030-3p0yieqv author = Fan, Chunyan title = Inferring Candidate CircRNA-Disease Associations by Bi-random Walk Based on CircRNA Regulatory Similarity date = 2020-06-22 keywords = BWHCDA; disease summary = In this study, we proposed a novel method named BWHCDA, which applied bi-random walk algorithm on the heterogeneous network for predicting circRNA-disease associations. Subsequently, the bi-random walk algorithm is implemented on the heterogeneous network to predict circRNA-disease associations. Finally, we utilize leave-one-out cross validation and 10-fold cross validation frameworks to evaluate the prediction performance of BWHCDA method and obtain AUC of 0.9334 and 0.8764 ± 0.0038, respectively. In this study, we developed a novel framework for forecasting circRNA-disease associations named BWHCDA, which integrated multiple similarity measures and implemented bi-random walk algorithm (Fig. 1) . First, circRNA regulatory similarity is effective measured based on circRNAs may play essential roles in regulating miRNA function in disease occurrence and progression. Then, circular bigraph (CBG) patterns are introduced in bi-random walk algorithm to predict the missing associations based on the heterogeneous network. Prediction of CircRNA-disease associations using KATZ model based on heterogeneous networks Predicting circRNA-disease associations based on circRNA expression similarity and functional similarity doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-53956-6_44 id = cord-253182-s60vzf3q author = Fang, Evandro F. title = A research agenda for ageing in China in the 21st century (2nd edition): Focusing on basic and translational research, long-term care, policy and social networks date = 2020-09-21 keywords = China; Fig; HIV; Health; National; age; care; chinese; disease; elderly; old summary = Major healthcare challenges involved with caring for the elderly in China include the management of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs), physical frailty, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, with emerging challenges such as providing sufficient dental care, combating the rising prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among nursing home communities, providing support for increased incidences of immune diseases, and the growing necessity to provide palliative care for the elderly. The research agenda in response to rapid population ageing in China has been broad, covering areas including the study of the ageing process itself in laboratory and animal studies, to clinical-level studies of drugs or other treatments for common chronic diseases, and finally policy-level research for the care of the elderly in hospital, community and residential care settings, and its influence on health and social care policies . Major risk factors of the high prevalence of dental diseases in the elderly in China include the scarcity of dental health knowledge in the general population, low frequency of daily oral hygiene practices, insufficiency of dental care services, and unhealthy diet habits. doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101174 id = cord-335382-fk4um9nw author = Farver, Carol F. title = Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date = 2012-08-10 keywords = EGFR; LAM; Molecular; Pathology; cause; cell; disease; figure; gene; lung; patient; pulmonary; tumor; type summary = When lung cancer is suspected, evaluation of the patient includes a thorough clinical, radiologic, and laboratory assessment, with collection of tissue or cytology samples to establish a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and to classify the tumor type. Development of lung cancer occurs with multiple, complex, stepwise genetic and epigenetic changes involving allelic losses, chromosomal instability and imbalance, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and dominant oncogenes, epigenetic gene silencing through promoter hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of genes participating in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis [7] . In recent years, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has been recognized as a precursor lesion for peripheral pulmonary ACs. This lesion is defined as "a localized proliferation of mild to moderately atypical cells lining involved alveoli and, sometimes, respiratory bronchioles, resulting in focal lesions in peripheral Part IV Molecular Pathology of Human Disease alveolated lung, usually less than 5 mm in diameter and generally in the absence of underlying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis" (Figure 18 .8) [36] . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-374419-7.00018-4 id = cord-017249-la5sum39 author = Feldblyum, Tamara V. title = Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Surveillance and Disease Severity date = 2015-05-12 keywords = H1N1; disease; infl; pandemic; uenza; virus summary = With the growing focus of the US health care system on the meaningful use of electronic medical records, one of the practical applications is expanding biosurveillance and preparedness capabilities, such as surveillance of infl uenza severity and associated risk factors during seasonal epidemics and pandemics [ 18 , 22 ] . EHR-based surveillance systems such as Electronic Medical Record Support for Public Health (ESP) implemented in Ohio and Massachusetts and BioSense were successfully used for analyzing ICD-9 diagnosis codes, reporting notifi able disease cases, surveillance of ILI, identifi cation of infl uenza or upper respiratory infection risk factors among hospitalized patients, and for monitoring diabetes prevalence, risk factors, and disease severity [ 13 , 19 ] . Pregnancy has been reported as a risk factor for seasonal and pandemic infl uenza infections and severe disease outcomes using historical and current data. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-2410-3_29 id = cord-264994-j8iawzp8 author = Fitzpatrick, Meagan C. title = Modelling microbial infection to address global health challenges date = 2019-09-20 keywords = Ebola; HIV; datum; disease; model; transmission summary = Epidemiological modelling is a tool that can be used to mitigate this risk by predicting disease spread or quantifying the impact of different intervention strategies on disease transmission dynamics. Epidemiological modelling is a tool that can be used to mitigate this risk by predicting disease spread or quantifying the impact of different intervention strategies on disease transmission dynamics. We illustrate how four decades of methodological advances and improved data quality have facilitated the contribution of modelling to address global health challenges, exemplified by models for the HIV crisis, emerging pathogens and pandemic preparedness. We illustrate how four decades of methodological advances and improved data quality have facilitated the contribution of modelling to address global health challenges, exemplified by models for the HIV crisis, emerging pathogens and pandemic preparedness. Compartmental models analysing the interplay between vaccine uptake and disease dynamics confirmed the hypothesis that increases in vaccination were a response to the pertussis infection risk 61 , and showed that incorporating this interplay can improve epidemiological forecasts. doi = 10.1038/s41564-019-0565-8 id = cord-017841-57rm046y author = Flower, Darren R. title = Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants, Delivery Systems, and Candidate Subunit Vaccines: A Brief Introduction date = 2012-09-28 keywords = Chap; disease; system; vaccine summary = What the pharmaceutical industry needs is the capacity to apply the same systematic, automated, high-technology approaches used to identify new small-molecule drugs to the discovery and development of vaccines. Just over a decade ago, Rino Rappuoli used the expression "reverse vaccinology" to describe development of vaccines using a genomic-based approach, rather than the ponderous empirical methods favoured then, and still in use today. This book looks in turn at reverse vaccinology and the identification of putative candidate antigens, at the discovery of a wide range of different types of adjuvants, and finally at the development of sophisticated new delivery mechanisms, such as liposomes and other applications of nanotechnology. They also highlight how advances in genome-based techniques and in so-called next-generation sequencing approaches and technologies will help to enhance reverse vaccinology, enabling timely identification of novel candidate antigens for new, emerging, or recrudescent infectious diseases. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-5070-2_1 id = cord-023913-pnjhi8cu author = Foreman, Stephen title = Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date = 2011-10-08 keywords = Association; EHR; Fig; Health; Institute; Medicaid; Medicare; National; clinical; cost; dental; disease; medical; oral; patient; periodontal; school; study; system summary = So while there has been no shortage of effort paid to improving Medicare, the one common theme in all of the recent initiatives is that dental care has been conspicuously 1 A new study by Hedlund, Jeffcoat, Genco and Tanna funded by CIGNA of patients with Type II diabetes and periodontal disease found that medical costs of patients who received maintenance therapy were $2483.51 per year lower than patients who did not. Examples of integrated care models do exist, such as that presented by (Heuer 2007 ) involving school-linked and school-based clinics with an "innovative health infrastructure." According to Heuer, "Neighborhood Outreach Action for Health (NOAH)" is staffed by two nurse practitioners and a part-time physician to provide "primary medical services to more than 3,200 uninsured patients each year" in Scottsdale, Arizona. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-2185-5_4 id = cord-034243-iz2alys0 author = Francis, John G. title = Fairness in the Use of Information About Carriers of Resistant Infections date = 2020-04-06 keywords = disease; health; information; resistance; victim summary = One standard menu of approaches to the prevalence of anti-microbial resistance diseases is to enhance surveillance, fund research to develop new antimicrobials, and educate providers and patients to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use. Moreover, in today''s world of investment in drug discovery, "creating an environment in which data exchange and knowledge sharing are the status quo will be difficult given proprietary concerns and the variety of information types and formats, which may range from historical data to new findings produced as part of this research effort." The Pew consensus is that the following forms of information sharing are needed: a review of what is known about compounds that effectively penetrate gram-negative bacteria, a searchable catalogue of chemical matter including an ongoing list of promising antibacterial compounds, information on screening assays and conditions tested, and an informational database of available biological and physicochemical data. These four aspects of fairness-who is included in the play, what opportunities they have, how these opportunities are balanced, and whether there are elements of reciprocity-can be used to set vector and victim perspectives into context in addressing the gathering and use of information about antimicrobial resistance. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_15 id = cord-325700-f102uk2m author = Fraser, Douglas D. title = Metabolomics Profiling of Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: Identification of Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers date = 2020-10-21 keywords = ICU; coronavirus; covid19; disease; patient summary = Feature selection identified the top-performing metabolites for identifying coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients from healthy control subjects and was dominated by increased kynurenine and decreased arginine, sarcosine, and lysophosphatidylcholines. Feature selection identified the top-performing metabolites for identifying coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients from healthy control subjects and was dominated by increased kynurenine and decreased arginine, sarcosine, and lysophosphatidylcholines. Metabolomics profiling of critically ill COVID19 patients over the first 10 days of their ICU stay was the overall aim of this exploratory study, thereby identifying potential metabolite candidates and/or combinations as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. Figure 1A shows a t-SNE plot illustrating that the ICU day 1 COVID19+ patient metabolome was distinct and easily separable from age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Our exploratory data indicate the presence of a unique COVID19 plasma metabolome dominated by changes in kynurenine, arginine, sarcosine, and LysoPCs. Additionally, we identify that either creatinine alone or a creatinine/arginine ratio predicted ICU mortality with 100% accuracy. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000272 id = cord-274189-mrrctuxt author = Freeman, Hugh James title = REVIEW: Adult Celiac Disease and the Severe “Flat” Small Bowel Biopsy Lesion date = 2004 keywords = celiac; change; disease; small summary = Even a normal small bowel biopsy may be useful, in most instances, to exclude structural small bowel causes of diarrhea, particularly those with diffuse and severe changes in the proximal small intestine, such as classic celiac disease. Repeated biopsies from the same proximal small intestinal sites after only a few weeks on a strict gluten-free diet may not be sufficient to show a convincing histologic response, even if the patient is clinically improved (i.e., resolution of diarrhea and weight gain). Recently, even strongly positive tissue transglutaminase antibody assays were recorded using a commercially available test kit in patients with no other disease detected and entirely normal small bowel biopsies (17) as well as in a patient with a severe flat lesion not histologically responsive to gluten restriction (17) . Demonstration of histologic improvement in these gluten-induced changes in the small intestinal mucosa with a gluten-free diet in patients with latent celiac disease was also documented (23, 47) . doi = 10.1023/b:ddas.0000026295.64670.d1 id = cord-310902-cfci8lef author = Freites Nuñez, Dalifer D title = Risk factors for hospital admissions related to COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; disease; patient summary = 1 Since the confirmation of the first patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Spain in January 2020, the current COVID-19 outbreak has had a considerable impact, especially in the Madrid region, where the highest incidence of COVID-19 cases has been recorded, with more than 41 304 patients admitted to the hospital until the first week of May. 2 The incidence and severity of COVID-19 disease seem to be higher in patients with risk factors, such as advanced age and associated comorbidities, mainly hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and previous respiratory diseases. ► Patients with an autoimmune systemic condition have a higher risk of hospital admission related to COVID-19 compared with those with chronic inflammatory arthritis. Older age, systemic autoimmune conditions (vs chronic inflammatory arthritis) (OR: 2.65; 95% CI 1.22-5.7, p=0.014), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, heart disease and glucocorticoids were associated with statistically significant greater risk of admission to the hospital. doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217984 id = cord-306076-ygfnkgqp author = Fujita, Yu title = RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date = 2013-02-06 keywords = COPD; RNA; delivery; disease; lung; siRNA summary = Although the success in delivering siRNAs intranasally in rodents cannot be completely extrapolated to human use because of the significant differences in lung anatomy [37] , this approach has potential for the clinical application of siRNAs. Phase II clinical trials have been initiated for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, making use of intranasal application of naked chemically modified siRNA molecules that target viral gene products [17, 38] (see Section 3.1.1. The simultaneously inhibition of several genes would also minimize the risk of drug resistance normally encountered with small molecule-based therapies, involving siRNAs and miRNAs. There have already been significant improvements in siRNAs for primary or metastatic lung cancer treatment by targeting oncogenes such as Akt1 [9] , Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) [12] , overexpressed genes such as the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R) [77] , NUPR1 [53] and EZH2 [78] . doi = 10.3390/ph6020223 id = cord-021494-9glqvzfx author = Funkhouser, William K. title = Pathology: The Clinical Description of Human Disease date = 2012-07-27 keywords = clinical; diagnosis; disease summary = The mental construct of etiology (cause), pathogenesis (progression), natural history (clinical outcome), and response to therapy is the standard approach for pathologists thinking about a disease. Diagnostic pathology will continue to use morphology and complementary data from protein (immunohistochemical) and nucleic acid (cytogenetics, in situ hybridization, DNA sequence, and RNA abundance) screening assays. It is possible that each new neoplasm will be promptly defined as to ploidy, translocations, gene copy number differences, DNA mutations, and RNA expression cluster subset, allowing residual disease screening as well as individualized therapy. Pathologists diagnose disease by generating a differential diagnosis, then finding the best fit for the clinical presentation, the radiographic appearance, and the pathologic (both clinical lab and morphologic) findings. Pathologists diagnose disease by generating a differential diagnosis, then finding the best fit for the clinical presentation, the radiographic appearance, and the pathologic (both clinical lab and morphologic) findings. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-374418-0.00011-6 id = cord-253295-82ydczid author = Funkhouser, William K. title = Pathology: the clinical description of human disease date = 2020-07-24 keywords = cell; clinical; diagnosis; disease; dna; patient; tissue summary = Patient workup uses present illness history with reference to past medical history, review of other organ systems for other abnormalities, review of family history, physical examination, radiographic studies, clinical laboratory studies (for example, peripheral blood or CSF specimens), and anatomic pathology laboratory studies (for example, tissue biopsy or pleural fluid cytology specimens). Obviously, arrival at the correct diagnosis is a function of the examining physician and pathologist (fund of knowledge, experience, alertness), the prevalence of the disease in question in the particular patient (age, race, sex, site), and the sensitivity/ specificity of the screening tests used (physical exam, vital signs, blood solutes, tissue stains, genetic assays). However, understanding the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of a disease allows development of screening methods to determine risk for clinically unaffected individuals, as well as mechanistic approaches to specific therapy. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-813257-9.00011-5 id = cord-305501-srq1bo2v author = Fèvre, Eric M. title = Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases date = 2006-02-07 keywords = animal; disease; movement summary = In addition to the well-recognized threat that animal translocations and invasions into new geographic areas pose for species extinctions and biodiversity, the large wildlife trade clearly poses great dangers for the emergence of human and animal pathogens. A recent risk analysis [37] showed that the movement of pet animals between Hokkaido and the rest of Japan is likely to result in Review further geographical spread of the parasite, particularly because there are few movement controls or programmes for screening and treatment. The importance of contact networks in the spread of infectious diseases of livestock in the UK has been clearly highlighted [47] ; in addition, a small proportion (20%) of farm holdings contributes to the majority (80%) of movements. Movements can result in the introduction of exotic animal diseases or human pathogens, which might themselves have important economic and/or public health impacts. doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.004 id = cord-311220-3pn04u32 author = Gaddy, Hampton Gray title = Using local knowledge in emerging infectious disease research date = 2020-06-13 keywords = disease; knowledge summary = The best research protocol to date on predicting and preventing infectious disease emergence states that urgent research must commence to identify unknown human and animal pathogens. A study of local knowledge in Ghana about Buruli ulcers, a poorly understood, necrotic infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, revealed information that is likely useful for understanding the etiology and life cycle of the disease (Tschakert et al., 2016) . But, I found no studies of local health knowledge that engaged with the possibility that locally-situated communities might know of human infectious diseases, animal diseases, or zoonoses that are still unknown to science. I propose that much of this local knowledge may be useful for identifying potential EIDs. A third case study comes from camel-herding pastoralists in Somalia and Northern Kenya. Case studies show that local knowledge can be a useful source of new information about human diseases (e.g. Buruli ulcers), animal diseases (e.g. camel respiratory infections), and potential zoonoses (e.g. blackleg and heartwater). doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113107 id = cord-347884-zpzncgiv author = Galimberti, Andrea title = Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; disease; food; health; human summary = Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. doi = 10.3389/fnut.2020.569542 id = cord-307885-butuv3n1 author = Galvani, Alison P. title = Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS? date = 2004-07-17 keywords = SARS; disease summary = As is typical of an emerging disease, no vaccines or drugs to combat SARS existed, making quarantine, patient isolation, travel restrictions, and contact precautions the only means of limiting transmission. Previously, similar models had guided public health policy, for example, in halting an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in the United Kingdom in 2001 (5, 6) . The case-fatality rate is a key determinant of the public health impact of an emerging disease and was high for SARS at approximately 15% (11) . The success with which WHO coordinated the global collaboration in containing SARS galvanized the World Health Assembly to grant WHO greater authority to verify outbreaks, conduct investigations of outbreak severity, and evaluate the adequacy of control measures. Transmission dynamics of the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong: the impact of public health interventions Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control doi = 10.3201/eid1007.040166 id = cord-017702-v46ye328 author = Ganguly, Nirmal Kumar title = Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine for Infectious Diseases date = 2013-06-11 keywords = HLA; Leishmania; NAT2; disease; drug; treatment summary = Deciphering the pathogen virulence factors, host susceptibility genes, and the molecular programs involved in the pathogenesis of disease has paved the way for discovery of new molecular targets for drugs, diagnostic markers, and vaccines. The pathogen genome on one hand gives us the information about the important genes conferring disease pathogenesis as well as drug resistance, while the genome of the host on the other hand will reveal the susceptibility genes, and the further knowledge of polymorphisms in genes of the host metabolic and immune system will lead to the new vaccine strategies, drugs targets, and also their treatment outcomes. Several fi eld studies have further suggested that there is a need for calibration of isoniazid dosage as per the individual tuberculosis patient''s age, acetylator status, and disease process for an effective antimicrobial outcome of drug treatment (Jeena et al. doi = 10.1007/978-81-322-1184-6_27 id = cord-329881-9vnz5zzg author = Garcia, Sònia title = Pandemics and Traditional Plant-Based Remedies. A Historical-Botanical Review in the Era of COVID19 date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID19; disease; drug; plant summary = I will revisit the Middle Ages black death, in which a plant-based lotion (the four thieves vinegar) showed some effectiveness; the smallpox, a viral disease that lead to the discovery of vaccination but for which the native Americans had a plant ally, an interesting carnivorous plant species; tuberculosis and the use of garlic; the Spanish flu and the widespread recommendation of eating onions, among other plant-based treatments; and malaria, whose first effective treatment, quinine, came from the bark of a Peruvian tree, properties already known by the Quechua people. Here I present a non-systematic review with a historical-botanical perspective on some of the most important pandemics that humanity has faced, and in some cases is still facing, and how certain plants or plantbased remedies have been used, and may continue being used, to treat these diseases, possibly including COVID19. doi = 10.3389/fpls.2020.571042 id = cord-322069-ys9s7l6e author = Gaspari, Valeria title = COVID‐19: how it can look on the skin. Clinical and pathological features in twenty COVID‐19 patients observed in Bologna, northeastern Italy date = 2020-06-03 keywords = disease summary = Global public health is currently dealing with the explosive spread of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . More than 80% of patients have asymptomatic to moderate disease, but about 15% get severe pneumonia and 5% develope a multi-organ failure [2] . There are only a few reports concerning the skin manifestations in COVID 19 patients. Of the twenty patients observed, eighteen of the cases were related to the disease, and two to the devices used for the ventilation assistance, one developing a severe sebopsoriasis of the face, and one a facial herpes. The clinical patterns of the rashes described in COVID-19 patients till now include urticaria, acral ischemia, morbilliform, livedo reticularis, vesicular, and petechial [5;7-9] . We are presenting this paper to share our cases of skin involvement during the coronavirus disease. Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) Situation Report -29 A Case of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Young Male with Full Body Rash as a Presenting Symptom. doi = 10.1111/jdv.16693 id = cord-253891-d1ei287l author = Geddes, Duncan title = The history of respiratory disease management date = 2016-04-23 keywords = disease; lung summary = Advances in treatment have been dramatic, the most important being drugs (antibiotics, cortisone, β(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists), ventilatory support (from iron lung to nasal positive-pressure ventilation), inhaled therapy (metered dose inhalers, nebulizers) and lung surgery (resections, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, transplantation). Over the past 150 years: C Infections have declined but returned while asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer have surged C Scientific advances, especially in imaging and microbiology, have improved diagnosis C New targeted treatments with antibiotics, corticosteroids, ventilatory support and lung surgery have revolutionized management C Delivery of care has shifted from inefficient remedies for the rich to specialized treatment for all Duncan Geddes MD FRCP CBE is an Honorary Consultant at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London and Professor of Respiratory Medicine at Imperial College, London, UK. Delivery of care Lung medicine was a major part of the general doctor''s workload in the 19th century until the 1850s sanatorium movement e well The Rack e and this specialization led on to chest clinics. doi = 10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.03.006 id = cord-269389-x8i5x62v author = Gensini, Gian Franco title = The concept of quarantine in history: from plague to SARS date = 2004-04-12 keywords = Europe; disease; quarantine summary = Measures analogous to those employed against the plague have been adopted to fight against the disease termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in recent times various countries have set up official entities for the identification and control of infections. The concept of (modern) preventive quarantine is strictly related to plague and dates back to 1377, when the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa, today called Dubrovnik (Croatia), officially issued the socalled ''trentina'' (an Italian word derived from ''trenta'', that is, the number 30), a 30-day isolation period. 10 More recently (2003) the proposal of the constitution of a new European monitoring, regulatory and research institution was made, since the already available system of surveillance, set up in Europe to control the onset of epidemics, came up against an enormous challenge in the global emergency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.03.002 id = cord-017469-dnnkor2o author = Georgiev, Vassil St. title = Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date = 2009 keywords = Borrelia; HGA; Lyme; RMSF; States; United; disease; tick summary = Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer''s Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/). doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_22 id = cord-330701-k68b0wqe author = Gerc, Vjekoslav title = Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in COVID-19 Pandemic Era date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; disease; patient summary = AIM: The aim of this study is to retreive published papers about COVID-19 infection deposited in PubMed data base and analyzed current results of investigations regarding morbidity and mortality rates as consequences of COVID-19 infection and opinions of experts about treatment of afected patients with COVID-19 who have Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). COVID-19 infection is caused by a new beta-coronavirus, which the WHO has called (SARS-CoV-2) -Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Initially, the main complications of COVID-19 were thought to be lung-related, then it was quickly observed that COVID-19 is attacking many organs, including the heart muscle, vascular endothelium and the cardiovascular system in general, increasing morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with other cardiovascular risk factors presented (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cerebrovascular and renal disease). In Wuhan, according to reports of Chinese physicians, in patients infected with COVID-19 and with acute coronary syndrome, the complete clinical picture was very severe and associated with high mortality (9) . doi = 10.5455/msm.2020.32.158-164 id = cord-257344-d13at1y5 author = Ghasemiyeh, Parisa title = COVID-19 Outbreak: Challenges in Pharmacotherapy Based on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Drug Therapy in Patients with Moderate to Severe Infection date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; disease; drug; patient; severe summary = Patients with predisposing diseases are highly prone to COVID-19 and manifesting severe infection especially with organ function damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury, septic shock, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and death. Patients with underlying diseases are highly prone to present with severe infection especially with organ function damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney injury (AKI), septic shock, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 10, 13 . Results of another systematic review and meta-analysis on 53 randomized clinical trials on administration of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 management revealed that hydroxychloroquine administration (case group) was significantly associated with higher incidence of total adverse effects in comparison to placebo or no treatment (control group) in overall population of patients with COVID-19 45 . Almost all of the potential drugs in COVID-19 treatment containing chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, and lopinavir/ritonavir have hepatic metabolism. doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.025 id = cord-278339-6ddsj014 author = Gianfrancesco, Milena title = Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; TNF; disease summary = The independent associations between demographic and disease-specific features with the odds of COVID-19 hospitalisation were estimated using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression and reported as OR and 95% CIs; covariates included in the model were age group (<65 years vs >65 years), sex, rheumatic disease (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) or other spondyloarthritis, vasculitis and other), key comorbidities (hypertension, lung disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic renal insufficiency/end-stage renal disease), smoking status (ever vs never), physician-reported disease activity (remission, minimal/low disease activity, moderate disease activity or severe/high disease activity; or as a binary variable: remission and minimal/low disease activity vs moderate and severe/high disease activity), DMARD type (no DMARD, csDMARD only, b/tsDMARD only, csDMARD and b/tsDMARD combination therapy), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) use (yes vs no) and prednisone-equivalent glucocorticoid use (0 mg/ day, 1-9 mg/day, ≥10 mg/day). doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871 id = cord-278136-ol2buwld author = Gonzales, Natalia M. title = 29th International Mammalian Genome Conference meeting report date = 2016-05-02 keywords = Institute; RIKEN; University; disease; gene; mouse summary = The session showcased tools such as recombinant inbred lines (RILs), outbred populations, classic crosses, and ENU mutagenesis to yield new understanding and identify candidate genes for disease susceptibility, while knockout and patient-derived xenograft mice enabled further mechanistic insight. Other features of this session included a GWAS of aerobic capacity in rats segregated on running ability by Yu Wang German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Tuebingen) conducted a massive forward genetic screen using human exome data, followed by systematic RNAi screens in worms, flies, and human cell lines to identify genes and pathways involved in Parkinson''s disease. This plenary session encompassed the use of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), gene expression analysis, and recent advances in genome engineering to address fundamental questions about development and degenerative disease. A common approach featured at the IMGC each year is the use of the mouse as a model for understanding how biological processes influence and respond to changes in the mammalian genomic landscape. doi = 10.1007/s00335-016-9640-0 id = cord-305327-hayhbs5u author = Gonzalez, Jean-Paul title = Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics date = 2017-09-19 keywords = Africa; Ebola; disease; epidemic; host; pandemic; risk; virus summary = Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Emergence from a sporadic case to an outbreak, to an epidemic, and ultimately to a pandemic depends upon effective transmission among nonimmune hosts, host availability (density), characteristics of the vector (natural or human made) that would enable it to circumvent distances, and the pathogen infectiousness. Although MARV expansion appears to be limited to a few countries in Africa, the recent emergence (estimated at a few decades ago) of a second human pathogenic marburgvirus known as Ravn virus, and the widely distributed Old World rousette fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) serving as reservoir for both viruses [45] , are two factors that favor pandemic risk. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_1 id = cord-278684-txlvla0j author = Gonzalez–Dunia, Daniel title = Borna Disease Virus and the Brain date = 1998-01-30 keywords = BDV; Borna; CNS; PTI; RNA; disease; virus summary = The BDV paradigm is amenable to study virus–cell interactions in the CNS that can lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, immune-mediated damage, as well as alterations in cell differentiated functions that affect brain homeostasis. Evidence provided by epidemiological and clinical data, together with virological studies, have led to the hypothesis that chronic viral infections of the CNS contribute to human mental disorders of unknown etiology. Therefore, neuronal damage seen in BD appears to be mediated by the cytotoxic activity of CD8 ϩ T-cells present in the brain parenchyma of BDV-infected rats. Studies on PTI-NB rats may provide valuable information regarding the contribution of CNS resident cells to disturbances in cytokine gene expression caused by BDV. Borna disease virus replicates in astrocytes, Schwann cells and ependymal cells in persistently infected rats: Location of viral genomic and messenger RNAs by in situ hybridization Expression of tissue factor is increased in astrocytes within the central nervous system during persistent infection with Borna disease virus doi = 10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00276-1 id = cord-018911-tpm2594i author = Goodin, Douglas G. title = Integrating Landscape Hierarchies in the Discovery and Modeling of Ecological Drivers of Zoonotically Transmitted Disease from Wildlife date = 2018-04-28 keywords = Allen; disease; scale summary = (2006) used coarse resolution vegetation index data to model and predict the continental-scale relationship between climate-driven landscape change and Lyme disease. Like all zoonotic disease, the ecology of each species of Hantavirus is closely related to that of its host organism; thus, generalization of virus-landscape relationships cannot be made without considering the habitat characteristics of the reservoir host. A regional-scale analysis of rodent reservoirs of hantaviruses in Paraguay showed that the host species do indeed show patterns of land cover preference, even when land cover is mapped into very general categories. For example, mathematical models for hantavirus infection in rodents have been studied in the context of multiple host species, spatial spread, and environmental variability (Abramson and Kenkre 2002; Abramson et al. Many challenges remain in model formulation, analysis, and simulation of zoonotic disease dynamics that relate to landscape and climate and the wide range of temporal and spatial scales (Allen et al. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-92373-4_9 id = cord-283380-l60yyr6l author = Grabbe, Stephan title = Systemic immunosuppression in times of COVID‐19: Do we need to rethink our standards? date = 2020-08-02 keywords = SARS; covid-19; disease summary = However, it is also currently under discussion whether patients under immunosuppressive therapy also have a higher risk of suffering a severe course of the COVID-19 disease. However, in clinical practice, long-term therapeutic use of hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus does not appear to protect against covid-19 disease or a severe course of the disease [30, 31] . Therefore, the authors recommend that this therapy option should be considered especially in patients with other risk factors for a severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Essentially, there is currently no data available for a general reduction or pause of immunosuppression in patients with autoimmune diseases, since the risk of an insufficient therapy of these mostly severe diseases is clearly higher than that of an aggravated course of COVID-19 disease. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1111/ddg.14194 id = cord-293852-r72c6584 author = Greco, S. title = Noncoding RNAs implication in cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-10-31 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Disease; RNA; SARS; patient summary = Different studies found that the values of cardiac Troponins were increased in COVID-19 patients with more severe disease [4, 5, [68] [69] [70] , indicating an association of SARS-CoV-2 with myocardial damage. Moreover, the single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) approach has been used to profile the SARS-CoV-2 host-response in the PBMCs of COVID-19 patients, and to comprehensively characterize the immunological changes [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] . However, SARS-CoV-2 infection of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) induced cytotoxic effects and RNA-seq findings highlighted significant transcriptional changes in gene pathways related to cellular metabolism and immune response [131] [132] [133] . This analysis also revealed several host-derived lncRNAs differentially expressed in COVID-19 patient-derived lung tissue, and in SARS-CoV-2 infected epithelial cells, including MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) and NEAT1 (nuclear-enriched autosomal transcript 1) [151] (Fig. 5) . doi = 10.1186/s12967-020-02582-8 id = cord-318683-1yxurnev author = Green, Manfred S title = Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date = 2018-10-16 keywords = Ebola; agent; anthrax; disease; risk; vaccine summary = • Personal protective equipment should be improved to become more user friendly • Improved surge capacity (the ability to rapidly gear up the health system to cope with a sudden, large increase in patients with a serious, contagious disease) is required, particularly in peripheral areas • The capacity of general and reference laboratories should be increased, to keep developing faster, more reliable diagnostic tests • New and improved vaccines (pre-exposure and post-exposure) and treatment regimens should be developed • Clinical and environmental surveillance needs to increase • Syndromic surveillance systems can be maintained to register suspicious or confirmed cases reported by physicians, and the data can be used to improve risk communication programmes and to monitor the progress of an outbreak • An adequate stockpile of vaccines and medications should be maintained, both nationally and internationally • To improve preparedness for natural and bioterrorist outbreaks, international cooperation should include joint exercises involving multiple countries and constant improvement in the exchange of information on potential bioterrorism threats and management doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30298-6 id = cord-296208-uy1r6lt2 author = Greenspan, Hayit title = Position paper on COVID-19 imaging and AI: from the clinical needs and technological challenges to initial AI solutions at the lab and national level towards a new era for AI in healthcare date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; datum; disease summary = We focus on three specific use-cases for which AI systems can be built: early disease detection, management in a hospital setting, and building patient-specific predictive models that require the combination of imaging with additional clinical data. Many studies have emerged in the last several months from the medical imaging community with many research groups as well as companies introducing deep learning based solutions to tackle the various tasks: mostly in detection of the disease (vs normal), and more recently also for staging disease severity. In Section 2 of this paper we focus on three specific use-cases for which AI systems can be built: detection, patient management, and predictive models in which the imaging is combined with additional clinical features. Rapid ai development cycle for the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic: Initial results for automated detection and patient monitoring using deep learning ct image analysis doi = 10.1016/j.media.2020.101800 id = cord-022506-fkddo12n author = Griffin, Brenda title = Population Wellness: Keeping Cats Physically and Behaviorally Healthy date = 2011-12-05 keywords = animal; care; cat; disease; figure; health; housing; population; shelter; stress summary = Aside from informally "getting to know" cats during their initial acclimation period in a facility, a systematic â�¢ The ability to create different functional areas in the living environments for elimination, resting, and eating â�¢ The ability to hide in a secure place â�¢ The ability to rest/sleep without being disturbed â�¢ The ability to change locations within the environment, including using vertical space for perching â�¢ The ability to regulate body temperature by moving to warmer or cooler surfaces in the environment â�¢ The ability to scratch (which is necessary for claw health and stretching, as well as visual and scent marking) â�¢ The ability to play and exercise at will â�¢ The ability to acquire mental stimulation Because these needs will vary depending upon such factors as life stage, personality, and prior socialization and experience, facilities should maintain a variety of housing styles in order to meet the individual needs of different cats in the population (Figure 46-11) . doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00046-6 id = cord-316201-08pyx98r author = Grout, Andrea title = Guidelines, law, and governance: disconnects in the global control of airline-associated infectious diseases date = 2017-02-01 keywords = air; disease; passenger summary = 2 Aircraft can now travel to almost any part of the world within 24 h, and can enable spread of infection either by inflight infection transmission or by transporting infectious passengers or vectors-eg, malaria-infected mosquitoes-from endemic to non-endemic regions, thus putting populations in destination countries at risk. 5 To reduce the risk of on-board disease transmission, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides cabin crews with information on general infection control measures and guidelines to identify ill and potentially infectious passengers. 4 Management of the risk of transporting infected passengers requires knowledge of transmission dynamics and the potential effectiveness of airport entry and exit screening measures, the ability to appropriately isolate or quarantine individual passengers on an aircraft, and adequately trained aircrew who are able to identify signs of infection and take appropriate measures. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30476-5 id = cord-265472-b1s4stvz author = Guimarães, Luísa Eça title = Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date = 2015-10-31 keywords = ASIA; BCG; HBV; adjuvant; autoimmune; disease; patient; vaccination; vaccine summary = In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia) doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003 id = cord-018760-blwguyl4 author = Guleria, Randeep title = Health Effects of Changing Environment date = 2019-03-22 keywords = air; disease; health; pollution summary = Last two centuries have witnessed changes in global environmental factors such as rise in temperature leading to global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone layer, loss of biodiversity and marked degradation in air and water quality due to atmospheric pollution, thereby causing upsurge in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Similarly, in India there is strong evidence linking lower respiratory tract infection to indoor air pollution caused by the use of solid fuels in household. Air pollution and occupational exposure may cause a variety of negative health outcomes, including reduced lung function in children as well as increased susceptibility to infections, airway inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. There should be general awareness of how changes in climate and environment lead to significant acute and chronic effects on human health. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-99768-1_6 id = cord-009420-k3fq0b6m author = Gunderman, Richard B. title = Medical Valor in Plague Time: Dr. Benjamin Rush date = 2020-04-13 keywords = Rush; disease summary = One of the most prominent mental health reformers in US history, in 1812 Rush published his "Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind." 2 He deplored the conditions under which many psychiatric patients were kept and lobbied for more humane care. 5 Rush, who had lived through another outbreak of the disease in 1762, recognized what was happening and immediately alerted officials to the return of a "highly contagious as well as mortal re-mitting yellow fever." Citizens were warned to avoid habits they thought might promote the disease, such as excessive exertion, and the city''s streets were cleaned. As a physician with vast political experience and a deep belief in the power of institutions to improve human life, Rush naturally sought to engage existing organizations in the cause and played a prominent role in founding new ones. Rush''s response to the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 serves as an inspiring example to radiology learners and educators confronting crises of their own. doi = 10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.014 id = cord-280691-nzc8ir0n author = Guo, Sun-Wei title = China’s “Gene War of the Century” and Its Aftermath: The Contest Goes On date = 2013-08-30 keywords = Anhui; China; Harvard; chinese; disease; dna; gene; genetic summary = Around 1997, and amid the talks of Hong Kong''s upcoming return to China and later the Asian financial crisis, a recurring topic in the Chinese media was the so-called ''''gene war of the century'''': the lopsided condemnation of foreign scientists coming purportedly to pilfer China''s vast genetic resources for a profit. Despite his repeated proclamation as a staunch and unwavering patriot loyal to his beloved motherland and dedicated to the advancement of China''s science and technology, he nonetheless later became embroiled in an avalanche of controversies surrounding the ''''gene war.'''' He effectively became a lightning rod for all the controversy on genetic resources, intellectual rights, informed consent, and the protection of human research subjects. (2) Chinese scientists should immediately grasp the opportunity to find disease genes and patent them; (3) We should educate the people, and raise the awareness and importance of protection of our genetic resources; (4) We welcome all international collaborations based on fairness and mutual benefits; (5) Through various avenues, the Chinese scientists should be vocal about certain views deemed to be harmful to China''s genetic research (Xiao et al. doi = 10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7 id = cord-313222-a1rd7kas author = Guo, Zuiyuan title = Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network date = 2020-02-19 keywords = disease; early; infectious summary = The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. In this study, we used real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) to perform early warning research on four types of respiratory infectious diseases (measles, influenza, rubella and mumps) and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases (hepatitis A, hepatitis E, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, and bacterial and amoebic dysentery) that have higher incidence rates among notifiable infectious diseases in China. Figure 4 shows the time distribution of the numbers of cases of the four types of respiratory infectious diseases in the same historical period when the early warning signal was issued. doi = 10.1098/rsos.191420 id = cord-345843-yz0buegp author = Gushulak, BD title = Migrants and emerging public health issues in a globalized world: threats, risks and challenges, an evidence-based framework date = 2010-03-31 keywords = disease; health; migrant; migration; population summary = The thesis that human population mobility is itself a major determinant of global public health is supported in this article by review of the published literature from the perspective of determinants of health (such as genetics/biology, behavior, environment, and socioeconomics), population-based disease prevalence differences, existing national and international health policies and regulations, as well as inter-regional shifts in population demographics and health outcomes. In migration health, threat and risk identification, assessment and management rarely occur ''pre-event.'' Examples of poorly studied health threats of potential societal and public health importance include domestic violence against migrant women in destination locations, 42,43 long-term impact of dietary changes 44,45 on the incidence of cardiovascular disease, 46 diabetes, 47 and certain forms of cancer in foreignborn migrants and their locally born offspring, 48 or the importation of health services or pharmaceutical products 49 from less-regulated environments, representing traditional but often unregulated or unmonitored patterns of self-care. doi = 10.3134/ehtj.09.010 id = cord-343347-guciupc8 author = Hajj Hussein, Inaya title = Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health date = 2015-11-26 keywords = Jenner; Pasteur; U.S.; disease; vaccination; vaccine; virus summary = Consequently, this work tried to put together the major achievements through history stressing the importance, continuous vital role, and the need for immunization for health prevention and protection as well as its impact on human experience. A few years later, word of his success circulated among the public, and Jenner wrote "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of CowPox, " after adding several cases to his initial achievement with the boy Phipps. Takahashi was able to make this remarkable advance at a time when very few viruses had been attenuated to produce efficacious live-virus vaccines including yellow fever, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella as previously mentioned. As a result of these successful trials, the live varicella virus vaccine (Varivax) was licensed in 1995 for the active immunization of persons 12 months of age and older (51) . doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269 id = cord-315131-4yb2b70g author = Hammerschmidt, Sven title = Threat of infection: Microbes of high pathogenic potential – strategies for detection, control and eradication date = 2005-06-28 keywords = Shiga; disease; vaccine; virus summary = This report highlights some of the lectures that were presented during the international symposium ''Threat of infection: Microbes of high potential -strategies for detection, control and eradication'' in July 2004 in Wu¨rzburg (Germany). E. Kaufmann (Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology (MPI), Berlin) suggested that the following vaccination strategies against intracellular bacteria deserve consideration: (i) attenuated viable strains, (ii) naked DNA encoding protective antigens and (iii) protective antigens expressed by recombinant viable vectors (bacteria or viruses). Based on the initial finding that several live-attenuated PrV vaccine strains lack a major surface antigen (glycoprotein E, gE) which is invariably present in all field strains (Mettenleiter et al., 1985) , a simple ELISA system has been developed that is able to specifically detect the presence or absence of anti-gE antibodies in the animal (van Oirschot et al., 1986) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.03.004 id = cord-292575-vsswxwdi author = Hammou, Rahma Ait title = Chapter 7 Scientific Advances in the Diagnosis of Emerging and Reemerging Viral Human Pathogens date = 2020-12-31 keywords = PCR; detection; disease; miRNA; virus summary = It is in this context that this chapter aims to discuss the various scientific advances, particularly molecular, in terms of diagnosis of these diseases; the new discoveries in the role of nanotechnologies and nanobiosensors; and also the implication of biomarkers, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), since it was reported that a single miRNA has the ultimate capacity to target multiple genes simultaneously. The availability of nucleic acidÀbased technology, such as real-time PCR, along with conventional staining and culture methods and immunoassays, can provide laboratories of many sizes with a comprehensive and responsible approach for the detection of both commonly encountered and emerging or reemerging pathogens. As is the case for SARS, agents of bioterrorism, and the other pathogens, rapid diagnostic methods, such as real-time PCR, and microarray will likely play a major role in the early and sensitive detection of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases encountered in the future. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-814966-9.00007-x id = cord-258093-6fn8ei9f author = Hanania, Nicola A. title = Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop date = 2011-08-25 keywords = COPD; adult; age; asthma; asthmatic; disease; elderly; old; patient summary = The aging lung Large, longitudinal, and more complete studies to determine the effects of aging on the function of the respiratory system Improved knowledge about lung structure-function relationships in older age using techniques of imaging and measures of lung function not requiring effort (eg, high-resolution computed tomographic scanning and forced oscillation) Improved assessment of lung processes underlying airflow limitation attributable to aging versus COPD or asthma, especially in asthmatic patients who smoke Studies to examine the effects of aging in ethnic groups and the role of gender Epidemiology, effect, diagnosis, and management Determine the true prevalence and cost of asthma in the older population Develop a uniform definition of asthma to be applied to health care records that will distinguish asthma from COPD and mixed asthma/COPD Evaluate evidence-based treatment algorithms for older asthmatic patients, such as those developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Global Initiative For Asthma guidelines 7 Assess the effect of asthma treatment, including direct medical costs of care, indirect costs of care, and value of treatment in improving quality of life 8, 9 Assess the effect of comorbid conditions, especially COPD and congestive heart failure, on asthma 9 Characterize phenotypes of elderly asthma with regard to responses to therapy and long-term outcomes based on age of onset, duration of disease, and environmental triggers Develop algorithms for electronic medical record systems that are asthma-specific Evaluate effects of current asthma medications in older patients compared with younger patients Identify pharmacogenetic determinants of response to asthma medications in older adults Identify simpler and safer drug delivery systems and schedules for older adults Develop simple methods to differentiate COPD from asthma exacerbations in older adults doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.048 id = cord-337487-1lbopaso author = Hansildaar, Romy title = Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout date = 2020-09-01 keywords = arthritis; cardiovascular; disease; gout; patient; rheumatoid; risk summary = The underlying pathophysiology of increased cardiovascular risk relevant to inflammatory arthritis, as well as the observed effect of antiinflammatory and disease modifying treatments such as uratelowering therapies in gout, will be reviewed and discussed. Postulated shared mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and gout are systemic inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)induced oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which lead to atherosclerosis (figure 2). 59 Another study found an increased prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which correlated primarily with disease activity and with antiinflammatory treat ments (ie, conventional synthetic DMARDs and biological DMARDs). Rheumatoid arthritis and gout-two inflammatory joint diseases with different underlying causes-are associated with about a 50-70% increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population. Diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study doi = 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30221-6 id = cord-312580-r57rkrya author = Harcourt-Brown, Frances title = Chapter 6 Clinical pathology date = 2002-12-31 keywords = Brown; Harcourt; blood; calcium; concentration; disease; level; rabbit summary = (1982) analysed the haematolog-• Rabbit blood clots quickly and haemolyses easily • Food deprivation does not guarantee a fasting blood sample as rabbits ingest caecotrophs • Stress associated with transport or handling can affect parameters such as blood glucose and the distribution of neutrophils and lymphocytes • Pregnancy, anaesthesia, blood collection techniques and intravenous fluid therapy will influence some blood results • Time of day can influence blood results as many parameters follow a duirnal rhythm in common with many physiological processes in rabbits • Laboratory reference ranges are often derived from animals of the same breed and strain. In two studies by Krueger (1988, 1989) controlled experimental infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans resulted in fever, increased plasma cortisol concentrations, neutrophilia and lymphopaenia but no significant increase in total white blood cell count. doi = 10.1016/b978-075064002-2.50009-6 id = cord-007437-mktbkn1u author = Harris, Mallory J. title = Early warning signals of malaria resurgence in Kericho, Kenya date = 2020-03-18 keywords = critical; disease; early summary = Nine of the statistics increased as predicted and variance, the first difference of variance, autocovariance, lag-1 autocorrelation and decay time returned early warning signals of critical slowing down based on permutation tests. Here, we show the evidence of critical slowing down in a time series of monthly Plasmodium falciparum malaria case incidence leading up to a resurgence in Kericho, Kenya. Our conclusion is that the statistical signatures of critical slowing down may be detected in ordinary surveillance data prior to disease resurgence and therefore should be incorporated into monitoring programmes and decision support for proactive response. A related problem is that the models of the disease system approaching a critical transition used to identify potential early warning signals consider the total number of infectious individuals, whereas reported data (such as studied here) reflect the number of cases reported in a sampling interval (here, monthly hospital reports) [16, 26] . doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0713 id = cord-262281-56tbrl8a author = Hawkes, C. H. title = Parkinson''s disease: a dual‐hit hypothesis date = 2007-10-24 keywords = CNS; Lewy; Parkinson; disease; olfactory summary = Accumulating evidence suggests that sporadic Parkinson''s disease has a long prodromal period during which several non‐motor features develop, in particular, impairment of olfaction, vagal dysfunction and sleep disorder. Additional studies not only have corroborated the initial involvement of anterior olfactory structures, but also have pointed to an early involvement of the enteric nerve cell plexuses as well as of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the intermediate reticular zone in the lower brainstem [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . The next sizeable investigations using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) showed that age-matched olfactory dysfunction did not relate to odour type, was independent of disease duration, and did not correspond with motor function, tremor or cognition [31, 32] . Daniel and Hawkes [102] examined olfactory bulbs and tracts in eight controls as well as eight patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of PD taken from the United Kingdom Parkinson''s Disease Brain Bank. doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00874.x id = cord-018116-99z6ykb2 author = Healing, Tim title = Surveillance and Control of Communicable Disease in Conflicts and Disasters date = 2009 keywords = case; disease; health; population; surveillance summary = They must be able to • assess the health status of the population affected and identify the main health priorities • monitor the development and determine the severity of any health emergency that develops (including monitoring the incidence of and case fatality rates from diseases, receiving early warning of epidemics and monitoring responses) At first sight, undertaking public health activities in emergencies, especially in conflicts, may seem to be difficult or impossible. In other types of disaster public health activities may be expected to be less affected by the security situation than in a war (although aid workers may be at risk if populations are severely deprived of resources such as food, shelter, water, or cash), and with limited access and damage to communication systems and other parts of the infrastructure assessment, surveillance and control activities can be severely restricted. doi = 10.1007/978-1-84800-352-1_13 id = cord-321993-uazc3lyg author = Hedrick, Stephen M. title = The Imperative to Vaccinate date = 2018-10-31 keywords = disease; human; infectious; vaccination summary = A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041 id = cord-021259-spteznv7 author = Heikkilä, Jaakko title = Anything left for animal disease insurance? A choice experiment approach date = 2016-07-07 keywords = Finland; WTP; disease; insurance summary = In this study, we undertook a farm survey in Finland employing a choice experiment to study the willingness to pay for animal disease insurance products. The above topics were studied through a choice experiment, where Finnish pig and poultry producers indicated their willingness to buy different kinds of insurance products. A questionnaire was sent to all commercial pig and poultry producers in Finland, enquiring for instance their disease history (information on previous disease outbreaks at the farm), current insurance cover (all types of insurance) and the biosecurity measures used on their farm. More specifically, the questionnaire included a list of 24 different biosecurity measures, such as whether the production facilities are compartmentalised, whether the farm employs all-in-all-outprinciple, whether there is protective clothing available for visitors, whether the producers participate in disease-related training and so on. The negative and highly significant coefficients of compensated damages suggest that regardless of the attribute levels, many respondents preferred to choose the no buy option, i.e. not to purchase insurance. doi = 10.1007/s41130-016-0021-6 id = cord-325112-7ie23c7f author = Heimer, Carol A. title = The uses of disorder in negotiated information orders: information leveraging and changing norms in global public health governance date = 2018-10-04 keywords = Fidler; Health; IHR; SARS; disease; information; order summary = Using SARS and the International Health Regulations (IHR) as a starting point, this article examines negotiated information orders in global public health governance and the irregularities in the supply of data that underlie them. Negotiated information orders within and among the organizations in a field (here, e.g., the World Health Organization, member states, government agencies, and international non‐governmental organizations) spell out relationships among different categories of knowledge and non‐knowledge – what is known, acknowledged to be known, and available for use in decision making versus what might be known but cannot be acknowledged or officially used. Thus although the long silence of the Chinese government was not technically a violation of the IHR, it nevertheless appeared dishonest and inappropriate to the international community, undermining rather than supporting emerging cooperative norms and in fact harming global public health by allowing the new disease to spread beyond China''s borders. doi = 10.1111/1468-4446.12495 id = cord-017012-yl0vanuh author = Herberg, Jethro title = Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date = 2009 keywords = BKV; CMV; HBV; HIV; HIVAN; acute; case; disease; infection; patient; renal summary = Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_52 id = cord-348141-eskefcwk author = Herrington, CS title = Viruses and disease: emerging concepts for prevention, diagnosis and treatment date = 2014-12-11 keywords = disease; virus summary = Articles on emerging diseases caused by Ebola virus, Marburg virus, coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS, Nipah virus and noroviruses are followed by reviews of enteroviruses, HIV infection, measles, mumps, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). The issue concludes with a series of articles reviewing the relationship between viruses and cancer, including the role played by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and carcinoma; how human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the development of skin cancer; the involvement of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma; and the mechanisms by which Kaposi''s sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) leads to Kaposi''s sarcoma. Nevertheless, in this new era, pathology will continue to be a vital component of identifying the true relationships between viruses and human disease, and we hope that this Annual Review Issue will serve as a blueprint for future studies in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of virus-related conditions through an improved understanding of the processes involved. doi = 10.1002/path.4476 id = cord-315462-u2dj79yw author = Hewitt, Judith A. title = ACTIVating Resources for the COVID-19 Pandemic: In vivo Models for Vaccines and Therapeutics date = 2020-10-01 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; disease; model summary = The selection of appropriate animal models of infection, disease manifestation, and efficacy measurements is important for vaccines and therapeutics to be compared under ACTIV''s umbrella using Master Protocols with standardized endpoints and assay readouts. Models of SARS-CoV-2 infection include mice (ACE2 transgenic strains, mouse adapted virus, and AAV transduced ACE2 mice), hamsters, rats, ferrets and non-human primates (NHPs). Following infection by the intranasal route, golden Syrian Hamsters demonstrate clinical features, viral kinetics, histopathological changes, and immune responses that closely mimic the mild to moderate disease described in human COVID-19 patients (Chan et al., 2020b; Imai et al., 2020; Sia et al., 2020) . In an initial study of SARS-CoV-2 infection of hACE2-hamsters, clinical signs were observed including elevated body temperatures, slow or reduced mobility, weight loss and mortality (1 out of 4 animals). Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe and fatal respiratory disease. doi = 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.016 id = cord-021491-x8czsmyd author = Hoefer, Heidi L. title = Gastrointestinal Diseases date = 2009-05-18 keywords = Helicobacter; PBD; disease; ferret; gastric summary = Differential diagnosis includes the presence of an esophageal or GI foreign body, gastritis, influenza, and respiratory diseases. Causes of GI ulceration include foreign body or toxin ingestion, Helicobacter mustelae infection, treatment with ulcerogenic drugs, GI neoplasia, and azotemia caused by renal disease. H. mustelae infection in ferrets is associated with varying degrees of gastritis, with or without duodenitis, and it can result in ulcer formation. mustelae gastritis may be a diagnosis of exclusion of other common disorders, such as the presence of a GI foreign body; treatment for H. Antacid therapy may not be helpful in the early treatment of Helicobacter infection because affected ferrets usually develop hypochlorhydria. The most common noninfectious causes of diarrhea include dietary indiscretion, foreign body ingestion, trichobezoar, and inflammatory bowel disease. mustelae gastritis, PBD, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis all cause diarrhea and wasting in ferrets. Severe gastritis may be evident in gastric biopsy samples from ferrets showing no signs of clinical disease. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-169377-6/50005-8 id = cord-343421-k1dqe4lk author = Hoelzer, Karin title = Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2: new approaches and potential solutions date = 2018-07-31 keywords = Eimeria; Salmonella; clostridium; disease; oral; vaccine summary = Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. Oral vectored vaccines have also been developed for several other veterinary applications, including some economically important diseases of food-producing animals that are associated with considerable antibiotic use such as porcine circovirus type-2 (PCV-2); in some cases, the vaccine vector is a chimera containing parts of multiple microorganisms-for instance, an attenuated live vaccine may be used as the vector-and the resulting vaccine simultaneously confers protection against multiple diseases, for instance Marek''s disease and infectious bursal disease or Newcastle disease and avian influenza [63, 64] . perfringens strains in the gut of broilers is a promising approach, but the vaccine delivery strategy still needs to be optimized to achieve optimal antigen presentation to the mucosal immune system and provide improved protection. doi = 10.1186/s13567-018-0561-7 id = cord-304549-e8q8mck4 author = Holgate, Stephen T. title = Genetic and environmental interaction in allergy and asthma()() date = 2005-11-02 keywords = IL-4; asthma; disease; genetic summary = Abnormal signaling between the epithelium, which is in contact with the environment, and the underlying (myo)fibroblasts and dendritic cells indicating reactivation of the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit, which is involved in fetal lung development and branching, provide a basis for asthma that encapsulates both T(H)2 polarization and airway wall remodeling. Asthma is a complex disorder involving a combination of genetic and environmental interactions that culminate in a specific type of inflammation involving mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages and polarization of T cell-mediated immunity toward enhanced production of cytokines encoded in a cluster on the long arm of chromosome 5. Two fundamental approaches are being used to discover susceptibility genes in asthma and atopy: linkage analysis with functional cloning and association analysis for mutations of "candidate" genes thought to be involved in disease pathogenesis. 55 In susceptible mice genetic linkage has shown that ozone-induced lung inflammation is directed by genes encoded on chromosome 17, including the strong candidate TNF-α, a pleiotropic cytokine generated during oxidant-induced cell injury. doi = 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70005-9 id = cord-315180-itvc86cv author = Hollingsworth, T Déirdre title = Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling? date = 2018-06-15 keywords = MDA; disease; figure summary = In 2012, the World Health Organization set ambitious targets for eliminating many of these diseases as a public health problem by 2020, an aspiration that was supported by donations of treatments, intervention materials, and funding committed by a broad partnership of stakeholders in the London Declaration on NTDs. Alongside these efforts, there has been an increasing role for quantitative analysis and modeling to support the achievement of these goals through evaluation of the likely impact of interventions, the factors that could undermine these achievements, and the role of new diagnostics and treatments in reducing transmission. This article acts as an introduction for a special issue that aims to increase the accessibility of the results so far by summarizing insights from NTD models and identifying key themes for the control of these diseases. The modeling summarized in this issue highlights the value of vector control in reducing the infectiousness of all infected individuals, as well as the value of increasing diagnosis rates (Table 1) . doi = 10.1093/cid/ciy284 id = cord-324875-04s0ysih author = Honigsbaum, Mark title = Introduction: microbes, networks, knowledge—disease ecology and emerging infectious diseases in time of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Burnet; Dubos; Mendelsohn; disease summary = More than twenty years ago, historian of science and medicine Andrew Mendelsohn asked, "Where did the modern, ecological understanding of epidemic disease come from?" Moving beyond Mendelsohn''s answer, this collection of new essays considers the global history of disease ecology in the past century and shows how epidemics and pandemics have made "microbes complex". Adding to the complexities about the multiple intellectual origins of this nonreductionist perspective, terms such as "virulence," "pathogen," and "infection" have been historically defined in different ways in biology and medicine, creating semantic confusion about the nature of biological processes in host-parasite interactions (Méthot and Dentinger 2016) . In so doing, it could not help but provoke deep philosophical questions about what the French bacteriologist Charles Nicolle (1930) termed the "birth, life and death of infectious diseases" and the waxing and waning of epidemics in different historical epochs (see Méthot 2019a, this issue) , and what the Rockefeller researcher René Dubos called the "symbiosis between humankind and earth" (see Honigsbaum 2017a, b) . doi = 10.1007/s40656-020-00318-x id = cord-268378-tcuv255v author = Hood, Ernie title = Evolutionary Medicine: A Powerful Tool for Improving Human Health date = 2008-02-13 keywords = disease; evolutionary; human; medical summary = Evolution has not traditionally been considered to be an important aspect of medicine, and medical practitioners and researchers have not traditionally approached their work from the perspective offered by evolutionary biology. An evolutionary viewpoint pushes the focus out farther to look at long-term ecological relationships, including symbiotic bacteria, parasites and pathogens, historical lifestyles, and the genetics of populations. Evolution is providing clues about puzzling medical results, and studies of human health are giving us new information about the rate and driving forces of evolution. The group proposes to look for microevolutionary changes in the study population and to use the extensive medical data to correlate differences in genomic inheritance and phenotypic outcomes. Combined with the development of new technologies that have given us entire genomes and the tools with which to study them, these vast data sets have the potential to launch an evolutionary medicine revolution. doi = 10.1007/s12052-008-0036-9 id = cord-021825-4tkc61yq author = Hooks, John J. title = Infections Associated with Retinal Autoimmunity date = 2007-05-09 keywords = BALB; CD-1; disease; retinal summary = We will highlight two human diseases triggered by Onchocerca volvulus or Toxoplasma gondii and an experimental model referred to as experimental coronavirus retinopathy (ECOR), triggered by the murine coronavims, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). During the early phase of the disease (day 1-8) the virus infects and replicates within the retina of both BALB/c and CD-1 mouse stains [9] . Initial studies in the ECOR system, showed that inoculation of this JHM strain into the vitreous or anterior chamber of BALB/c mice resulted in retinal tissue damage [7, 8] . Analysis of pooled retinal mRNAs from untreated, mock-injected and virus infected BALB/ c mice revealed the presence of IL-6, IFN-y and TNF-~ mRNAs in virus infected retinas isolated during the acute disease, day 4 and day 8 PI. We therefore, evaluated the development of a retinal degenerative disease and the development of antiretinal autoantibodies in these two strains of mice after inoculation with JHM virus [11] . doi = 10.1016/b978-044451271-0.50054-5 id = cord-018917-7px75s3c author = Hopkins, Richard S. title = Informatics in Disease Prevention and Epidemiology date = 2013-07-29 keywords = case; disease; health; surveillance; system summary = This chapter provides a description of the components of disease prevention and control programs, and then focuses on information systems designed to support public health surveillance, epidemiologic investigation of cases and outbreaks, and case management. Public health surveillance systems may be based on data capture from a variety of sources, including case reports, population-based surveys, sentinel providers, electronic health records (including laboratory information management systems for ELR and emergency department records for syndromic surveillance), or administrative data (like hospital or physician claims for reimbursement). Information systems to support reportable disease surveillance contain records representing case reports that currently are, for the most part, entered manually into an application by public health staff, based on information received from doctors, infection control practitioners, hospitals, and laboratories. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-4237-9_14 id = cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author = Horby, Peter W. title = Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date = 2014-07-19 keywords = Asia; animal; disease; human summary = However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. Whilst high animal host and pathogen species diversity may be associated with a high burden of infectious diseases and an increased risk of disease emergence, biodiversity loss may, perhaps counter-intuitively, be associated with increased disease transmission. Whilst there remains some debate about the overall impact of these findings on human health, it is clear that the continued use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in an agriculture industry that is rapidly increasing in scale and intensity, has potential for becoming a very real threat through the inability to prevent/cure disease in production animals and the consequences for human food security as well as the transmission, for example, of resistant food-borne bacterial pathogens to humans. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_2 id = cord-264996-og3sg0qw author = Howell, Gareth J. title = Cell Biology of Membrane Trafficking in Human Disease date = 2006-09-17 keywords = COPII; Golgi; TGN; cell; disease; gene; membrane; protein; snare; transport; vesicle summary = Many of these transport intermediates or vesicles, whether derived from the ER, other internal organelles, or the plasma membrane, are ''''coated'''' with unique protein complexes, tethering factors, and regulatory factors that ensure correct targeting to an acceptor compartment. Breast cancer Caveolin-1 Deletion or dominant negative mutation of caveolin-1 promotes tumor progression Breast cancer (Bouras et al., 2004; Williams and Lisanti, 2005) (Hayasaka et al., 1993; Matsuyama et al., 2002) Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) CHS1/Lyst Lyst involved in regulation of protein secretion from lysosomes -enlarged lysosomes Partial albinism, recurrent bacterial infections, impaired chemotaxis and abnormal natural killer cell function (Shiflett et al., 2002; Ward et al., 2003) 214500 Choroideremia (CHM) Rab Escort Protein 1 (REP1) RAB27a remains cytosolic due to defective geranylgeranyl modification in CHM lymphoblasts X-linked form of retinal degeneration 303100 Various mechanisms control the traYcking of proteins from the TGN by the formation and delivery of membrane-derived transport vesicles to the plasma membrane, endosomes, or lysosomal structures (Ponnambalam and Baldwin, 2003) . doi = 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)52005-4 id = cord-259395-ytj21cit author = Hoyo, Javier Del title = Implementing Telemedicine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: is COVID-19 the definitive trigger? date = 2020-05-15 keywords = Disease; telemedicine summary = the pandemic, we already lived times of overwhelmed consultations with financial constraints, and the promise of telemedicine for improving access to better health services at lower costs drew attention to its use. Moreover, the efficacy of telemedicine on health outcomes is inconsistent across different programs used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their value is difficult to establish when only few economic data are available. In a previous pilot trial, TECCU showed to be a safe strategy to improve health outcomes of complex IBD patients [3] , with a high probability of being more cost-effective in the short term compared to standard care and telephone care [4] . Maybe the pandemic has reduced reluctance amongst physicians to use telemedicine, but funders, policy-makers, providers and patients need to align their interests to implement remote healthcare successfully. In spite of the use of telephone and e-mail in many centers, the development of mature telemedicine programs integrated with electronic health records requires further collaborative efforts between different investigators. doi = 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.05.002 id = cord-007713-611sp7uo author = Hughes, J. M. title = Emerging infectious diseases: the public’s view of the problem and what should be expected from the public health community date = 2005 keywords = SARS; disease; health summary = In 2003 alone, a newly recognized coronavirus spread across five continents sickening more than 8,000 people and causing 774 deaths from a new disease designated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [4] , the exotic animal trade resulted in the first cases of human monkeypox in the Western hemisphere [5] , and highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus killed humans and devastated the poultry industry in parts of Asia [6] -further heightening fears of pandemic influenza. Improving preparedness and response: lessons learned from recent outbreaks -Strengthening existing and developing new national and international partnerships -Training and educating a multidisciplinary workforce -Ensuring "full use" of investments -Encouraging transparency and political will -Fostering a global commitment to address inequities -Developing and implementing preparedness plans and research agendas -Proactively communicating with health professionals, the media, and the public While the first line of defense in controlling an outbreak remains strong national surveillance systems that can readily detect outbreaks, the SARS experience highlighted the importance of global disease detection efforts [13] . doi = 10.1007/3-211-29981-5_17 id = cord-330716-hbhtbgzd author = Hui, Zhang title = An analysis of the current status of hospital emergency preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks in Beijing, China date = 2007-02-28 keywords = Beijing; disease summary = Data related to hospital demographic information and their emergency plans, laboratory diagnosis capacity, medical treatment procedures for infectious diseases, stockpiles of drugs and personal protective equipment, and staff training were collected. Approximately 93.3% of the hospitals surveyed reported that they had an emergency plan, and none of those reported that their laboratories were able to isolate and identify all 8 kinds of common pathogens of infectious diseases: 22.4% of the hospitals had medical treatment procedures for all these infectious diseases, 23.1% had stored specific drugs for treatment, 2.2% had all personal protective equipment, and 30.6% reported that their health care staff had been trained in hospital emergency preparedness for infectious diseases. 4, 5 All hospitals should have emergency plans; prepare beds, drugs, and equipment; and educate and train staff in advance to respond to a large scale infectious disease outbreak or other public health emergency. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.03.014 id = cord-008147-lyfh0ixi author = Hutber, Marcus title = The use of vaccines to control disease is not a simple matter date = 2006-09-07 keywords = disease summary = The use of vaccines to control disease is not a simple matter The paper by Hägglund et al. Firstly, it presents empirical data, with rationales that are subsequently open to useful debate; secondly, the authors raise some valuable generic questions concerning the effectiveness of vaccination against a variety of infectious diseases. As the time period from vaccine administration to a protective boost of antibody levels can take several days, culling can be more effective as a control when disease transmission is rapid. However, in practical terms, the use of vaccines is complex and they can be less effective for disease control than other measures. (2006) indirectly highlights both quarantine and the restriction of livestock movements as effective measures for disease control and questions whether such biosecurity could enhance the impact of subsequent vaccinations presumably by maintaining and maximizing a clean susceptible pool. doi = 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.07.010 id = cord-307464-66eqh79t author = Hwang, Grace M. title = A model-based tool to predict the propagation of infectious disease via airports date = 2012-01-13 keywords = U.S.; disease; point summary = Influenza transmission; Susceptible-exposedinfectious-recovered (SEIR) disease-spread modeling; Public health aviation screening; Pandemic response; Points of entry Summary Epidemics of novel or re-emerging infectious diseases have quickly spread globally via air travel, as highlighted by pandemic H1N1 influenza in 2009 (pH1N1). We used a traditional Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model 20, 21 and an illustrative scheduled-flight dataset, to demonstrate how public health authorities could prioritize the allocation of responseresources in the U.S. at point of entry in response to a novel disease that was spreading rapidly outside of North America. To characterize possible patterns and rates of spread for an emerging infectious disease that could enter North America from various geographic points of origin, a prototypical novel pandemic influenza virus was simulated as an example of a human-to-human transmissible disease that is known to spread rapidly via air travel. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.12.003 id = cord-293221-gf9wy4a9 author = Idowu, Abiodun Benjamin title = Ebola virus disease in the eyes of a rural, agrarian community in Western Nigeria: a mixed method study date = 2020-08-31 keywords = EVD; Ebola; disease; outbreak summary = It is on this basis that this study was conducted to (assess) the knowledge, perceptions, beliefs and preventive practices against EVD in a predominantly agrarian rural community in Southwest Nigeria. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Igbogila town, Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria in the latter part of 2014 during the EVD outbreak. However, a closer look at past EVD outbreaks revealed that they often originated from rural agrarian communities where there are many misconceptions about the disease, refusal of early isolation and quarantine, and unsafe burial rites practices which aggravate epidemics [8, 9] . No case of EVD was recorded in the study area during the outbreak, nevertheless the limited data provides relevant information useful to researchers and other public health stakeholders in infectious disease prevention and control. Study on public knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to Ebola virus disease prevention and medical care in Sierra Leone doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09441-7 id = cord-293542-o0zspgrk author = Ippolito, G. title = Facing the threat of highly infectious diseases in Europe: the need for a networking approach date = 2014-12-12 keywords = Europe; European; disease summary = Recently, many global alarms involving infectious diseases-such as the anthrax crisis in the USA, the emergence of SARS, the pandemic threat posed by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1), and the cases of imported or autochthonous viral haemorrhagic fever (VHFs) in Europe-have highlighted the need to improve preparedness for these highly infectious diseases (HIDs), also in order to increase certain aspects of what is perceived in many areas as an issue of collective and national security [5] . For these reasons, creating new networks and enhancing those functioning well should be strongly promoted, in order to: 1 ensure a rapid and effective response to health threats deriving from natural infection by or deliberate release of HID agents; 2 stimulate complementarity and prevent duplication; 3 promote international cooperation, exchange of experience, good practice and protocols; 4 support the less prepared countries in the European Community. doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02876.x id = cord-262253-3ovqhypt author = Iqbal, Umar H. title = The Use of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease date = 2020-07-12 keywords = Alzheimer; Disease; hsv-1; peptide summary = The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and tau proteins in the brain have been central characteristics in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer''s disease (AD), making them the focus of most of the research exploring potential therapeutics for this neurodegenerative disease. The present review will highlight the current understanding of amyloid-β, and the role of bacteria and viruses in AD, and will also explore the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer''s disease. Alzheimer''s Disease Aβ amyloid-β AMP antimicrobial peptide APP amyloid precursor proteins BACE1 B-site ABPP cleaving enzyme BBB blood brain barrier CNS central nervous system HSV-1 herpes simplex virus-1 MBP-1 major basic protein-1 NFTS neurofibrillary tangles Protective Effect of Amyloid-beta Peptides Against Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infection in a Neuronal Cell Culture Model The Alzheimer''s disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide Antivirals reduce the formation of key Alzheimer''s disease molecules in cell cultures acutely infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 doi = 10.3390/ijms21144920 id = cord-018017-c8myq6bi author = Iversen, Patrick L. title = The Threat from Viruses date = 2018-09-30 keywords = EBV; Ebola; HIV; RNA; disease; human; infection; virus summary = Numerous emerging infections caused by viral agents have imposed high impact on human survival (Table 3 .3). The apparent success of these viruses is that as they move from reservoir hosts to humans and as humans become immune to the initial infection, the population of diverse genomes offers multiple chances to adapt by finding a "fit" genome version which can propagate until the next transition requiring adaption. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1) HTLV-1 is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus, defined by their use of reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, that makes a DNA copy of the RNA 7 kb viral genome. If we combine cardiovascular events and neoplasia caused by infection, then infectious disease is the most significant threat to human life and qualifies as the area of greatest impact. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) is a single stranded DNA virus that infects humans but are not known to cause disease. is a 5229 base double-stranded DNA virus infecting less than 5 percent of the human population. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-98164-2_3 id = cord-018976-0ndb7rm2 author = Iwasa, Yoh title = Mathematical Studies of Dynamics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases date = 2007 keywords = disease; model summary = Mathematical modeling of infectious diseases is the most advanced subfield of theoretical studies in biology and the life sciences. The papers included in this volume are for mathematical studies of models on infectious diseases and cancer. This introductory chapter is followed by four papers on infectious disease dynamics, in which the roles of time delay (Chaps. Then, there are two chapters that discuss competition between strains and evolution occurring in the host population (Chap. By considering the appearance of novel strains with different properties from those of the resident population of pathogens, and tracing their abundance, we can discuss the evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases. Iwasa and his colleagues derive a result that, without cross-immunity among strains, the pathogenicity of the disease tends to increase by any evolutionary changes. Beretta and his colleagues summarize their study of modeling of an immune system dynamics in which time delay is incorporated. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-34426-1_1 id = cord-022265-7xw8qeku author = JULIAN, RICHARD J. title = The Peritoneum, Retroperitoneum, and Mesentery date = 2012-12-02 keywords = cavity; disease; fat; fluid; lesion; peritoneal; peritonitis; tissue summary = edentatus larvae cause retroperitoneal lesions in the flank, perirenal fat, and diaphragm, perihepatitis with fibrin tags on the liver capsule, and a chronic diffuse thickening and inflammation in the mesentery, omentum, and hepatorenal ligament, with occasional caseous nodules. The uterus is probably the usual site in adults from which local spread occurs to the peritoneum, the antecedent lesion in most cases either a postpartum septic metritis or so-called blackleg of the fetus; in either event the peritonitis is fibrinosuppurative and hemorrhagic. Corynebacterium pyogenes, Escherichia coli, or a miscellany of organisms are frequently present in these, and in some the extension of the inflammatory process can be traced up the inguinal canals from castration wounds; in other cases of similar type, the peritonitis is localized to the inguinal and pelvic regions, is adhesive, and causes death from intestinal obstruction. A local reaction may occur around these intermediate forms in tissues and in the peritoneal cavity, and ascites may be present. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-391602-0.50010-4 id = cord-016476-78r0rsio author = Jani, Meghna title = Management of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient with Interstitial Lung Disease date = 2017-11-29 keywords = ILD; MTX; arthritis; disease; patient; rheumatoid summary = Several risk factors of leflunomide-induced pneumonitis have been reported in small numbers of patients in case series and retrospective studies including preexisting lung disease [32, 35, 36] , a prescribed loading dose, smoking, low body weight [32] and increased C-reactive protein, hypoalbuminaemia, hypoxia and lymphopaenia [36] . Whilst experience of using abatacept in the context of pre-existing ILD is limited, a case report of rapid-onset interstitial pneumonia 2 days post initiation of Administration, MHRA medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency, NA data not available, RA rheumatoid arthritis a Includes cases reported as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary toxicity treatment has been described in a Japanese patient [103] . Association of disease activity with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease during tocilizumab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective, case-control study doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-68888-6_9 id = cord-017428-euzvhtax author = Janssens, Wim title = Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date = 2012-02-17 keywords = COPD; disease; vitamin summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-61779-888-7_11 id = cord-302435-6nrfipz8 author = Jay, Taylor R. title = TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases date = 2017-08-02 keywords = Alzheimer; CSF; DAP12; Disease; PLOSL; TREM2; cell; expression; r47h; variant summary = Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer''s disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The application of whole exome sequencing [5] and GWAS with imputation based on predicted genetic associations [6] to AD led to the identification of relatively rare variants in the gene triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) that are associated with a high risk for developing AD. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is associated with enhanced inflammation, neuropathological lesions and increased risk for Alzheimer''s dementia doi = 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5 id = cord-280299-1pbem51d author = Jeney, Zs. title = Recent achievements in studies on diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) date = 1995-01-31 keywords = Aeromonas; Cyprinus; SBI; Sphaerospora; carp; disease; fish summary = Abstract Parasitic, fungal, bacterial and viral diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are reviewed. Molt& ( 1980a) observed during studies on carp renal sphaerosporosis that the latter condition was frequently developed by fish with clinical SBI, and he postulated a relationship between the prevalence of SBI, renal sphaerosporosis and the condition caused by the C-blood protozoan originally described by Csaba (1976) . ( 1984) led to the identification of parasites designated as K-protozoa causing swimbladder inflammation in the common carp, with the presporonic developmental stages of the kidney parasite Sphaerospora renicola Dykova and Lom 1982 , a vast amount of knowledge has accumulated on the complex developmental cycle of Sphaerospora-type parasites. Gill necrosis of common carp, caused by unfavourable environmental conditions (ammonia, pH and temperature) and Flexibacter columnaris infection, was suggested to count as a separate disease (Farkas and 01&1,1986) . doi = 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00283-t id = cord-335250-se7gdpna author = Jesus, Isley title = Promising effects of exercise on the cardiovascular, metabolic and immune system during COVID-19 period date = 2020-09-17 keywords = disease; exercise summary = In many chronic disorders and diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, cardiovascular and immune beneficial effects of exercise interventions should be reminded. In many chronic disorders and diseases including T2DM and hypertension, cardiovascular, metabolic and immune, beneficial effects of exercise interventions have been reported [2, 3] . At the opposite, moderate acute and chronic exercise-induced immune changes have been involved in the beneficial effects of physical activity to prevent cancer and cardiovascular diseases development [2, 3, 9] . Inflammation and oxidative stress are increased by viral infection, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and physical inactivity enacted by lockdown. Moderate exercise interventions stimulate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant response, and prevent many chronic diseases development and comorbidity. In this context, chronic moderate and adapted exercise may be doubly beneficial in T2DM and cardiovascular diseases for preventing inflammation and viral respiratory infection, including coronavirus infection (Fig. 1 ). doi = 10.1038/s41371-020-00416-0 id = cord-315362-u9slrjmk author = Jiménez, Ma Ángeles title = Membranous glomerulonephritis in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) date = 2008-01-15 keywords = animal; disease; iberian; lynx summary = Kidney samples from necropsies of 27 Iberian lynxes, wild and captive, were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IgG, IgM, IgA, laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin), electron microscopy (n = 8) and immunogold labelling for IgM, IgG and IgA in one case, in order to characterize the glomerulopathy prevalent in this species. Its situation is critical due to habitat loss and fragmentation, being confined nowadays to two isolated metapopulations in the southwest of Spain (Gaona et al., 1998; Ferreras, 2001; Rodriguez and www.elsevier.com/locate/vetimm Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 121 (2008) [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FCV, feline calicivirus; FCoV, feline coronavirus; FeLV, feline leukaemia virus; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; ICs, immune complexes; IRIS, International Renal Interest Society; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; MGN, membranous glomerulonephritis; PAS, periodic acid schiff reagent; PBS, phosphate buffer solution; RT, room temperature; TBS, Tris buffer solution; USG, urine specific gravity. doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.07.018 id = cord-345086-vq4ei1do author = Johnston, Marjorie C. title = Physical Disease and Resilient Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Resilience Definitions and Study Methods date = 2015-04-30 keywords = disease; resilience; study summary = title: Physical Disease and Resilient Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Resilience Definitions and Study Methods 10 MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews were searched from inception to March 17, 2013 Studies in which physical disease was assessed for its association with resilient outcomes were included. The sample size restriction was applied for pragmatic reasons, as our early work demonstrated that studies of physical disease and resilient outcomes often involved complex analyses with multiple variables and that analyses with smaller populations were often underpowered. Bonanno (2004) defined adult resilience as "the ability of adults in otherwise normal circumstances who are exposed to an isolated and potentially highly disruptive event such as the death of a close relation or a violent or lifethreatening situation to maintain relatively stable, healthy levels of psychological and physical functioning …as well as the capacity for generative experiences and positive emotions. doi = 10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.005 id = cord-022526-j9kg00qf author = Jones, Samuel L. title = Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System date = 2009-05-18 keywords = NSAID; Salmonella; TNF; cause; cell; clinical; clostridium; colon; diarrhea; disease; dpj; effect; equine; esophageal; figure; fluid; gastric; horse; increase; inflammatory; intestinal; large; occur; result; sign; small; treatment summary = Examination of the cardiovascular system (heart, peripheral pulse, and mucous membranes), lungs, and abdomen is essential to detect clinical signs of systemic inflammation from endotoxemia, coagulation disorders, dehydration, ileus, shock, and other abnormalities resulting from injury to the small or large intestine. Several reports suggest the efficacy of cisapride in managing intestinal disease in horses, including the resolution of persistent large colon impaction, treatment of equine grass sickness, and as a preventative for POI in horses after small intestinal surgery (0.1 mg/kg body mass intramuscularly during the postoperative period). 9 Primary role-players in DPJ-associated ileus include peritoneal inflammation, inflammatory cell migration/activation within the muscularis, small intestinal mechanical distention, and effects of endotoxin absorption. Diarrhea probably results from the severe ulceration and inflammation of the large intestine, causing increased secretion of water, electrolytes, and protein and decreased absorption of fluid. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50015-9 id = cord-299828-fb84rtmx author = Joseph, Maxwell B. title = Taming wildlife disease: bridging the gap between science and management date = 2013-04-16 keywords = WDM; disease; host; management; population; transmission summary = Despite the wealth of empirical WDM research, management outcomes can be difficult to predict because system-specific information is lacking for novel pathogens and many theoretical concepts in disease ecology (see Table 1 for a subset) have not been widely tested in the field, leading to uncertainty in their generality. Corridor vaccination can reduce disease in metapopulations; movement controls are unlikely to work for chronic infections Keeling & Eames (2005) Transmission increases with host density Host density reductions may reduce disease transmission, and density thresholds for disease persistence may exist Anderson & May (1979) Transmission increases with disease prevalence independent of host density Transmission associated with sexual interactions is more likely to cause host extinction, and non-selective culling may not reduce transmission Getz & Pickering (1983) Predation as a regulator of host population and disease We use a quantitative, case-based approach to provide a critical retrospective of WDM over the last four decades to: (i) quantify how frequently specific theoretical concepts from disease ecology have been applied in the literature, (ii) identify prevailing management objectives, groups and reported outcomes and (iii) assess taxonomic biases in WDM literature. doi = 10.1111/1365-2664.12084 id = cord-291687-kwu0otpi author = Judson, Gregory L. title = Cardiovascular Implications and Therapeutic Considerations in COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; disease; patient summary = A review of 44,672 confirmed COVID-19 cases from Wuhan, China, demonstrated increased mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (10.5%), diabetes (7.3%), and hypertension (6%), which was significantly higher than the overall case-fatality rate of 2.3% [22] . These initial cases series have shown a similar relationship between underlying cardiac comorbidities with a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity in patients requiring mechanical ventilation [24] . Early studies reported a prevalence of acute cardiac injury of 12% in the entire cohort as defined by either high sensitivity troponin (Hs Tn) or the MB fraction of creatinine kinase (CK-MB) [ 99 th percentile or new echocardiographic or electrocardiographic abnormalities with greater elevations in cardiac biomarkers among patients requiring ICU care [1, 20] . Case cohort studies included data in patients for whom the outcome and illness course helped further elucidate the role of cardiac injury in COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1007/s40119-020-00184-5 id = cord-264355-9quf59td author = Jung, Sung-mok title = Epidemiological Identification of A Novel Pathogen in Real Time: Analysis of the Atypical Pneumonia Outbreak in Wuhan, China, 2019–2020 date = 2020-02-27 keywords = Disease summary = Because the only information on 30 December 2019 was that cases had symptoms of atypical pneumonia, the distances between the ongoing outbreak and the eleven known pathogens were all zero; thus, all eleven candidate pathogens initially showed an identical probability of 8.3% (i.e., 1/12, when the possibility of Disease X is accounted for). Because the only information on 30 December 2019 was that cases had symptoms of atypical pneumonia, the distances between the ongoing outbreak and the eleven known pathogens were all zero; thus, all eleven candidate pathogens initially showed an identical probability of 8.3% (i.e., 1/12, when the possibility of Disease X is accounted for). Real-time estimation of the probability that the ongoing pneumonia outbreak is driven by each candidate pathogen, given available information on different days. Real-time estimation of the probability that the ongoing pneumonia outbreak is driven by each candidate pathogen, given available information on different days. doi = 10.3390/jcm9030637 id = cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author = Kahn, R. E. title = 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date = 2012-09-07 keywords = BSE; H1N1; H5N1; Health; Professor; States; United; University; disease; human; infection; virus summary = The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. doi = 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x id = cord-269170-9f460xbq author = Kaneko, Kazunari title = Our Evolving Understanding of Kawasaki Disease Pathogenesis: Role of the Gut Microbiota date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Kawasaki; disease; gut summary = The disease seems to result from the interplay of genetic and environmental susceptibility factors with infectious triggers, followed by a subsequent abnormal immune response characterized by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the acute phase. Recent advances in culture-independent techniques for detection and identification of intestinal commensal bacteria enabled the discovery that Th17 and Treg differentiation are regulated by short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in particular butyrate, produced by the gut microbiota. This perspective is illustrated in Figure 1 and can be explained as follows: [1] various factors during the in utero and postnatal period drive dysbiosis in young children; [2] dysbiosis results in reduced intestinal production of SCFAs including butyrate; [3] reduced levels of SCFAs in the gut cause an imbalance of Th17s/Tregs; and [4] individuals with Th17/Treg imbalances develop hypercytokinemia triggered by ubiquitous infectious agents(s), followed by KD (Figure 1) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01616 id = cord-003686-1pfk4qve author = Kaneko, Naoe title = The role of interleukin-1 in general pathology date = 2019-06-06 keywords = IL-1; IL-1R1; NLRP3; TNF; cell; disease; patient summary = The majority of NOD-like receptors such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6, and NLRP12 can interact with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1, and the resulting complex is a sensor of cell injury called "inflammasome", an interleukin (IL)-1β-processing platform that plays a crucial role in IL-1β maturation and secretion from cells. NLRP3 inflammasomes have also been reported to be involved in low-grade subclinical inflammation induced by chronic exposure to high levels of free fatty acids and glucose, leading to increased apoptosis and impaired insulin secretion of β-cells in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) patients [102] [103] [104] . Canakinumab and anakinra were also effective for patients with Schnitzler syndrome, an adult-onset autoinflammatory disease characterized by focal urticaria and systemic inflammation including fever with bone and muscle pain, in the first placebo-controlled study, and several clinical trials are currently ongoing [186] [187] [188] [189] . doi = 10.1186/s41232-019-0101-5 id = cord-294478-3ickafd3 author = Kapil, Sanjay title = Diagnostic Investigation of Emerging Viruses of Companion Animals date = 2008-05-22 keywords = ELISA; animal; diagnostic; disease; viral; virus summary = Variants of a known virus that has gained enhanced virulence or that is able to infect completely vaccinated animals A known virus that has reappeared in the population after a decline in incidence Novel or previously unidentified viral agents detected for the first time because of improved diagnostic capabilities ''''Mystery diseases'''' with large numbers of naive animals involved that are caused by previously uncharacterized viruses Spread of an emerging virus among small companion animals is multifactorial and includes animal health and sanitation practices; migration of a pathogen from a wild reservoir to domestic animals because of changes in populations, trade, climate, land use, and the introduction of invasive species (eg, plant, animal, insect); and, finally, globalization, as was the case with West Nile virus (WNV). Detecting emerging viral diseases of companion animals requires interaction and discussion among clinicians, pathologists, and virologists, and practicing small animal veterinarians must stay engaged in communication with these specialists through their state diagnostic laboratories or nearby colleges of veterinary medicine. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.009 id = cord-262205-ax3i3d7f author = Karampourian, Arezou title = Exploring challenges of health system preparedness for communicable diseases in Arbaeen mass gathering: a qualitative study date = 2018-09-11 keywords = Arbaeen; Iraq; disease; health summary = The aim of this study is to explore stakeholders'' experiences on the health system''s preparedness and challenges, and to provide suggestions for preventing infectious diseases during the Arbaeen mass gathering. Health infrastructure defects in Iraq has three sub-themes (health abandonment in Iraq, the weaknesses in health culture and problems related to the health system); poor control of the causative factors of infectious diseases has three sub-themes (the underlying factors of the prevalence of contagious diseases, health system response to communicable diseases and ignoring the risks of the Arbaeen ceremony); the low perception of risk in pilgrims has three sub-themes (lack of awareness in pilgrims, fatalism in pilgrims and unhygienic belief in pilgrims); and the ineffectiveness of health education has two sub-themes (training shortage in the targeted group and educational content problems) that shows participant''s experiences of the health system''s challenges for coping with infectious diseases during the Arbaeen ceremony. doi = 10.12688/f1000research.15290.1 id = cord-269640-0u3e1493 author = Kasai, Takeshi title = Research and control of parasitic diseases in Japan: current position and future perspectives date = 2007-03-09 keywords = Japan; disease; japanese summary = Thereafter, Japan expanded its international cooperation to cover infectious diseases through integrated development programmes to improve health, to alleviate poverty and to help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Thereafter, Japan expanded its international cooperation to cover infectious diseases through integrated development programmes to improve health, to alleviate poverty and to help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. The unique ODA philosophy in Japan, which is based on the overriding concept of self help and human security, contributes to overseas development by exporting its achievements in disease control and in shaping support for disease research and control activities (http:// www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/cooperation/anniv50/pamphlet/ contents.html). One major drawback is that the Japanese experience, whereby parasitic-disease control contributed substantially to overall social development, remains primarily an anecdotal record and is not documented in health-system research terms. doi = 10.1016/j.pt.2007.02.011 id = cord-355267-ndzgxk0k author = Kassa, Semu M. title = Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19: from mathematical modelling perspective date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; case; disease; figure summary = Whereas knowledge of the virus dynamics and host response are essential for formulating strategies for antiviral treatment, vaccination, and epidemiological control of COVID-19, estimation of changes in transmission over time can provide insights into the epidemiological situation and help to identify whether public health control measures are having a measurable effect [5, 39] . Applying the above described set of assumptions in the bounds for some of the parameters, we optimized the model output to fit the daily new cases data reported from the Hubei province, China. Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19 Figure 11 : Dynamics of the disease with at most 10% of the population in the class and at least 50% of the class are detected and quarantined just after Phase 1 period, with strict social distancing rule imposed for 11 weeks. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109968 id = cord-327442-e02y93f6 author = Kastritis, Efstathios title = Systemic autoimmune diseases, anti-rheumatic therapies, COVID-19 infection risk and patient outcomes date = 2020-07-11 keywords = covid-19; disease; patient summary = Thus far there is no convincing evidence that any disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (conventional synthetic, biologic or targeted synthetic) including hydroxychloroquine, may protect against severe COVID-19 infection; answers about their possible usefulness in the management of the cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-9 infection will only arise from ongoing randomized controlled trials. In such cases, a dysregulated immune response has been described, usually during the 2nd week of infection, characterized more often by T cell lymphopenia (both CD4 and CD8 cells) [5] , enhanced production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), IL-1 and G-CSF [5] [6] [7] 18] , decreased production of antiviral type I and III interferons [17] and T cell exhaustion [17] .This "hyperinflammatory state" which is being referred to as "cytokine storm" shares certain clinical (high fever), laboratory (increased C-reactive protein-CRP, ferritin, serum IL-6 and D-dimer levels) and immunological (macrophage and T cell activation) features with the macrophage activation syndrome or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) seen in a subset of patients with infections (bacterial or viral), auto-immune or auto-inflammatory diseases (such as systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult Still''s disease and systemic lupus erythematosus) and after CART cell therapy in patients with leukemia or lymphoma [19] [20] [21] . doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04629-x id = cord-018101-zd4v222b author = Kawashima, Kent title = Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies date = 2016-05-31 keywords = SARS; disease; individual; infection; pathogen summary = We will briefly describe some pathogens that cause human disease and their transmission mechanisms before analyzing the SARS 2002-2003 epidemic as a case study of a modern urban epidemic. In general, fecal-oral and vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted through an environmental (water, food) or a biological (animal) carrier that extends transmission range to large distances, but other routes are also possible depending on the specific pathogen. In the following three subsections, we discuss theoretical results on three important aspect of disease outbreak: (1) the effect of "superspreaders" on the probability of outbreak, (2) the impact of control strategies such as isolation and quarantine, and (3) factors that affect the evolution of pathogen virulence. When the host population has a highly heterogeneously connected network, emergence of disease may be rare, but infections that survive stochastic extinction produce "explosive" epidemics similar to the case of SARS in 2002. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-39812-9_10 id = cord-300187-fr6tme32 author = Kearns, Shawn title = Infectious Hepatopathies in Dogs and Cats date = 2009-11-26 keywords = Mycobacterium; cat; disease; dog; infection; liver summary = Although bacterial infections are probably the most common cause of infectious hepatitis, the clinician should be aware of other potential organisms and other commonly involved systems. Therefore, this article includes a description of common bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, parasitic, and rickettsial diseases in dogs and cats. Mycobacterial disease is often subclinical in dogs and cats, but signs may be associated with granuloma formation in various organs. 39, 40 Nontuberculous mycobacterium, including those in the Mycobacterium avium complex, are saprophytic opportunistic organisms primarily implicated in disseminated disease in cats [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] and occasionally in dogs. No clear dissemination pattern has been identified because of low case numbers, but affected organs include the internal lymph nodes, liver, lungs, eyes, bone, muscles, and CNS. Infection results in disseminated disease, including protozoal hepatitis. Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003 doi = 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.06.004 id = cord-269505-7g8lio9l author = Keesing, Felicia title = Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases date = 2010-12-01 keywords = disease; host; specie; transmission summary = For hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a directly transmitted zoonotic disease, correlational and experimental studies have shown that a lower diversity of small mammals increases the prevalence of hantaviruses in their hosts, thereby increasing risk to humans (Box 2). Diversity has a similar effect for plant diseases, with species losses increasing the transmission of two fungal rust pathogens that infect perennial rye grass and other plant species 10 . This is because field studies like those on West Nile virus, hantaviruses and rye grass have typically not controlled for changes in host density that can result from changes in ''species richness'' (the number of species present in a community, which is a measure of taxonomic diversity). In sum, reducing biodiversity can increase disease transmission when the lost species are either not hosts for the pathogen or are suboptimal ones. In several case studies, the species most likely to be lost from ecological communities as diversity declines are those most likely to reduce pathogen transmission. doi = 10.1038/nature09575 id = cord-262544-6q8eg9z4 author = Keller, Mikaela title = Use of Unstructured Event-Based Reports for Global Infectious Disease Surveillance date = 2009-05-17 keywords = GPHIN; disease; health; information summary = Free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, such as Internet news and online discussion sites, provide detailed local and near real-time data on disease outbreaks, even in countries that lack traditional public health surveillance. In many countries, free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, including Internet news and online discussion sites (Figure) , could provide detailed local and near real-time data on potential and confi rmed disease outbreaks and other public health events (9, 10, (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) . With a goal of improving public health surveillance and, ultimately, intervention efforts, we (the architects, developers, and methodologists for the information systems described herein) reviewed 3 of the primary active systems that process unstructured (free-text), event-based information on disease outbreaks: The Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), the HealthMap system, and the EpiSPIDER project (Semantic Processing and Integration of Distributed Electronic Resources for Epidemics [and disasters]; www.epispider.net). doi = 10.3201/eid1505.081114 id = cord-288187-84oj3xtp author = Khan, Ali S. title = Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity date = 2019-12-06 keywords = disease; dna; investigation; outbreak summary = Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen. The specific objectives of epidemiology (Gordis, 1996) are to (i) determine the extent of disease present in the community; (ii) identify the etiology or cause of a disease and the factors that increase a person''s risk for disease; (iii) study the natural history and prognosis of disease; (iv) evaluate new preventive and therapeutic measures and new modes of healthcare delivery; and (v) provide a foundation for developing public policy and regulations. Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen (Rasko et al., 2011) . Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity stated that genome editing research on pathogens with pandemic potential may pose a national security risk if not regulated. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-815379-6.00008-8 id = cord-304343-m7tbdfri author = Khandia, Rekha title = A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy date = 2019-07-03 keywords = Autophagy; Beclin; LAMP-2A; cancer; cell; disease; inhibit; lc3-ii; pathway; protein; role; virus summary = Similarly, inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway can prevent apoptosis and even enhance necroptosis, whereas starvation, which induces autophagy, protects cells from zVAD-mediated necroptotic death [194] . For instance, autophagy has been demonstrated to be actively involved in the replication of influenza A virus (IAV), which induces autophagosome formation during the early phase of infection and later inhibits autophagosomal maturation by preventing autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion and promoting autophagosomes to accumulate in virus-infected cells [253] . (5) A novel anti-cancer molecule, HA15, which targets HSPA5/BIP was shown to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and increase the unfolded protein response, resulting in cancer cell death through autophagy and apoptosis. (5) A novel anti-cancer molecule, HA15, which targets HSPA5/BIP was shown to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and increase the unfolded protein response, resulting in cancer cell death through autophagy and apoptosis. In addition, the novel anti-cancer molecule HA15, which targets HSPA5/BIP, was shown to induce ER stress and increase the unfolded protein response, resulting in cancer cell death via autophagy and apoptosis [304] . doi = 10.3390/cells8070674 id = cord-268907-cv0mkpzd author = Kim, Jung Heon title = An Urgent Need for Global Preparedness against the Reemergence of “Forgotten” Infectious Diseases in Korea date = 2018-04-04 keywords = disease summary = title: An Urgent Need for Global Preparedness against the Reemergence of "Forgotten" Infectious Diseases in Korea We should not make these infectious diseases as "never-ending stories," and comprehensive global preparedness for preventing outbreaks is needed urgently. According to the report from Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) in 2016, vaccination rates between 0 and 3-year-old children for national essential vaccination were over 90%; BCG 97.8%, HepB 97.3%, DTaP 96.2%, IPV 97.6%, MMR 97.8%, Var 97.5%, JE 92.7%. 2 The vaccination rate in NIP was reported in young ages but there is little nation-wide survey data of their appropriateness of immune formation to prevent infection after vaccination. It is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of pathogens, hygiene levels, immunity status and changes in each age group, environmental alterations, dietary nutrition, vaccine supply, treatment modalities, international relationship of diseases, so on. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e125 id = cord-345381-9cckppk2 author = Klimek, Ludger title = Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date = 2020-09-07 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; covid-19; disease; infection; patient summary = title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontaneous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontane-ous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.5414/alx02166e id = cord-330830-x2swoy4d author = Kobayashi, Nobumichi title = Impact of Emerging, Re-Emerging and Zoonotic Viral Infectious Diseases, in a Virologist’s Perspective date = 2018-08-31 keywords = disease summary = Factors related to humans and society are the most responsible for emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The number of infectious diseases outbreaks increased globally about 4 times from the 1980s to 2010, associated with an evident increase of zoonosis as well as vector-borne disease, compared with human-specific infections [4] . Increase of zoonosis and vector-borne diseases is related to global changes in environment and ecosystem which may be caused by climate change associated with global warming. Phylogenetic analysis combined with chronological tracing indicated that recent global spread of Chikungunya was caused synergistically by factors of humans, environment, vectors, and viruses [5] . A mutation in the envelope protein conferred increased viral growth in mosquito, which facilitated spread of this vector-born disease. Thus, spread of emerging viral diseases is considered to be caused by multifactorial mechanisms. The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. Global rise in human infectious disease outbreaks doi = 10.2174/1874357901812010131 id = cord-298372-4pw1y404 author = Koch, Lionel title = Natural outbreaks and bioterrorism: How to deal with the two sides of the same coin? date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; Ebola; SARS; disease; outbreak summary = The last Ebola outbreak in 2014 in West Africa was regarded as a paradigm of the issues caused by emerging infectious diseases nowadays: this extremely deadly pathogen has naturally emerged in a large new area, and its overwhelming spread has subsequently impacted Europe and the United States [3] . At the same time, some natural outbreaks were caused by naturally altered pathogens like the Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Europe in 2011, a strain that acquired and combined unusual virulence factor and drug resistance genes [25] or in 2003 the new human coronavirus (SARS-CoV) identified with surprise in front of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases [26] . Indeed, even if the substantial remaining risk in the case of an attack is the possibility of secondary actions aiming to maximise damages to the emergency infrastructure [38] , the real challenge for global safety remains the early detection, the accurate characterisation and the establishment of specific measures, whatever the outbreak origin [39, 40] . doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020317 id = cord-301479-dc1oyftd author = Koehlmoos, Tracey Pérez title = Global Health: Chronic Diseases and Other Emergent Issues in Global Health date = 2011-09-30 keywords = country; disease; health; mental; risk summary = This article discusses emergent issues in global health related to noncommunicable diseases and conditions, with focus on defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. Trying to offer an in-depth discussion on such a wide range of issues in just one article is clearly not possible, and therefore focus and emphasis is given to defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. 1, 11 Low-income and middle-income countries have developed their health provision and policies according to a primary care or Alma Ata model, focused on meeting the needs of pregnant women and children younger than 5 years, and developing services for a variety of high-impact communicable diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.008 id = cord-022383-pz0htccp author = Kohn, Dennis F. title = Biology and Diseases of Rats date = 2013-11-17 keywords = Fig; SDAV; Sendai; animal; colony; disease; infection; lesion; rat; strain; tumor; virus summary = The severity and prevalence of clinical disease within an infected colony are associated with environmental conditions that induce stress (e.g., experimental manipulation, overcrowding, fluctuations in ambient temperature and humid ity, and copathogens). Salmonellosis, which was once a major cause of disease in laboratory rat and mouse colonies, is rarely reported in either species today. Mycoplasma pulmonis recently has become recognized as an important pathogen in the female genital tract of rats, and thus is being treated here as a distinct disease rather than as a sequella to MRM. Sendai virus commonly infects laboratory rats, but its clinical significance is less than in mice. Infection is usually diagnosed retrospectively in rats, where pulmonary lesions are observed following seroconversion to PVM in the absence of other respiratory pathogens. This disease, which occurs more fre quently in females, has been reported in numerous strains of rats. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-263620-2.50010-0 id = cord-015651-yhi83hgq author = Kovács, Katalin title = Social Disparities in the Evolution of an Epidemiological Profile: Transition Processes in Mortality Between 1971 and 2008 in an Industrialized Middle Income Country: The Case of Hungary date = 2014-03-25 keywords = cause; death; disease; epidemiological; mortality; transition summary = One of main conclusions has been that they have not so far undergone the healthier life style changes that have occurred in Western Europe, and this has resulted in a "reversed epidemiological transition", in which an elevated burden of cardiovascular diseases dominates the pattern of mortality (Vallin and Meslé 2004) . In this paper I shall review recent developments in epidemiological transition theory, and test the applicability of some of these theories to the evolution of cause-and education-specific mortality inequalities in Hungary between 1971 and 2008. Omran, starting from his very first publication, continuously mentioned social disparities in mortality as well as the driving forces listed above but he did not provide a theoretical framework for the application of these in connection with particular mortality or disease patterns specific for single countries or population sub-groups. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-03029-6_4 id = cord-009322-7l7slziv author = Kraetsch, Hans-Georg title = Verlauf und prognostische Parameter bei Still-Syndrom des Erwachsenen: Eigene Erfahrungen und Literaturübersicht date = 1997 keywords = Patienten; die; disease; patient summary = □ PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients with adult onset of Still''s disease (AOSD) were examined one to nine years after the established diagnosis. 1 971 beschfieb Bywaters 14 erwachsene Patienten mit Symptomen ~ihnlich denen einer juvenilen chronischen Polyarthritis, die frª als ,,Still''s disease" bezeichnet wurde [3] . Rey Words: AOSD 9 Adult onset of Still''s disease 9 Prognostic critefia 9 Course of disease 9 Outcome 9 Review of the literature 9 Case reports Med. Klin Betroffen sind vor allem der Stamm und die proximalen Extremiditen (Abbildung 2, Patient Nr. 8), gelegentlich aber auch das Gesicht [18] . Eine schwere hepatische Beteili~mg trat bei unserem sp~iter verstorbenen Patienten ira P,.ahmen eines hffmophagozytischen Syndroms auf[28], auch dies schon als seltene und lebensbedrohliche Komplikation des AOSD bekannt. Eine Verschmfflerung des Gelenkspaltes in Karpometakarpaloder Interkarpalgelenken mit sp~iterer kn6cherner Ankylosierung gilt als eine ftir das AOSD charakteristische radiologische Verffnderung [1] , die in dieser Forro bei unseren Patienten nicht zu beobachten war. doi = 10.1007/bf03044666 id = cord-027303-20plzyqd author = Krishnan, Gokul S. title = Hybrid Text Feature Modeling for Disease Group Prediction Using Unstructured Physician Notes date = 2020-05-23 keywords = ICD9; disease; note summary = In this article, we propose a generic ICD9 disease group prediction CDSS built on unstructured physician notes modeled using hybrid word embeddings. In this article, a hybrid feature modeling approach that uses hybrid clinical word embeddings to generate quality features which are used to train and build a deep neural network model to predict ICD9 disease groups is presented. From our experiments, we observed a significant potential in developing prediction based CDSS using unstructured text reports directly, eliminating the dependency on the availability of structured patient data and EHRs. The proposed approach that involves a textual feature modeling and a neural network based prediction model was successful in capturing the rich and latent clinical information available in unstructured physician notes, and using it to effectively learn disease group characteristics for prediction. In this article, a deep neural network based model for predicting ICD9 disease groups from physician notes in the form of unstructured text is discussed. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-50423-6_24 id = cord-258777-9jxvngvz author = Kunii, Osamu title = The Okinawa Infectious Diseases Initiative date = 2006-12-22 keywords = IDI; Japan; disease summary = Japan also mounted major initiatives to eliminate infectious and parasitic diseases nationwide; for example, by linking public health activities with measures to control tuberculosis (TB), Japan substantially reduced the number of TB-related deaths [22] . Through infrastructure and institution building, in addition to provision of technical assistance, Japan supports and facilitates the development of health systems and sector reforms, thereby reinforcing health development planning and programmes, building capacity and helping to ensure sustainability of infectious disease control. Promotion of public health at the community level Japan has paid special attention to the improvement of basic sanitation, clean water, basic education and primary health care within communities, concentrating on interventions that lead to the reduction of infectious diseases. Japan has also been one of the largest donors in controlling Chagas disease in Central America through the provision of equipment and supplies, in addition to technical assistance for programme management and individual interventions, including surveillance, materials for information, education and communication, and insecticide spraying [45] . doi = 10.1016/j.pt.2006.12.008 id = cord-010887-qbyk4psh author = Kwon, Somin title = Immunotherapies for Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases—Emerging Perspectives and New Targets date = 2020-04-28 keywords = Abeta; Alzheimer; Fig; Lewy; Parkinson; Tau; disease summary = doi = 10.1007/s13311-020-00853-2 id = cord-018364-b06084r1 author = LaBrunda, Michelle title = The Emerging Threat of Ebola date = 2019-06-07 keywords = Africa; EVD; Ebola; Saa; disease; health; outbreak; virus summary = Transmission of Ebola disease is still being studied, but it is known that person-toperson contact is the most common form of spread. One study found the risk of developing EVD for healthcare workers to be 100 times that of the general community during an outbreak of Ebola in Sierra Leone [67] . After the outbreak of SARS in 2003 many countries starting using boarder screening to try to identify possibly ill people in hopes of limiting spread of infectious disease, others jumped on board after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. An article by the CDC, published around the same time as the article recommending travel restriction for high-risk individuals, concludes that border screens are expensive and not effective in preventing the spread of disease [100] . Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients Under Investigation (PUIs) for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in U doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_6 id = cord-001654-o2zfilcl author = Laidler, Matthew R. title = Statin Treatment and Mortality: Propensity Score-Matched Analyses of 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations date = 2015-03-04 keywords = disease; influenza; statin summary = The use of immunomodulatory agents such as statins to target host inflammatory responses in influenza virus infection has been suggested as an adjunct treatment, especially during pandemics, when antiviral quantities are limited or vaccine production can be delayed. We used population-based, influenza hospitalization surveillance data, propensity score-matched analysis, and Cox regression to determine whether there was an association between mortality (within 30 days of a positive influenza test) and statin treatment among hospitalized cohorts from 2 influenza seasons (October 1, 2007 to April 30, 2008 and September 1, 2009 to April 31, 2010). A study by Vandermeer et al [23] , using data from a populationbased influenza surveillance system, found a protective effect of statin use on mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2007-2008 influenza season. We used Cox proportional hazards models with robust standard errors, stratified on matched pairs, to determine the effect of statin treatment on mortality within 30 days of a positive influenza test. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofv028 id = cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 author = Lambert, Paul-Henri title = Consensus Summary Report for CEPI/BC March 12-13, 2020 Meeting: Assessment of Risk of Disease Enhancement with COVID-19 Vaccines date = 2020-05-25 keywords = MERS; SARS; disease; vaccine summary = Therefore, CEPI and the Brighton Collaboration Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting https://brightoncollaboration.us/brighton-collaboration-cepi-covid-19-web-conference/) on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to discuss current knowledge that could form the basis for the assessment of the risk of enhanced disease during SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. Ferret models of SARS-CoV-1 also demonstrate virus replication in respiratory tracts with induction of a neutralizing antibody response but also demonstrated little evidence of clinical disease [13] . Efficacy of several SARS-CoV-1 vaccines was evaluated in these models with spike (S) protein based vaccines demonstrating neutralizing antibody and protection against pulmonary replication of the challenge virus in mice and hamsters [16] . There is evidence for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals after challenge with live virus in multiple studies with SARS-CoV-1 vaccine candidates as summarized in Table. Chinese macaques immunized with a modified vaccinia virus expressing S protein then challenged with SARS-CoV-1 did not develop clinical disease, but histopathology showed lung injury. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.064 id = cord-315794-se0sq3c3 author = Lamps, L W title = Infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract date = 2006-12-14 keywords = Crohn; disease; infection summary = Diagnostic histological features of selected enteric infections will be emphasized, including those that mimic other inflammatory conditions of the gut (such as ischaemia or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease), along with available diagnostic methods that can aid in diagnosis. 2 Those producing a non-specific acute self-limited ⁄ infectious colitis (ASLC) pattern (e.g. Campylobacter jejuni); this is one of the most common inflammatory patterns in enteric infections. As these features can also be seen in smoldering Crohn''s disease and lymphocytic colitis, it is important to know the patient''s symptoms and, ideally, culture results as this differential diagnosis may be difficult to resolve on histological grounds alone. Selected specific food-and ⁄ or water-borne gastrointestinal infective disorders Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Shigella and enteric viruses represent the most common food-borne pathogens worldwide. In addition, many of the food-and water-borne gastrointestinal infective diseases discussed below mimic other entities that are commonly encountered in surgical pathology practice, such as ischaemic colitis or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02544.x id = cord-016171-17ut32bu author = Lane, J. Michael title = Smallpox as a Weapon for Bioterrorism date = 2009 keywords = Centers; Control; Disease; Prevention; Smallpox; virus summary = Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . If this algorithm indicates that a patient is high risk to be smallpox, local and national public health authorities should be immediately notified by telephone, and laboratory specimens taken for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electron photomicroscopy (EM), and viral culture. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-1266-4_5 id = cord-140839-rij8f137 author = Langfeld, Kurt title = Dynamics of epidemic diseases without guaranteed immunity date = 2020-07-31 keywords = disease; model summary = Conventional mathematical models consider cases for which a recovered individual either becomes susceptible again or develops an immunity. In the simplest version, the so-called compartmental models [7, 10] consider the fraction of the population which is either susceptible (S), infected (I) or removed (R) from the disease network. Compartmental models address global quantities such as the fraction of susceptible individuals S and assume that heuristic rate equations can describe the disease dynamics. In these cases, spatial disease spread patterns can be described by a stochastic network model with Monte-Carlo simulations a common choice for the simulation. At each time step (say ''day''), the probability that an individual gets infected (or recovers) depends on the status of the neighbours in the social network. For τ > t th , the peak infection rate is that of the asymptotic state of the corresponding model (i) and, hence, inherits the classification ''pandemic'' or ''response'' phase. doi = nan id = cord-336045-8qcj5uiy author = Langlois, Isabelle title = Viral diseases of ferrets date = 2005-03-01 keywords = ADV; aleutian; disease; ferret; infection; virus summary = A tentative diagnosis of canine distemper is based on the presence of typical clinical signs, severe leukopenia, a history of potential exposure to the virus, and questionable vaccination. The severity of disease depends on the origin (mink or ferret) of the ADV strain that is involved as well as the immune status and genotype of the infected individual [25] . Ferrets are used extensively as an animal model for influenza virus pathogenesis and immunity studies because their biologic response to influenza infection is similar to that of humans [53, 54] . Neurologic symptoms, including ataxia, hind-limb paresis, and torticollis, were reported in ferrets that were infected experimentally with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses that were isolated from the 1997 outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry markets in Hong Kong [50, 65] . Detection of Aleutian disease virus DNA in tissues of naturally infected mink doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2004.09.008 id = cord-025998-1qawjquv author = Lara, R.J. title = Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology date = 2012-03-23 keywords = Africa; Asia; Brazil; Dam; River; Vibrio; cholera; disease; figure; human; increase; water summary = The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agriand aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. • natural biological cycles in which humans can act as hosts of pathogenic microorganisms (protozoans, bacteria, etc.); • consequences of the management of aquatic resources (e.g., wetlands drainage or creation, aquaculture, and dam construction); • effects of water pollution (chemical, microbiological, radio active, and thermal) on man and on the physiology of individual organisms; and • the impact of global changes affecting climate and hydrolo gical cycles (e.g., habitat degradation, warming, increased rainfall, and storms). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.01015-9 id = cord-326017-qw4qynqv author = Laskar, Partha title = “Tomorrow Never Dies”: Recent Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Modalities against Coronavirus (COVID-19) amid Controversies date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; PCR; RNA; SARS; disease; patient summary = Considering this, we have summarized diverse research areas covering the current known biological properties of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tools for detection, therapeutic measurements for possible treatment, and prevention techniques to stop further spreading of this pandemic. Considering this, we have summarized diverse research areas covering the current known biological properties of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tools for detection, therapeutic measurements for possible treatment, and prevention techniques to stop further spreading of this pandemic. Overall, real-time RT-PCR based method enables developing a high-throughput testing for rapid, on-demand, low-cost, reliable, quantitative detection technique against COVID-19 in clinical settings [39] . Another newly developed method, SARS-CoV-2 DNA Endonuclease-Targeted CRISPR Trans Reporter (DETECTR), was found to perform simultaneous reverse transcription and isothermal amplification by (i) RT-LAMP for RNA extracted (for nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs), (ii) Cas12 detection of predefined coronavirus sequences, and (iii) cleavage of a reporter molecule confirms, which detects the virus [56] . doi = 10.3390/diseases8030030 id = cord-274409-4ugdxbmy author = Laskar, Rezwanuzzaman title = Mutational analysis and assessment of its impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India date = 2020-10-19 keywords = Disease; SARS; site summary = title: Mutational analysis and assessment of its impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India Further, constitution of ''Disease'' mutations in genomes from asymptomatic people was mere 11% but those from deceased patients was over three folds higher at 38% indicating contribution of these mutations to the pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2. With a definitive possibility of India becoming the most affected country by SARS-CoV-2 in near future and the demographic burden involved, its pertinent to be analyze the accumulating variations in the genome accounting for possible changes in protein and their potential to alter the virus in any manner. Herein we extend our study using the same congregation of sequences to analyze the nature and composition of the observed mutations and their impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The distribution of Disease and Neutral variants across the different genes of SARS-CoV-2 has been shown in Table 4 and Supplementary file 5. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.19.345066 id = cord-016387-ju4130bq author = Last, John title = A Brief History of Advances Toward Health date = 2005 keywords = Jenner; cause; disease; epidemic; health; public summary = From time to time, this steady drain on long life and good health was punctuated by great and terrifying epidemics-smallpox, typhus, influenza, and, most terrible of all, the plague, or the "black death." The causes of these periodic devastations, the contributing reasons to why they happened, were a mystery. After Fracastorius, the pathfinders on the road to health became numerous, but mention here will be made of only a handful of public health heroes: Paracelsus, John Graunt, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Bernardino Ramazzini, James Lind, Edward Jenner, Johann Peter Frank, John Snow, Ignaz Semmelweiss, and Louis Pasteur. Many others belong in their company: The great German pathologist Rudolph Virchow recognized that political action as well as rational science are necessary to initiate effective action to control public health problems; Edwin Chadwick and Lemuel Shattuck reported on the appalling sanitary conditions associated with the unacceptably high infant and child death rates that prevailed in 19 th century industrial towns; William Farr established vital statistics in England as a model for other nations to follow. doi = 10.1007/0-387-24103-5_1 id = cord-030926-vtids9ns author = Laxminarayan, Ramanan title = Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date = 2016-02-15 keywords = Global; Malaria; cost; country; disease summary = Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Other examples of country-level actions with global consequences include inadequate vaccination coverage; slow progress on disease elimination; failure to report and contain pandemic flu, antibiotic resistance, and counterfeit drugs; and climate-related health threats. More recently, campaigns to eliminate smallpox and eradicate malaria have been built on the idea that infectious disease control depends not just on national priorities but also on the priorities of one''s neighbours and trading partners. Current International Health Regulations, which were first enacted in 1951 and most recently revised in 2005, require countries to report disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is often essential to have cooperative financing mechanisms for global health interventions, whether to eradicate disease, encourage appropriate levels of disease surveillance and reporting, or to reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. doi = 10.1093/oxrep/grv030 id = cord-290930-438td98a author = Lazcano-Ponce, Eduardo title = The Contribution of International Agencies to the Control of Communicable Diseases date = 2005-10-08 keywords = country; disease; health summary = The principle strategies include: 1) implementation of mechanisms for international epidemiologic surveillance; 2) use of international law to support the control of communicable diseases; 3) international cooperation on health matters; 4) strategies to strengthen primary care services and health systems in general; 5) promotion of the transfer of resources for research and development from the North to the South. The WHO proposal for modernization of the International Health Regulation includes the following: 1) a mission with a stronger focus on control of infectious diseases, 2) emphasis on broader health care coverage and better access to treatment schemes, 3) global surveillance including data from official and non-official sources, 4) strengthening of national public health systems through the establishment of comparable productivity indicators and outcome measurements, 5) giving priority to the protection of human rights, 6) guidelines for good health governance defined as adoption of the principles of impartiality, objectivity and transparency (13). doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.07.002 id = cord-023488-jf2xl3vl author = Le Duc, James W. title = Emerging Viral Diseases: Why We Need to Worry about Bats, Camels, and Airplanes date = 2016-02-12 keywords = Africa; Ebola; SARS; disease; human; virus summary = On occasion, a virus that is already widespread in a population can emerge as a cause of epidemic or endemic disease, due to an increase in the ratio of cases to infections. Although many zoonotic viruses can be transmitted to humans on occasion, their relative ability to spread from human to human determines whether or not they emerge as significant new virus diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). In the history of modern virology (the last 50 years) there are very few documented instances where zoonotic viruses have established themselves in the human population and emerged as new viral diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). Rarely, as in the case of HIV, SARS coronavirus, and Ebola filovirus, a zoonotic virus becomes established in humans, causing a disease that is truly new to the human species. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-800964-2.00016-1 id = cord-256686-fwh926g4 author = Leggio, Loredana title = Extracellular Vesicles as Nanotherapeutics for Parkinson’s Disease date = 2020-09-16 keywords = 6-ohda; Disease; Extracellular; GDNF; Parkinson; Syn; cell summary = Notably, emerging studies on aging mouse models of PD, based on the exposure to the environmental neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), clearly indicate that aged glial cells lose their neuroprotective, pro-neurogenic, and regenerative functions, thereby contributing to the inflammatory and degenerative processes during PD onset and progression [21, 23, [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] . The ReNCell VM immortalized human neural progenitor cell line-opportunely differentiated to assume a DAergic neuronal phenotype-was chosen as model of target cell, for evaluating the potential neuroprotective effects of SHED-derived EVs. To reproduce the parkinsonian/oxidative environment, the neurons were treated with the neurotoxin 6-OHDA [234] . The deriving M2 GDNF-producing macrophages were intravenously injected in the 6-OHDA PD mouse model, where they were able to cross exclusively the BBB of inflamed brains, inducing both neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects with consequent motor function improvements. doi = 10.3390/biom10091327 id = cord-006780-l503f86l author = Leitch, A E title = Relevance of granulocyte apoptosis to resolution of inflammation at the respiratory mucosa date = 2008-07-02 keywords = apoptosis; cell; disease; eosinophil; inflammation; inflammatory; neutrophil summary = It is evident that granulocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation but other cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and lymphocytes are equally and potentially more influential in subsets of inflammatory respiratory disease. It is not surprising, given the constant exposure of the vast respiratory mucosa to threat, the fine balance of the immune response and the pivotal inflammatory role played by neutrophils, that neutrophil-dominant inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous inflammatory respiratory diseases including pneumonia, COPD, IPF, CF, and ARDS. Elastase, reactive oxygen species, and myeloperoxidase cause further lung damage, and the clearance of inflammatory cells is so poor that Abbreviations: ARDS/ALI, adult respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury; CF, cystic fi brosis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis. doi = 10.1038/mi.2008.31 id = cord-269190-w74bjtq1 author = Lennox, Angela M. title = Care of the Geriatric Rabbit date = 2010-02-11 keywords = author; disease; patient; rabbit summary = This article examines the spectrum of disease that can affect the geriatric rabbit as well as crucial factors concerning the clinical management of the animal up to the end of its life. Though designed for dogs and cats, the author and others have used this product in rabbits with chronic renal failure requiring longer-term at-home subcutaneous administration of fluid (see Hospice and end-oflife issues later in this article) (Fig. 1) . In some cases all teeth are eventually lost, and patients survive with good to excellent quality of life on a diet of liquid Critical Care (Oxbow Animal Health, Murdoch, NE). Causes are varied, and can include chronic renal failure and acquired dental disease. Use is not recommended in humans and tested animal patients that are dehydrated, or have liver or renal disease (due to reduction of blood flow to the kidneys). doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2009.09.002 id = cord-016782-aods92rf author = Lessenger, James E. title = Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date = 2006 keywords = animal; disease; farm; human; infection summary = doi = 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_27 id = cord-330148-yltc6wpv author = Lessler, Justin title = Trends in the Mechanistic and Dynamic Modeling of Infectious Diseases date = 2016-07-02 keywords = Ebola; datum; disease; dynamic; model summary = Uncertainty was largely addressed through scenario-based approaches (e.g., different future epidemic trajectories were presented for different plausible sets of parameters), and for the most part, different aspects of the transmission dynamics were derived from independent studies, with only the growth rate (i.e., doubling time) estimated from incidence data. These recent attempts to quickly characterize the properties of emerging diseases are emblematic of an increasing focus on developing statistical methods, grounded in dynamical models, to estimate key epidemic parameters based on diverse data sources. High-resolution geographic data can gain additional power when paired with mechanistic models that capture changes in disease risk, as in recent analyses that accounted for the effect of birth, natural infection, and vaccine disruptions driving increases in measles susceptibility and epidemic risk in the wake of the Ebola outbreak [63] . The formal statistical integration of population genetic and epidemic models allows us to estimate the critical epidemiological parameters such as the basic reproductive number directly from pathogen sequence data [75] [76] [77] . doi = 10.1007/s40471-016-0078-4 id = cord-332093-iluqwwxs author = Lessler, Justin title = Mechanistic Models of Infectious Disease and Their Impact on Public Health date = 2016-02-17 keywords = HIV; Health; disease; model summary = Though never published by Reed and Frost (versions of the model were eventually published by their students (3, 4) ), their model was one of the first mechanistic models of infectious disease transmission, and at a time long before digital computing, they may have been the first to use simulation methods to understand the epidemic process. Perhaps the first mechanistic model of infectious disease transmission used in assessing intervention strategies was a mathematical model of malaria transmission developed and refined by Ronald Ross in a series of papers published between 1908 and 1921 (9) (10) (11) , pre-dating the work of Reed and Frost by decades. The aforementioned work, particularly that of the World Health Organization Ebola Response Team, also characterized important aspects of Ebola''s natural history and epidemiology, including its basic reproductive number (R 0 ), the decline in R over the course of the epidemic, the incubation period, and the serial interval, properties of the disease that will be important to understand should it re-emerge. doi = 10.1093/aje/kww021 id = cord-339188-apgdzgfz author = Lewis, Thomas J title = Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk and Burden in a 70-Individual Cohort Through Modification of Health Behaviors date = 2020-08-26 keywords = CDA; CDT; HRP; disease; health; participant; risk summary = Validated data on severe respiratory viral diseases and the correlation between mortality, immunocompromised status and existing chronic conditions in infected individuals indicate that a broad set of blood-based biomarkers may best serve to stratify risk and to set policy on containment strategies in populations [7] . What separates bad, good, and great programs is "a combination of good design built on behavior change theory, effective implementation using evidence-based practices, and credible measurement and evaluation." To further support the need for more thorough risk assessment, in a global study of 84 risks, the authors concluded "Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the relative risks for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends [9] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.10039 id = cord-350565-mejd7blb author = Lewnard, Joseph A title = Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2019-03-16 keywords = EBOV; Ebola; United; disease; study; vaccine summary = We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. Although serosurveys have bolstered recent efforts to understand the geographic range and clinical spectrum of EBOV and Zika virus infections (47, 48) , the enhancement of dengue hemorrhagic fever risk by prior exposure (49) , and the role of immunologic history in influenza susceptibility and vaccine response (50) , there remain few examples of public health programs undertaking serological studies for routine surveillance, at least in civilian populations (51) . doi = 10.1093/aje/kwy264 id = cord-341879-vubszdp2 author = Li, Lucy M title = Genomic analysis of emerging pathogens: methods, application and future trends date = 2014-11-22 keywords = disease; population; sequence summary = In this review, we evaluate methods that exploit pathogen sequences and the contribution of genomic analysis to understand the epidemiology of recently emerged infectious diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of recent developments in genomic methods in the context of infectious diseases, evaluate integrative methods that incorporate genetic data in epidemiological analysis, and discuss the application of these methods to EIDs. Over the last two decades, sequence data have increased in quality, length and volume due to improvements in the underlying technology and decreasing costs. In recent cases of EIDs, genomic data have helped to classify and characterize the pathogen, uncover the population history of the disease, and produce estimates of epidemiological parameters. Just as compartmental models can be fitted to surveillance data to infer the epidemiological dynamics of an infectious disease (Box 1), the coalescent framework allows inference of population history from pathogen sequences. doi = 10.1186/s13059-014-0541-9 id = cord-326788-qzm3b3xy author = Liew, Jean W. title = Patient‐reported Disease Activity in an Axial Spondyloarthritis Cohort during the COVID‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-06 keywords = BASDAI; disease; stress summary = We included questions about job status changes, exercise, medication use, disease activity (by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI]), and psychological factors (stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety). • In April 2020, during the peak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States, we surveyed patients with axSpA from a single center cohort regarding changes in job status, exercise, medication use, disease activity, and psychological factors including perceived stress and anxiety. • These findings highlight stress and anxiety as independent predictors of patient-reported disease activity among individuals with axSpA during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly while shelterin-place measures were in effect. Our survey-based study of an axSpA cohort at a single US center found that stress and anxiety were significantly associated with patient-reported disease activity, independent of confounding factors. doi = 10.1002/acr2.11174 id = cord-262623-lmf2h6oc author = Light, R. Bruce title = Plagues in the ICU: A Brief History of Community-Acquired Epidemic and Endemic Transmissible Infections Leading to Intensive Care Admission date = 2009-01-31 keywords = ICU; case; disease; outbreak; respiratory; syndrome summary = In addition to the HIV pandemic, the smaller epidemic outbreaks of Legionnaire''s disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, among many others, points out the potential risk associated with a lack of preplanning and preparedness. In the late 1970s, emergency rooms and ICUs throughout North America began to see an increasing number of young menstruating women presenting with a previously little-known syndrome characterized by sudden onset of a high fever, often associated with vomiting and diarrhea, quickly followed by severe hypotension. At the beginning of the epidemic, most patients presenting for care with HIV/AIDS and Pneumocystosis were severely ill with diffuse pneumonia and hypoxemic respiratory failure and many died, 80%-90% in most centers, prompting widespread debate about whether such patients should even be admitted to ICU for mechanical ventilatory support. doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.11.002 id = cord-257192-4fu922cp author = Ligon, B. Lee title = Outbreak of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever in Angola: A Review of the History of the Disease and its Biological Aspects date = 2005-07-31 keywords = Angola; Marburg; disease summary = Fortunately, the disease, Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF), was limited to a small geographic area, but the devastation of lives was much greater than that of many epidemics and was a warning of the numerous factors, including fear, lack of understanding, and deception, that can exacerbate the spread of disease and hinder implementation of restraints. 13 On March 23, 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that Marburg virus was the causative agent of the outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever in Uige Province in northern Angola. WHO already had established an international network of laboratories, including two portable field laboratories in Angola, to help in the investigation of Marburg and other viral hemorrhagic fevers On April 22, 2005, a report was issued stating that the outbreak of the virus that had claimed 244 lives in Angola had been confined to the province of Uige, as no new cases had been detected outside the northern region. Close contact with case patients with the disease or corpses was identified as a risk factor for secondary transmission of Marburg virus. doi = 10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.001 id = cord-266516-0ure8256 author = Lim, Tow Keang title = Pneumonia in the tropics date = 2017-08-01 keywords = Asia; disease; pneumonia; respiratory summary = The complex interplay of climate change, human migration influences and socio‐economic factors lead to changing patterns of respiratory infections in tropical climate but also increasingly in temperate countries. But, as human migration patterns evolve, we expect to see more TB cases in higher income as well as temperate countries, and rise in infections like scrub typhus from ecotourism activities. In this review, we highlight aetiologies of pneumonia seen more commonly in the tropics compared with temperate regions, their disease burden, variable clinical presentations as well as impact on healthcare delivery. Prevalent in poultry and wild birds, animal-to-human transmission occurs to cause a spectrum of pneumonia/ pneumonitis, culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In a series of severe CAP cases in Singapore, patients who had Gram-negative organisms isolated tended to have a worse outcome including a higher mortality, especially for patients with Pseudomonas and Burkholderia pseudomallei infections. doi = 10.1111/resp.13137 id = cord-277181-rvjvuxor author = Liu, Chen-Hsuan title = The Role of Comparative Pathology in the Investigation of Zoonoses date = 2007-09-30 keywords = Fig; disease summary = Anatomic pathologists who are capable of analyzing and interpreting anatomical manifestations of diseases to obtain a definite diagnosis or exclude a wide variety of diseases play an important role in the diagnostic team. This can be seen in retrospective case studies of recent zoonoses such as multinucleated syncytial giant cells in severe acute respiratory syndrome and mouse hepatitis virus infection, syncytial cells in Henipahvirus infection and paramyxovirus, neuronal vacuolation in bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Streptococcus suis type 2 meningitis. Among diagnostic tools, anatomic pathology is effective in recognizing or excluding infectious diseases based on morphological changes in organs in affected species [3] [4] [5] . Retrospective case studies of recently occurring zoonoses reflect the importance of diagnostic pathology with its use of morphologic similarities in disease diagnosis. We believe that comparative pathology will play an important role in the diagnosis, surveillance and control of unpredictable emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. doi = 10.1016/s1016-3190(10)60004-3 id = cord-273416-332stbjl author = Liu, Tianyuan title = Transcriptional differences for COVID-19 Disease Map genes between males and females indicate a different basal immunophenotype relevant to the disease date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; Disease summary = We created DeCovid, an R shiny app that combines gene expression data of different human tissue from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and the COVID-19 Disease Map gene collection to explore basal gene expression differences across healthy demographic groups. In this paper, we present the DeCovid app, a Shiny app, to explore basal expression level differences in COVID-19 disease map genes between men and women and different age groups. The DeCovid shiny app combines a selection of human tissue specific GTEx data with the COVID-19 Disease Map database to allow quick exploration of basal gene expression values and differences in the healthy human population for genes described to be important for COVID-19. Here we present the DeCovid app as a resource to explore sex and age differential expression patterns in the healthy population for genes described to be involved in COVID-19 disease pathways. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.30.321059 id = cord-016490-yog4sfvi author = Liu, Xiaobo title = Ambient Temperature and Major Infectious Diseases in China date = 2019-06-08 keywords = China; HFMD; disease; temperature summary = doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-2583-0_5 id = cord-348423-zq86ms8w author = Louvardi, Maya title = Mental health in chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece date = 2020-06-29 keywords = chronic; disease; patient summary = OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the time spent on quarantine on distress, anxiety, depression, and somatization of chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece and the differences in these parameters between healthy individuals and chronic disease patients. Concerning the outbreak of COVID-19 and related quarantine measures, a recent study in Spain during March 11-15, 2020 found that chronic disease patients had higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression compared with healthy individuals (Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020) . This study aimed to investigate the correlation between time spent on quarantine and the 4DSQ subscales in chronic disease patients in contrast to the relevant correlation in healthy individuals, as well as to search for differences in the scores of these subscales based on the disease status of the participants. This study investigated the effect of massive quarantine during COVID-19 in Greece on distress, anxiety, depression, and somatization of patients with chronic diseases. doi = 10.1017/s1478951520000528 id = cord-016312-u47mb2h0 author = Lu, Pu-Xuan title = Introduction of Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2015-07-25 keywords = SARS; disease summary = Due to their uncertainty and unpredictability, EIDs could result in high mortality and great impacts on social stability and economic development as people are unable to react immediately and take specific preventive or control measures. Due to their uncertainty and unpredictability, EIDs could result in high mortality and great impacts on social stability and economic development as people are unable to react immediately and take specifi c preventive or control measures. Cases in point are the epidemics of SARS in 2003 and H7N9 avian infl uenza around 2006, which have eloquently demonstrated their great threats to human health, society, and economy. Such contagious diseases did not exist in the past and newly emerge due to new pathogens such as AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), human infection with highly pathogenic avian infl uenza H5N1, infl uenza A (HlN1), and human infection with avian infl uenza H7N9. revealed that 60.3 % EIDs were zoonotic, with 71.8 % caused by wild animals, such as human avian infl uenza and Ebola virus. doi = 10.1007/978-94-017-7363-8_1 id = cord-335960-biwnqa3f author = Luke, Anthony title = Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date = 2007-07-31 keywords = athlete; disease; influenza; risk; vaccine summary = The authors discuss the preventive strategies for infectious disease in sport, including (1) a review of immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, (2) improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, (3) insect-borne disease precautions, and (4) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sports medicine physicians need to consider the following indications for immunizations (Tables 1 and 2) : (1) routine health maintenance; (2) catch-up immunizations for failed or missed immunizations; (3) immunizations of high risk groups (ie, splenectomy, chronic disease, immunocompromised); (4) travel to an endemic area; (5) close contact with an infected individual, or (6) recent potential exposure to an infectious agent. When athletes are known to be infected with hepatitis B, secondary prevention includes education on personal hygiene, appropriate management of open wounds, proper use of protective equipment, safe sex practices using a condom, and avoidance of intravenous blood transmission (eg, through needle sharing and illicit drug use). doi = 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.006 id = cord-332270-fusfdkjw author = Lukiw, Walter J. title = Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and the Application of Precision Medicine date = 2020-09-21 keywords = Alzheimer; RNA; biomarker; disease summary = The ongoing search for valid biomarkers for AD is being carried out globally in at least a dozen major geriatric, bioinformatic, neurobiological, neuro-genetic and neurological bioscience arenas: (i) those involving the age, gender, and geriatrics of the ''prospectiveAD patient''; (ii) in the genetics and epigenetics of the AD patient including messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) signaling patterns, complexity and genomic methylation research; (iii) in multiple biofluids from AD patients including the blood (plasma/serum) of the systemic circulation, the glymphatic system, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or urine; (iv); through the detailed analysis of molecular cargos from both biofluids and tissue-compartmentalized exosomes and extracellular microvesicles (EXs and EMVs); (v) throughout the peripheral nervous system (PNS; typically using skin biopsies); (vi) via clinically-based geriatric, psychiatric, and neurological assessment and testing; (vii) via advances in neuro-radiological labeling techniques and neuroimaging technologies including CAT, PET, PET-SN, MRI, fMRI; UHF-MRI, DOT, MEG, SPECT, cranial ultrasound, functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging, and immunohistochemistry involving confocal laser scanning microscopy and other advanced microscopic and neuroimaging techniques; (viii) from the quantitation and characterization of the load of microbial and microbial-derived components in the AD-affected brain; (ix) via the identification, quantitation, and characterization of AD-specific lesions including amyloid peptide-enriched SPs and NFTs; (x) after post-mortem examination and biopsies of AD cases, again matched up against those same biomarkers in age-and gender-matched neurologically normal controls to corroborate the prospective diagnosis of AD; (xi) via the comprehensive analysis of the potential contribution of overlapping progressive, age-related neurological disorders to AD-type change; and lastly (xii), through the assessment of the socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors of the ''prospectiveAD patient'' ( Table 1 ). doi = 10.3390/jpm10030138 id = cord-264794-bgygebgx author = Lundgren, A.-L. title = Feline non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis. A clinical and pathological study date = 1992-11-30 keywords = CNS; cat; disease; feline; virus summary = It has been argued that the syndrome may include several aetiologically unrelated conditions affecting the central nervous system of cats, e.g. toxoplasmosis (Hirth and Nielsen, 1969) and the cerebral form of feline infectious peritonitis (Slauson and Finn, 1972; Kornegay, 1978) . Histopathological examination revealed throughout the central nervous system a non-suppurative inflammation characterized by perivascular mononuclear cuffing, presence of inflammatory nodules and neuronal degeneration in all cats. Neuropathological examination of the cats of the present study showed a marked inflammatory reaction in the cerebral leptomeninges as well as in the grey matter of the brain and spinal cord. Neither the serological results nor the clinical and histopathological findings in the cats with staggering disease indicate a FeLV infection. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has emerged as an important cause of neurological disease in cats (Dow, Poss and Hoover, 1990; Sparger, 1991) , often in association with clinical syndromes typical of an immunodeficient state (chronic stomatitis, enteritis, dermatitis, etc). doi = 10.1016/0021-9975(92)90015-m id = cord-331268-kzy33hdb author = Lynch, Sharon G. title = Multiple sclerosis date = 1996-01-31 keywords = CNS; MRI; clinical; disease; multiple; patient; sclerosis summary = Abnormalities in the cerebral hemispheres are frequently periventricular in distribution and only occasionally correlate with specific symptoms or signs.6,7 The accumulation of lesions in the frontal lobes is associated with a decline in memory.8 In addition, a change in the number of lesions on cranial MR images correlates with a change in overall clinical status as measured with standard scales.g Observations made with MRI are having a marked impact on both our basic knowledge of MS and on therapeutic trialsJo MRI studies will provide considerable insight into the natural history of the disease and will be an excellent independent variable in future clinical trials. Signs and symptoms that commonly occur as MS progresses include vertigo, tremor, incoordination, increasing spasticity, depression, mood swings, cognitive abnormalities, impotence or other sexual dysfunction, weakness, Lhermitte''s sign, gait abnormalities, constipation, urinary incontinence, optic nerve pallor, fatigue, quadriparesis, dysarthria, loss of upper extremity coordination, and dysesthetic pain (Table 1) . doi = 10.1016/s0011-5029(96)90012-7 id = cord-018151-5su98uan author = Lynteris, Christos title = Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date = 2019-10-12 keywords = Aedes; Health; animal; disease; epidemic; human; plague; rat summary = Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and ''bushmeat'', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_1 id = cord-026005-f2khcjdy author = López, Alfonso title = Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date = 2017-02-17 keywords = Fig; Mannheimia; Mycobacterium; Mycoplasma; Pasteurella; alveolar; cause; cell; disease; horse; infection; lesion; lung; nasal; pneumonia; pulmonary; respiratory; type summary = Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6 id = cord-022176-hprwqi4n author = Löscher, Thomas title = Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2009-07-28 keywords = Africa; Europe; United; case; country; disease; infection summary = Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3 id = cord-023711-xz5ftnat author = MORENO-LÓPEZ, J. title = Acute Respiratory Disease in Cattle date = 2013-11-17 keywords = disease; respiratory summary = Acute respiratory disease in cattle is not attributable to a single etiological agent. However, if PI3 virus or BVDV has been isolated, you have diagnosed the infection but not an "acute respiratory/enteric disease", because other viruses and also bacteria might be etiologically involved. At the end of the 1950s, "shipping fever" was described as a disease following massive transports to or from the enormous feedlots of the USA, and PI3 virus was isolated as the first virus of a condition with a multiple viral etiology. The types 4, 5 and 7 have been described each as a single causative agent of acute respiratory-enteric disease in Hungary and Japan, respectively. The isolation of these viruses from apparently healthy cattle as well as from those with acute respiratory-enteric disease indicates that they are widespread. A serosurvey of viruses during outbreaks of acute respiratory and/or enteric disease in Swedish cattle doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-87312-5.50075-8 id = cord-293026-cq7uzziv author = Ma, Hui title = Military-civilian cooperative emergency response to infectious disease prevention and control in China date = 2016-12-30 keywords = disease; military summary = The Chinese government and military forces have paid a great deal of attention to infectious disease prevention and control, and using military-civilian cooperation, they have successfully prevented numerous severe epidemic situations, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever, while actively maintained public health, economic development, and national construction. The Chinese government and military forces have been highly focused on infectious disease prevention and control, and through militarycivilian cooperation, they have successfully prevented numerous severe epidemic situations, such as sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever, while actively maintaining public health, economic development, and national construction [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . doi = 10.1186/s40779-016-0109-y id = cord-336142-jmetfa6x author = MacDougall, Heather title = Toronto’s Health Department in Action: Influenza in 1918 and SARS in 2003 date = 2006-10-11 keywords = Hastings; Health; Ontario; Public; SARS; TPH; Toronto; disease summary = This article compares the Toronto Health Department''s role in controlling the 1918 influenza epidemic with its activities during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and concludes that local health departments are the foundation for successful disease containment, provided that there is effective coordination, communication, and capacity. 3 By comparing and contrasting the way in which public health authorities in Toronto managed the 1918 influenza pandemic and SARS in 2003, we can see how a century of medical advances had conditioned the public and health care professionals to expect prompt control of communicable diseases, speedy development of a prophylactic vaccine, and effective exchange of information at the provincial, national, and international levels. For Toronto''s medical officer and its Local Board of Health (LBH), this presented a challenge, because influenza was not a reportable disease under the 1912 Ontario Public Health Act, and most doctors were hoping that the outbreak would be similar to the one in 1889-90 that had attacked primarily the elderly and apparently provided some immunity to those who survived. doi = 10.1093/jhmas/jrl042 id = cord-015613-ls9qus8y author = Macdonald, David W. title = Infectious disease: Inextricable linkages between human and ecosystem health date = 2006-06-06 keywords = SARS; disease; human summary = Several papers, including those on rabies in Ethiopian wolves, Canis simensis (Randall et al., 2006) , and African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus (Vial et al., 2006) , disease in Island foxes, Urocyon littoralis (Clifford et al., 2006) , squirrel parapox virus (SQPV) in red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris (Gurnell et al., 2006) , and devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) in Tasmanian devils, Sarcophilus harrisii (Hawkins et al., 2006) examine this theme. The importance of reservoir identification is classically illustrated by a range of papers in this Special Issue, for example the ongoing dilemma facing bovine tuberculosis control , the diseases emerging from bats (Breed et al., 2006) , phocine distemper virus (PDV) in northern seal population (Hall et al., 2006) and the canid pathogens threatening Island foxes (Clifford et al., 2006) . doi = 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.007 id = cord-279694-25rblhwb author = Mahy, B.W.J title = Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date = 2014-11-28 keywords = cause; disease; human; virus summary = Although it is still important to isolate viruses in cell culture for their complete characterization, it is now possible directly to detect viruses in diseased tissues by PCR, then, by sequencing the amplicon, to determine whether a new virus has emerged to cause the disease. For example, when hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, caused by a bunyavirus of rodents, Sin Nombre virus, was initially detected in 1993 in the Four Corners region of Western USA, it was found that rodents inside a house where people had been infected carried a virus identical in sequence to virus isolated from human cases. Then, in 1993, a new hantavirus emerged in the Four Corners region of Southwestern USA as the cause of a severe acute respiratory disease syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 40%, and named Sin Nombre virus. It will be important in the future to detect new viruses before they can emerge to cause disease in the population. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02564-2 id = cord-331584-z43ifmr3 author = Mahy, B.W.J. title = Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date = 2008-07-30 keywords = disease; human; virus summary = The threat of a new pandemic of influenza virus in the human population stresses the need for development of better methods for detection, surveillance, and control of emerging virus diseases. Although it is still important to isolate viruses in cell culture for their complete characterization, it is now possible directly to detect viruses in diseased tissues by PCR, then, by sequencing the amplicon, to determine whether a new virus has emerged to cause the disease. For example, when hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, caused by a bunyavirus of rodents, Sin Nombre virus, was initially detected in 1993 in the Four Corners region of Western USA, it was found that rodents inside a house where people had been infected carried a virus identical in sequence to virus isolated from human cases. Then, in 1993, a new hantavirus emerged in the Four Corners region of Southwestern USA as the cause of a severe acute respiratory disease syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 40%, and named Sin Nombre virus. doi = 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00383-6 id = cord-277265-p8pns7r9 author = Malik, Yashpal Singh title = Biotechnological innovations in farm and pet animal disease diagnosis date = 2019-09-20 keywords = ELISA; PCR; animal; assay; detection; disease summary = However, utilizing the principles of ELISA and PCR, several serological and molecular technologies have been developed to achieve higher sensitivity, rapid, and point-of-care (POC) detection such as lateral flow assays, biosensors, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and molecular platforms for field-level detection of animal pathogens. Since then, biotechnological applications have been making significant contributions in the development of novel powerful diagnostic assays for the efficient diagnosis and control of animal infectious diseases. Presently, molecular detection-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or its variants, and serological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are being used worldwide for the accurate diagnosis of many animal diseases. Although, yet not been adopted for animal disease diagnosis, but novel platforms such as smartphonebased diagnosis (which expands nucleic acid-based detection assays toward POCD) like RT-LAMP and fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (already developed for Zika virus and Dengue virus) provide exciting opportunities for veterinary diagnostics in the near future (Rong et al., 2019) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00013-8 id = cord-258548-1u7v1nlr author = Mansueto, Gelsomina title = Can COVID 2019 disease induces a specific cardiovascular damage or it exacerbates pre-existing cardiovascular diseases? date = 2020-06-26 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; cardiovascular; disease; patient summary = Only one case of cardiac tamponade in a 47-year-old man SARS-CoV-2 infected without cardiovascular risk is reported in the literature as a complication of myocarditis and pericarditis (29) . Large and more recent studies have reported that previous myocardial infarction, diabetes, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f dyslipidaemias, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk factors can predispose to an acute ischemic event in respiratory virus infections such as recently reported during the pandemic COVID-19 disease (34, 35, 36) . It is known that patients with cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of a thrombo-embolic event as it is known that all viral infections have a potential role in disseminated intravascular coagulation J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (DIC) The endothelial damage, the blood flow turbulence, and hypercoagulability are the basis of the mechanism. There is no substantial data to say that anti-RAAS, ACE inhibitors, statins increase the risk of cardiovascular damage in COVID patients. doi = 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153086 id = cord-253711-a0prku2k author = Mao, Liang title = Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling date = 2011-11-26 keywords = behavior; disease; individual; network summary = title: Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling Both infectious diseases and preventive behavior diffuse simultaneously through human networks and interact with one another, but few existing models have coupled them together. In the current literature, models of disease transmission and behavioral diffusion have been developed separately for decades, both based on human networks (Deffuant, Huet, & Amblard, 2005; Keeling & Eames, 2005; Valente, 1996; Watts & Strogatz, 1998) . Corresponding to the five assumptions, this article introduces a number of approaches to represent individuals, networks, infectious diseases, and preventive behavior, as four model components, and depicts the relationships between the four. To illustrate the proposed coupled-diffusion model, an influenza epidemic was simulated in a hypothetic population of 5000 individuals (N ¼ 5000), each with characteristics and behaviors as described in Fig. 2 . The key to simulate the diffusion of preventive behavior was to estimate thresholds of infection risk and that of adoption pressure for individuals. doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.012 id = cord-268298-25brblfq author = Mao, Liang title = Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation date = 2014-03-04 keywords = diffusion; disease; individual; model summary = title: Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation The disease could be transmitted through person-to-person contact, the information is circulated by communication channels, and the preventive behavior can spread via the ''social contagion'' process, such as the observational learning. Without a complete model, health policy makers would not be able to systematically evaluate social-network interventions for disease control, such as mass-media campaigns and behavior promotion strategies. First, the event of symptom manifestation will motivate individuals to discuss disease information, and prompt their social contacts to adopt preventive behavior by posing infection risks. The conceptual framework integrates three interactive processes: the diffusion of influenza, the diffusion of information, and that of preventive behavior, upon a human social network. Particularly, since the model explicitly represents the diffusion of information and human preventive behavior, it permits a systematic evaluation of disease control policies that have not been well studied before, such as the mass-media campaigns and behavioral incentive strategies. doi = 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.02.005 id = cord-003856-05u4t67u author = Mao, Ying title = A descriptive analysis of the Spatio-temporal distribution of intestinal infectious diseases in China date = 2019-09-02 keywords = China; HFMD; Hepatitis; disease summary = In China, eight IIDs are listed as notifiable infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhoeal diseases (OIDDs). Plots and maps were constructed to visualize the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs. RESULTS: Regarding temporal analysis, the incidence of HFMD and Hepatitis E showed a distinct increasing trend, while the incidence of TAP, dysentery, and Hepatitis A presented decreasing trends over the last decade. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our temporal and spatial analysis of IIDs, we identified the high-risk periods and clusters of regions for the diseases. Eight IIDs are listed in the law, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious intestinal diseases (OIIDs). Figure 1 shows the results of the decomposition analysis for all IIDs. Regarding the seasonal variation, the incidence rates of HFMD and dysentery were high in summer. doi = 10.1186/s12879-019-4400-x id = cord-253000-nwbmxepi author = Margină, Denisa title = Chronic Inflammation in the Context of Everyday Life: Dietary Changes as Mitigating Factors date = 2020-06-10 keywords = diet; dietary; disease; effect; inflammation; metabolic; study summary = Fasting in combination with calorie restriction modulates molecular mechanisms such as m-TOR, FOXO, NRF2, AMPK, and sirtuins, ultimately leads to significantly reduced inflammatory marker levels, as well as improved metabolic markers. It has been found that intermittent fasting can prevent and reverse all aspects of metabolic syndrome in rodents: body fat, inflammation, and blood pressure are reduced; insulin sensitivity is increased; and the functional capacity of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems are improved [151] [152] [153] . In another study, which used the same fasting guidelines, improved metabolic markers were observed after periodic fasting, including a decrease in blood glucose levels associated with changes in gut microbiome composition [73] . These changes include increased fiber and polyphenol intake compared to the current western diets, but also well-structured, personalized fasting protocols, which can reduce the risk of metabolic disorders (Figure 3) . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17114135 id = cord-022520-ebj51v9o author = Marini, Robert P. title = Biology and Diseases of Ferrets date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Bell; Fox; Helicobacter; Mustela; clinical; diagnosis; disease; ferret; infection; kit; sign; treatment summary = Campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative, spirally curved microaerophilic bacterium that is recognized as a significant cause of human enteritis and is as-sociated with diarrheic illness in several animal species, including dogs, cats, cows, goats, pigs, mink, ferrets, and sheep (Carter et al., 1995) . Reports of spontaneous cases in ferrets require diagnostic confirmation and differentiation from cases of proliferative bowel disease and other infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea. Systemic infection with the bovine strain in ferrets results in disseminated disease with weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, death, and miliary lesions involving the lungs and other viscera (Fox, 1998a) . Clinical disease may occur in kits as young as 1-4 days old or in older animals up to 6 weeks of age. Other potential etiologies that have been considered include two infectious agents that are known to cause chronic immune stimulation in affected ferrets, the Aleutian disease virus (ADV) and Helicobacter mustelae. doi = 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50016-8 id = cord-018430-u3k8pds6 author = Mason, Jay W. title = Myocarditis date = 2007 keywords = Chagas; DCM; acute; biopsy; cardiac; disease; heart; myocardial; myocarditis; patient; ventricular; viral summary = The classification states that "myocarditis is diagnosed by established histological, immunological and immunohistochemical criteria." The Dallas criteria 5 provide consensus-derived histologic criteria: "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." However, many have speculated that less pronounced histologic abnormalities may be present and that additional molecular, immunologic, and immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria can be used productively. 330 These criteria define active myocarditis (see also Fig. 59 .7A) as "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." Furthermore, other causes of inflammation (e.g., connective tissue disorders, infection, drugs) should be excluded. 392 An interesting hypothesis to explain the high frequency of dilated heart muscle disease is the presence of myocarditis in HIV-infected patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The ECG abnormalities suggesting myocardial involvement are present in a high proportion of patients, 414 but clinical evidence of cardiac dysfunction occurs in only 10% to 25% of cases. doi = 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_62 id = cord-299741-tbtlnv8b author = Massó Sagüés, Elena title = Risk of Introduction of Infectious Animal Diseases for Europe Based on the Health Situation of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula date = 2019-09-04 keywords = European; Union; disease summary = The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union. The results show that, among the infectious diseases analyzed in this study, avian influenza and Newcastle disease are the ones with a higher risk of entry in the European Union and the wild bird''s migration is the route with greater impact. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union by different pathways. For the study of the possible introduction of vector borne diseases through the drag of Culicoides and/or mosquitoes by wind currents, simulations (Figure 2 ) are made for the estimation of wind and particle''s dispersion trajectories that reached the European territory during the year 2016. doi = 10.3389/fvets.2019.00293 id = cord-339341-c2o42b5j author = Matibag, Gino C. title = Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date = 2005-09-01 keywords = HIV; Supercourse; disease; human; infectious; risk summary = This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. doi = 10.1007/bf02897702 id = cord-332610-t99l3zii author = Mayer, J.D. title = Emerging Diseases: Overview date = 2008-08-26 keywords = AIDS; Africa; HIV; SARS; States; United; disease summary = The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in ''epidemiologic history''a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response. doi = 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6 id = cord-014790-qp916bdd author = Mayer, Kenneth H. title = Ecological Studies of Diseases: Promise and Praxis date = 2009-03-17 keywords = Disease; Lyme summary = Both texts are looking for the fundamental factors in infectious diseases that impact the health of populations, and both seek to describe and explain the complex and active interplay of pathogens and hosts that occur in an everchanging pattern of exposures to new hosts, pathogens, and vectors, and changing physical environments. A myriad of human and animal activities (e.g., moving into new physical niches), plus factors like land and water use, and climate change affect the distribution and dispersal of vector populations which, in turn, influences pathogen prevalence and transmission, and ultimately infectious disease outbreaks in specific human populations. Based on ecological studies of the incidence of Lyme disease in recent years, including a series of manipulative experiments with mammals, it appears that the risk of dissemination of this zoonotic infection to humans has been greater when there is relatively less diversity among potential host reservoirs. There are other examples in this text of how basic ecology helps inform the public health approach to infectious disease outbreaks in humans. doi = 10.1007/s10393-009-0212-6 id = cord-317999-i48cwutg author = Mazet, Jonna A. K. title = Joint China-US Call for Employing a Transdisciplinary Approach to Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2015-12-08 keywords = China; disease summary = Unfortunately, despite intensive, high-quality research efforts by a talented cadre of scientists globally, we are still not able to predict which viruses, including specific influenza subtypes, will become pathogenic to people; which will cause new epidemics in animals; nor where and under what circumstances disease will emerge. To further address this challenge, the National Science Foundations of both China and the United States convened a small working group of infectious disease experts with experience in the ecology of microbial pathogens and disease emergence, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza, and a number of other diseases. In addition, both countries are leading global economies; have highly mobile populations that travel extensively for commerce and tourism; face internal disparities in access to healthcare; have had recent experiences with pandemic response; are facing a rapid growth in resources consumption; have major investments in pioneering technological advances and large scientific communities; and are investing heavily in emerging disease investigation and science. doi = 10.1007/s10393-015-1060-1 id = cord-267182-ctvnmjsl author = Mboowa, Gerald title = Human Genomic Loci Important in Common Infectious Diseases: Role of High-Throughput Sequencing and Genome-Wide Association Studies date = 2018-03-20 keywords = HIV; HTS; disease; genetic summary = High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has transformed both the management of infectious diseases and continues to enable large-scale functional characterization of host resistance/susceptibility alleles and loci; a paradigm shift from single candidate gene studies. Human populations are constantly locked in evolutionary arms races with pathogens; therefore, identification of common infectious disease-associated genomic variants/markers is important in therapeutic, vaccine development, and screening susceptible individuals in a population. Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis are some of the common infectious diseases in which a range of genetic susceptibilities and resistant conferring loci have been identified using both traditional molecular-based approaches and HTS technologies. HTS applied to screening populations of host immune-specific cells and their respective pathogens can highlight the host-pathogen unique genetic signatures important in host-pathogen coevolution, profiling immunological history, pathogen-induced immunodominance genetic patterns, predicting clinical outcomes of common infections (such as HIV/AIDS disease progression phenotypes like long-term nonprogressors and rapid progressors, as well as highly exposed persistently seronegative group), rapid diagnosis plus screening outbreaks involving Risk Group 4 highly infectious pathogens, and genetic characterization of live-attenuated vaccine vectors (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). doi = 10.1155/2018/1875217 id = cord-329244-z28twpb1 author = McAloose, Denise title = Wildlife cancer: a conservation perspective date = 2009 keywords = DFTD; SLE; Tasmanian; cancer; disease; population; tumour; wildlife summary = However, over the past few decades wildlife health monitoring has increased and we are now gaining an improved -and occasionally alarming -perspective about the presence and impact of cancer in endangered species, such as the Tasmanian devil, western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) and Attwater''s prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido Attwateri), and non-endangered species, such as the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). However, with the identification of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, sea turtle fibropapillomatosis and sea lion genital carcinoma, it has become apparent that neoplasia can be highly prevalent and have considerable effects on some species. However, with the identification of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, sea turtle fibropapillomatosis and sea lion genital carcinoma, it has become apparent that neoplasia can be highly prevalent and have considerable effects on some species. doi = 10.1038/nrc2665 id = cord-302925-6us88smz author = McFee, Robin B. title = Travel-related illness date = 2013-12-31 keywords = disease; travel summary = Although many of us were taught in medical school and residency training that when you hear hoof beats, think horses, not zebras, such advice must now be called into question, considering global travel, immigration into the United States from countries with endemic illnesses not commonly found in North America, and societal factors (domestic and international) that include poverty, homelessness, institutionalization, overcrowding-in health care facilities as well as domiciles-and lack of access to timely health care, all of which set the stage to create conditions that facilitate the spread of diseases that are from previously unknown, little recognized, or emerging pathogens that are endemic to or novel strains in foreign lands, and which can become very quickly clinical realities and community-wide problems in the U.S. This is one of the reasons obtaining a thorough travel and occupational history from patients who present with an atypical or severe, progressive illness, is critically important, as it may give valuable insights into the origin of the infection, how to access timely information from sources experienced in treating the cascade of symptoms (biodrome) (Fig.) 10 and the etiological pathogen, and allow you to rapidly initiate appropriate, potentially life-saving interventions. doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2013.10.005 id = cord-257418-cyul92w0 author = McGuirk, Sheila M. title = Disease Management of Dairy Calves and Heifers date = 2008-03-31 keywords = calf; diarrhea; disease; enteric; fecal summary = This article focuses on the most important diseases of dairy calves and heifers and presents clinical approaches that can improve detection, diagnosis, and treatment of herd-based problems. As shown in Table 2 , fecal shedding results show evidence of increased exposure to C parvum and Salmonella newport in a herd with calf diarrhea problems in 9-day-old calves. For herd problems of enteric disease in calves, bedding materials from each environment that has housed calves are submitted both for bacterial counts (University of Minnesota Laboratory for Udder Health, Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, St. Paul, MN) and Salmonella spp culture. In investigating a dairy calf or heifer pneumonia problem, the review of records to determine morbidity and mortality data, seasonal patterns, health, management, housing, number of calves at maximum occupancy, nutrition, vaccinations, procedures, case definition, and treatment protocols is important. doi = 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.003 id = cord-289148-k055coui author = McKeown, Alex title = Health Outcome Prioritization in Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding the Ethical Landscape date = 2020-09-01 keywords = Alzheimer; disease; ethical; outcome summary = RESULTS: Eight areas of ethical salience for outcome prioritization emerged: 1) Public health and distributive justice, 2) Scarcity of resources, 3) Heterogeneity and changing circumstances, 4) Knowledge of treatment, 5) Values and circumstances, 6) Conflicting priorities, 7) Communication, autonomy and caregiver issues, and 8) Disclosure of risk. [Ibid.] study insofar as ethical dilemmas over finite resources report shared concerns, for example: negotiating the balance of benefits between pharmacological and lifestyle or social interventions; evaluating the value of early diagnosis in light of its psychological impact in the absence of a cure; how to optimize outcomes for people with advanced dementia at the end of life; and how to also support carers of people with AD as well as people with AD themselves. doi = 10.3233/jad-191300 id = cord-017224-naromr0a author = McLeish, Caitriona title = Evolving Biosecurity Frameworks date = 2016-12-06 keywords = AIDS; Health; SARS; Security; disease summary = The relationship between infectious disease and security concerns has undergone an evolution since the end of the Cold War. What was previously seen as two separate domains – public health and national security – have, through various events and disease outbreaks in the last 15 years, become intertwined and as a result biosecurity policies now need to address a spectrum of disease threats that encompass natural outbreaks, accidental releases and the deliberate use of disease as weapons. Calling it niche is not to say that bioterrorism had not been considered a security threat prior to 2001many commentators had noted the potential (see for example Stern, 1993; Tucker, 1996 Tucker, , 2000 Moodie and Roberts, 1997; Smithson and Levy, 2000) ; table top exercises had been conducted, domestic preparedness programmes initiated (Guillemin, 2011, p7) , and in countries such as the US, policy directives had been crafted that gave the highest priority to "developing effective capabilities to detect, prevent, defeat and manage the consequences of nuclear, biological or chemical materials or weapons use by terrorists" (United States, 1995) . doi = 10.1057/978-1-137-53675-4_4 id = cord-261301-8mw2kpmr author = McVey, Scott title = Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: A Brief Review of History and Technology date = 2010-05-13 keywords = antigen; disease; immunity; vaccine summary = Nevertheless, both the effectiveness and imperfections of vaccination lead to the eventual global eradication of smallpox, and was the inspiration for development of the products and programs for immunization against several diseases in humans and animals. Table 1 describes the types of vaccines currently available to companion animal practitioners in most regions of the world 11-14 (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_biologics/ vb_licensed_products.shtml) These vaccines include very traditional inactivated antigen formulations, multiple attenuated agents, and new technologies such as poxvectored vaccines, defined subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines (see Table 1 ). Therefore, a well-differentiated antibody response with isotype switching, affinity maturation to high avidity, and memory requires some effective initial stimulation involving dendritic cells and expansion of regulatory T lymphocytes A claim that it is intended to prevent disease may be made only for products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.02.001 id = cord-273833-yf8kt84e author = Mejia, Rojelio title = Global COVID-19 Efforts as the Platform to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; USA; disease summary = Therefore, and as highlighted by many others, we support the notion that a way forward to eliminate this coronavirus pandemic should include linking COVID-19 control to other tropical or poverty-related diseases. To be successful and achieve the global goals including the control of pandemics such as the one seen from the COVID-19, we must rely on strong leadership leading to impactful public policies and global collaborations, including global COVID-19 vaccinations, and potentially linking them to programs for childhood and adult vaccinations and programs for malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical disease treatments. Accordingly, these virus-related morbidities will add to the many already found in these populations already affected by non-communicable diseases functioning as major risk factors for COVID-19, as well as other infections, including the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The poor living in urban or rural areas of high-income countries and the most impoverished living in LMICs have increased risk for both COVID-19 and tropical diseases. doi = 10.1007/s40475-020-00209-y id = cord-312418-e4g5u1nz author = Melillo, Alessandro title = Rabbit Clinical Pathology date = 2007-09-18 keywords = blood; cause; disease; level; rabbit summary = There is little information available that describes the effect of clinical disease on the blood parameters of companion rabbits, or on the use of blood tests as diagnostic and prognostic indicators. An intestinal isoenzyme is quite abundant, so serum ALP concentrations are actually the sum of these 3 isoenzymes, which may explain why many reference ranges are vague and wide and why raised ALP levels in clinically healthy animals are a common finding. Azotemia is also indicative of renal disease, usually affecting the rabbit patient in association with hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, hypercalcemia and coexisting hyperphosphatemia, nonregenerative anemia, and isostenuric urine. Blood urea levels below the reference range indicate hepatic insufficiency or muscle mass loss (e.g., dental disease). Hyperphosphatemia usually indicates chronic kidney failure (a loss of more than 80% of nephrons) given that serum phosphorus levels are normalized by compensatory mechanisms in early-onset renal disease. doi = 10.1053/j.jepm.2007.06.002 id = cord-315598-qwh72inx author = Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini title = ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = AMCI; COVID-19; Care; China; Coronavirus; Disease; EPP; FUNDAMENTO; HCQ; PCR; PEEP; SARS; SDRA; TCZ; UCI; Wuhan; acute; clinical; como; con; del; las; los; pacientes; para; patient; por; que; recomienda; respiratory; una; uso summary = De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400). doi = 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004 id = cord-016364-80l5mua2 author = Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn title = The Domestic Cat, Felis catus, as a Model of Hereditary and Infectious Disease date = 2008 keywords = cat; disease; feline; gene; human; model summary = Genomics tools developed in the cat, including the recent completion of the 2-fold whole genome sequence of the cat and genome browser, radiation hybrid map of 1793 integrated coding and microsatellite loci, a 5-cM genetic linkage map, arrayed BAC libraries, and flow sorted chromosomes, are providing resources that are being utilized in mapping and characterization of genes of interest. 8 Ninety-six percent of the 1793 cat markers have identifi able orthologues in the canine and human genome sequences, providing a rich comparative tool, which is critical in linkage mapping exercises for the identification of genes controlling feline phenotypes. However, with the availability of a detailed comparative map, and integration with developing GL and RH maps, and the cat 2X whole genome sequence, linkage and association-based mapping techniques have recently identified causative mutations for hereditary disease genes, 33, 34 as well as several feline phenotypes (Table 25-1) . doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-285-4_25 id = cord-319121-et957lfl author = Mifflin, Lauren title = Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) as a therapeutic target date = 2020-07-15 keywords = A20; NEMO; RIPK1; TNF; TNFAIP3; activation; disease summary = However, as researchers continued to delve into the mechanisms governed by RIPK1, it has become apparent that RIPK1 inhibitors may offer key therapeutic options that anti-TNF therapies do not: first, RIPK1 inhibitors are safe in the central nervous system (CNS) as RIPK1 kinase does not signal through TNFR2 which has a protective role in the CNS 7 ; second, RIPK1 participates in a broader set of pro-inflammatory activities than those restricted to TNF 8 ; third, RIPK1 is regulated by a distinct set of signalling molecules that are genetically implicated in human autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, as discussed below, and thus patient stratification may be important in conducting clinical trials of RIPK1 inhibitors. Mouse models with cell lineage-specific A20 deficiency phenocopy different human inflammatory diseases, suggesting an important role for A20 in restricting RIPK1 activation in multiple tissues ( showed increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1β and IL-6, and demonstrated clinical improvement after treatment with anti-TNF or anti-IL-1β therapy. doi = 10.1038/s41573-020-0071-y id = cord-322377-0o9ru8zz author = Migliaccio, Raffaella title = Cognitive and behavioural inhibition deficits in neurodegenerative dementias date = 2020-08-10 keywords = Alzheimer; Dementia; Disease; Frontotemporal; disinhibition summary = We will therefore describe different tests available to assess both behavioural and cognitive disinhibition and summarise different manifestations of disinhibition across several neurodegenerative diseases (behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer''s disease, Parkinson''s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington''s disease). Behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer''s disease (AD) patients perform significantly less well on the Stroop test than controls, but there is a poor differentiation between these two diseases (Perry&Hodges, 2000; Collette et al., 2007) . Finally, in a very recent study, PSP patients performed similarly to controls on the Hayling test, but they presented "positive" disinhibition-related symptoms on the FBI which were less severe than in bvFTD (Santillo et al., 2016) . The Middelheim Frontality Score: a behavioural assessment scale that discriminates frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer''s disease doi = 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.001 id = cord-256094-f85xc5uu author = Milinovich, Gabriel J title = Using internet search queries for infectious disease surveillance: screening diseases for suitability date = 2014-12-31 keywords = Google; Trends; disease summary = This study aims to systematically investigate the potential for developing surveillance and early warning systems using internet search data, for a wide range of infectious diseases. This study, however, did not aim to develop actionable surveillance systems, produce predictive models of infectious disease based on internet-based data or to identify the best search terms for use in these models. Briefly, the time series analysed were monthly case numbers for the 64 infectious diseases monitored by the Australian Government''s National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) and Google Trends monthly search metrics for related internet search terms. To our knowledge, assessments of the use of internet-based surveillance have only been performed for five of the 17 diseases that were demonstrated to have a significant association with internet search terms (influenza [4] , dengue [9, 27] , chickenpox [11, 12] , hepatitis B [14] and cryptosporidiosis [13] the authors of the final study were, however, not able to detect signals from internet search queries). doi = 10.1186/s12879-014-0690-1 id = cord-337315-qv8ycdhe author = Miller, Maureen title = Integrated biological–behavioural surveillance in pandemic-threat warning systems date = 2017-01-01 keywords = Ebola; HIV; behavioural; disease; risk summary = 13 Similar surveillance could help identify behavioural risk factors and high-risk subgroups for zoonotic infections such as Ebola -potentially before diseases of pandemic potential are identified in clinical settings or major outbreaks occur in communities. When designed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, integrated surveillance requires that both behavioural risk factors -i.e. exposure variables -and disease-indicator outcome variables be measured in behavioural surveys. 22 In the development of pandemic-threat warning systems, integrated biological-behavioural surveillance can be tightly focused on specific viral families in the high-risk population subgroups that live in identified hotspots and are environmentally or occupationally exposed to animals. The remainder of this article presents an overview of issues relevant to the design of rigorous behavioural surveys to assess the spillover of emerging zoonotic disease and the associated transmission risk factors, which is the first step in designing effective integrated surveillance. doi = 10.2471/blt.16.175984 id = cord-345402-brhvfsgy author = Miller, Ryan S. title = Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date = 2013-06-01 keywords = States; United; disease; wildlife summary = Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. Thirteen (62%) of these actively managed diseases have a wildlife component and at least 6 (bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick [vector control]) have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication due to continued spillover to domestic populations. doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 id = cord-022252-9yiuuye3 author = Mims, Cedric A. title = Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage date = 2013-11-17 keywords = Fig; LPS; antigen; cause; cell; damage; disease; infection; response; toxin; virus summary = A few viruses are remarkable because they cause no pathological changes at all in the cell, even during a productive infection in which infectious virus particles are produced. Primary consideration will be given to those substances which are produced under ecologically significant conditions (i.e. in the natural host or relevant animal model) and cause (also in biologically relevant systems) damage to cells or tissues thereby contributing to disease. Here we consider toxins which act on extracellular substances and are responsible for many of the main features of the diseases caused by the infecting organism. Circulating immune complexes are also deposited in the walls of small blood vessels in the skin and elsewhere, where they may induce inflammatory changes.* The prodromal rashes seen in exanthematous virus infections and in hepatitis B are probably caused in this way. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-498262-8.50015-1 id = cord-018454-sy21cpff author = Mitrovic, Stéphane title = Adult-Onset Still’s Disease date = 2019-10-30 keywords = IL-1; adult; aosd; disease; onset; patient summary = (continued) Identifying the disease subset might orientate the therapeutic strategy c Serum ferritin levels are significantly higher in the systemic subtype [110] , but high ferritin levels after adequate treatment may predict chronic articular course [61] d Calprotectin levels help rule out rheumatoid arthritis, but further studies are needed to validate it as a diagnostic biomarker because of no statistical difference between AoSD and septic patients, although the populations were small [42] e Elevated plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα have been found during AoSD, but the cytokine profile is not specific and cannot differentiate AoSD patients from those with sepsis f S100A12 was found an efficient diagnostic and monitoring biomarker in systemic juvenile arthritis, but further studies are needed for validation in AoSD Procalcitonin, a marker of severe systemic infection, was also found elevated in patients with active AoSD and does not appear relevant to distinguish acute infection from AoSD flare [42, 113] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-19055-2_6 id = cord-022002-6edzmj7n author = Mitruka, Kiren title = Cruise Ship Travel date = 2009-05-15 keywords = International; cruise; disease; outbreak; passenger; ship summary = Those include the names of the associated cruise lines and cruise ships, sailing dates, illness symptoms, the percentage of passenger and crew affected, control measures, and causative agent, if known. 24 Medical care aboard cruise ship is designed to provide cruise line passengers and crew members with timely access to comprehensive services for minor to severe illness and injury. 34 Clinicians can also play an important role in preventing influenza and other respiratory disease outbreaks aboard ships by â�ª asking travelers to refrain from traveling while ill and if illness develops during the trip, to practice respiratory hygiene and minimize contact with other people, including the cruise staff; and â�ª providing vaccination (or rarely, antiviral medications) as prevention, especially to high-risk populations as well as their close contacts, and those traveling in large tour groups, even if travel occurs during summer. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-03453-1.10034-3 id = cord-018058-n3majqes author = Modrow, Susanne title = Historical Overview date = 2013-08-12 keywords = Sect; disease; infection; viral; virus summary = Many of the steps that characterize a viral infection were first discovered in experiments with bacterial viruses: such processes include attachment and penetration, the reproduction-cycledependent regulation of gene expression that results in early and late synthesized proteins, and lysogeny, which is associated with the existence of prophages. Besides the importance for tumour virus research, these observations aroused interest in the question concerning the basis of the high susceptibility of newborn animals to viral infections, and suggested investigations on the innate resistance of an organism to infections as well as the time and the causes of its formation. Between 1918 and 1920, a pandemic emerging viral disease, Spanish flu, claimed more than 20 million lives, i.e., more than in the First World War. After cultivation of the virus responsible in embryonated chicken eggs in 1933, their haemagglutinating properties were discovered in 1941 (i.e., their ability to agglutinate red blood cells), thereby laying the basis for the development of haemagglutination tests to detect viruses. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_1 id = cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author = Monath, Thomas P. title = Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date = 2013-11-04 keywords = Lyme; Nile; Rift; Valley; West; animal; disease; human; vaccine summary = A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 id = cord-328287-3qgzulgj author = Moni, Mohammad Ali title = Network-based analysis of comorbidities risk during an infection: SARS and HIV case studies date = 2014-10-24 keywords = HIV; HIV-1; SARS; disease; gene; infection summary = Then based on the gene expression, PPI and signalling pathways data, we investigate the comorbidity association of these 2 infective pathologies with other 7 diseases (heart failure, kidney disorder, breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, bone diseases, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes). The differential gene expression profiling strongly suggests that the response of SARS affected patients seems to be mainly an innate inflammatory response and statistically dysregulates a large number of genes, pathways and PPIs subnetworks in different pathologies such as chronic heart failure (21 genes), breast cancer (16 genes) and bone diseases (11 genes). To observe the association of SARS and HIV infections with other 7 important diseases (chronic heart failure, kidney disorders, breast cancer, parkinson, osteoporosis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes), we have collected mRNA microarray raw data associated with each disease from the Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) accession numbers are GSE9006, GSE9128, GSE15072, GSE7158, GSE8977 and GSE7621 [59] . doi = 10.1186/1471-2105-15-333 id = cord-104128-0gyk9cwx author = Morand, Serge title = The accelerated infectious disease risk in the Anthropocene: more outbreaks and wider global spread date = 2020-04-20 keywords = Anthropocene; disease; global; outbreak summary = Countries which are more centrally located within these disease networks tend to be also the more developed and emerging countries with significantly higher GDPs. Therefore, one cost of increased global mobility (which is currently tightly linked to economic growth and globalization, see Discussion below) is the increased risk of disease outbreaks and their faster and wider spread (although we note that the risk per capita may be decreasing, Smith et al., 2014) . Similarly, increasing levels of (1) isolation of infectious hosts, household quarantine and related behavioral changes which reduce transmission rates and (2) air traffic reduction increasingly slowed the global spread of influenza, although the latter control strategy required the almost complete halt of global air traffic (Cooper et al., 2006; Ferguson et al., 2006; Flahault et al., 2006; Hollingsworth et al., 2006; Epstein et al., 2007; Bajardi 11 et al., 2011) . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.20.049866 id = cord-310509-c8wp2m69 author = Morens, David M. title = Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability date = 2013-07-04 keywords = disease; human summary = The most salient modern example of an emerging infectious disease is HIV/AIDS, which likely emerged a century ago after multiple independent events in which the virus jumped from one primate host to another (chimpanzees to humans) and subsequently, as a result of a complex array of social and demographic factors, spread readily within the human population. It was soon apparent, however, that the disease was not restricted to these groups, and indeed, the bulk of HIV infections globally has resulted from heterosexual transmission that has been heavily weighted within the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa where a number of factors were responsible for this rapid spread; chief among these were human movement along truck routes accompanied by a high level of commercial sex work, inadequate public health infrastructures, poverty, and social inequality. doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467 id = cord-333405-ji58jbct author = Morens, David M. title = The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date = 2004-07-08 keywords = AIDS; HIV; United; disease; human; infectious summary = Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. doi = 10.1038/nature02759 id = cord-006104-f9000hjy author = Morgan, B. Paul title = Complement, a target for therapy in inflammatory and degenerative diseases date = 2015-10-23 keywords = AMD; MAC; PNH; complement; disease summary = Complement provides numerous options for drug development as it is a proteolytic cascade that involves nine specific proteases, unique multimolecular activation and lytic complexes, an arsenal of natural inhibitors, and numerous receptors that bind to activation fragments. The wealth of structural information now available in the field, including snapshots of convertase enzymes and MAC precursor complexes captured in active conformations, unmasks the precise nature of these protein-protein interactions and identifies sites that are key to the interaction that can be targeted with small molecules or biologicals using structure-based drug design 43, 44 . In vitro studies more than 35 years ago showed that modest (around 10% above baseline) increases in the concentrations of the complement regulators FH and FI markedly reduced plasma alternative-pathway activity, provoking the suggestion that augmentation of these proteins might be of therapeutic benefit 74 ; however, large (and probably frequent) doses will be required to substantially alter the levels of these abundant proteins. Design and development of TT30, a novel C3d targeted C3/C5 convertase inhibitor for treatment of human complement alternative pathway-mediated diseases doi = 10.1038/nrd4657 id = cord-004925-fj068j67 author = Morin, B. R. title = Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date = 2017-09-29 keywords = cost; disease; mitigation summary = Since private disease risk mitigation efforts reflect the costs of illness and illness avoidance, interventions that change those costs are also among the options available to public health authorities . Of the many intervention options open to public health authorities-quarantine, social distancing measures such as school closures, vaccination campaigns and so on-we focus on instruments that change risk mitigation by changing the private cost of illness. For R 0 (b) [ [0.95, 1.91] , the optimal public health authority intervention involves an increase in the private cost of illness-a ''tax'' on illness that will stimulate higher levels of private disease risk mitigation. For diseases where infectiousness is either very low (R 0 (b) < 0.941) or very high (i.e., R 0 (b) > 1.91), the optimal public health authority intervention involves a reduction in the cost of illness-a ''subsidy'' on illness that lowers private diseaserisk mitigation effort (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1007/s10393-017-1270-9 id = cord-289034-yl3emjef author = Moro, Loredana title = Mitochondria at the Crossroads of Physiology and Pathology date = 2020-06-24 keywords = ROS; cell; disease; mitochondrial summary = Two mitochondria quality control mechanisms are in place to meet the functional needs of any given cell under different physiological and pathological conditions: (a) mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission [4] [5] [6] ; (b) mitophagy [7, 8] . The second mechanism, mitophagy, is a specific form of autophagy that removes damaged mitochondria and reduces the mitochondrial mass upon microenvironmental stresses, such as hypoxia and nutrient starvation, promoting cell survival [11] . In this context, mutations in three TCA cycle enzymes, namely succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, have been shown to play a causal role in carcinogenesis [54, 55] , thus providing compelling evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial metabolic alterations as cancer drivers. Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in several pathological conditions, ranging from neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, to aging, cancer and inflammation. doi = 10.3390/jcm9061971 id = cord-024048-xj6245hn author = Moya, Alfonso title = Congenital Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) date = 2014-06-05 keywords = BAER; disease; ferret; vestibular summary = History, clinical signs, and diagnostic test results indicated that the ferret was suffering from congenital peripheral vestibular syndrome and left-sided deafness. The clinical signs and results of complementary tests were consistent with a diagnosis of peripheral vestibular syndrome, presumably of congenital origin considering the young age of the ferret and early onset of clinical signs, and the presence of left-sided deafness. Both peripheral and central vestibular disease can usually be distinguished by the presence of specific neurologic signs and diagnostic testing. 34 The absence of BAER waves in the left ear of this ferret indicated a sensorineural disease (deafness). The BAER test should be considered when a ferret presents with vestibular disease, and evaluation of inner ear function is required, or to confirm deafness. The use of antivertiginous, neuroprotective, and nootropic drugs could help to improve balance and promote better quality of life in cases of peripheral vestibular diseases in ferrets. doi = 10.1053/j.jepm.2014.06.006 id = cord-001309-gdc2e40t author = Muramoto, Osamu title = Retrospective diagnosis of a famous historical figure: ontological, epistemic, and ethical considerations date = 2014-05-28 keywords = Chopin; Disease; Socrates; diagnosis; historical; retrospective summary = It discusses ontological and epistemic challenges raised in the humanities and social sciences, and attempts to systematically reply to their criticisms from the viewpoint of clinical medicine, philosophy of medicine, particularly the ontology of disease and the epistemology of diagnosis, and medical ethics. While the term "diagnosis" is used, the main endeavor of these medical historians and paleopathologists is the scientific identification of a historical disease, not so much of diagnosing a particular individual patient by analyzing a complex life-long history of illness. I will show that the critics'' skepticism of retrospective diagnosis regarding the ontological persistence of disease entities and the epistemic non-verification through diagnostic testing originates in the erroneous conflation of the taxonomy Table 1 Different meanings and concepts of "retrospective diagnosis" of diseases (nosology) and the act of diagnosing. doi = 10.1186/1747-5341-9-10 id = cord-314325-nquov2i0 author = Murphy, F.A. title = Epidemiology of Human and Animal Viral Diseases date = 2008-07-30 keywords = disease; host; population; transmission; virus summary = Viral disease epidemiology has come to have a major role in clarifying the etiologic role of particular viruses and viral variants as the cause of specific diseases, in improving our understanding of the overall nature of specific viral diseases, and in determining factors affecting host susceptibility and immunity, in unraveling modes of transmission, in clarifying the interaction of viruses with environmental determinants of disease, in determining the safety, efficacy, and utility of vaccines and antiviral drugs, and especially in alerting and directing disease prevention and control actions. Epidemiology is also effective in (1) clarifying the role of particular viruses and viral variants as the cause of disease, (2) clarifying the interaction of viruses with environmental determinants of disease, (3) determining factors affecting host susceptibility, (4) unraveling modes of transmission, and (5) field testing of vaccines and antiviral drugs. doi = 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00390-3 id = cord-304455-z5n9ys86 author = Murray, Jillian title = Infectious Disease Surveillance date = 2017-12-31 keywords = Health; case; disease; surveillance summary = For example, as of 2015, the WHOcoordinated Global Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Disease (IBVPD) Sentinel Site Surveillance Network is a system of more than 100 hospitals in more than 54 countries that conducts active surveillance for meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis ( Figure 1 ). A sentinel surveillance site is a single or small number of health facilities that are responsible for collecting data on cases enrolled with the case definition under surveillance including global networks surveying for diarrhea or pneumonia. Sentinel site surveillance provides useful epidemiological information on proportions caused by different pathogens, age distribution, and risk factors and could also be used for monitoring trends of hospitalized cases within a health facility if health-care patterns and population have been stable. In contrast, with population-based surveillance, every appropriate health facility reports on the predefined diseases with the goal of identifying all cases in a specific geographic area. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00517-8 id = cord-289626-8oldaa8i author = Murray, Kris A. title = Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date = 2018-04-19 keywords = Ebola; Peterson; disease; human; infectious summary = Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions). doi = 10.1111/ecog.03625 id = cord-010977-fwz7chzf author = Myserlis, Pavlos title = Translational Genomics in Neurocritical Care: a Review date = 2020-02-20 keywords = RNA; TBI; disease; genomic; human; injury; model; stroke; study summary = In this review, we describe some of the approaches being taken to apply translational genomics to the study of diseases commonly encountered in the neurocritical care setting, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus, utilizing both forward and reverse genomic translational techniques. Termed "reverse translation," this approach starts with humans as the model system, utilizing genomic associations to derive new information about biological mechanisms that can be in turn studied further in vitro and in animal models for target refinement (Fig. 1) . These results highlight the value of reverse genomic translation in first identifying human-relevant genetic risk factors for disease, and using model systems to understand the pathways impacted by their introduction to select rationally-informed modalities for potential treatment. These observations provide vital information about cellular mechanisms impacted by human disease-associated genetic risk factors without requiring the expense and time investment of creating, validating, and studying animal models. doi = 10.1007/s13311-020-00838-1 id = cord-023165-f6o6owg3 author = NAVARRE, CHRISTINE B. title = Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System date = 2009-05-21 keywords = animal; cause; clinical; diarrhea; disease; goat; rumen; sheep; sign; treatment summary = The most important reason for examining feces in sheep and goats is to determine the presence and relative number of nematode parasites infesting an animal or flock. Clinical signs of frothy bloat and free gas bloat from either food intake or physical obstruction of the esophagus are usually more severe and immediately life-threatening than bloat seen from rumen wall diseases and systemic influences. Rumen acidosis usually occurs in animals that have been fed predominantly forage-based rations and are suddenly given access to large amounts of highly fermentable concentrates or concentrated forms of energy. Table 4 -2 lists the agents most likely to cause diarrhea in lambs and kids, tissues or other samples required for diagnosis, and commonly employed test methods. Liver abscesses usually occur as a result of chronic rumenitis in cattle, but they are rare in sheep and goats. F. hepatica infestation usually causes acute disease in sheep and goats but can present as a chronic condition. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-169052-1/50006-5 id = cord-004958-yvh2fzxt author = Nabarro, David title = The Links Between Public and Ecosystem Health in Light of the Recent Ebola Outbreaks and Pandemic Emergence date = 2016-05-11 keywords = Ebola; disease summary = These drive the emergence of new diseases, while increasing international travel and trade including the transport of live animals, food items, plants; coupled with our own fragile health systems facilitate their spread and increase their impact. Hence the emergence of the One Health approach, which refers to the collaborative multidisciplinary, cross-sectoral work by public and animal health agencies, and the environmental sector to reduce the risk of disease emergence across their interfaces. Efforts to reduce occupational exposure could be targeted in hotspots of emerging infectious diseases at high-risk animal-human interfaces though standard sanitation and biosafety precautions. Responding to outbreaks and pandemics costs lives and livelihoods, and preventative approaches are urgently needed that are built on resilient systems at the human, animal and ecologies interfaces. Collaborative multidisciplinary, cross-sectoral work is needed by environmental, public health and animal health agencies to reduce the risk of diseases at their interfaces. doi = 10.1007/s10393-016-1123-y id = cord-286075-yp2ta24o author = Nacul, Luis title = How Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Progresses: The Natural History of ME/CFS date = 2020-08-11 keywords = CFS; chronic; disease; fatigue; study; syndrome summary = We propose a framework for understanding and interpreting the pathophysiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) that considers wider determinants of health and long-term temporal variation in pathophysiological features and disease phenotype throughout the natural history of the disease. The lack of progress in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) research has been attributed to a range of factors, including the paucity of large, high quality, hypothesis-driven studies, and controversy around diagnosis. Of note, many of the abnormalities shown in severe injury have also been identified in ME/CFS such as: immune dysfunction, including pro-inflammatory response (especially at early stages of disease) (45, 46); autonomic nervous system (47) (48) (49) ; HPA axis dysfunction (50); hypovolemia (51); nitrosamine and oxidative stress (52); endothelial dysfunction (52); metabolic dysfunction (53-55); dysfunction of membrane transport (56) ; and, tissue hypoxia (57). The UK ME/CFS biobank: a disease-specific biobank for advancing clinical research into myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigu syndrome doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00826 id = cord-018263-cus1sqka author = Nadal, David title = Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015? date = 2007 keywords = disease; infectious; pediatric; specialist summary = Pediatric infectious disease specialists provide important recommendations on the use of microbiological and other diagnostic tests, application of antimicrobial drugs, and measures for infection control, which may substantially differ in children compared to in adults. Specific clinical tasks of the pediatric infectious disease specialist [4] -Integrative discipline -Provision of primary care and consultative services to patients from all pediatric disciplines -Implementation of quality assurance programs in hospitals and other health care settings, e.g., infection control, hospital epidemiology, antimicrobial management programs -Engagement in preventive efforts through implementation of vaccine strategies and other means; play a significant role in public health programs at all political levels -Conduction of research seeking cures for new diseases as well as preventive measures, such as new vaccines -Teaching and leadership in academic health institutions and non-experienced physicians within or outside the hospital. doi = 10.1007/978-3-7643-8099-1_18 id = cord-017142-vx3rgs4r author = Nair, Ranjit title = What the Intensivists Need to Know About Critically Ill Myeloma Patients date = 2019-07-09 keywords = disease; high; multiple; myeloma; patient; renal; treatment summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_98 id = cord-263882-s5oxr6es author = Najar Nobar, Niloufar title = Patients with specific skin disorders who are affected by COVID‐19: what do experiences say about management strategies? : A systematic review date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; disease; patient summary = It seems that in patients with any severe and serious dermatologic disorders, under treatment with systemic agents, if there is not any suspicion about concurrent infection or any high risk exposures, not only it is not recommend to cessation therapy but only emphasize that these drugs could prevent disease flare-up and control cytokine storm that both in a negative direction, affect the COVID-19 course (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) . So in this systematic review we focused on specific patient groups with a dermatologic disorder (usually under therapy) that concomitantly have been infected by the new corona virus and summed up their data in all aspects of underlying and infectious disease course and management. At the time of the COVID-19, the biologic agents were discontinued except for one case (which was treated with Guselkumab) but the patients did not report any severe exacerbation of their underlying dermatologic disease despite treatment discontinuation. doi = 10.1111/dth.13867 id = cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author = Nara, Peter L. title = Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date = 2008-11-18 keywords = CDC; U.S.; United; animal; disease; health; human; medicine summary = For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.094 id = cord-303700-rrwy3osd author = Neiderud, Carl-Johan title = How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases date = 2015-06-24 keywords = Africa; disease; health; population; urban summary = The lack of a universal definition makes it hard to compare different countries and cities in regard to public health and the burden and impact of infectious diseases (4) . Many of the lower income countries are expected to have a major growth among the urban population, which leads to considerable challenges for the governments and health care to keep up to pace and develop their social services and health care as these regions grow. The environment in urban cities has proven to be favourable for the rat population (Rattus spp.) and close encounters between rats and humans can lead to transmission of zoonotic infectious diseases. LF still has its major impact in rural settings, but the increasing urbanization in the developing world has made LF an infectious disease that also has to be considered elsewhere. doi = 10.3402/iee.v5.27060 id = cord-289439-jrvl0ykn author = Nelson, Martha I. title = Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling: Lessons learnt in research and capacity building date = 2018-10-23 keywords = Ebola; MISMS; RAPIDD; disease; influenza summary = Here we reflect on the scientific achievements and lessons learnt from these programs (h-index = 106 for RAPIDD and 79 for MISMS), including the identification of outstanding researchers and fellows; funding flexibility for timely research workshops and working groups (particularly relative to more traditional investigator-based grant programs); emphasis on group activities such as large-scale modeling reviews, model comparisons, forecasting challenges and special journal issues; strong quality control with a light touch on outputs; and prominence of training, data-sharing, and joint publications. These workshops focus on reviewing the state of influenza research and epidemiology in different global regions, and hands-on teaching of time series analysis of contemporary and historical outbreaks, control measures, mathematical transmission models, and phylogenetic approaches (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1016/j.epidem.2018.10.004 id = cord-324107-1u5cskii author = Nembaware, Victoria title = The Sickle Cell Disease Ontology: Enabling Collaborative Research and Co-Designing of New Planetary Health Applications date = 2020-10-01 keywords = Cell; Disease; SCD; SCDO; Sickle summary = This was facilitated by a web-based platform onto which participants uploaded data elements from previous or ongoing SCD-relevant research studies before the workshop, making multisite collaborative research studies based on existing SCD data possible, including multisite cohort, SCD global clinical trials, and SCD community engagement approaches. This expert review presents the highlights and the lessons learned from the fourth SCDO workshop that marked the beginning of applications toward planetary health impact, and with an eye to empower and cultivate multisite SCD collaborative research. This expert review presents the highlights and the lessons learned from the fourth SCDO workshop that marked the beginning of applications toward planetary health impact, and with an eye to empower and cultivate multisite SCD collaborative research. The key aim of the workshop was to enable multisite SCD cohort collaborative research and clinical trials by using the SCDO to harmonize existing data elements from multiple sites. doi = 10.1089/omi.2020.0153 id = cord-293151-g3758oes author = Nemzek, Jean A. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2015-07-10 keywords = Animal; Ferguson; Peterson; Swaim; canine; clinical; complication; diagnosis; disease; dog; infection; laboratory; research; sign; treatment; tumor; wound summary = This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. Several factors that increase pressure at the site and/or affect the integrity of the skin will predispose an individual to develop pressure sores, including poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting coaptation devices (Swaim and Angarano, 1990) . Chronic or recurrent corneal ulcers may also be associated with infection or hereditary causes in some breeds of dogs; however, these would be rare in the laboratory setting. Research Complications Treatment of early-stage or low-grade mammary tumors may be rewarding, allowing dogs to continue on study. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00012-2 id = cord-282059-sdumq61z author = Nesse, Randolph M title = The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health date = 2008-02-17 keywords = Nesse; disease; evolutionary; genetic; human; medicine; selection summary = Understanding the body as a product of natural selection, not design, offers new research questions and a framework for making medical education more coherent. Much of the recent work in evolutionary medicine asks questions about why natural selection has left the body vulnerable to disease (Williams and Nesse 1991; Ewald 1994; Nesse and Williams 1994; Stearns 1998; Trevathan et al. Whatever the answer turns out to be, these Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health Nesse and Stearns ª 2008 The Authors studies have called our attention to the importance of the physiological state of mother and infant for the prevalence of lifestyle diseases later in life, with some well-documented effects delayed by several decades. This research ranges from well-established applications of population genetics and phylogeny to new applications of evolution to specific medical problems such as infectious disease and aging. doi = 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00006.x id = cord-321734-ugy0kys5 author = Neulight, Nina title = Children’s Participation in a Virtual Epidemic in the Science Classroom: Making Connections to Natural Infectious Diseases date = 2006-11-23 keywords = Whypox; Whyville; disease summary = Our study investigated the integration of a virtual infectious disease called Whypox within science classroom curriculum and its relationship to students'' understanding of natural infectious diseases. Some of the activities that students participated in as part of their science curriculum included: watching videos about specific diseases and the nature of germs; examining cell structures under the microscope; doing hands-on experiments that simulated the spread of an infectious disease; completing worksheets about cells, bacteria, and viruses; and using online tools to research specific diseases. Video segments of whole-class discussion were examined in order to determine the efforts used by the teacher and the students to connect their Whypox experience with what they had learned about natural infectious diseases. Based on our findings, we learned that having an integrated curriculum around the participatory simulation stimulated teacher-student discussions about the causes and spread of virtual and natural diseases. doi = 10.1007/s10956-006-9029-z id = cord-262336-onghrm7y author = Nevarez, Javier title = CHAPTER 6 CROCODILIANS date = 2009-12-31 keywords = Alligator; Crocodylus; Nile; WNV; american; animal; crocodilian; disease; figure summary = The American alligator was considered a threatened species during the 1960s, but a captive rearing program in Louisiana has been successful at maintaining the estimated population at over 1 million animals. However, I have also observed evidence of metabolic bone disease in a subset of captive American alligators being fed a commercial diet with no exposure to UVB light. During the quarantine period, the animals can be examined for any sign of illness, and diagnostic tests (complete blood count [CBC], plasma or serum chemistry, West Nile virus antibodies, etc.) can be performed to assess their overall health status. A thorough history should include information about the number of animals, source, age, most recent introduction, quarantine practices, feed, frequency of feeding, water quality parameters, clinical signs, time since fi rst signs were observed, recent changes in management techniques, and any treatments such as salt, bleach, or antibiotics. West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported to affect various crocodilian species, including the American alligator (A. doi = 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50009-3 id = cord-023367-ujflw19b author = Newcomer, Benjamin W. title = Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date = 2020-04-17 keywords = States; United; animal; cause; chapter; clinical; clostridium; disease; goat; infection; sheep; sign summary = The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 id = cord-016293-pyb00pt5 author = Newell-McGloughlin, Martina title = The flowering of the age of Biotechnology 1990–2000 date = 2006 keywords = FDA; Genome; NIH; RNA; U.S.; University; Venter; cell; disease; dna; gene; human; plant; sequence; technology summary = In the course of the project, especially in the early years, the plan stated that "much new technology will be developed that will facilitate biomedical and a broad range of biological research, bring down the cost of many experiments (mapping and sequencing), and finding applications in numerous other fields." The plan built upon the 1988 reports of the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council on mapping and sequencing the human genome. These DNA chips have broad commercial applications and are now used in many areas of basic and clinical research including the detection of drug resistance mutations in infectious organisms, direct DNA sequence comparison of large segments of the human genome, the monitoring of multiple human genes for disease associated mutations, the quantitative and parallel measurement of mRNA expression for thousands of human genes, and the physical and genetic mapping of genomes. doi = 10.1007/1-4020-5149-2_4 id = cord-300324-95fty9yi author = Ni Lochlainn, M. title = Key predictors of attending hospital with COVID19: An association study from the COVID Symptom Tracker App in 2,618,948 individuals date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; disease summary = Conclusions: Being older, obese, diabetic or suffering from pre-existing lung, heart or renal disease placed participants at increased risk of visiting hospital with COVID-19. Visit to hospital as outcome were fit to test for association between i) self-reported obesity and ii) chronic lung disease and asthma, heart disease, diabetes and kidney disease in the following groups: 1) self-reported COVID-19 infection with classical symptoms (SR-COVID19); 2) self-reported positive COVID-19 test results (T-COVID19); 3) imputed/predicted COVID-19 infection based on symptomatology (I-COVID19) Imputation for testing positive for COVID was performed using the data at day of maximum sum of symptoms and applying a logistic regression using coefficients defined previously (2) . In this study we found that age, obesity, diabetes and pre-existing lung, renal and cardiac disease, were risk factors for a hospital visit with COVID-19 amongst a large but relatively young, community-based population of app users. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079251 id = cord-016704-99v4brjf author = Nicholson, Felicity title = Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date = 2005 keywords = HBV; HIV; Health; Kingdom; United; disease; infection; risk summary = doi = 10.1385/1-59259-913-3:235 id = cord-324667-wmhdw1qs author = Nishtala, Krishnatej title = Tear biomarkers for keratoconus date = 2016-08-04 keywords = disease; keratoconus; protein; tear summary = Advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry and NMR have helped in studying and understanding molecular changes in the tear proteome, lipidome and metabolome relating to an ocular disease condition. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of capillary collected tears in 28 [61] , 30 [62] and 94 [63] patients with keratoconus in three different studies showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers IL-6, TNFα and MMP9. Protein levels of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15/ prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) and zinc-alpha-2glycoprotein have been found to be elevated in tears of 36 patients by proteomic analysis, suggesting their application as prognostic markers for keratoconus [72] ( Table 2 ). A multi-omics approach integrating data from proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics is the need of the hour for studying tear fluid as an important source of biomarkers in keratoconus to lead to effective prognosis and treatment of the disease. doi = 10.1186/s40662-016-0051-9 id = cord-355001-audh5qa7 author = Novick, Tessa K. title = COVID-19 and Kidney Disease Disparities in the United States date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; disease; kidney summary = Older adults, people experiencing unstable housing, racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants are potentially at increased risk for infection and severe complications from COVID-19. In the context of the viral pandemic, here we describe many disparities and additional struggles of patient populations with kidney disease, including those faced by the aging and homeless, and among racial and ethnic minorities, immigrants, and refugees. A study in San Francisco found that chronic kidney disease patients experiencing homelessness have higher acute care utilization than stably housed counterparts, and greater exposure to hospitals increases COVID-19 exposure. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a study in Baltimore found that chronic kidney disease patients experiencing housing insecurity were 59% more likely to post-pone needed medical care. 54 Without insurance, undocumented immigrants do not have consistent access to primary care, and undiagnosed or poorly controlled chronic conditions increase their risk for severe complications from COVID-19 if infected. doi = 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.06.005 id = cord-022034-o27mh4wz author = OLANO, JUAN P. title = Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism date = 2009-05-15 keywords = PCR; United; agent; case; clinical; disease; laboratory summary = They include presence of disease outbreaks of the same illness in noncontiguous areas, disease outbreaks with zoonotic impact, different attack rates in different environments (indoor versus outdoor), presence of large epidemics in small populations, increased number of unexplained deaths, unusually high severity of a disease for a particular pathogen, unusual clinical manifestations owing to route of transmission for a given pathogen, presence of a disease (vector-borne or not) in an area not endemic for that particular disease, multiple epidemics with different diseases in the same population, a case of a disease by an uncommon agent (smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers, inhalational anthrax), unusual strains of microorganisms when compared to conventional strains circulating in the same affected areas, and genetically homogenous organisms isolated from different locations. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50124-1 id = cord-019001-ralxw4ad author = Oishi, Peter title = Diseases of the Pulmonary Vascular System date = 2008-11-15 keywords = ET-1; disease; effect; hypertension; increase; pulmonary; vascular summary = In addition, physical expansion of the lung results in the release of vasoactive substances, such as PGI 2 , which increases pulmonary blood fl ow and decreases pulmonary vascular resistance in the fetal goat and lamb independent of the changes in oxygen tension [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] . In humans, endothelial dysfunction, including histologic abnormalities of the endothelium, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, and increased plasma ET-1 concentrations have been described in children with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension before the development of signifi cant vascular remodeling [22, 98, 101] . In addition, neonates with PPHN and adults with advanced pulmonary vascular disease have evidence of endothelial dysfunction, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, increased plasma ET-1 concentrations, and decreased prostacyclin production [23, 24, 62, 99] . The oral formulation is currently being investigated for chronic pulmonary hypertensive therapy, and recent short-term studies demonstrate benefi cial effects in children with advanced pulmonary vascular disease [164] . doi = 10.1007/978-1-84800-925-7_20 id = cord-012462-q8u47hdp author = Olsavszky, Victor title = Time Series Analysis and Forecasting with Automated Machine Learning on a National ICD-10 Database date = 2020-07-10 keywords = Bucharest; Romania; disease; figure summary = By using the nation-wide ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) dataset of hospitalized patients of Romania, we have generated time series datasets over the period of 2008–2018 and performed highly accurate AutoTS predictions for the ten deadliest diseases. For this purpose the corresponding ICD-10 codes for ischemic heart diseases, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections, Alzheimer''s disease, lung cancer, diabetes mellitus, road injuries, diarrheal diseases, and tuberculosis (Table S1) were extracted from the whole ICD-10 data set of hospitalized patients in Romania from the period 2008-2018. Another reduction in case counts is observed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially in the North East region, when comparing the predicted years to the previous ones ( Figure 4C ). When compared to the current literature, this is the first study on a national ICD-10 database to perform thorough time series forecasting on multiple diseases on a regional level using AutoML to select the most accurate of a multitude of models (Table S5) . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17144979 id = cord-007331-wccmeaep author = Orcutt, Connie J. title = Emergency and Critical Care of Ferrets date = 2017-04-20 keywords = case; clinical; disease; ferret summary = Differential diagnoses for the ferret in respiratory distress include pleural effusion (cardiac disease, neoplasia, infection, heartworm disease, hypoproteinemia, metabolic disease); pulmonary edema (cardiac disease, hypoproteinemia, metabolic disease, electrical cord bite); anterior mediastinal mass; pneumonia; pneumothorax; diaphragmatic hernia; tracheal obstruction; metabolic disease (acidosis); and profound weakness (circulatory collapse, hypoglycemia, anemia).21,36 Hyperthermia or pain may also manifest as dyspnea in ferrets. In contrast to the canine patient, diarrhea in the ferret is difficult to classify as being small intestinal or large intestinal in character.26 Differential diagnoses for diarrhea include GI foreign body or trichobezoar, dietary indiscretion, Helicobacter mustelae gastritis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis or other inflammatory bowel disease, neoplasia, metabolic disease (i.e., hepatopathy), clostridial overgrowth subsequent to prolonged antibiotic administration, influenza, rotavirus (usually in very young, unweaned ferrets), eDV (generally accompanied by respiratory signs and a crusting dermatitis), epizootic catarrhal enteritis ("green slime disease"), GI parasitism (i.e., coccidiosis, giardiasis), and proliferative bowel disease. doi = 10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30157-3 id = cord-265699-0socw0hp author = Ortega, Miguel Ángel title = Dendrimers and Dendritic Materials: From Laboratory to Medical Practice in Infectious Diseases date = 2020-09-14 keywords = EV71; HIV; PAMAM; dendrimer; disease; drug; figure; infection summary = This review provides the reader a general overview about the uses of dendrimers and dendritic materials in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of highly prevalent infectious diseases, and their advantages compared to traditional approaches. Key commercial successes include the Stratus CS Acute Care Diagnostic System (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany), for emergency diagnosis of cardiovascular infarctions; VivaGel ® products (Starpharma, Melbourne, Australia), for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs); Targeted DEP ® and Priostar ® (Starpharma), for the delivery of anticancer drugs and agrochemical products, respectively; or SpheriCal (Polymer Factory, Stockholm, Sweden), as mass spectrometry standards [59] . Key commercial successes include the Stratus CS Acute Care Diagnostic System (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany), for emergency diagnosis of cardiovascular infarctions; VivaGel ® products (Starpharma, Melbourne, Australia), for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs); Targeted DEP ® and Priostar ® (Starpharma), for the delivery of anticancer drugs and agrochemical products, respectively; or SpheriCal (Polymer Factory, Stockholm, Sweden), as mass spectrometry standards [59] . doi = 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090874 id = cord-262119-s6hc7fxs author = Ostaszewski, Marek title = COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms date = 2020-10-27 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Disease; Map; SARS; SBML; cell; pathway; protein summary = title: COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms The molecular pathophysiology that links SARS-CoV-2 infection to the clinical manifestations and course of COVID-19 is complex and spans multiple biological pathways, cell types and organs [2, 3] . With this goal in mind, we initiated a collaborative effort involving over 230 biocurators, domain experts, modelers and data analysts from 120 institutions in 30 countries to develop the COVID-19 Disease Map, an open-access collection of curated computational diagrams and models of molecular mechanisms implicated in the disease [4] . The COVID-19 Disease Map diagrams, available in layout-aware systems biology formats and integrated with external repositories, are available in several formats allowing a range of computational analyses, including network analysis and Boolean, kinetic or multiscale simulations. COVID-19 Disease Map, building a computational repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms doi = 10.1101/2020.10.26.356014 id = cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author = Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title = A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date = 2020-05-27 keywords = Health; Toxocara; animal; cat; disease; dog; human; infection; pet; risk summary = For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine''s PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113789 id = cord-027859-citynr6c author = P. Shetty, Nandini title = Epidemiology of Disease in the Tropics date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Africa; Asia; HIV; Health; South; disease summary = No more than six deadly infectious diseases: pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria, measles and more recently, HIV/AIDS, account for half of all premature deaths, killing mostly children and young adults (Figure 3 .3). 9 In May 2002, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children''s Fund recommended that the formulation of oral rehydration solution (ORS) for treatment of patients with diarrhoea be changed to one with a reduced osmolarity and that safety of the new formulation, particularly development of symptomatic hyponatremia, be monitored. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children all over the world, and an important public health problem, particularly in developing countries where 600 000 deaths each year are associated with this infection. falciparum causes most of the severe disease and deaths attributable to malaria and is most prevalent in Africa south of the Sahara and in certain areas of South-east Asia and the Western Pacifi c (Figure 3.7) . doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4470-3.50007-0 id = cord-021465-2pj26fmv author = PERDUE, MICHAEL L. title = Impact of Avian Viruses date = 2007-05-09 keywords = NDV; Newcastle; avian; bird; disease; host; infection; virus summary = Although there is variation in the economic or ecological impact of various viral groups from year to year and among geographic sites, the "Top Ten" list of virus groups exhibiting routine significant impact on commercial poultry worldwide (not necessarily in order of impact) are paramyxoviruses (Newcastle disease); coronaviruses (infectious bronchitis); herpesviruses (infectious laryngotracheitis; Marek''s disease; duck enteritis); reoviruses (viral arthritis); picornaviruses (avian encephalomyelitis); adenoviruses (egg drop syndrome); retroviruses (lymphoid leukosis); orthomyxoviruses (avian influenza); poxviruses (fowlpox); and birnaviruses (infectious bursal disease). With the recent documented transmission of a lethal avian influenza virus from commercial poultry to humans, these ecological relationships take on new significance. Lymphomas caused by MDV and retroviruses are still the most common viral neoplastic diseases of poultry, and a recent increase in mortality and evolution of more virulent MDV strains indicates that the impact of these viruses will continue to be felt (Witter, 1996) . doi = 10.1016/b978-012362675-2/50016-1 id = cord-026025-xqj877en author = PETRAS, ROBERT E. title = Large Intestine (Colon) date = 2009-10-30 keywords = Crohn; Fig; Hirschsprung; IBD; Jeghers; Lynch; MSI; carcinoma; cell; colitis; colon; colorectal; disease; dna; dysplasia; patient; polyp summary = 27, 28 These guidelines consider colonoscopic polypectomy definitive treatment for a patient with a malignant polyp if the following criteria are fulfilled: (1) the polyp is considered completely excised at endoscopy, (2) the specimen is properly processed by the pathology laboratory, (3) the cancer is not poorly differentiated, (4) no histologic evidence of vascular or lymphatic involvement exists, and (5) the resection margin is not involved by carcinoma. Pathologic features of colorectal cancer that suggest MSI/Lynch''s syndrome include right-sided location, synchronous or metachronous large bowel cancers, large and bulky polypoid tumors with circumscribed pushing margins, tumors showing prominent lymphoid infiltrate, and cancers of poor differentiation (medullary or undifferentiated carcinoma) or mucinous and signet ring cell histologic pattern (Figs. [352] [353] [354] [355] The trauma-type histologic features can be seen in the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, localized colitis cystica profunda, inflammatory cloacogenic polyp, the mucosa adjacent to orifices of colonic diverticula, 356 and inflammatory cap polyposis 357 and are frequent findings adjacent to neoplasia and in the vicinity of the ileocecal valve. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3966-2.00023-0 id = cord-011417-a5q15dq1 author = Pace, David title = The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease and the utility of vaccination in Malta date = 2020-05-16 keywords = IMD; Malta; disease summary = Similarly, a strategy using a conjugate MenACWY vaccine targeting 9-month to 4-year-old children to control MenW disease in Chile provided direct protection to the vaccinated group but did not result in a herd immune effect [17] . In European countries, the highest MenB and C disease burden is similarly seen in infants (although the incidence rate reached 5.4/100,000 and 2.1/100,000 infants for MenB and C, respectively, much less when compared with the mean incidence rate of 9.66/100,000 and 6.72/100,000 infants for the corresponding capsular groups in Malta), with children less than 5 years old and adolescents and young adults being more affected than other age groups [1, 31] . Furthermore, a MenB immunization programme consisting of a 2 dose prime and boost MenB infant vaccine schedule in addition to MenB adolescent vaccination at 12 years of age would also be projected to provide direct protection and reduce the incidence of MenB, which is responsible for the highest meningococcal disease burden in Malta. doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-03914-8 id = cord-019055-k5wcibdk author = Pacheco, Jorge M. title = Disease Spreading in Time-Evolving Networked Communities date = 2017-10-05 keywords = disease; individual; network summary = We show that the effective infectiousness of a disease taking place along the edges of this temporal network depends on the population size, the number of infected individuals in the population and the capacity of healthy individuals to sever contacts with the infected, ultimately dictated by availability of information regarding each individual''s health status. Furthermore, the knowledge an individual has (based on local and/or social media information) about the health status of acquaintances, partners, relatives, etc., combined with individual preventive strategies [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] (such as condoms, vaccination, the use of face masks or prophylactic drugs, avoidance of visiting specific web-pages, staying away from public places, etc.), also leads to changes in the structure and shape of the contact networks that naturally acquire a temporal dimension that one should not overlook. doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-5287-3_13 id = cord-257943-fippk9p4 author = Palmeiro, Brian S. title = Clinical Approach to Dermatologic Disease in Exotic Animals date = 2013-07-17 keywords = amphibian; common; disease; feather; skin summary = This article focuses on the clinical approach to skin disease in exotic pets including structure and function of the skin, appropriate diagnostic testing, and differential diagnoses for commonly encountered cutaneous diseases. 12, [14] [15] [16] [17] Dermatologic Examination and Diagnostic Testing A thorough history and dermatologic examination are important when evaluating any case of amphibian skin disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of skin swabs [26] [27] [28] [29] Consult laboratory for availability; verification of positive results; type of PCR (conventional, Taqman, real-time, and so forth); use of negative and positive controls; sample collection and swab type; and shipping details Avoid crossSee Table 2 for a review of common differential diagnoses for dermatologic diseases in amphibians. The diagnostic approach to a fish with dermatologic disease should include a complete history, direct observation of the fish in its aquarium or pond, dermatologic examination, complete water quality, skin scrapings, and a gill biopsy. doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2013.05.003 id = cord-348567-rvwxysvc author = Panfili, F. M. title = Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population date = 2020-06-15 keywords = SARS; covid-19; disease; vitamin summary = CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we suggest that vitamin D supplementation might play a role in the prevention and/or treatment to SARS-CoV-2 infection disease, by modulating the immune response to the virus both in the adult and pediatric population. Although the effect of normal to high levels of vitamin D on increasing CD4+ count is still unclear, a recent review proved that vitamin D plays an important role in reducing the immune activation of HIV-infected patients. In this autoimmune disease using calcitriol supplementation reduces serum levels of antibodies and slows the progression of β cell destruction down in the early stages of the disease [38] , Interestingly, it has also been demonstrated that in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) [39] the VDR could act as a negative regulator of TGF-β/ Hydroxyproline, col1a1, col3a1 and alfa-SMA mRNAs ↓ Prevention of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in a murine model [48] Smad signaling, thus making vitamin D a putative antifibrotic treatment in the early stages of the disease. doi = 10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0 id = cord-352532-xqphom6x author = Papanikolaou, Ilias C title = 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date = 2013-12-31 keywords = disease; lung; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = The following are the common tropical pulmonary conditions: l pneumonia: typical and atypical l eosinophilic pneumonias and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia l bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) l pleural effusion l nontuberculous granulomatous lung disease l occupational lung diseases. A reasonable approach to the patient with lung disease in the tropic starts with age, occupational exposure, physical examination, HIV status, chest x-ray and blood tests. • If wheezing (even if it disappeared after rapidly acting bronchodilator) give an inhaled bronchodilator for 5 days* • Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with a safe remedy • If coughing for more than 3 weeks or if having recurrent wheezing, refer for assessment for TB or asthma • Advise the mother when to return immediately • Follow-up in 5 days if not improving A blood count usually reveals leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia, leukopenia in viral infection, and eosinophilia in parasitic infestation. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00001-1 id = cord-314808-ssiggi2z author = Pappas, G. title = Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases date = 2014-12-12 keywords = disease; fear; public summary = On the other hand, numerous new major threats have emerged during the last three decades; the pandemic of AIDS, the SARS outbreak, the ominous scenarios of an avian influenza pandemic, and the threat of biological weapons are just some examples explaining the concern among health authorities, the media, and the public. The psychological response of both patients and the public to the threat of infection has been evaluated with respect to numerous circumstances in recent years, not only acute outbreaks such as SARS, but also gradually evolving pandemics such as AIDS, threats with marginal risk for humans such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow disease), and even threats that are only theoretical such as avian influenza. Mass media is another major factor that shapes the physical and psychological response of the public to an infectious disease threat, as depicted in numerous attack scenarios in the literature [32] [33] [34] . doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x id = cord-021082-a1jsbunw author = Parthasarathy, A. title = Training in pediatric infectious disease: Need of the time date = 2013-05-25 keywords = disease summary = The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 17% of total mortality in children less than 5 years of age is due to vaccine preventable diseases. This could facilitate clinicians, researchers and academicians to intensely understand and be involved in surveillance, policy making, program implementation on infections that directly contribute to morbidity and mortality in children, including new and emerging infections like SARS, H1N1 influenza, dengue, and infectious diarrhea. Professionally-oriented training and education in pediatric infectious diseases is the ''need of the hour'' and should be implemented on a "war footing" to achieve global health. I therefore, strongly feel that such a course will be useful not only for individuals interested in expanding their knowledge of the techniques available for analyzing and interpreting epidemiological data on infectious diseases, but also for the world and for India to achieve the goal of "health for all". doi = 10.1016/j.pid.2013.04.005 id = cord-032303-8rkemm72 author = Pascual, Isaac title = Mind the gap versus filling the gap. The heart beyond specialties date = 2020-09-18 keywords = disease; structural summary = 6, 7 Assuming the differences that have existed to date between cardiologists and surgeons, which still exist and will most likely exist in the future, simply because of the different views of the 2 specialties on the same problem-for example in structural heart disease-past developments have revealed that different training itineraries end up with the performance of the same procedure. As mentioned, the teaching programs in cardiovascular surgery 3 and cardiology 4 in Spain would need a review of these training itineraries, taking into account the need to converge on the final point that gives meaning to the entire process: the patient and the quality of the care delivered. The structure is based on knowledge of cardiovascular disease, and understanding of the entire spectrum of cardiologists, surgeons and all specialists involved in patient care. doi = 10.1016/j.rec.2020.08.010 id = cord-323703-fsj736dg author = Patterson, Grace T. title = Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems date = 2020-08-30 keywords = Health; disease; food; system summary = Lack of genetic diversity has become commonplace in our global food systems, within both livestock and crop production (Bennett et al., 2018; Khoury et al., 2014) , and is a risk factor for heightened susceptibility to outbreaks of plant and animal disease. Zoonotic and non-zoonotic disease outbreaks and our responses to the presence or risk of these pathogens can destabilize food systems, leading to increased food insecurity and downstream health and economic effects. Evidence-based health-agri-food policies that support access and uptake of healthy diet and exercise, particularly in communities with high inequality, can help reverse the growing trend towards obesity and minimize morbidity and mortality from infectious disease. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic the international community had been aware of the increasing threat from emerging zoonotic pathogens, the ''dual burden'' imposed by endemic zoonoses on livestock productivity and human health, the biological and chemical hazards present in our food and the looming spectre of a post-antibiotic world. doi = 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100424 id = cord-335373-17tcikxl author = Paul, Elisabeth title = COVID-19: time for paradigm shift in the nexus between local, national and global health date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; Health; disease; global summary = ► The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented measures worldwide, which have often been adopted in an ''emergency'' mode and are largely reactionary ► Alternatively, COVID-19 needs to be appraised as part of a much bigger health picture, adopting a "systems approach" that enables interactions with other acknowledged and preventable health conditions, which often receive disproportionately low attention ► To do so requires a paradigm shift in global health governance, from a specific reactional paradigm to a systemic, coordinated and preventive paradigm ► It is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to health reflecting both a security approach and a health development approach, tackling upstream causes and determinants, aimed at helping populations reduce their individual risk factors and augment their natural immunity ► Such preventive health policies must be tailored to local specificities and local environments, and health systems must be strengthened at the local level so as to be able to respond to population needs and expectations ► The current crisis calls for a paradigm shift in public and global health policies; and in the in the nexus between local, national and global health policies and systems doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002622 id = cord-288982-63ddlh20 author = Peeling, Rosanna W. title = Diagnostics in a digital age: an opportunity to strengthen health systems and improve health outcomes date = 2015-11-09 keywords = HIV; diagnostic; disease; test summary = Rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for infectious diseases can improve access to diagnosis and patient management, but the quality of these tests vary, quality of testing is often not assured and there are few mechanisms to capture test results for surveillance when the testing is so decentralised. In a digital age, it is possible to link data from diagnostic laboratories and POC test readers and devices to provide data on testing coverage, disease trends and timely information for early warning of infectious disease outbreaks to inform design or optimisation of disease control and elimination programmes. In the last decade, rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests fulfilling the ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment-free and Deliverable) have become commercially available and are widely used for infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV and syphilis. doi = 10.1093/inthealth/ihv062 id = cord-353633-a4pu6rlu author = Perakakis, Nikolaos title = The role of omics in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease date = 2020-07-23 keywords = NAFLD; NASH; disease; fatty; liver; non; nonalcoholic summary = Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder, whose spectrum covers clinical, histological and pathophysiological developments ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis, potentially evolving into cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. The disease is characterized initially by hepatic lipid accumulation (nonalcoholic fatty liver; NAFL), that can often progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, as outlined in detail elsewhere in this special issue [1] . Several studies have assessed the impact of epigenetic modifications in the development and progress of NAFLD ( Figure 2 ) as well as in the association of NAFLD with other metabolic diseases by focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA expression profiles that can significantly affect transcriptional activity. Proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins between subjects with metabolic healthy obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154320 id = cord-018746-s9knxdne author = Perra, Nicola title = Modeling and Predicting Human Infectious Diseases date = 2015-04-23 keywords = disease; individual; model summary = Building on these concepts we present two realistic data-driven epidemiological models able to forecast the spreading of infectious diseases at different geographical granularities. The unprecedented amount of data on human dynamics made available by recent advances technology has allowed the development of realistic epidemic models able to capture and predict the unfolding of infectious disease at different geographical scales [59] . The new approach allows for the early detection of disease outbreaks [62] , the real time monitoring of the evolution of a disease with an incredible geographical granularity [63] [64] [65] , the access to health related behaviors, practices and sentiments at large scales [66, 67] , inform data-driven epidemic models [68, 69] , and development of statistical based models with prediction power [67, [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-14011-7_4 id = cord-278093-0twnkv93 author = Perveen, Shagufta title = Coronavirus nCOVID-19: A Pandemic Disease and the Saudi precautions date = 2020-06-18 keywords = SARS; disease; virus summary = Recently a novel coronavirus (nCOVID-19) has first emerged in China, causing multiple symptoms in humans and closely related to those caused by SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). In these circumstances, rapid reviews which recommended by WHO (World Health Organization), and these recommendations are very significant, helpful and cover current data with different preventive measures developed by the Saudi CDC (Saudi Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). Taking into consideration the preventive measures by pharmacists as part of health care professions, however, the number of infected people, especially those with close contact with nCOVID-19 patients, are rise day by day and currently seems unstoppable. In comparison to other members of coronaviruses ,which cause humans respiratory infections, SARS-CoV (first then it has spread to 216 different countries and territories all over the world, and it seems more deadly. doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.006 id = cord-257358-uoek1pba author = Peset, José L. title = Plagues and Diseases in History date = 2015-03-12 keywords = Africa; America; Europe; century; disease; history summary = In spite of the development of the medical science, during the twentieth century, individuals have observed the spread of new or reemerging diseases, from plague, cholera, and flu; measles, cancer, and malaria; to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, West Nile fever, resistant tuberculosis, virus of Ebola, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and others. The study of the transmission of pathogens through animals and human beings (as vectors and hosts), living in a physical, biological, social, and cultural environment, was crucial in bringing about a new history of disease and also much later in fueling the most recent ecological history. Toward the middle of the nineteenth century, the third wave of the disease broke out and, with the exception of Europe, it spread to all countries including Asia, Africa, and paradises like America and Australia, leaving remnants in many places. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.62050-0 id = cord-297857-ybqj8z1r author = Petagna, L. title = Pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease inflammation and recurrence date = 2020-11-07 keywords = Crohn; TNF; disease; recurrence summary = Crohn''s disease evolution is mediated by a complex alteration of the inflammatory response which is characterized by alterations of the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa barrier together with a remodeling of the extracellular matrix through the expression of metalloproteins and increased adhesion molecules expression, such as MAcCAM-1. The pathogenesis is also sustained by the interaction of these cells with integrins, adhesion molecules and multiple chemokines, responsible for the production of elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, representing the target of immune and non-immune cells and the promotion of mucosal inflammation. A new Antimesenteric functional end-to-end Handsewn anastomosis: surgical prevention of anastomotic recurrence in Crohn''s disease Surgical recurrence at anastomotic site after bowel resection in Crohn''s disease: comparison of Kono-S and end-to-end anastomosis Surgical prevention of anastomotic recurrence by excluding mesentery in Crohn''s disease: the SuPREMe-CD study -a randomized clinical trial Inclusion of the mesentery in Ileocolic resection for Crohn''s disease is associated with reduced surgical recurrence doi = 10.1186/s13062-020-00280-5 id = cord-300727-v3spbo5u author = Peterson, A. Townsend title = Biogeography of diseases: a framework for analysis date = 2008-03-05 keywords = Peterson; disease; ecological; specie summary = The ways in which these differences may influence disease transmission geography are complex; I illustrate their effects by means of worked examples regarding West Nile Virus, plague, filoviruses, and yellow fever. Three example disease systems are illustrated: West Nile Virus, the filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses), and plague: Changes are illustrated as the difference between broken (original) and entire (present) outlines of circles; particular geographic occurrences of the disease are labeled to illustrate points discussed in the text appropriate from both abiotic and biotic perspectives and that are accessible to the species in terms of dispersal. In niche modeling, known occurrences of species (or diseases, in some cases) are related to raster geographic information system (GIS) coverages summarizing relevant environmental parameters in an evolutionary computing environment; the result is a picture of the species'' ecological distribution, which can be projected onto geography to identify a potential distribution for the species (Peterson 2007; Soberón 2007) . doi = 10.1007/s00114-008-0352-5 id = cord-005874-dgqevs6r author = Piel, S. title = Pulmonale granulomatöse Erkrankungen und pulmonale Manifestationen systemischer Granulomatosen: Inklusive Tuberkulose und nichttuberkulöse Mykobakteriosen date = 2016-09-15 keywords = der; die; disease; und summary = CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE: Granulomas as signs of specific inflammation of the lungs are found in various diseases with pulmonary manifestations and represent an important imaging finding. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS: The standard imaging modality for the work-up of granulomatous diseases of the lungs is most often thin-slice computed tomography (CT). PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: A thin-slice CT and an interdisciplinary discussion are recommended in many cases with a suspected diagnosis of pulmonary granulomatous disease due to clinical or radiographic findings. Knoten, die nicht mit klinischer oder serologischer Aktivität der Erkrankung korrelieren und größenprogredient sind, sollten aufgrund des 2-fach erhöhten Malignitätsrisikos bei der GPA invasiv abgeklärt werden [18, 19] . Sowohl bei bei GPA als auch viel häufiger bei MPA ist die Entwicklung einer Fibrose mit UIP-Muster, seltener mit NSIP-Muster, möglich und kann anderen klinischen Manifestationen der Vaskulitis vorausgehen [21, 22] . Die pLCH tritt bei Rauchern auf und ist geht mit einer Proliferation der Langerhans-Zellen in den Atemwegen einher. doi = 10.1007/s00117-016-0165-z id = cord-018638-4pyjhpbk author = Pilania, Rakesh Kumar title = Kawasaki Disease date = 2019-10-30 keywords = AHA; Kawasaki; disease; patient summary = Acute non-purulent cervical lymphadenopathy Table 4 .2 AHA 2017 diagnostic criteria for KD [28] Diagnosis of classic KD can be proffered in the presence of fever for at least 5 days associated with at least 4 of the 5 following principal clinical features. Cervical lymphadenopathy (>1.5 cm diameter), usually unilateral A careful history may reveal that ≥1 principal clinical features were present during the illness but resolved by the time of presentation Exclusion of other diseases with similar findings (e.g., scarlet fever, viral infections like measles, adenovirus, enterovirus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, drug hypersensitivity reactions, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis) unusual for KD. Perianal desquamation is virtually pathognomonic of KD and is a useful clinical sign for diagnosis of the disease during the acute phase ( Fig. 4 .3c). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease and factors associated with coronary artery abnormalities in East China: nine years experience doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-19055-2_4 id = cord-332038-icyut3xa author = Pillaiyar, Thanigaimalai title = A medicinal chemistry perspective of drug repositioning: Recent advances and challenges in drug discovery date = 2020-04-02 keywords = Alzheimer; FDA; Parkinson; cancer; disease; drug summary = Recently, it emerges as an alternative approach for the rapid identification and development of new pharmaceuticals for various rare and complex diseases for which lack the effective drug treatments. While numerous studies suggest the potent anticancer activities of drug 20, the overall benefit is limited as it is associated with serious side effects including the gastrointestinal and renal toxicities. The recent phase 3 clinical trial studies using the occurrence of colorectal adenomas as a biomarker for cancer as a primary endpoint at 1 year after intervention revealed that metformin reduced both occurrence and number of adenomas/polyps in the patients at low dosage level. Out of the approved drugs, data for bexarotene have provided proof of concept as potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer''s disease as noted above, whereas acitretin (93, Figure 7) , which is known to penetrate tissues including brain may also be a promising candidate for AD [177] . doi = 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112275 id = cord-280386-a8qr7nl6 author = Pires, Sara M. title = Aetiology-Specific Estimates of the Global and Regional Incidence and Mortality of Diarrhoeal Diseases Commonly Transmitted through Food date = 2015-12-03 keywords = disease; estimate summary = The objective of this study is to provide estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases caused by nine pathogens that are commonly transmitted through foods. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We abstracted data from systematic reviews and, depending on the overall mortality rates of the country, applied either a national incidence estimate approach or a modified Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) approach to estimate the aetiology-specific incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases, by age and region. To identify and prioritize targeted interventions to reduce the public health impact of foodborne diseases, public health policy makers and other stakeholders need aetiology-specific regional and global estimates of the incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases caused by pathogens that are commonly transmitted through foods. While approach 1 analysed national incidence and mortality of disease by pathogens commonly transmitted through foods estimated primarily by correcting surveillance data to account for underreporting and under-diagnosis, approach 2 relied on systematic reviews of studies identifying causative agents in patients with diarrhoea. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0142927 id = cord-309870-l5oecoot author = Pirofski, Liise-anne title = Immunomodulators as an antimicrobial tool date = 2006-08-22 keywords = damage; disease; therapy summary = For most of the 20th century, the mechanisms of antibody action that were thought to influence antibody efficacy included their ability to neutralize, promote opsonization and The possible effects of IFN-g therapy in two patients with cryptococcosis in the context of the Damage-response framework. The tolerability and promising effect of this reagent in HIV-infected patients bolsters the prospect that immunotherapeutic interventions have the potential to augment host immune mechanisms in the treatment of infectious diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The rationale for the use of cytokines as adjunctive immunomodulators for infectious diseases is based on the concept that replacement or augmentation of natural mediators of host defense should enhance the antimicrobial effect of host immune mechanisms and/or antimicrobial agents. The rationale for the use of adjunctive pro-inflammatory cytokines and certain antibodies for treating infectious diseases is to enhance the host response. doi = 10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.004 id = cord-336447-hpnkou41 author = Pitlik, Silvio Daniel title = COVID-19 Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; disease; pandemic; virus summary = Despite multiple publications and increasing knowledge regarding the biological secrets of SARS-CoV-2, as of the writing of this paper, there is neither an approved vaccine nor medication to prevent infection or cure for this highly infectious disease. 7, 8 This paper reviews the microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as its socio-economic impact. In the early days of the pandemic great effort was invested into understanding the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, 9 so as to provide a basis for discovery of an effective vaccine to prevent COVID-19 and/or a safe and efficacious drug to cure it, or at the least, to ameliorate its symptoms, shorten its duration, and/ or block its mechanism of transmission. 59 Unfortunately, to date, no human genetic markers predisposing to SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor the severity of COVID-19, have been found-although recent isolated exceptions to this statement can be found. doi = 10.5041/rmmj.10418 id = cord-022575-ybj6lwdb author = Platt, Simon R. title = Vestibular Disorders date = 2009-05-15 keywords = cat; disease; ear; figure; sign; vestibular summary = 1, 3 Signs of central vestibular syndrome suggest brainstem involvement and are not present in patients with inner ear disease except in cases of direct extension of the disease process, 8 such as can be seen with otitis media/interna 9 and neoplasia. Horner''s syndrome (miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, and protrusion of the third eyelid) of the ipsilateral eye may be present with middle or inner ear disease, causing peripheral vestibular dysfunction ( Figure 56 -11). Peripheral vestibular dysfunction results from disease of the middle and inner ear affecting the receptors in the labyrinth and the vestibular portion of cranial nerve VIII. Seven such cats with otitis media/interna have been documented, in one study, with CNS dysfunction that included central vestibular signs. Peripheral vestibular disease in a cat with middle and inner ear squamous cell carcinoma Tympanic bulla osteotomy for treatment of middle-ear disease in cats: 19 cases (1984-1991) doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160423-4/50059-7 id = cord-327109-2fh004df author = Polyzos, Stergios A. title = Making progress in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as we are transitioning from the era of NAFLD to dys-metabolism associated fatty liver disease (DAFLD) date = 2020-07-21 keywords = NAFLD; T2DM; disease summary = This special issue of "Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental" is dedicated to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease closely linked with the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome or metabolic syndrome (MetS) [1] and its related comorbidities, including obesity [2] , type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [3] , dyslipidemia [4] and cardiovascular disease [5] . While the compilation of this special issue was ongoing, two position articles on the nomenclature of the disease were published, proposing the change of the terminology from NAFLD to metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) [28, 29] . Risk of severe illness from COVID-19 in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and increased fibrosis scores Letter to the Editor: Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease Letter to the Editor: Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154318 id = cord-347289-3yi5tz04 author = Poon, L. . C. title = ISUOG Interim Guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals – an update date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient; pregnant summary = American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG): https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/phys ician-faqs/covid-19-faqs-for-ob-gyns-obstetrics Centers for Disease Control , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global public health emergency. A case series of 12 pregnant women with SARS-CoV in Hong Kong, China, reported three maternal deaths, that four of seven patients who presented in the first trimester had spontaneous miscarriage, four of five patients who presented after 24 weeks had preterm birth and two mothers recovered without delivery but their ongoing pregnancies were complicated by FGR 8 . In two studies, with a combined total of 10 pregnant women with COVID-19 in the third trimester, amniotic fluid, cord blood and neonatal throat swab samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, suggesting there was no evidence of vertical transmission in women who developed COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy 26, 76 . An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes doi = 10.1002/uog.22061 id = cord-006653-fy0yg0xh author = Popper, Helmut H. title = Interstitial lung diseases—can pathologists arrive at an etiology-based diagnosis? A critical update date = 2012-12-07 keywords = DAD; Fig; IPF; NSIP; Suppl; UIP; disease; lung summary = Usual interstitial pneumonia/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis UIP/IPF is a chronic progressive fibrosing disease of the lung, which leads to death of the patient usually within 5-10 years after the diagnosis is made. It affects predominantly patients in their fourth to fifth decade of life; however, lesions may occur much earlier and remain undetected until Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) they will cause impaired lung function by their increasing number-UIP/IPF is seen more often in younger-aged patients, probably due to increased awareness. This is meant by the term "timely heterogeneity." In the author''s experience, a diagnosis of UIP/IPF can be established in some cases even without clinical information when the following features are given: fibroblastic foci, timely heterogeneity (involved and uninvolved peripheral lobules), cystic and fibrotic destruction resulting in honeycombing, and most importantly, the absence of inflammatory infiltrates in areas of fibroblastic foci, absence of granulomas, or features of other interstitial inflammation. doi = 10.1007/s00428-012-1305-0 id = cord-339763-2wt5z9r1 author = Porcelli, Brunetta title = Celiac and non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a review on the association with schizophrenia and mood disorders date = 2014-10-16 keywords = SCZ; disease summary = The association between mood disorders and gluten-related disorders, especially celiac disease, has only been studied for depression, often coupled with anxiety, and very recently for bipolar disorder. However, since antitissue transglutaminase antibodies (a-tTG) and anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) were not investigated, this result cannot exclude gluten sensitivity in this group of patients, as suggested by increasing evidence that GS is frequent in schizophrenia [8, 30] . In 2011, the association of bipolar disorder with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity was investigated for the first time by Dickerson et al. A recent study [32] tested response to a glutenfree diet in a group of SCZ patients who were previously considered to have celiac disease or gluten sensitivity on the basis of antibody assessment. Regarding the association between schizophrenia and gluten sensitivity, most recent studies agree on the involvement of gluten sensitivity rather than celiac disease in a subgroup of SCZ patients [8, 9, 30, 50, 51] . doi = 10.1007/s13317-014-0064-0 id = cord-283979-1dn7at6k author = Portillo, Aránzazu title = Arthropods as vectors of transmissible diseases in Spain() date = 2018-12-14 keywords = Europe; Spain; case; disease summary = 23 Spain was an endemic country of malaria until 1964, when WHO declared it a The risk of emergence/re-emergence is calculated based on three factors: (a) presence of cases of the disease in humans in the last 5 years in Europe, Mediterranean, Central and South American countries with a significant relationship with Spain; (b) presence of the vector in Spain; (c) pathogenicity of the virus for humans. Following this meeting, a special article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which stated that the distribution of infectious diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, rickettsiosis or West Nile fever are expanding at the same rate as their AVs. 38 We know that climate variations and extreme weather events have a profound impact on AVBD. In relation to this issue, the epidemiology of Mediterranean spotted fever seems clearly associated with climate change, especially with low rainfall values 47 and it has been shown that warming causes greater aggressiveness in its AVs. Table 4 shows the tick-borne diseases throughout the world, with the prediction of risk for Spain (subjective assessments). doi = 10.1016/j.medcle.2018.10.008 id = cord-016508-39glgeft author = Possas, Cristina title = Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals date = 2019-06-13 keywords = country; development; disease; global; vaccine summary = Innovative preventive vaccines against emerging and neglected infectious diseases, such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, and HIV/AIDS, are examined here from bioeconomics and global sustainability perspectives, aiming to integrate public health and biotechnology market approaches. This scenario of increasing global demand for vaccines in the next decade is supported by epidemiological indicators: annual burden of new HPV-related cancers worldwide to the tune of 670,000; rise of Zika into a public health emergency with over 86 countries reporting 230,000 cumulative confirmed cases of infection between 2015 and 2018; very high prevalence of HSV which infects approximately 67% of the world population under 50 years of age; continued prevalence of tuberculosis which infects 10 million and takes 1.5 million lives each year despite the progress made toward eliminating the disease; and rise in HIV infections worldwide over 36.9 million (WHO 2018; Global Industry Analysts 2018). doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-9431-7_14 id = cord-331853-qun1kyvw author = Pourbohloul, Babak title = Modeling Control Strategies of Respiratory Pathogens date = 2005-08-17 keywords = disease summary = We used contact network epidemiology to predict the effect of various control policies for a mildly contagious disease, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, and a moderately contagious disease, such as smallpox. We use contact network epidemiology to compare intervention strategies for airborne 2 infectious diseases, including emerging diseases such as SARS, for which epidemiologic data are limited. For communities with extensive heterogeneity in contact patterns, however, network models more explicitly capture patterns of disease transmission and thus enable more accurate and detailed predictions of the effect of control measures on the magnitude and distributions of outbreaks. Public health interventions aim to reduce the number of new infected cases, ideally decreasing the effective reproductive number of the disease below the epidemic threshold, R eff <1. We mathematically assess the effect of such strategies by deleting edges and vertexes from the contact network and predicting the new probability of an epidemic and expected distribution of cases within the community. doi = 10.3201/eid1108.040449 id = cord-023942-vrs3je1x author = Powers, Karen S. title = Acute Pulmonary Infections date = 2011-12-16 keywords = MRSA; RSV; child; disease; infant; infection; pneumonia; respiratory summary = Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis remains the leading cause for hospital admission in infancy and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory failure in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units in North America. In a study of hospitalized infants with congenital heart disease infected with RSV, 33% required intensive care, 19% received mechanical ventilation, and 3.4% died. In the 1990s, fi ve randomized trials involving 225 infants, evaluating the effect of nebulized adrenaline (epinephrine) on bronchiolitis showed clinical improvement, with reductions in oxygen requirement, respiratory rate, wheezing, and decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis doi = 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_25 id = cord-325077-j77wbcr3 author = Prado-Gascó, Vicente title = Stay at Home and Teach: A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Risks Between Spain and Mexico During the Pandemic date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Disease; Mexico; Spain; teacher summary = Psychosocial risks arise from poor work design, organization, and management, as well as a poor social context of work, and they may result in negative psychological, physical, and social outcomes such as work-related stress, burnout, or depression (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d). Considering that teachers are vulnerable to burnout and job stress (Zapf et al., 1999; Jennings and Greenberg, 2009; Kaur and Singh, 2014; Yerdelen et al., 2016; Travers, 2017; Makhdoom et al., 2019; Martínez-Monteagudo et al., 2019; McLean et al., 2019b; Schonfeld et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2020) , and therefore the negative consequences these can have on their health and professional performance (Bergh et al., 2018; Fornell et al., 2018; Junne et al., 2018; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d) , it is essential to study how psychosocial risks affect this group at a time of such vulnerability and general demand as the present. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566900 id = cord-007749-lt9is0is author = Preston, Nicholas D. title = The Human Environment Interface: Applying Ecosystem Concepts to Health date = 2013-05-01 keywords = Health; community; disease; ecosystem; population summary = Despite the fact that most EIDs originate in wildlife, few studies account for the population, community, or ecosystem ecology of the host, reservoir, or vector. The dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes. Over the past few decades, ecologists have analyzed data from field observations, laboratory studies, and large-scale field experiments to describe the structure and dynamics of populations, their interactions within communities, and the complexity of ecosystems. Availability of resources, notably nutrients, is related to population dynamics, e.g., the life cycle of organisms, and community structure, such as food webs. In conclusion, the dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes. doi = 10.1007/82_2013_317 id = cord-293714-s6ezxi5r author = Principi, Nicola title = The role of infection in Kawasaki syndrome date = 2013-04-18 keywords = Kawasaki; disease summary = Further findings that strongly support an infectious origin of KS are those of Orenstein et al., who used light microscopy and TEM to study tissue specimens from 32 autopsies, eight heart transplants and an excised coronary aneurysm of patients with KS and identified three different vasculopathic processes: acute self-limited necrotising arteritis (NA), subacute/chronic vasculitis, and luminal myofibroplastic proliferation. More recently, Japanese and Taiwanese groups independently reported a significant association between KS and polymorphisms in the intergenic region on chromosome 8p23-p22 between B lymphoid kinase (BLK ), a tyrosine kinase involved in B-cell receptor signal transduction and FAM167A, a functionally uncharacterized gene. 117 They found that polymorphisms at BLK gene together with genetic abnormalities at CD40, were associated with KS at genomewide significance (p < 5.5  10 À8 ) confirming the role of immune activation and inflammation in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor gene polymorphisms with coronary artery lesions of Kawasaki disease doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.04.004 id = cord-282610-zim7nond author = Proal, Amy title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity date = 2018-12-04 keywords = CFS; disease; dna; human; immune; microbiome; pathogen; patient summary = title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. The gut microbiome can initiate and promote colorectal cancer at all stages of tumorigenesis by acting as an inducer of DNA damage, generating epigenetic changes, regulating cell growth, and modulating host immune responses (80) . If ME/CFS is driven by successive infection, treatments that support or activate the human immune system could improve microbiome health by allowing patients to better target persistent pathogens. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to many of these persistent microbiome pathogens. In ME/CFS, the immune response, metabolism, central nervous system, and human gene expression are all linked by the activity of the microbiome and its associated proteins/metabolites. doi = 10.3389/fped.2018.00373 id = cord-297669-22fctxk4 author = Proudfoot, Chris title = Genome editing for disease resistance in pigs and chickens date = 2019-06-25 keywords = CD163; disease; genome; pig summary = The virus was thought to attach to CD169 to be taken up into the cells; however, genome-edited pigs lacking CD169 were not resistant to PRRSV infection (Prather et al., 2013) . Chicken somatic cell lines have been edited to introduce changes to this gene-conferring resistance to avian leucosis virus in vitro (Lee et al., 2017) . However, as the example for avian influenza shows, host genes play an important role in other steps of the pathogen replication cycle and also provide editing targets for disease resilience or resistance. Genome editing allows integration of the disease-resistance trait into a wider selection of pigs, ensuring genetic variability and maintenance of desirable traits. (D) Resistance genes may be identified in laboratory research but not in highly bred lines, making integration into those productive animals only possible using genome editing. She employs genome editing and genetic selection to generate animals genetically resistant to viral disease. doi = 10.1093/af/vfz013 id = cord-003372-cpl7zf7f author = Provoost, Judith title = A retrospective study of factors associated with treatment decision for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in adults without altered systemic immunity date = 2018-12-14 keywords = NTM; disease; treatment summary = METHODS: This retrospective, single center study (2013–2016, 45 months) addressed the criteria supporting treatment decision among adults with NTM lung disease without systemic immunodeficiency at our institution, with the assigned goal to harmonize the practice. Patients'' characteristics at diagnosis were collected in order to perform analysis on 146 selected variables: demographics; history of predisposing factors; underlying pulmonary diseases; comorbidities; pulmonary function testing; respiratory bacterial or mycological co-infection(s), which definition was similar to NTM criteria, namely positive culture isolation of the same species from at least two separate expectorated sputum samples or a positive culture result from at least one bronchial wash or lavage; immunologic status; nutritional status; clinical features; microbiologic assessment through identification of NTM species on positive NTM cultures and sample culture conversions; radiologic features on high-resolution CT-scans (fibrocavitary disease or nodular/bronchiectasis disease); prior treatment for NTM lung disease, treatment combination and duration; outcome. doi = 10.1186/s12879-018-3559-x id = cord-354608-1me3nopu author = Rabinowicz, Shira title = COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date = 2020-09-19 keywords = MIS; SARS; child; covid-19; disease summary = By mid-August 2020, the World Health Organization reported over 23 million confirmed cases of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), resulting in more than 710,000 death worldwide [1] . We review the current evidence of epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and indirect health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on children. In reports from countries that were severely affected early in course of the pandemic, children comprise 1-2% the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, underrepresented compared with other age groups [3, [13] [14] [15] . In summary, children at any age may be infected with SARS-CoV-2, with reduced frequency and severity compared with adults, although clear epidemiologic data is still missing. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s11908-020-00739-6 id = cord-024088-020rgz5t author = Radandt, Siegfried title = Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date = 2008 keywords = analysis; consequence; decision; disease; health; human; information; new; occupational; principle; process; risk; safety; system; value; work summary = Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_4 id = cord-277635-e1ih1fkx author = Rahman, Md. Siddikur title = Defending against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: How Can the Internet of Things (IoT) help to save the World? date = 2020-04-22 keywords = China; disease summary = • IoT within infectious disease epidemiology is an emerging field of research, however the ubiquitous availability of smart technologies, as well as increased risks of infectious disease spread through the globalization and interconnectedness of the world necessitates its use for predicting, preventing and controlling emerging infectious diseases; • Considering the present situation in China, IoT based smart disease surveillance systems have the potential to be a major breakthrough in efforts to control the current pandemic. A wealth of new technologies in the form of the Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining growing global attention 8 and becoming increasingly available for predicting, preventing and monitoring emerging infectious diseases. Smart disease surveillance systems based on IoT would provide simultaneous reporting and monitoring, end-to-end connectivity and affordability, data assortment and analysis, tracking and alerts, as well as options for remote medical assistance to be adopted, to detect and control zoonotic infectious disease outbreaks in China and other affected countries. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.04.005 id = cord-258399-difauneh author = Rahmani, Amir Masoud title = Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) prevention and treatment methods and effective parameters: A systematic literature review date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; SLR; disease; method; study summary =  Providing a new-of-the-art taxonomy tree for evaluating the issue based on three baseline fields of treatment, and prevention facing methods, and the effective parameters in the COVID-19 outbreak  Providing a systematic literature review based on the proposed taxonomy tree  Covering detection, prediction, and management approaches against the disease according to three heads of treatment, prevention, and effective parameters  Supporting future scopes according to economic damages, treatment''s injuries, and people''s physical and mental damages after recovery and regarding social distancing''s rules in post-pandemic This tree covers the heads of all studies in the domain of the issue to investigate the effective parameters in the virus outbreak (Individual, ethnic, cultural, and social habits and environmental factors), prevention and detection''s role in facing the disease, and various therapies'' impact on improving patients'' with COVID-19 considering the treatment''s injuries. doi = 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102568 id = cord-305195-e41yfo89 author = Rainwater-Lovett, Kaitlin title = Viral Epidemiology: Tracking Viruses with Smartphones and Social Media date = 2016-02-12 keywords = Google; HIV; disease; internet; viral summary = The discovery of viruses as "filterable agents" in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries greatly enhanced the study of viral epidemiology, allowing the characterization of infected individuals, risk factors for infection and disease, and transmission pathways. Traditional epidemiological methods measure the distribution of viral infections, diseases, and associated risk factors in populations in terms of person, place, and time using standard measures of disease frequency, study designs, and approaches to causal inference. Much can be learned about the epidemiology of viral infections using such traditional methods and many examples could be cited to establish the importance of these approaches, including demonstration of the mode of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes (e.g., yellow fever and West Nile viruses), the causal relationship between maternal viral infection and fetal abnormalities (e.g., rubella virus and cytomegalovirus), and the role of viruses in the etiology of cancer (e.g., Epstein-Barr and human papilloma viruses). The concepts and methods of infectious disease epidemiology provide the tools to understand changes in temporal and spatial patterns of viral infections and the impact of interventions. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-800964-2.00018-5 id = cord-350408-rqlkwoya author = Rajewsky, Nikolaus title = LifeTime and improving European healthcare through cell-based interceptive medicine date = 2020-09-07 keywords = Fig; LifeTime; cell; disease; patient; single summary = Central to LifeTime''s vision and approach is the development and integration of new technologies, such as single-cell multi-omics, high-content imaging, artificial intelligence (AI) and patient-derived experimental disease models. Handling these large molecular datasets will require sophisticated and distributed computational and bioinformatics infrastructures (see ''Implementation and infrastructure''), as well as the development of tools to integrate and ensure the interoperability of different data types, including single-cell multi-omics, medical information and electronic health records. The LifeTime disease roadmaps can be divided broadly into three phases 7 : first, immediate research into the identified medical challenges using established, scaled single-cell technologies, computational tools and disease models; second, the development of new technologies that are required to address specific medical challenges, including the development of spatial multi-omics and imaging approaches and advanced patient-derived model systems for longitudinal analyses; and finally, the application of these next-generation technologies to the longitudinal analyses of patient samples, or patient-derived models, combined with machine learning to generate patient trajectories and predictive models of disease. doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2715-9 id = cord-320463-4nchg95h author = Rampling, Tommy title = International Biological Reference Preparations for Epidemic Infectious Diseases date = 2019-02-17 keywords = Ebola; development; disease; reference summary = In 2015, WHO launched the Research and Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics, a global strategy and preparedness plan that seeks to build upon the successes and address the gaps identified during the 2014 EVD outbreak by focusing on severe, emerging diseases with the potential to create a public health emergency and for which inadequate treatment and preventive options are currently available (8, 9) . Although this accelerated production represents an impressive collaborative feat, the lack of availability of PCR, antigen, and antibody IRPs at the start of this EVD outbreak, and for subsequent outbreaks of infection with MERS-CoV and Zika virus, likely hampered development of accurate diagnostics and vaccines (16) . Although many previous clinical studies of the research and development blueprint priority diseases have resulted in collection and storage of plasma from convalescent patients, several obstacles would largely preclude these samples being repurposed to generate reference materials. doi = 10.3201/eid2502.180798 id = cord-018493-q24f86e9 author = Ranjan, Prabhat title = Importance of Natural Proteins in Infectious Diseases date = 2015-08-08 keywords = cell; disease; like; protein summary = Other extracellular proteins like invasive enzymes, e.g., coagulase, contributes to the formation of fibrin walls around staphylococcal lesions [10] ; exotoxins (proteins released extracellularly), like neurotoxin (Tetanus toxin, by Clostridium tetani, Botulinum toxin by Clostridium botulinum) [11] and cytotoxins (Diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium dipthereae) [12, 13] , also known as A-B toxins (consisting of 2 subunits: one binds to cell surface receptor and the other is transferred into the cell to damage the cell) [14] , cytolytic toxins (attacking cell constituents causing lysis) like hemolysins produced by Bordetella pertussis, inducing apoptosis of host cells, super antigen toxins (e.g., superantigen, sized 22KDa produced by 5-25 % of Staphylococcus aureus isolates, causing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) by stimulating the release of large amounts of interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor, etc.) [15] . Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a group of evolutionarily conserved intracellular proteinaceous PRRs that play a vital role in innate immunity and host physiology, in both plants and animals [30, 31] . Heat shock proteins can be expressed on the surface of infected cells, and this is likely to provide a target for the innate immune response. doi = 10.1007/978-81-322-2491-4_8 id = cord-331401-bhl729up author = Rantsios, A.T. title = Zoonoses date = 2015-09-22 keywords = Health; animal; disease summary = Risk Table 3 The most important zoonoses in terms of human health impact, livestock impact, amenability to agricultural interventions, severity of disease, and emergence Data from the WHO and authoritative literature: when there are several authoritative estimates, the midpoint is given. -Responsible services to systematically search for potential sources of human infection from animal sources and the environment -Joint efforts and coordination among public health authorities and related professionals, both public and private -Risk communication and information sharing among responsible health services and close coordination to manage risks related to the movement and trade of livestock -Concerted actions for ○ good practices in the efficient implementation of biosecurity measures in farms and at border or territory crossings; ○ continuously reminding and training people, who work with livestock and in slaughterhouses, for the significant importance of personal hygiene practices; ○ the implementation of the One Health concept Zoonotic diseases are strongly influenced by social and economic practices. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-384947-2.00770-4 id = cord-266822-ecq50ye2 author = Rath, Barbara title = Influenza and other respiratory viruses: standardizing disease severity in surveillance and clinical trials date = 2017-05-12 keywords = Disease; Score; Severity; ViVI; respiratory; virus summary = Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a population level, but clinical scores measuring individual changes in disease severity are urgently needed. Standardized measures of disease severity are urgently needed for clinical trials of vaccines and antivirals currently in development for ARI caused by influenza (FLU), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (ADV), or human rhinovirus (HRV) [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Considering the variability in disease presentations and courses of illness with influenza and other respiratory viral infections in children, the ViVI Disease Severity Score is not intended to be validated against future clinical events or outcomes. Our contributions are the following: (A) The design of a hospital-based surveillance program and a unique QM cohort of more than 6000 children, where an independent QM team monitored patients daily using standardized clinical assessments and virology at the National Reference Centre for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. doi = 10.1080/14787210.2017.1295847 id = cord-287737-tc4vulou author = Reavill, Drury R. title = Disease Overview of the Urinary Tract in Exotic Companion Mammals and Tips on Clinical Management date = 2019-11-20 keywords = Fig; disease; kidney; rabbit; renal; urinary summary = Some clinical presentations and diagnostic procedures are described for ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and sugar gliders, as well as therapies. The most common problems affecting the ferret urinary system described in the literature are Aleutian disease of the kidney, renal tumors, renal cysts, urolithiasis, and bacterial cystitis. In one author''s database (DRR), hydronephrosis, nephritis (all causes), and renal mineralization are the most common lesions of submitted kidneys. Treatment protocols are based on those for traditional pet species, and include fluid diuresis for renal insufficiency and failure, antibiotic therapy for bacterial nephritis, and basic surgical approaches to the kidney. The most common causes of renal disease reported in the literature are Encephalitozoon cuniculi, chronic renal failure in older rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and urolithiasis. One author (DRR) has seen 21 cases in adult guinea pigs (3-7 years of age), all with chronic renal lesions (fibrosing interstitial nephritis) out of 430 case submissions with kidneys (4.8%). doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2019.09.003 id = cord-312807-8v4r9jij author = Recht, Judith title = Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date = 2020-09-17 keywords = Mycobacterium; animal; disease; human summary = ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. This disease is an example of human and domestic animal paleopathology studies suggesting brucellosis in ancient bone remains, with most cases involving adult male skeletal individuals showing lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints involved [44] , evidence which combined with ancient DNA analysis by PCR have confirmed the presence of Brucella DNA (reviewed in [45] ). Yellow fever (Table S2) , a reemerging viral zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and South America transmitted from vector mosquitoes, often causes outbreaks in both humans and nonhuman primates in Brazil. doi = 10.3390/ani10091672 id = cord-003216-5qioku84 author = Rehman, Zaib Ur. title = Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special focus on waterfowl date = 2018-09-19 keywords = APMV-1; Newcastle; disease; virus summary = Besides the strong innate immune responses, waterfowl are generally considered long-term carrier of APMV-1 and disease outbreaks have been reported since 1997 [12] [13] [14] , and were confirmed by follow up experimental studies. Host innate immune responses of ducks infected with Newcastle disease viruses of different pathogenicities Pathotypical and genotypical characterization of strains of Newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in chicken and goose flocks in some regions of China during Histopathological alterations in immune organs of chickens and ducks after experimental infection with virulent 9a5b newcastle disease virus Experimental co-infections of domestic ducks with a virulent Newcastle disease virus and low or highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses Phylogenetic diversity among low-virulence newcastle disease viruses from waterfowl and shorebirds and comparison of genotype distributions to those of poultry-origin isolates Genomic characterizations of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from ducks in live bird markets in China doi = 10.1186/s13567-018-0587-x id = cord-308535-xe2pkahz author = Reinero, Carol R. title = Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats date = 2019-04-13 keywords = bronchiolar; cat; disease summary = This Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine article seeks to define, describe putative causes, and discuss key diagnostic tests for primary and secondary bronchiolar disorders to propose a classification scheme in cats with support from a literature review and case examples. A case series of cats with CT or histopathologic evidence of bronchiolar lesions or both, either as a primary disorder or secondary to extension from large airway disease or interstitial lung disease, will be presented. • Lymphatics extend from respiratory bronchioles tracking back to the hilus of the lung in bronchovascular bundles and are present in the interlobular septa following venules back to the hilus; no lymphatics surround alveoli • Collectively, the cross-sectional area of the bronchioles is larger than the proximal airways; although they provide little resistance to airflow in the normal lung, even mild disease of the small airways can have severe detrimental effects on lung function 8, 9 In cats, there is a lack of a structure analogous to the secondary pulmonary lobule seen in humans. doi = 10.1111/jvim.15473 id = cord-254446-yxqbe1dj author = Ren, Yunzhao R. title = A Comprehensive Updated Review on SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient summary = The disease name -COVID-19‖ and the associated virus name -SARS-CoV-2‖ were coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy, respectively, on February 11 1, 2 . Interestingly, pharyngeal swab viral nucleic acid screening results of 2,510 patients between January 23 and February 25 from a hospital fever clinic in Hunan Province (a neighboring province of Hubei) demonstrated that the positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 (1.3%) was lower than that of Influenza A (2.3%) and Influenza B (3.3%) 42 . Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1002/jcph.1673 id = cord-028275-szb45jm2 author = Reza Khorramizadeh, M. title = Animal models for human disease date = 2020-06-26 keywords = CIA; HLA; animal; arthritis; cell; disease summary = To study the pathogenesis of RA, we explained collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model that reflects a characteristic feature of RA patients. For example, experimental animal models for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis have been successfully employed to screen new bioengineered, chemical, or herbal therapeutics that might have the potential for the treatment of human patients. Furthermore, the biopsy analysis of clinically symptomless knee joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis shows active synovitis, highlighting the poor correlation between clinical assessment and disease progression, and the rapid development of polyarticular synovitis. The findings illustrate the consequences of progressive disease and have shown the need for the development of new and more effective therapies based on the therapeutic principles used for oncology; it means that treatment protocols for RA patients require the use of several therapeutic agents from different classes to be used in combination. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00008-2 id = cord-304961-w0pm33fs author = Riad, Abanoub title = The Alarming Burden of Non‐Communicable Diseases in COVID‐19 New Normal: Implications on Oral Health date = 2020-06-18 keywords = disease summary = The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) outbreak has triggered massive debates within dental professional organizations about prioritization of offered services, served groups, and required protective measures.(Volgenant et al., 2020) While navigating through the post‐outbreak era, we aim to demonstrate the importance of continuous global focus on the burden of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) such as oral diseases. Oral diseases are the most prevalent NCDs worldwide consuming one‐fifth of out‐of‐pocket health expenditure and being recognized as the third most expensive condition to treat in Europe.(Peres et al., 2019) The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends prioritizing common risk factor approaches in all interventions targeting NCDs in order to draw attention to the multifaceted relationship between oral diseases and chronic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers.(Sheiham & Watt, 2000) (Peres et al., 2019) The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends prioritizing common risk factor approaches in all interventions targeting NCDs in order to draw attention to the multifaceted relationship between oral diseases and chronic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. doi = 10.1111/odi.13491 id = cord-007170-svsfu7fj author = Richt, J. A. title = Infection with Borna Disease Virus: Molecular and Immunobiological Characterization of the Agent date = 1992-06-17 keywords = BDV; Borna; CNS; disease; virus summary = Studies on BDV may help to illuminate several important areas of neurobiology, including the mechanisms regulating the replication of a new type of RNA virus in the nuclei of neural cells, the neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism of such viruses, their T cell-mediated immunopathology, tolerance in newborn animals to persistent viral infection of the central nervous system, and behavioral diseases and eating disorders induced by such agents. Persistently infected MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells are widely used in indirect immunofluorescence assays for the detection of BDV-specific antibodies in serum and CSF of affected animals and humans [18, 20] . The pathological changes in the brain and retina of BDVinfected animals resemble certain types of encephalitis and Most studies on the pathogenesis of BDV infection have involved experimentally inoculated Lewis rats. Although infection of newborn rats resulted in persistent viral replication in the CNS as well as in visceral organs, these animals developed no inflammatory response or signs of Borna disease. doi = 10.1093/clinids/14.6.1240 id = cord-274019-dao10kx9 author = Rife, Brittany D title = Phylodynamic applications in 21(st) century global infectious disease research date = 2017-05-08 keywords = Bayesian; HIV-1; datum; disease; population summary = These innovative tools have greatly enhanced scientific investigations of the temporal and geographical origins, evolutionary history, and ecological risk factors associated with the growth and spread of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika, and dengue and bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSIONS: Capitalizing on an extensive review of the literature, we discuss the evolution of the field of infectious disease epidemiology and recent accomplishments, highlighting the advancements in phylodynamics, as well as the challenges and limitations currently facing researchers studying emerging pathogen epidemics across the globe. The reliance on phylodynamic methods for estimating a pathogen''s population-level characteristics (e.g., effective population size) and their relationships with epidemiological data suffers from a high costincreasing the number of inference models, and thus parameters associated with these models, requires an even greater increase in the information content, or phylogenetic resolution, of the sequence alignment and associated phenotypic data. doi = 10.1186/s41256-017-0034-y id = cord-325433-a2fynm75 author = Riggs, Shannon M. title = CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date = 2009-12-31 keywords = Figure; animal; disease; guinea; pig summary = The oral cavity of the guinea pig is very narrow with a small opening, making visualization diffi cult ( Figure 17 -5) . Because guinea pigs have stocky builds with short limbs, and because they resent aggressive restraint, sedation or anesthesia is helpful in obtaining diagnostic radiographs as well as in reducing the patient''s stress ( Figure 17 -11). Ultrasound is another imaging modality that is very useful in the diagnosis of common guinea pig disease processes, such as ovarian cysts (Figure 17 -12) and urinary tract calculi. 9 As guinea pig owners continue to demand high-quality care for their pets, these imaging techniques will likely become more commonplace in small mammal practice for these patients. Urolithiasis occurs commonly in pet guinea pigs, and the common clinical signs associated with the disease include stranguria and pollakiuria, vocalizing when urinating, and hematuria. 15 Many guinea pigs are carriers of the organism, which will cause clinical disease if the animal is stressed. doi = 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50020-2 id = cord-287258-m4so4il0 author = Riley, David title = Looking Back, Looking Forward date = 2014-01-01 keywords = disease summary = Today, people around the world are spending billions of dollars annually on vitamins and supplements despite limited scientific evidence that regular supplementation is useful for the prevention of disease. In 1900, the annual mortality rate from infectious diseases in the United States was approximately 800 per 100 000, falling to 63 deaths per 100 000 in 1996. A recent randomized trial showed that a Mediterranean diet reduced the risk of diabetes among persons at high risk for cardiovascular disease. 3 Do the new risk prediction algorithms 4 derived from industry-sponsored trials encourage overtreatment 5 at the expense of a healthy diet and lifestyle in the prevention of cardiovascular disease? These efforts encourage increased collaborations among the global science community as convergences in health and medicine support the development of a worldwide research infrastructure. Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease doi = 10.7453/gahmj.2014.001 id = cord-304720-0lgup7yj author = Robbins, R.C. title = Swine Diseases and Disorders date = 2014-08-21 keywords = PCR; PRRS; cause; disease; infection; pig; result; sign; swine summary = The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Important history to understand from caretakers includes: age of pigs affected, duration of clinical signs, morbidity rate, mortality rate, treatments administered, response to treatments, and any other important information regarding previous diagnoses or disease in the affected group of animals. Records include but are not limited to: where the animals originated from; number in the herd; age; daily mortality; number treated; name of treatment, route of delivery and dose; feed and water usage; high-low temperatures; and vaccinations received or administered. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00134-0 id = cord-004957-erigjz4g author = Robertson, Colin title = Towards a geocomputational landscape epidemiology: surveillance, modelling, and interventions date = 2015-11-30 keywords = Lanka; Sri; disease; health; spatial summary = While landscape epidemiology studies have shed light on many aspects of disease distribution and risk differentials across geographies, new computational methods combined with new data sources such as citizen sensors, global spatial datasets, sensor networks, and growing availability and variety of satellite imagery offer opportunities for a more integrated approach to understanding these relationships. In practice, this step of analysis might be used to develop spatial variables that are used in a study aimed at the ''characterize the assemblage'' step, or may be the Fig. 1 Framework for geocomputational landscape epidemiology which moves from lower level complexity of a describing patterns, b describing processes that interact with those patterns, c examining how patterns and processes contribute to disease risk and healthpromoting factors, and d evaluating final information products (maps or other) and link these to research gaps and knowledge uses GeoJournal (2017) 82:397-414 403 objective of analysis. doi = 10.1007/s10708-015-9688-5 id = cord-281177-2eycqf8o author = Robertson, Colin title = Review of methods for space–time disease surveillance date = 2010-02-20 keywords = disease; space; spatial; surveillance; time summary = Surveillance systems serve a variety of public health functions (e.g., outbreak detection, control planning) by integrating data representing human and/or animal health with statistical methods (Diggle, 2003) , visualization tools (Moore et al., 2008) , and increasingly, linkage with other geographic datasets within a GIS (Odiit et al., 2006) . Space-time scan statistics are able to detect and locate clusters of disease, and can condition expected counts for individual sub-regions on population data or on previous case data, making these methods suitable for implementation where data volume is large. At the root of the problem is a conceptual discrepancy between the definition of a disease outbreak (which disease surveillance systems are often interested in detecting) and a disease cluster (defined by spatial proximity) which is common to all statistical testing methods for space-time surveillance (Lawson, 2005) . doi = 10.1016/j.sste.2009.12.001 id = cord-349451-vak2p7ac author = Rocha, Francisco Airton Castro title = Microbes, Helminths and Rheumatic Diseases date = 2020-05-07 keywords = B27; Chlamydia; HLA; arthritis; disease; immune summary = Studies suggest the billions of germs that compose the gut microbiota influence one''s innate and adaptive immune responses at the intestinal level, but these microorganisms may also impact rheumatic diseases. Evidence indicates that changes in the gut microbiome alter the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis but also of other disorders like atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis. The pathogenesis of Chlamydia-related arthritis can be considered distinct from that associated with enteric bacteria since it involves metabolically active organisms residing long-term within monocytic cells in synovial tissues, after resolution of the primary genital infection and migration of the cells to the joint, a process that is known as persistence [56, [61] [62] [63] . Studies indicate inflammatory bowel disease, or, at least, intestinal inflammation, is more prevalent in SpA patients (AS or others) and some genes associated with AS are also associated with IBD [83, 85] , including genes related to gut physiology and immunology. doi = 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101528 id = cord-225429-pz9lsaw6 author = Rodrigues, Helena Sofia title = Optimal Control and Numerical Optimization Applied to Epidemiological Models date = 2014-01-29 keywords = Dengue; Optimal; control; disease; figure; model; problem summary = This PhD thesis is motivated by the study of epidemiological models applied to infectious diseases in an Optimal Control perspective, giving particular relevance to Dengue. Moreover, it is our aim to frame the disease management question into an optimal control problem requiring the maximization/minimization of some objective function that depends on the infected individuals (biological issues) and control costs (economic issues), given some initial conditions. The aim of this section is to present a mathematical model to study the dynamic of the Dengue epidemics, in order to minimize the investments in disease''s control, since financial resources are always scarce. This Assuming that the parameters are fixed, the only variable that can influence this threshold is the control variable c, it has shown that with a steady insecticide campaign it is possible to reduce the number of infected humans and mosquitoes, and can prevent an outbreak that could transform an epidemiological episode to an endemic disease. doi = nan id = cord-293421-0ksn0fc7 author = Rodriguez, J. M. title = Detection of animal pathogens by using the polymerasechain reaction (PCR) date = 1997-05-31 keywords = PCR; chain; detection; disease; dna; reaction; virus summary = Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a nucleic acid-based technique that enables the rapid and sensitive detection of specific micro-organisms. Althougla PCR has some shortcomings, such as the problems caused by contaminants and inhibitors or the lack of suitable sequences for designing specific primers, the outstanding research effort focused on tiffs technique, together with the remarkable development of molecular biology have minimized the deficiencies and allowed its increased general use as a diagnostic tool. Sensitive studies using reference strains of BVDV fi-om persistently infected carriers have shown that reverse transo-iption (RT)-PCR has greater sensitivity than other tests, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Horner el aL, 1995) ; unfortunately, cost currently makes this technique unsuitahle for large-scale testing but it should be valuahle as a coniirmatm T test in cases where ELISA resuhs are in the ''suspicious range'' or where the viral titre is low, such as in batches of foetal bovine serum. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation for detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in clinical samples from naturally infected deer doi = 10.1016/s1090-0233(97)80063-9 id = cord-294312-ju6vuywm author = Rohde, Rodney E. title = Common Myths and Legends of Rabies date = 2019-04-19 keywords = animal; disease; rabie; virus summary = While in fact, today''s treatment regimen is typically only four vaccinations (five for immunocompromised individuals) in the arm, plus a dose of humane rabies immune globulin (HRIG). A viral disease of the central nervous system, rabies transmits between animals, including humans, when saliva containing the virus enters an opening in the skin. Usually, the rabies virus enters through the bite of a rabid animal, but transmission can also occur when infected saliva enters through mucous membranes or a break in the skin. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the first clinical signs and symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. For the rabies virus to get to the salivary glands, it has to travel first from the site of entry (usually a bite wound) through the animal''s nervous system, then to the brain. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-63979-8.00005-2 id = cord-328655-55ebve2k author = Rohr, Jason R. title = Frontiers in climate change–disease research date = 2011-04-12 keywords = change; climate; disease; parasite summary = We suggest that forecasts of climate-change impacts on disease can be improved by more interdisciplinary collaborations, better linking of data and models, addressing confounding variables and context dependencies, and applying metabolic theory to host–parasite systems with consideration of community-level interactions and functional traits. We suggest that forecasts of climate-change impacts on disease can be improved by more interdisciplinary collaborations, better linking of data and models, addressing confounding variables and context dependencies, and applying metabolic theory to host-parasite systems with consideration of community-level interactions and functional traits. Third, the emphasis of metabolic theory has been on effects of mean temperature, but changes in other climatic components, such as precipitation and climatic variability, also could impact species interactions (Figure 2 ), especially for parasites with life stages outside the host. doi = 10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.002 id = cord-331255-t85yioyl author = Rohr, Jason R. title = Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date = 2019-06-11 keywords = agricultural; disease; food; human; increase; infectious summary = Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Meeting the United Nations'' Sustainable Development Goal, to "eradicate hunger" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/) for this expanding human population will necessitate a large increase in food supplies, with major changes to agricultural production and distribution systems, infrastructure and social protection programmes 6 (Fig. 3) . As livestock and aquaculture production expand to address growing food demands, it is likely that current antibiotics and anthelmintics will become less effective because of evolved resistance, and thus infectious diseases of domesticated animals and humans will be more difficult to treat 75 . doi = 10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3 id = cord-311834-1vzntckq author = Rondeau, Mark P. title = Hepatitis and Cholangiohepatitis date = 2014-06-25 keywords = disease; hepatic; hepatitis summary = • Successful treatment of the patient with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis involves addressing the underlying disease or inciting cause and providing aggressive symptomatic therapy and supportive care. • Successful treatment of the patient with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis involves addressing the underlying disease or inciting cause and providing aggressive symptomatic therapy and supportive care. This chapter discusses the clinical presentation of animals with hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis and outlines the most commonly recognized clinical syndromes with respect to diagnosis and treatment of the specific disease. Effective treatment of patients with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis includes specific therapy of any identified inciting cause and aggressive symptomatic and supportive therapy. Lymphocytic cholangitis (LC) is a chronic form of disease that is characterized histologically by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate (typically small lymphocytes, or lymphocytes and plasma cells) within portal areas and is associated with varying degrees of fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0306-7.00115-x id = cord-279008-gioqkeda author = Rosenthal, Joshua title = Climate Change and the Geographic Distribution of Infectious Diseases date = 2010-05-25 keywords = climate; disease summary = Although we are still at an early stage in our ability to make predictions for these extraordinarily complex phenomena, we are beginning to see some general patterns with regard to the important geophysical factors that govern biological basis for distribution change, the role of transport of disease, vectors and hosts, the biotic assemblages that influence establishment, and the socioeconomic conditions that constrain or enhance these dynamics. Underlying most predictions for climate change effects on parasite and pathogen distribution are the physiological factors that regulate survivorship, reproduction, and transmission, and their interaction with extrinsic environmental changes associated with climate: precipitation, humidity, air and water temperature, principally. Based largely on studies of vector and/or parasite development, warming and increases in humidity are predicted to open up new zones for malaria in Africa (Epstein et al., 1998; Martens, 1999) , parasitic nematodes in the Arctic (Kutz et al., 2005) , West Nile Virus (Reisen et al., 2006) , Lyme disease in North America (Ogden et al., 2008) , and Schistosomiasis in China (Zhou et al., 2008) . doi = 10.1007/s10393-010-0314-1 id = cord-347872-naz24vct author = Rostal, Melinda K. title = Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date = 2012-11-02 keywords = H5N1; Health; animal; disease; wildlife summary = In the first attempt to classify the underlying drivers of disease emergence, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified six factors including: human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; microbial adaptation and change; and breakdown of public health measures (Lederberg et al. Wildlife health surveillance can be used to better understand the pool of pathogens that may spillover into people or domestic animals; it can also be used to track the spread of wildlife diseases through populations. As zoonotic disease surveillance in wildlife clearly represents a great challenge (i.e., there are 5,000+ mammal species globally), predictive modeling and known patterns in host range can be used to focus the effort on the species and pathogens that pose the greatest risk of zoonotic emergence. doi = 10.1007/82_2012_271 id = cord-018620-3kqx8arn author = Rueda, Mario title = Hepatic Failure date = 2016-10-09 keywords = ALF; CLD; acute; disease; failure; liver; patient; treatment summary = In this chapter we will discuss the definition, clinical manifestations, workup, and management of acute and chronic liver failure and the general principles of treatment of these patients. Other mechanisms that may explain this symptom include the endogenous opioids theory which proposes that the liver failure patient has elevated opioid levels secondary to decrease clearance and metabolism. Past medical history plays a key role in determining if the patient has chronic liver disease or if they are experiencing an acute failure. A decrease in glutathione levels, enhanced cytochrome P450 activity secondary to medication use, acetaminophen overdose, or decreased liver function from chronic disease make patients more susceptible to developing toxicity. Patients with hepatitis secondary to shock present with several symptoms related to their hemodynamic instability including altered mental status, respiratory distress, severe hypotension, and renal failure. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-33341-0_18 id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 keywords = H5N1; HIV; HIV-1; MPXV; Mers; NHP; Nipah; West; animal; disease; human; infection; model; mouse; virus summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id = cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2013-12-31 keywords = Nipah; SARS; animal; clinical; day; disease; experimental; human; infection; model; mouse; virus summary = An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 id = cord-292604-x9amm87g author = Rupali, Priscilla title = Introduction to Tropical Medicine date = 2019-03-31 keywords = cause; disease; tropical; water summary = Air pollution: Among the tropical regions, Southeast Asia reported the greatest increase in CO2 emissions leading to a decreased air quality followed by South Asia and South America, which has significantly impacted the climate and led to higher weather-related mortality and morbidity, infectious disease rates, and respiratory illnesses. Foodborne illnesses are defined by the WHO as diseases of infectious or toxic nature caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water. Foodborne diseases result in considerable morbidity and mortality, and contribute to significant costs in tropical countries. Foodborne parasitic diseases excluding enteric protozoa cause an estimated 23.2 million cases and 45,927 deaths annually resulting in an estimated 6.64 million DALYs. 5 Among these foodborne ascariasis and toxoplasmosis were common Tropical Health contributing to 12.3 and 10.3 million cases respectively. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.011 id = cord-007726-bqlf72fe author = Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title = The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date = 2018-11-09 keywords = COPD; disease; human; model; mouse summary = The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1 id = cord-297840-z5l6vdsr author = Río, Francisco García title = Air Travel and Respiratory Disease date = 2007-02-28 keywords = COPD; air; disease; flight; oxygen; patient; travel summary = 57 In any case, to establish a medical opinion on risk in air travel, the type, reversibility, and degree of functional impairment caused by the disease must be assessed along with the tolerance of the patient for the predicted flight altitude and the length of exposure. Supplementary oxygen is recommended during air travel for patients who have an estimated in-flight PaO 2 of less then 50 mm Hg obtained with prediction equations or, preferably, a hypoxic challenge test ( Figure 6 ). It also seems wise to extend that treatment option to those cases and in which the in-flight cabin pressure corresponds to an altitude of greater than 2438 m (8000 feet) and the patient has very severe COPD (FEV 1 ≤30%), where limitations may be present in the mechanisms of compensation for hypoxemia, or diseases that alter oxygen transport. doi = 10.1016/s1579-2129(07)60031-7 id = cord-260503-yq4dtf8n author = SAMARANAYAKE, LAKSHMAN P. title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry A retrospective view date = 2004-09-30 keywords = Hong; Kong; SARS; disease; patient summary = Objectives The authors trace the emergence of the SARS outbreak from southern China and its spread worldwide, discuss the viral etiology of the infection and its clinical features, and review the infection control guidelines issued during the outbreak by the health authorities in Hong Kong, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization and the American Dental Association. Conclusions and Clinical Implications Researchers believe that a combination of factors, including the universal infection control measures that the dental community has implemented and/or the low degree of viral shedding in the prodromal phase of SARS, may have obviated the spread of the disease in dental settings. Interim domestic infection control precautions for aerosol-generating procedures on C L I N I C A L P R A C T I C E patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) doi = 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0405 id = cord-009702-02bo7pnl author = SCOTT, G. R. title = Guidelines for the Control of Equine Viral Infections date = 2010-04-23 keywords = disease; equine; horse; virus summary = At least twenty‐eight of the fifty‐eight viruses induce clinical disease but the range of syndromes is limited; eleven provoke respiratory symptoms and eleven cause encephalitis. There is possibly one Coronavirus infecting horses; Ditchfield (1969) isolated a virus from a Thoroughbred with undifferentiated respiratory disease and found that it possessed a morphology similar to that of infectious bronchitis virus of poultry, the type-virus of the Coronavirus group. Equine infectious anaemia virus probably belongs to the Oncornavirus group, i.e. the RNA tumour viruses. Eleven of the thirty-four known vector-transmitted viruses cause disease and vaccines have been developed against six of them (Table VII) . Seventeen of the twenty known viral contagions of horses cause disease and vaccines have been developed against five of them (Table VIII ). At least twenty-eight of the fifty-eight viruses induce clinical disease but the range of syndromes is limited; eleven provoke respiratory symptoms and eleven cause encephalitis. The vector-transmitted virus diseases are best controlled by prophylactic vaccination. doi = 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1971.tb04431.x id = cord-261788-f728j3bb author = Sabater González, Mikel title = Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl date = 2016-03-02 keywords = Kingdom; United; avian; bird; blood; cause; disease summary = 3 A complete anamnesis should include, but is not restricted to, species; breed; age; gender; presenting complaint; source of the bird; diet; number of birds in the household; open or closed flock; acquisition date; date of the last addition to the flock; number and species of animals affected; potential exposure to toxins; length of illness; changes in behavior; history of previous diseases, treatments, and outcomes; reproductive history; and clinical signs, including their duration and progression. However, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious laryngotracheitis are all rare in backyard poultry, and the most common causative agent of sinusitis in fowl in the US is Mycoplasma. Infectious bronchitis is caused by a highly infectious coronavirus and is characterized by having 2 main presentations depending on the age of the infected animals; in young chicks, respiratory disease is the predominant manifestation, whereas salpingitis and the subsequent decrease in egg production is most commonly seen in older laying hens. doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.007 id = cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 author = Sabroe, Ian title = Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date = 2007 keywords = disease; human; model; research summary = The quality of our scientific output (perceived as a change in disease incidence and/or the development of a therapy) is largely dependent on the quality of the input data and the methods for their processing and interpretation, although the process of generating effective translational science is not as linear (that is, from molecules to models to humans) as is often thought. These revolve around our understanding of the nature of the translational process, the integration of the outputs of different technological approaches to disease, the use of models, access to tissues and appropriate materials, and the need for support in increasingly complex areas such as ethics and bioinformatics. Such debates might facilitate the comparison of data between laboratories and between species, and might highlight the components of specific diseases that are ripe for the development of new in vivo models and protocols (for example, there remains a great need to more effectively model the role of the innate immune system in acute and chronic asthma), broadening the number of disease processes or phenotypes that are modelled in pathology. doi = 10.1038/nri1999 id = cord-018623-of9vx7og author = Saghazadeh, Amene title = The Physical Burden of Immunoperception date = 2019-04-27 keywords = IL-6; disease; emotional; level; patient summary = Further, human studies provided evidence pointing to the increased development of emotional problems and EDR-related disorders in patients with various types of AIDs, such as SLE and multiple sclerosis (MS), in a disease state/severity-dependent manner [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Thus, it is not surprising that the inflammatory response and respective cytokines are supposed as one of the possible mechanisms linking the experience of negative emotions or ER-related disorders and the progression of cardiovascular diseases, of course along with the neuroendocrine system and apoptosis signaling pathways [27, 30, [32] [33] [34] [35] . Mice subjected to short-term (1-3 weeks) HFD also exhibited anxiety-like behaviors in addition to learning and memory impairments and had significantly higher levels of homovanillic acid-a metabolite of dopamine-in their hippocampus and cortex but without any alteration in the gene expression of inflammatory markers [89] . Increased emotional distress in daughters of breast cancer patients is associated with decreased natural cytotoxic activity, elevated levels of stress hormones and decreased secretion of Th1 cytokines doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-10620-1_10 id = cord-296891-23xkaa19 author = Sahu, Govind Prasad title = Dynamics of an SEQIHRS epidemic model with media coverage, quarantine and isolation in a community with pre-existing immunity date = 2015-01-15 keywords = disease summary = Abstract An autonomous deterministic non-linear epidemic model SEQIHRS is proposed for the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease with quarantine and isolation control strategies in a community with pre-existing immunity. It is observed that media coverage does not affect the effective reproduction number, but it helps to mitigate disease burden by lowering the number of infectious individuals at the endemic steady state and also lowering the infection peak. The primary goal of this article is to theoretically study the impact of use of NPIs stimulated by media coverage, quarantine and isolation for an infectious disease in a community with pre-existing immunity. In this section, we will formulate an epidemic model incorporating quarantine, isolation, use of nonpharmaceutical interventions stimulated by media coverage in presence of pre-existing cross-protective immunity. An SEQIHRS epidemic model for the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease is proposed and rigorous mathematical analysis is carried out to get insight into the qualitative dynamics in presence of pre-existing immunity and the use of NPIs stimulated by media coverage. doi = 10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.08.019 id = cord-350235-yoy3hj3j author = Sansonetti, Philippe J title = COVID‐19, chronicle of an expected pandemic date = 2020-05-04 keywords = SARS; disease; virus summary = Philippe Sansonetti, Infectious disease specialist and Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine, explains why the fate of the epidemic is in our hands.[Image: see text] Philippe Sansonetti, Infectious Disease Specialist and Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine, explains why the fate of the epidemic is in our hands. Beta-coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 (the official name of COVID-19 virus) on the other hand are well adapted to their reservoir, the bat, but not to humans, which explains why human infections are so damaging. Molecular diagnosis has revolutionized this field, and despite the initial delays in communicating about this epidemic, Chinese doctors and biologists quickly reported the first evidence for SARS-CoV-2, and provided the first sequences, clearing the way for the global scientific community to further develop diagnostic tools and engage in a race to discover dedicated drugs and vaccines. doi = 10.15252/emmm.202012463 id = cord-305299-vbhilmve author = Santos, C. Sieiro title = Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with underlying rheumatic disease date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; IQR; disease summary = CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that comorbidities, rheumatic disease activity and laboratorial abnormalities such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum ferritin elevation significantly associated with mortality whereas previous use of rheumatic medication did not. It is not clear whether the use of immunosuppressive medication for rheumatic pathology may suppose a risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection, if rheumatic patients have a higher mortality rate than general population or what factors may be associated with COVID-19 severity [5] . Age, sex, comorbidities, rheumatic disease diagnosis, treatment for rheumatic disease and disease activity prior to infection, duration of hospital stay, symptoms before admission, radiographic abnormalities and laboratorial results at arrival were analysed. Our results suggest that comorbidities, rheumatic disease activity and laboratorial abnormalities such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin serum elevation significantly associated with mortality whereas previous use of hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroid, dcDMARDS and biologic therapy did not. doi = 10.1007/s10067-020-05301-2 id = cord-318277-j073u7ga author = Sapey, Elizabeth title = Building toolkits for COPD exacerbations: lessons from the past and present date = 2019-07-03 keywords = COPD; acute; chronic; disease; exacerbation summary = An exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as ''an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy''. Of note, a recent Cochrane review concluded that there was no evidence of benefit from self-management interventions (including rescue packs) to reduce all-cause hospital admission, all-cause hospitalisation days, emergency department visits, general practitioner visits, dyspnoea scores, the number of COPD exacerbations or all-cause mortality 54 although more research was needed. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sputum colour reported by patients is not a reliable marker of the presence of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-213035 id = cord-342786-dl8vjwfn author = Sattar, Yasar title = COVID-19 Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Cellular Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations and Management date = 2020-07-14 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; Disease; SARS; patient summary = Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. The infected patients may also present with cardiovascular disease (CVD) like acute coronary syndrome(ACS) and congestive cardiac failure(CHF) [6] . The systemic inflammation in COVID-19 may also dysregulate the post-translational modification of cardiac ion channels resulting in arrhythmia [25, 26] It is also noteworthy that viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2, ORF3 and ORF8, activate NLRP3 inflammasomes which inturn promotes atrial fibrillation [27, 28] . doi = 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100589 id = cord-273915-jpzvjl0i author = Schmidt, Robert E. title = Types of Renal Disease in Avian Species date = 2006-01-07 keywords = bird; disease; kidney; renal summary = Renal lesions caused by C psittaci are characterized by interstitial inflammation composed primarily of histiocytes, plasma cells, and lymphocytes, with intracytoplasmic organisms seen in histiocytes in some cases. Both primary and secondary lesions may occur in nonbudgerigar psittacine birds with avian polyomavirus disease [32, 33] . Avian renal disease has a wide variety of noninfectious causes. High-cholesterol diets have also been associated with diffuse renal disease, including proliferative glomerulopathy, periglomerular fibrosis, multifocal interstitial nephritis, and lipid-laden cells within the glomeruli of pigeons [52] . Iron storage disease primarily affects the liver, but iron pigment is also seen in renal tubular cells in many affected birds. Aminoglycoside toxicity results in kidney enlargement and changes resembling those seen with other causes of renal failure [62] . Excessive salt ingestion leads to renal problems that result in urate deposition and gross and histologic lesions [72, 73] . doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2005.10.003 id = cord-286865-6imc98f5 author = Schneider, Susanne A. title = Emerging Targeted Therapeutics for Genetic Subtypes of Parkinsonism date = 2020-09-10 keywords = GBA; Gaucher; Parkinson; disease; lrrk2; mutation summary = Intervention on such mutations would require a Fig. 1 Genetic architecture of Parkinson''s disease, modified from [4] and [5] , showing the continuum of variants of different effect strengths and allele frequencies. The G2019S mutation, for example, results in a direct two-to-threefold increase in kinase activity [33, 34] .The potential gain-of-function effect is an attractive target for treatment because inhibition is easier to achieve than improvement of reduced protein activity (as in GBA). The effects of LTI-291, an activator of the GCase enzyme and another small molecule therapy, were studied in a 1month phase 1b trial conducted in the Netherlands, where the frequency of GBA mutations was reported to be around 15% [48] . Human gene therapy approaches for the treatment of Parkinson''s disease: An overview of current and completed clinical trials Ambroxol for the Treatment of Patients With Parkinson Disease With and Without Glucocerebrosidase Gene Mutations: A Nonrandomized, Noncontrolled Trial doi = 10.1007/s13311-020-00920-8 id = cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author = Scully, Crispian title = Respiratory medicine date = 2014-06-25 keywords = COPD; HIV; cause; disease; infection; lung; patient; respiratory; treatment summary = Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00015-1 id = cord-293365-z1h788sc author = Semenza, Jan C title = Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry date = 2019-04-12 keywords = Europe; change; climate; disease; migration summary = 71 Migrants may be at increased risk of communicable disease in their country of destination due to factors including lack of vaccination, low socioeconomic status and poor living conditions and limited access to health care (Table 3) . 72 Essential public health measures include ensuring adequate living conditions, access to health care in refugee camps, detention centres, screening for communicable diseases and assessment Offer serological screening and treatment (for those found to be positive) to all migrants from countries of high endemicity in sub-Saharan Africa and focal areas of transmission in Asia, South America and North Africa. [95] [96] [97] [98] More specifically, air travel can increase the risk of importation of pathogens from endemic areas into regions with competent mosquito vectors and suitable climatic and environmental conditions for vector-borne diseases. 102, 103 Responding to the public health challenges associated with travel and climate change requires robust national surveillance systems, including effective tracking of vector location and disease importation. doi = 10.1093/jtm/taz026 id = cord-322728-10m3xscs author = Severance, Emily G. title = Chapter 29 Role of Immune and Autoimmune Dysfunction in Schizophrenia date = 2016-12-31 keywords = CNS; brain; disease; disorder; immune; schizophrenia summary = Because schizophrenia is thought to originate as a result of aberrant neurodevelopment, it is important to note that for a number of these classic immune factors, including complement, MHC, Toll-like receptors, and pentraxins, additional functions in the developing brain are continuously being identified (Benoit & Tenner, 2011; Bialas & Stevens, 2013; Boulanger, 2009; Fourgeaud & Boulanger, 2007; Frodl & Amico, 2014; Garate et al., 2013; Nagyoszi et al., 2010; Pribiag & Stellwagen, 2014; Stephan et al., 2013; Stevens et al., 2007; Trotta, Porro, Calvello, & Panaro, 2014) . Here, we present the case of complement C1q as an example of an immune molecule that is highly active in the developing brain and that is also implicated in schizophrenia-associated gene and environmental studies. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-800981-9.00029-8 id = cord-290472-w77cmljm author = Sharon, Donald title = Systems Biology Approaches to Disease Marker Discovery date = 2010-06-09 keywords = RNA; SARS; cancer; disease; marker; protein summary = These markers, such as protein (including autoantibodies, which are antibodies specific to self-antigens [43] ), hormonal markers (such as lack of insulin in Type I diabetic patients [89] ), and genetic/genomic markers (such as BRCA1 mutation in breast cancer patients [52] ), enable clinicians to diagnose the disease while it is still at early stages, to ensure appropriate surgical intervention, efficient drug treat-ment and monitoring, and to predict an individual''s risk of developing specific diseases before they experience symptoms. Scientists, such as the group led by Gil Mor at Yale University, recruited proteomics-based approaches using antibody-based protein microarrays to identify new serum biomarkers, which, in combination with CA-125, may enhance the early detection of ovarian cancer [48, 66, 110] . To date, no studies that attempt to identify novel breast cancer markers have been performed using high-density protein microarrays. doi = 10.3233/dma-2010-0707 id = cord-018316-drjfwcdg author = Shephard, Roy J. title = Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness date = 2017-09-19 keywords = Europe; Health; London; city; disease; public; water summary = 4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel. The success of urban living has depended in great part on governmental ability to maintain population health through the building of an adequate infrastructure to provide clean water and to dispose of waste, as well as the enactment of appropriate regulations to control the prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Diligent housewives adopted a few other simple changes in household management to preserve the health of their families, and Cambridge University insisted on a direct control of its food supply, The Great Plague The London "Plague" of 1665 CE was one in a series of European epidemics of bubonic plague dating back to the "Black Death." The Great Plague claimed at least 70,000 lives in central London, this being about a half of the population who had not fled from the city. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-65097-5_22 id = cord-193497-qqrhvlm5 author = Shoghri, Ahmad El title = Identifying highly influential travellers for spreading disease on a public transport system date = 2020-04-03 keywords = Fig; disease; group summary = For instance previous work has explored the impact of recurring patterns inherent in human mobility on disease spread, but has not considered other dimensions such as the distance travelled or the number of encounters. In this paper we study three aspects of mobility behaviour, i.e. the degree of exploration, the distance travelled and the number of encounters of passengers using the Sydney bus network in the context of infectious disease spread. An increase in the infection probability on the other hand, amplifies the spreading power of all mobility groups, especially for passengers who regularly visit the same places and travel short distances, until reaching a saturation point at a probability of 0.5. Interestingly, the averages of received infections per individual is nearly the same across all the groups with a value just divide individuals into explorers and returners, but to distinguish them further along other dimensions such as the distance travelled and the connectivity as their spreading abilities differ. doi = nan id = cord-018452-qyf2vymf author = Sica, Valentina title = Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date = 2016-03-07 keywords = Autophagy; COPD; cell; disease; lung summary = Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. The inhibition of mTOR is linked to autophagy induction, but Rtp801 expression enhances oxidative stress-dependent cell death, amplifying the development of CS-induced lung injury [ 105 ] . Furthermore, the higher expression of autophagy proteins has been linked to lung epithelial cell death, airway dysfunction and emphysema in response to CS. Restoration of Beclin 1 activity, depletion of p62 by genetic manipulation or treatment with autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, functionally rescue the CFTR mutated protein at the apical surface of epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 ] . Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung infl ammation in cystic fi brosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-30079-5_16 id = cord-016222-dltsdqcm author = Siegel, Frederic R. title = Lessening the Impacts from Non-Tectonic (Natural) Hazards and Triggered Events date = 2016-06-24 keywords = Ebola; area; disease; rock; vaccine summary = First, depending on the location of a fl ooding river channel, rushing water can undermine bank material or erode base of valley walls causing landslides that could affect people living in the threatened areas. Depending on the mass being moved, an avalanche can kill people, and damage or destroy structures and infrastructure (homes, recreational areas, bridges, tunnels [block road and/or railway movement]), pipes and utility lines (water, natural gas, electricity), and put workmen maintaining an infrastructure at risk. Subsidence of an area of the Earth''s surface is the result of the continuous extraction of large volumes of groundwater or petroleum from underlying sedimentary rocks without recharge or replenishment of fl uids. The Ebola epidemic shows how vulnerable many countries/regions are because of an inadequate health infrastructure that is not prepared to cope with a disease once identifi ed, its spread, and the care and treatment of large numbers of infected people. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-38875-5_9 id = cord-017790-5iwgebvp author = Siegel, Frederic R. title = Disease Protection in Sea Coast (and Inland) Cities: Problems in Dense Populations with Shantytowns/Slums date = 2019-07-13 keywords = Ebola; city; disease summary = Important factors that have to be considered by public health personnel in sea coast cities in order to be prepared to deal with disease include a location''s latitude and elevation as they influence climate (temperature and humidity). Here, the path is toxic metal from rock to soil to agricultural products or drinking/cooking water that can do the same harm to the human body as noted in the previous paragraph by bioaccumulation in and damage to vital organs and also cause medical symptoms and the onset of a NCD. The release of heavy metals from industrialization, utility sources, and vehicles into a city environment and associated ecosystems on land and in the oceans can be an inherited legacy or existing danger to public health through bad air and contaminated water, soils, and foods. How sea coast cities (and inner ones) and national governments have adapted to mitigate toxic metal pollution is reflected in the health status of their populations. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-22669-5_6 id = cord-022141-yxttl3gh author = Siegel, Frederic R. title = Progressive Adaptation: The Key to Sustaining a Growing Global Population date = 2014-08-23 keywords = Africa; HIV; disease; global; people; population; water summary = Adaptation by the global community as a unit is vital to cope with the effects of increasing populations, global warming/climate change, the chemical, biological, and physical impacts on life-sustaining ecosystems, and competition for life sustaining and economically important natural resources. The chronic malnutrition that about 1 billion people suffered from in 2013 is likely to grow in number in some regions due to global warming/climate change because humans cannot adapt to less food if they are already at subsistence rations. As the global population increases and more people in developing and less developed nations have more disposable income, there will be a growing draw on natural resources other than water and food to service their industrial, agricultural, and manufacturing needs and wants. The effects of higher temperatures from global warming and climate change included what has been discussed in previous chapters of this book: heat, drought, sea level rise, coastal zones, typhoons, flooding, river runoff, water availability, ecosystem shifts, crop yields, fishing, aquaculture, livestock, health and poverty, and tourism. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-09686-5_9 id = cord-321966-q0if8li9 author = Simpson, Ryan B. title = An analecta of visualizations for foodborne illness trends and seasonality date = 2020-10-13 keywords = Fast; Fig; disease; rate; time summary = However, current surveillance systems, including foodborne disease surveillance in the United States, often compress time series records to simplistic annual trends [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and describe seasonality by the month(s) with the highest cases per year or the first month of outbreak onset [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . " These plots can effectively illustrate multiple dimensions of information including different time units (e.g. yearly, monthly), disease statistics (e.g. pathogens, rates, counts), seasonality characteristics (e.g. peak timing, amplitude), and locations (e.g. state-level, national). The top-left panel provides an overlay of all annual seasonal signatures, a set of curves depicting characteristic variations in disease incidence over the course of one year, where line hues become increasingly darker with more recent data and a red line indicates median monthly rates, as in Fig. 1 . doi = 10.1038/s41597-020-00677-x id = cord-335839-wgdqu1s1 author = Singh, Meharban title = Pediatrics in 21(st) Century and Beyond date = 2016-08-10 keywords = disease; dna; health; life; likely summary = Availability of totipotent stem cells and developments in transplant technology are likely to revolutionize the management of a variety of hematologic cancers and life-threatening genetic disorders. Availability of totipotent stem cells and developments in transplant technology are likely to revolutionize the management of a variety of hematologic cancers and life-threatening genetic disorders. The availability of newer vaccines by recombinant technology for emerging infective and for non-infective lifestyle diseases is likely to improve survival and quality of life. The availability of newer vaccines by recombinant technology for emerging infective and for non-infective lifestyle diseases is likely to improve survival and quality of life. There is going to be a greater focus on the Bpatient^having the disease rather than Bdisease^per se by practicing holistic pediatrics by effective utilization of alternative or complementary strategies for health care. The concept of functional foods is being increasingly exploited to prevent illness, promote health and improve quality of life. doi = 10.1007/s12098-016-2206-z id = cord-263438-9ra94uda author = Snowden, Frank M. title = Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date = 2008-09-19 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Health; IOM; Infectious; SARS; States; United; disease summary = Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. doi = 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x id = cord-032181-gmcugd8h author = Song, Jian-Xin title = Main Complications of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure) date = 2019-05-21 keywords = DIC; HCO; HPS; HRS; Kupffer; LPS; SBP; blood; cell; disease; endotoxin; factor; hepatitis; increase; infection; intestinal; liver; patient; severe; tip summary = 3. Hepatorenal syndrome, which is characterized by renal failure, hemodynamic changes in arterial circulation and abnormalities in the endogenous vascular system, is a common clinical complication of end-stage liver disease, and one of the important indicators for the prognosis of patients with severe hepatitis. The latest report indicated that basic laboratory examinations for coagulation function testing in common use at present, such as PT, APTT, international normalized ratio (INR) etc., have little correlation with occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients, thereby revealing the importance to search and pay close attention to those complicating disease upregulating bleeding risk, such as bacterial infection, renal failure, hemodynamic change after portal hypertension, dysfunction of endotheliocyte as well as macrophagocyte and so on [107] . doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_2 id = cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author = Starkel, Julie L. title = Respiratory date = 2019-10-07 keywords = A1AT; COPD; IPF; asthma; disease; increase; lung; pulmonary; respiratory; vitamin summary = Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 id = cord-263667-5g51n27e author = Steele, James Harlan title = Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date = 2008-09-15 keywords = Dr.; Health; Meyer; Public; States; United; Veterinary; animal; disease summary = Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014 id = cord-021917-z9wpjr0d author = Stephens, R. Scott title = Bioterrorism and the Intensive Care Unit date = 2009-05-15 keywords = ICU; agent; care; disease; patient summary = • Health care workers, accustomed to putting the welfare of patients ahead of their own in emergency situations, must be prepared for the proper use of personal protective equipment and trained in specific plans for the response to an infective or bioterrorism event. Although intensivists working in developed countries generally have little experience treating specific illnesses caused by serious bioweapon pathogens, these diseases result in clinical conditions that commonly require treatment in intensive care units (ICUs) (e.g., severe sepsis and septic shock, hypoxemic respiratory failure, and ventilatory failure). An optimal medical response to a bioweapon attack will require all or most of the following: early diagnosis, rapid case finding, large-scale distribution of countermeasures for postexposure prophylaxis or early treatment, immediate isolation of contagious victims, and enhanced capacity for providing medical care to seriously and critically ill victims. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-02844-8.50069-x id = cord-316894-zhmuzv7z author = Stetzenbach, L.D. title = Airborne Infectious Microorganisms date = 2009-02-17 keywords = SARS; disease; infection; virus summary = Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. The illnesses resulting from avian influenza infection in humans range from typical mild influenza-like symptoms (e.g., fever, sore throat, cough, and muscle aches) and conjunctivitis to more serious cases of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and other severe and life-threatening complications. Disease is spread by aerosol dissemination of the virus during coughing and sneezing by an infected person or it may become airborne directly from the skin lesions. doi = 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00177-2 id = cord-024087-j6riw1ir author = Stikova, Elisaveta title = Strengthening the Early-Warning Function of the Surveillance System: The Macedonian Experience date = 2010-07-30 keywords = Health; World; disease; surveillance summary = The Republic of Macedonia, with World Health Organization support, has implemented an earlywarning system (ALERT) for priority communicable diseases to complement the routine surveillance system that reports individual confirmed cases. • The emergence of new or newly recognized pathogens such as Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona virus, and influenza A/H5N1 virus • The recurrence of well-characterized epidemic-prone diseases such as cholera, dengue, influenza, measles, meningitis, shigellosis, and yellow fever • The accidental release or deliberate use of biological agents such as anthrax [7] In addition to the events described in Table 1 , 10 member states in the European These are reasons for public health-capacity building at the local, national, and international level and strengthening of public health preparedness and response systems around the world [11, 12] . doi = 10.1007/978-90-481-9637-1_6 id = cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author = Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title = Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2005 keywords = CDC; case; datum; disease; infectious; outbreak; program; surveillance summary = Use of additional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data may enable a physician to diagnose a disease even though the formal surveillance case definition may not be met. Another way to detect an increase of cases is if the surveillance system of reportable infectious diseases reveals an unusually high number of people with the same diagnosis over a certain time period at different health care facilities. On the other hand, however, there should be no time delay in starting an investigation if there is an opportunity to prevent more cases or the potential to identify a system failure which can be caused, for example, by poor food preparation in a restaurant or poor infection control practices in a hospital or to prevent future outbreaks by acquiring more knowledge of the epidemiology of the agent involved. In developing countries, surveys are often necessary to evaluate health problems since data collected routinely (disease surveillance, hospital records, case registers) are often incomplete and of poor quality. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_34 id = cord-296585-yfh5d4io author = Su, Yu-Ching title = The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae date = 2018-11-05 keywords = COPD; Haemophilus; NTHi; TLR4; airway; cell; chronic; disease summary = The mechanisms reported are responsible for increased expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory gene products [i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-5 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and MIP-2/CXCL2] in both pulmonary structural cells (bronchial, small airway, and alveolar epithelial cells) and immune cells (alveolar macrophages), increased VEGF and iNOS in nasal fibroblasts and lymphocytes (Jurkat T cells), respectively, and decreased activity of antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and α1-antitrypsin in bronchial epithelial cells (54, 56, 57, 59, 62-64, [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] . Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae detection in the lower airways of patients with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Antibacterial defense of human airway epithelial cells from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients induced by acute exposure to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: modulation by cigarette smoke Lung T-cell responses to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02530 id = cord-317638-ccb36coz author = Subiakto, Yuli title = Aviation medicine capacity on facing biological threat In Indonesia airports date = 2020-07-06 keywords = Health; Indonesia; disease summary = The development of threat outbreak disease in air transportation is real in the future, so all Indonesia airports must have action plans to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. 11 Based on these incidents, it can be said that airports act as one of the entry points for spread of diseases in Indonesia that are spread by passengers and goods contaminated with dangerous biological materials, or deliberately distributed by certain groups to cause fear or threaten state security. Flights surgeons at air bases have role of carrying out preventive, curative activities on flight crews the role of aviation health in airports in an effort to prevent spread of infectious diseases originating from passengers and goods is to take preventive actions by conducting detection and identification, handling victims and carrying out referral actions. Enhancing capacity of aviation medicine in the face of the threat of the spread of dangerous biological agents is by measures on prevention, detection, and response can be done by increasing capacity of personnel and equipment. doi = 10.4081/idr.2020.8738 id = cord-002757-upwe0cpj author = Sullivan, Kathleen E. title = Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date = 2017-08-07 keywords = Africa; CNS; Europe; HIV; Leishmania; PCR; PIDD; USA; disease; infection; patient; severe; virus summary = The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. In developing countries where polio is still endemic and oral polio vaccine is essential for eradicating the disease, it is of utmost importance that all PIDD patients and family members should not receive live oral polio (OPV) because of the reported prolonged excretion of the virus for months and even years [24] . As for host factors, although severe and fatal cases have been described in healthy immunocompetent hosts [129, 130] , there is evidence to suggest that children under the age of 10 [130] and immunocompromised hosts either secondary to hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressant treatment for organ transplantation, or HIV infection are at a greater risk to develop more severe disease with higher case fatality rates [131, 132] . doi = 10.1007/s10875-017-0426-2 id = cord-306056-4jx0u7js author = Sulmasy, Daniel P. title = “Diseases and Natural Kinds” date = 2005 keywords = disease; human; individual; kind; natural summary = (3) The aim of this classification must be to provide at least a provisional basis for explaining the causes and/or natural history of a disturbance in the internal biological relations of the affected members of X (and, if X is a self-reflective natural kind, can serve as an explanation of the illness of those so affected), (4) and at least some individuals of whom (or which) this class of states of affairs can be predicated are, by virtue of that state, inhibited from flourishing as Xs. I must further explicate this fairly dense definition. H. Setting as the telos the flourishing of the individual as the kind of thing that it is also explains why it can be controversial to classify as diseases certain patterns of variation in the law-like biological principles that determine the characteristic development and typical history of a living natural kind. doi = 10.1007/s11017-005-2206-x id = cord-346496-crhv0gnt author = Sun, Ying title = Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; disease; patient summary = Peripheral CD4(+), CD8(+) T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes were significantly decreased in severe and critically ill patients, but there was only a non-statistically significant downward trend in NK cell numbers with severity. Natural killer (NK) cells, a key component of innate immunity against infection [7] , trended lower with increasing severity, but there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups. Though there was no statistically significant difference in these four different clinical classifications, the levels of creatine phosphokinase in the severe and critically ill groups were much higher than in the mild and moderate patients. The following variables showed significant positive correlation to the disease severity (p<0.01): advanced age, sputum production, shortness of breath, and higher neutrophil count, AST level (p<0.05), LDH level, GGT level, CRP level, ESR level, serum ferritin level, interleukin-6. Our findings indicated that C-reactive protein level, CD8 T lymphocyte count, and D-dimer were independent predictors of disease severity in Beijing COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102473 id = cord-255096-27dfbhsl author = Sweet, Michael J. title = Reprint of ‘Diseases in marine invertebrates associated with mariculture and commercial fisheries’ date = 2016-06-19 keywords = China; OIE; PCR; Pacific; WSSV; Wang; disease; virus summary = Interestingly, although there are countless examples of the spread of disease usually associated with transportation of specific infected hosts for development of aquaculture practices, this process appears to be continuing with no real sign of effective management and mitigation strategies being implicated. In this review, we are not listing all known diseases for the three main commercially important phyla/ sub-phyla and/or class (echinoderms, crustaceans and molluscs), but instead focus on those which likely pose a major threat and/or are infecting large populations of both wild and farmed organisms around the world. Hosts affected: Again, this disease predominantly occurs during the auricularia stages of development of many different sea cucumber species, with mortality being recorded as high as 90% in certain cases (Zhang et al., 2010) . Furthermore, diseases caused by Platyhelminthiasis have been shown to infect both aestivated juveniles (larger than 1 cm) and adults of many different sea cucumber species. doi = 10.1016/j.seares.2016.06.001 id = cord-354677-duxm9u8v author = Sweileh, Waleed M. title = Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases date = 2020-05-08 keywords = change; climate; disease; health; literature summary = title: Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases The objective of the current study was to assess research activity on climate change and health with an emphasis on infectious diseases. Therefore, in the current study, the research activity of climate change on human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases was investigated. In the current study, the authors developed an extensive and comprehensive search query to retrieve all potential documents focusing on climate change and human health. Analysis of author keywords in infection-related literature indicated that malaria (112 occurrences), dengue (76 occurrences), and arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) (33 occurrences) were the most frequent infectious diseases/pathogens encountered ( (Table 3 ). In the infection-related literature, the top ten cited documents discussed water-, vector-, and mosquito-borne diseases as well as general effects of climate change on infectious diseases, particularly malaria and dengue [75] [76] [77] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] . doi = 10.1186/s12992-020-00576-1 id = cord-285613-hbd44euq author = Søborg, Christian title = Vaccines in a hurry date = 2009-05-26 keywords = disease; new; vaccine summary = Early recognition of an emerging microbial threat Identification and characterization of the causative agent Rapid understanding of natural history, pathogenesis, molecular biology and epidemiology; building on work in related pathogens as well as ongoing clinical, laboratory and epidemiological studies Identification of potential vaccine candidates Identification of potential delivery systems and suitable adjuvant to improve immunogenicity and sparing of antigen and dosages Production at pilot plant level Development and acceptance of correlates of immunity Development and acceptance of correlates of safety Limited trials in animals and humans based on these correlates as outcome measures Fast-track approval of the vaccines Enhancing production capacity by public-private partnerships Based on risk assessment and defined objectives: implementation of emergency vaccination Post-licensure follow-up of emergency vaccination with data accessible in real-time to medicine-and public health agencies as a surrogate for phase III trials and ensuring development with advance purchase agreements to establish a market. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.030 id = cord-280331-iu2e14jo author = Taboe, Hémaho B. title = Predicting COVID-19 spread in the face of control measures in West-Africa date = 2020-07-29 keywords = Africa; West; covid-19; disease summary = Considering currently applied health control measures, numerical simulations of the model using baseline parameter values estimated from West-African COVID-19 data project a 67% reduction in the daily number of cases when the epidemic attains its peak. We conclude that curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic burden significantly in West-Africa requires more control measures than those that have already been implemented, as well as more mass testing and contact tracing in order to identify and isolate asymptomatic individuals early. Heat maps were plotted to investigate the individual and combined effects of pairs of control measures such as contact tracing, isolation, and using control measures that lead to a reduction in disease transmission, e.g., lockdowns, social and physical distancing, mask use, etc., on COVID-19 in West-Africa (Fig. 4) . doi = 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108431 id = cord-002094-7tewne3a author = Tago, Damian title = The Impact of Farmers’ Strategic Behavior on the Spread of Animal Infectious Diseases date = 2016-06-14 keywords = MRP; disease summary = Incorporating the strategic behavior of farmers in an epidemiologic model reveals that the MRP can trigger premature animal sales by farms at high risk of becoming infected that significantly reduce the efficacy of the policy. The idea behind control strategies such as the MRP and vaccination [7] is that removing infected nodes or immunizing susceptible ones are efficient mechanisms to fight the spread of a disease. If an infectious disease is detected at t = 1, a farmer sufficiently close to the infected zone will face the risk that the restricted zone (RZ) will expand to include his location by the next period (with probability q). In the case of non-vector-borne diseases, i.e. when the transmission channel is restricted to the trade network, the MRP is an effective control strategy. The MRP becomes significantly less efficient when infected nodes that have not been detected spread the disease through both trade and geographic networks. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0157450 id = cord-313615-cts45n3j author = Tam, John S title = Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action date = 2012-01-15 keywords = disease; health; risk summary = 6, 12, 13 Therefore, a robust knowledge about illnesses, from basic scientifi c understanding to societal eff ects of infections and noncommunicable diseases, is essential for modern public health practices and policy development related to the planning for MGs. Several reports [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] and WHO planning and guidance documents 1,16-18 have drawn attention to the importance Series of research into public health issues associated with MGs and identifi ed those that need immediate attention. However, many countries, particularly those with insuffi cient resources, have not developed strategies for vaccinating their populations at risk and people travelling to MGs. The reason is partly related to the lack of information about the transmission of infectious diseases (eg, infl uenza) and the social, economic, and health eff ects to the host and home communities. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70353-x id = cord-303192-il3s8lgp author = Tam, Lai‐Shan title = Care for patients with rheumatic diseases during COVID‐19 pandemic: A position statement from APLAR date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; disease; patient summary = Patients with rheumatic diseases are at higher risk of respiratory infections including influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia, which is attributed to the underlying disease, comorbidities and immunosuppressive therapy, 1 but to date we lack good information about the virus SARS-CoV-2. In the desperate search to find effective treatments for COVID-19, drugs largely used by rheumatologists have entered the spotlight, including the caution against use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the potential of antimalarials and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), for example anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) and targeted synthetic DMARDS (tsDMARDs) Janus-activated kinase (JAK) inhibitors to manage cytokine storm syndrome (CSS)/cytokine release syndrome associated with COVID-19. 18 In order to gather real-world data to inform treatment strategies and better characterize individuals at increased risk of infection, the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance has successfully dePreclinical and limited clinical data suggested that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CLQ) have antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1111/1756-185x.13863 id = cord-300605-gozt5aur author = Tambo, Ernest title = Acquired immunity and asymptomatic reservoir impact on frontline and airport ebola outbreak syndromic surveillance and response date = 2014-10-29 keywords = Africa; Ebola; disease; surveillance summary = Yet, taming the dynamics and plague of the vicious Ebola virus disease (EVD) in African countries has been patchy and erratic due to inadequate surveillance and contact tracing, community defiance and resistance, a lack of detection and response systems, meager/weak knowledge and information on the disease, inadequacies in protective materials protocols, contact tracing nightmare and differing priorities at various levels of the public health system. (8)Digital or electronic bio-epidemiology surveillance systems, including social media networking and web-based systems, provide valuable channels for timely collection of public health data; give information on the early detection of, and response to, disease outbreaks; and enhance situational awareness to communities. (2)This approach is confronted by a lack of effective and accurate spot invasive frontline and airport rapid diagnostics tools, district and provincial health laboratories being equipped with little or no advanced molecular technologies, lack of drugs and vaccines to treat Ebola, inadequacy in coordinated Ebola frontline planning efforts in the community, as well inefficient or nonexistent community and national active infectious disease surveillance systems. doi = 10.1186/2049-9957-3-41 id = cord-028803-l92jcw9h author = Tang, Claire title = Discovering Unknown Diseases with Explainable Automated Medical Imaging date = 2020-06-09 keywords = disease; image summary = In this paper, we propose a new deep learning framework and pipeline for explainable medical imaging that can classify known diseases as well as detect new/unknown diseases when the models are only trained on known disease images. -We develop an automatic visual explanation into deep learning models to reveal suspected evidence in medical images for potential unknown diseases. -Based on our proposed new pipeline, we conduct comprehensive experimental evaluations showing that our system achieves significant performance improvement on both quantitatively (unknown disease detection) and qualitatively (visual explanation) on Skin Lesion and Chest X-Ray datasets. Then, we use the following "softmax function" [7] to normalize the logits to be a probability distribution: We illustrate our overconfidence explanation in Fig. 2 using an example: Assuming there are two indomain classes in our classifier. GC improved baseline performance by over 6 times on Chest X-Ray to detect new out-of-domain COVID-19 disease using the model trained on known pneumonia and normal images. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-52791-4_27 id = cord-321984-qjfkvu6n author = Tang, Lu title = A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; SIR; disease; infectious; model; section summary = Despite relying on a valid infectious diseases mechanism, deterministic approaches have several drawbacks: (i) the actual population in each compartment at a given time is never accurately measured because we only obtain an observation around the mean; (ii) the nature of disease transmission and recovery is stochastic on the individual level and thus never certain; and (iii) without random component in the model, it is neither possible to learn model parameters (e.g. R 0 ) from available data nor to assess prediction uncertainty. In an early stage of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the daily infection and death counts reported by health agencies are highly influenced by the availability of testing kits, reporting delays, reporting and attribution schemes, and under-ascertainment of mild cases in public health surveillance databases (see discussions in Angelopoulos et al., 2020; Banerjee et al., 2020) ; both disease transmission rate and time to recovery or death are also highly uncertain and vary by population density, demographic composition, regional contact network structure and non-uniform mitigation schemes (Ray et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1111/insr.12402 id = cord-277353-qilq1q7h author = Taniguchi, Kiyosu title = Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan date = 2008-09-11 keywords = disease; infectious summary = Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Current National Epidemiological Surveillance for Infectious Diseases (NESID) in Japan requires that all notifiable diseases should be reported with the presumptive place of infection. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported infection, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS), typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Although the outbreak among group tours to endemic countries was reported to account for the increase of imported diseases, 11 investigation of attributable events or causes were not always made in a timely manner. In this study it was not difficult to overview the situation of imported infectious diseases because the current Japanese surveillance system requires the presumptive place of infection including the specified country if possible. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.07.001 id = cord-104204-pdnkabwj author = Tatu, C A title = The etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy: still more questions than answers. date = 1998-11-17 keywords = BEN; OTA; Pliocene; Yugoslavia; balkan; disease; endemic summary = There are two actual competing theories attempting to explain the cause of this kidney disease: 1) the mycotoxin hypothesis, which considers that BEN is produced by ochratoxin A ingested intermittently in small amounts by the individuals in the endemic regions, and 2) the Pliocene lignite hypothesis, which proposes that the disease is caused by long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic organic compounds leaching into the well drinking water from low rank coals underlying or proximal to the endemic settlements. There are two actual competing theories attempting to explain the cause of this kidney disease: 1) the mycotoxin hypothesis, which considers that BEN is produced by ochratoxin A ingested intermittently in small amounts by the indivriduals in the endemic regions, and 2) the Pliocene lignite hypothesis, which proposes that the disease is caused by long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic organic compounds leaching into the well drinking water from low rank coals underlying or proximal to the enidemic settdements. doi = nan id = cord-016663-qnp99m7o author = Taylor, Robert B. title = Medical Words Linked to Places date = 2017-02-01 keywords = War; Zika; cause; disease; fever; virus summary = In addition to causing fever and malaise, when the patient is pregnant, the Zika virus may also cause birth defects, notably microcephaly (from Greek words meaning "small" and "head"). In addition to mosquito-borne infection, we now have discovered sexually transmitted Zika virus disease and continue to learn more each year. The West Nile virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae, from the Latin flavus, meaning "yellow." The family was named for the yellow fever virus, which tends to cause liver damage, giving its victims a yellow jaundiced appearance ( Fig. 5.2 ). The disease is caused by Borrelia bacteria, notably Borrelia burgdorferi, and is spread by the same vector as Nantucket fever/babesiosis: the Ixodes tick, also called the deer tick. Also sometimes called tick typhus or blue disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever was first recognized in 1896 in the Snake River Valley in the Rocky Mountains of the Western United States. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-50328-8_5 id = cord-023168-cd7adns8 author = Thachil, Jecko title = Haematological Diseases in the Tropics date = 2013-10-21 keywords = Africa; G6PD; HIV; SCD; anaemia; blood; cell; deficiency; disease; haemoglobin; infection; iron; patient; transfusion; treatment summary = The most useful laboratory measure of iron status Low value is diagnostic in the presence of anaemia Very high values (>100 µg/L) usually exclude iron deficiency'' Being an acute-phase protein, it increases in inflammatory conditions, and certain malignancies, making it unreliable Also increased in tissue damage especially of the liver Levels are falsely decreased in vitamin C deficiency and hypothyroidism Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin An intermediate in haem biosynthesis and elevated concentrations indicate interrupted haem synthesis due to iron deficiency when zinc is incorporated in place of iron Can be measured on a drop of blood with a portable haematofluorometer Small sample size makes it very useful as a screening test in field surveys, particularly in children, and pregnant women where inflammatory states may not co-exist Red cells should be washed before measurement (serum bilirubin and fluorescent compounds like some drugs can give falsely high values) although not often done Lead poisoning can give falsely high values Rarely acute myeloid leukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia give slightly high values Useful in that it is not increased in thalassaemias WHO recommends normal level >70 µmol/mol haem Iron studies Serum iron concentration represents the iron entering and leaving the circulation. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00066-2 id = cord-317864-44knig6g author = Thacker, S.B. title = Centers for Disease Control date = 2008-08-26 keywords = CDC; Control; Disease; Health summary = Emerging from a small, wartime government program with a regional focus on malaria in 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has become a global public health agency that addresses the entire scope of public health, with over 10 000 employees and contractors in nearly 200 occupations. The CDC''s expertise has expanded in direct correlation with the expanding view of public health needs: it is recognized globally for its ability to respond to urgent threat related to disease epidemics and the health consequences of disaster and war. CDC programs have contributed significantly to the eradication and reduction of diseases such as smallpox, polio, and guinea worm, as well as the control of health problems such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), childhood lead poisoning, breast and cervical cancer, diabetes, violence, and unintentional injuries. The history of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began in 1942 with the establishment of the Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA), under the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). doi = 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00303-8 id = cord-355635-fan0sf48 author = Thacker, Stephen B. title = Epidemic Assistance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Role of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, 1946–2005 date = 2011-12-01 keywords = Aids; CDC; Disease; EIS; Epi; investigation summary = Since 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has responded to urgent requests from US states, federal agencies, and international organizations through epidemic-assistance investigations (Epi-Aids). Although the CDC (now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) works with health agencies throughout the world in multiple ways, the term Epi-Aid refers to investigations of serious and urgent public health problems in response to formal requests for rapid assistance from states, federal agencies (e.g., the Indian Health Service, the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the US Department of Defense), international organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization), and ministries of health from other countries. An investigation led by an EISO assigned to the state health department documented the transmission of cryptosporidium infection through the public water supply in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that led to an outbreak of disease affecting more than 400,000 residents and subsequent modifications of water quality standards (5) . doi = 10.1093/aje/kwr307 id = cord-315282-05eh1gzd author = Thiemann, Alexandra K. title = Gastrointestinal Disorders of Donkeys and Mules date = 2019-10-03 keywords = disease; donkey; gastrointestinal; horse; mule summary = 1 Common clinical signs in association with gastrointestinal disease include dullness, behavior changes, lack of appetite or sham eating, recumbency, head and neck held below withers height, ears less mobile or backwards/sideways pointing and unresponsive to stimuli, self-isolation away from companions, and weight loss in chronic disease. This clinical examination should include an assessment of mentation, general health and body condition, rectal temperature, pulse and respiration, evaluation of mucous membrane color and moisture (hydration status), auscultation of all quadrants for increased or decreased intestinal sounds, a rectal examination, nasogastric intubation in animals with abdominal pain, fecal evaluation for consistency, presence of endoparasites, and poorly digested foodstuffs. The risk factors for gastrointestinal disease in donkeys and mules are similar to those in horses, influenced by the management and environment in which they are kept. Other causes of colic (eg, grass sickness, neoplasia, enteroliths, peritonitis) have been reported in a small number of donkeys and mules with similar signs and treatments to horses. doi = 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.001 id = cord-020610-hsw7dk4d author = Thys, Séverine title = Contesting the (Super)Natural Origins of Ebola in Macenta, Guinea: Biomedical and Popular Approaches date = 2019-10-12 keywords = EVD; Ebola; Guinea; Macenta; disease; epidemic; model summary = Combined with a divergent political practice and lived experiences of the state, especially between Sierra Leone and Guinea, the working hypothesis drawn from my ethnographic observations in Macenta and related literature review is that part of the continuing episodes of hostility and social resistance manifested by Guinean communities regarding the adoption of the proposed control measures against the scourge of Ebola has its origins in the divergence between explanatory systems of the disease; on the one hand, biomedical explanatory systems, and, on the other hand, popular explanatory systems. By framing ''bushmeat'' hunting, as well as local burials, as the main persisting cultural practices among the ''forest people'' to explain (or to justify) the maintenance of the EVD transmission during the West African epidemic, the notion of culture that fuelled sensational news coverage has strongly stigmatised this ''patient zero'' community both globally and within Guinea, and has been employed to obscure the actual, political, economic and political-economic drivers of infectious disease patterns. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_7 id = cord-011053-gza05hsv author = Tiew, Pei Yee title = The Mycobiome in Health and Disease: Emerging Concepts, Methodologies and Challenges date = 2020-01-01 keywords = Candida; Malassezia; aspergillus; disease; dna; fungal; fungus; mycobiome summary = In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with fungal disease and provide key examples where the application of sequencing technologies has potential diagnostic application in assessing the human ''mycobiome''. Despite their natural environmental abundance, few fungi are human pathogens, and while fulminant fungal infection is uncommon in the healthy individuals, invasive fungal disease is a concern in the immuno-compromised host with significant associated morbidity and mortality [2] . Increasing numbers of patients are at risk of invasive fungal disease including those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malignancy and transplant recipients on immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies, each contributing to the rising global trend of fungal infections among susceptible populations. Despite treatment, mortality rates for invasive fungal disease remain high with factors contributing to poor prognosis including delayed diagnosis and initiation of antifungal treatment, host factors, site of infection, emerging antifungal resistance and drug toxicity. doi = 10.1007/s11046-019-00413-z id = cord-282628-6uoberfu author = Tiwari, Bhagyashree title = Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater date = 2020-05-01 keywords = antibiotic; disease; emergence; human; pathogen; virus summary = The causative agent of most emerging infectious diseases is viruses; every year approximately more than two novel viral pathogens are identified, which can cause illness in a human. Factors for emergence include natural process (evolution of pathogen), infectious agents transfer from vertebrate to mammals, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and climate change. The factors responsible for the emergence of infectious diseases such as (1) the evolution of new strain, (2) the introduction of a host to enzootic, (3) translocation of infected wildlife, (4) farming practices, and (5) others were provided. Due to emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and unavoidable use of antibiotics, concomitant environmental perturbation caused by climate change might make the earth is not suitable for humans and other livings. Increasing resistance to antibiotics and the emergence of "superbugs" that are resistant to drugs of last resort have highlighted the great need for alternative treatments of bacterial disease. Furthermore, development of drug-resistant organisms and increased pathogen survival rate, only raising panic about the human, animal, and environmental health. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-819722-6.00017-1 id = cord-102199-mc6zruyx author = Toksvang, Linea Natalie title = Hepatotoxicity during 6-thioguanine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review date = 2019-01-30 keywords = disease; patient summary = title: Hepatotoxicity during 6-thioguanine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review Hepatotoxicity in the form of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) occurred in 9–25% of the ALL patients in two of the four included RCTs using 6TG doses of 40–60 mg/m2/day, and long-term hepatotoxicity in the form of nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) was reported in 2.5%. Oral 6-mercaptopurine versus oral 6-thioguanine and veno-occlusive disease in children with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: report of the Children''s Oncology Group CCG-1952 clinical trial 6-Thioguanine associated nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease may induce portal hypertension Splitting a therapeutic dose of thioguanine may avoid liver toxicity and be an efficacious treatment for severe inflammatory bowel disease: a 2-center observational cohort study Early nodular hyperplasia of the liver occurring with inflammatory bowel diseases in association with thioguanine therapy doi = 10.1101/535518 id = cord-300807-9u8idlon author = Tong, Joo Chuan title = 7 Infectious disease informatics date = 2013-12-31 keywords = disease; sequence summary = An effective way to identify amino acid residues that are involved in virus adaptation is to fi nd interdependencies between mutations in multiple proteins. A simple method to calculate the extent of adaptive evolution at highly variable genetic loci is to compare the fi xation rates between nonsynonymous (d N ) and synonymous (d S ) substitutions. The hemagglutinin gene from infl uenza A virus is probably one of the fastest evolving genes in terms of the rate of nucleotide substitution, which was estimated at 5.7×10 −3 per site per year. A method for detecting positive selection at single amino acid sites Molecular evolution of mRNA: a method for estimating evolutionary rates of synonymous and amino acid substitutions from homologous nucleotide sequences and its applications A maximum likelihood method for detecting directional evolution in protein sequences and its application to infl uenza A virus doi = 10.1533/9781908818416.99 id = cord-303557-bbbq6ylr author = Tong, Michael Xiaoliang title = China''s capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change date = 2018-04-16 keywords = China; change; disease summary = METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was utilized to gauge information regarding capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change among 611 clinical professionals whose roles pertained to infectious disease diagnosis, treatment and management in Anhui Province of China. The majority of participants suggested that effective prevention and control measures, more interdisciplinary collaborations, more funding in rural areas for health care, and improved access to facilities enabling online reporting of infectious diseases, were extremely important strategies in building capacity to curb the population health impact of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to climate change in China. The study employs a cross-sectional questionnaire survey among clinical professionals to explore China''s capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change. Further, the study explores participants'' views on capacity building in the hospital sector to curb potential emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to climate change in China. doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.021 id = cord-018349-rt2i2wca author = Tosam, Mbih Jerome title = Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis date = 2019-03-20 keywords = disease; eid; infectious summary = The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions play a fundamental role in the emergence, spread and control/management of EIDs. In poor communities, a large part of the population live in overcrowded and squalid conditions. In this chapter, we critically examine the socio-economic and environmental factors that influence the emergence and spread of EIDs and discuss the ethical issues that arise from the global response and management of EIDs. Globally, the trend in the outbreak of EIDs has been increasing. Also, the countries where EIDs are more likely to occur and those whose capacity to effectively manage EIDs is weak, must also play a leading role in addressing the socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions which facilitate the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3_18 id = cord-325906-2k2g5khw author = Tresker, Steven title = A typology of clinical conditions date = 2020-05-22 keywords = Alzheimer; Jack; diagnostic; disease summary = By attending to the types of clinical conditions possible on the basis of these key factors (symptomaticity, dysfunction, and the meeting of diagnostic criteria), I draw attention to how diseases and other clinical conditions as currently classified can be better categorized, highlighting the issues pertaining to certain typology categories. As Christopher Boorse wrote in 1977 (564-565) , "The distinction between normal variation and underlying disease is one of the most important features of medical theory, though in practice it is often hard to draw because so much clinical evidence is gross output." Given that most clinical evidence is indeed gross output (blood glucose levels, for example), whereby laboratory tests at most only offer a proxy for or rough indication of the dysfunction present (e.g., defects in pancreatic beta cells, adipose tissue, the incretin system), ascertaining the presence of disease is not always as straightforward as it may seem. A risk-based condition could thus be defined as a clinical condition for which a person could meet diagnostic criteria for a "disease" yet for which in some cases no dysfunction is present (it is not a disease by the BST). doi = 10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101291 id = cord-303165-ikepr2p2 author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Expanding the Concept of Public Health date = 2014-10-10 keywords = Europe; HIV; Health; New; Public; USA; care; chapter; community; country; disease; population; social summary = It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1 id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 keywords = AIDS; Africa; America; HIV; Health; OPV; States; United; World; case; control; disease; person; vaccine summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id = cord-021668-33zfio0u author = Tyring, Stephen K. title = Syndromal tropical dermatology date = 2009-05-15 keywords = HIV; cause; disease; travel; tropical summary = With increasing numbers of persons from industrialized, temperate countries traveling and/or working in tropical lands, there is a marked need for physicians to be able to diagnose accurately and treat tropical diseases with mucocutaneous manifestations. Considerations for deciding the differential diagnosis of cutaneous manifestations of tropical diseases and/or of diseases acquired while traveling must be based not only on the type of lesions and systemic symptoms but also on the patient''s history of travel. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) should be considered at the top of the differential diagnoses when a patient presents with Syndromal tropical dermatology genital lesions and/or urogenital discharge. The most common cause of fever after tropical travel is malaria, which usually does not have specific cutaneous manifestations. If at least 3 months separate travel from fever/rash, the following infections should be considered: bartonellosis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, hepatitis viruses (B and C), histoplasmosis, HIV, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, melioidosis, penicilliosis, syphilis, trypanosomiasis, and tuberculosis. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-443-06790-7.50005-3 id = cord-021990-a8ku5rke author = Tyring, Stephen K. title = Syndromal Tropical Dermatology date = 2016-12-02 keywords = Fig; HIV; cause; disease; tropical; virus summary = With increasing numbers of persons from industrialized, temperate countries traveling and / or working in tropical lands, there is a marked need for physicians to be able to diagnose accurately and treat tropical diseases with mucocutaneous manifestations. An example of a mosquito-borne disease that was considered primarily "tropical" in the recent past but is now relatively common in much of North America is infection with the West Nile virus (Fig. 1-3) . When one STD is confirmed, there is an increased possibility of acquisition of additional STDs. Not only is this the case because the source partner(s) may have had multiple STDs, but also because having certain STDs makes a person more susceptible to other STDs. The best example of this phenomenon is the two-to fivefold greater risk of acquiring HIV if the person with a genital ulcer disease (GUD) has sex with an HIV-positive individual. If at least 3 months separate travel from fever / rash, the following infections should be considered: bartonellosis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, hepatitis viruses (B and C), histoplasmosis, HIV, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, melioidosis, penicilliosis, syphilis, trypanosomiasis, and tuberculosis. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-29634-2.00001-8 id = cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author = Ubokudom, Sunday E. title = Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date = 2012-02-20 keywords = Health; Social; States; United; death; disease summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-3169-5_6 id = cord-017463-repm1vw9 author = Ungchusak, Kumnuan title = Public Health Surveillance: A Vital Alert and Response Function date = 2018-07-27 keywords = Health; SARS; disease; public; surveillance summary = We examine networks that contribute to global surveillance systems and highlight the role of social media and information technology in providing data to monitor new events of international importance. The IHR 2005 require countries to develop core capacities in public health, including surveillance systems and epidemiology services, that can analyse and act on surveillance information to detect and respond to diseases where and when they occur so that their potential to spread internationally is decreased. Surveillance and response teams detect early stage public health threats while control programmes gather disease (or condition) specific information to plan activities. These networks depend on cooperation of governments, public health workers and scientists to report cases, provide specimens and share information so that specific diseases can be controlled globally. doi = 10.1057/978-1-137-54984-6_10 id = cord-283485-xit6najq author = Van Damme, Wim title = The COVID-19 pandemic: diverse contexts; different epidemics—how and why? date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; China; Health; SARS; disease; epidemic; transmission summary = Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 4 It was soon discovered that the virus is easily transmitted, can cause Summary box ► Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 88 Box 2 On the use of mathematical models during epidemics A dominant way of studying the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease such as COVID-19, and predicting the amplitude and peak of the epidemic in a population (city, province, country) and analysing the effect of control measures is using mathematical models. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003098 id = cord-353609-no3mbg5d author = Vandegrift, Kurt J. title = An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date = 2011-04-15 keywords = disease; host; human; population; viral; virus summary = Conducting viral surveillance in animal reservoirs and invertebrate vectors can help explain circulation within host species; observed patterns of zoonotic transmission; and even allow for the prediction of periods of increased risk of zoonotic transmission (e.g., Rift valley fever and rainfall [25] ; West Nile virus (WNV) and American robin (Turdus turdus) migration [26] ; as well as hantavirus in mice [27, 28] ). Globalization, host ecology, host-virus dynamics, climate change, and anthropogenic landscape changes all contribute to the complexity of zoonotic viral emergence and disease, and create significant conservation and public health challenges. While the lasting efficacy of wildlife vaccination efforts has yet to be demonstrated with either endangered species or in breaking the transmission cycle of human pathogens, an increasing number of researchers are drawing attention to systems where it seems feasible [99, 103] ; demonstrating that intricate knowledge of host and virus ecology can greatly reduce the amount of vaccine coverage that is necessary to control these viruses. doi = 10.3390/v3040379 id = cord-274756-nnm1n09a author = Varadé, Jezabel title = Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges date = 2020-09-02 keywords = CD4; antibody; car; cell; disease; human; immune; tumor; vaccine summary = The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer. In addition to those showing the essential role of LTi cells in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs during embryogenesis and the postnatal development of intestinal lymphoid clusters, recent studies also provide evidence that subsets of ILCs express multiple factors that modulate the adaptive immune response in health and disease 27, 28 . Autoimmunity: In the case of therapeutic vaccines for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Myasthenia gravis or Guillain Barré syndrome, the intention is to induce tolerance to self-antigens through the activation of regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs) and tolerogenic dendritic cells, thus avoiding the immune response to self-components 211 . doi = 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6 id = cord-009765-v20r44lr author = Vasan, Aditya title = Medical Devices for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review and Directions for Development date = 2020-03-01 keywords = Africa; Burkholderia; Melioidosis; Pseudomallei; disease; lead summary = Specifically, this review focuses on diseases prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia: melioidosis, infant and maternal mortality, schistosomiasis, and heavy metal and pesticide poisoning. Keywords used to identify diseases and technologies included, but were not limited to, the following terms: medical devices, low-cost design, global health, low-income countries, low-and middle-income countries, pointof-care diagnostics, neglected tropical diseases (NTD), neonatal mortality. The number of people worldwide affected by heavy metal poisoning is difficult to estimate due to the varying sources of poisoning but, given that incidents like the one in Flint that occurred in a developed country with safeguards in place to prevent lead poisoning, there is a need to estimate atmospheric and water-based heavy metal exposure risks across the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3  10 6 severe pesticide poisonings occur annually and that at least 300,000 people die as a result of exposure, with 99% of these cases being from LMICs [51] . doi = 10.1115/1.4045910 id = cord-016238-bs1qk677 author = Venkatachalam, Sangeeta title = An Infectious Disease Outbreak Simulator Based on the Cellular Automata Paradigm date = 2006 keywords = cell; disease summary = The simulator facilitates the study of dynamics of epidemics of different infectious diseases, and has been applied to study the effects of spread vaccination and ring vaccination strategies. Our efforts to design and implement a Cellular Automata based simulator has been necessitated by the need to study the dynamic of spread of a vast number of infectious diseases. Di Stefano et al [8] have developed a lattice gas cellular automata model to analyze the spread of epidemics of infectious diseases. However, this approach does not consider the infection time-line of latency, incubation period, and recovery which have been shown to be important to model a disease epidemic. In our model the basic unit of cellular automata is a cell, which may represent an individual or a small sub-population. While modeling a disease epidemic, few parameters that are considered important are neighborhood radius, contact between individuals, infection probability (variable susceptibility), immunity, latency, infectious period and recovery period. doi = 10.1007/11553762_20 id = cord-274113-m0nb78kf author = Vignier, Nicolas title = Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2018-11-07 keywords = disease; infectious summary = In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. These infectious diseases unequally expose the majority Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases population, from none at all (e.g., malaria) to a little (e.g., tuberculosis). Among the published studies on migrants and infectious diseases, the majority were non-emergent diseases with the exception of MDR tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant bacteria (24, 25) . Immigrants don''t play the role of Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases sentinel epidemic so far. doi = nan id = cord-019063-mcxbl8mv author = Vijayan, Vannan K. title = Diagnosis of Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases date = 2013-06-05 keywords = Entamoeba; diagnosis; disease; lung; patient; pulmonary summary = The lung diseases that may result from these infections range from asymptomatic phase to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis is based on the microscopical demonstration of Leishmania amastigotes in the relevant tissue aspirates or biopsies such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or liver, skin slit smears, or in the peripheral blood buffy coat [ 19 ] . The important helminthic parasites that cause lung diseases include cestodes ( Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis ), trematodes ( Schistosoma haematobium , Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosoma japonicum , and Paragonimus westermani ), and nematodes ( Ascaris lumbricoides , Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis , Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , Brugia timori , Dirofi laria immitis , Dirofi laria repens , Toxocara canis or cati , and Trichinella spiralis ). A diagnosis of pulmonary disease due to ascariasis can be made in an endemic region in a patient who presents with dyspnea, dry cough, fever, and eosinophilia. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-37609-2_1 id = cord-012465-tta58o6t author = Vlietstra, Wytze J. title = Identifying disease trajectories with predicate information from a knowledge graph date = 2020-08-20 keywords = Akker; Jensen; disease; set summary = BACKGROUND: Knowledge graphs can represent the contents of biomedical literature and databases as subject-predicate-object triples, thereby enabling comprehensive analyses that identify e.g. relationships between diseases. Here, we determine whether a sequence of two diseases forms a trajectory by leveraging the predicate information from paths between (disease) proteins in a knowledge graph. To do so, we create four feature sets, based on two methods for representing indirect paths, and both with and without directional information of predicates (i.e., which protein is considered subject and which object). Based on the paths in the knowledge graph, four feature sets are created, based on two methods to represent indirect paths, and both with and without the directional information of predicates was measured with the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of a 10-fold cross-validation experiment [27, 28] . doi = 10.1186/s13326-020-00228-8 id = cord-302127-1abupl36 author = Vokó, Zoltán title = The effect of social distance measures on COVID-19 epidemics in Europe: an interrupted time series analysis date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; Disease; European summary = Recently published COVID-19 microsimulation models based on social network data in the UK and USA revealed that epidemic suppression would require a complex intervention package including social distancing of the entire population, home isolation of cases, and household quarantine of their family members, supplemented with school closure, in intermittent periods adjusted to epidemic intensity and unoccupied critical care capacity (Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team Report 9 2020; Kucharski et al. Our research aims were to identify the date when the COVID-19 pandemic started declining in each European country and to evaluate the association of the level of community mobility restrictions (social distancing) with the observed extent of decline in the national epidemics. To SDI social distance index, SD standard deviation prevent COVID-19 transmission in nursing homes and other chronic care facilities enriching high-risk elderly patient groups, effective local infection control measures are clearly more relevant than general interventions targeting the country population as a whole, without specific focus on critical hot spots of the epidemic. doi = 10.1007/s11357-020-00205-0 id = cord-016717-2twm4hmc author = Vourc’h, Gwenaël title = How Does Biodiversity Influence the Ecology of Infectious Disease? date = 2011-06-28 keywords = disease; host; pathogen; specie summary = To conclude, we consider that the consequences of the loss of species biodiversity on infectious diseases is still largely unknown, notably due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamics of host-pathogen relationships, especially at the population and at the community level.. To conclude, we consider that the consequences of the loss of species biodiversity on infectious diseases is still largely unknown, notably due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamics of host-pathogen relationships, especially at the population and at the community level.. In this chapter, we investigate how biodiversity influences the ecology of infectious diseases at the intraspecific level (genetic variability of pathogens and hosts) and at the level of communities (species composition). The hypothesis underlying the amplification and dilution effect is that for many diseases, the competence of reservoirs, i.e. the ability to become infected and retransmit the pathogen, varies according to the host species (Haydon et al. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-2114-2_13 id = cord-349066-546ozkly author = Walker, D.H. title = Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date = 2014-08-21 keywords = agent; disease; infectious summary = The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Specific diagnoses require isolation of the agent in culture, microscopic visualization of the pathogen in tissue lesions, and/or detection of a specific host immune response to the organism. Identification of fungi has been accelerated greatly in microbiology laboratories by performing either hybridization tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on media growing a fungus that is not identifiable by conventional morphological techniques such as blood culture bottles that contain yeast growth. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.01713-5 id = cord-291388-tt9eq7e0 author = Wang, Jann-Tay title = Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Findings, and Treatment Outcomes of SARS Patients date = 2004-05-17 keywords = SARS; disease; patient summary = Previous reports have described some major clinical findings of SARS, including the temporal progression of clinical symptoms and chest radiography, the outcomes, suggested treatment protocol, and risk factors for death (4, 5) . We report on the clinical features of our SARS patients with pneumonia, with emphasis on temporal progression of laboratory findings, treatment outcome, and risk factors for poor prognosis. Methylprednisolone was usually administered in the second week of the disease if any of the following occurred: a flare of fever, progression of clinical symptoms (such as dyspnea or diarrhea), a surge or resurge of CRP level, or rapid deterioration of chest radiographic findings (development of new infiltration). A previous study reported the temporal progression of clinical and radiologic findings in SARS patients and indicated that several parameters would become more severe in the second and third week of disease (5). doi = 10.3201/eid1005.030640 id = cord-276837-1me44xh0 author = Wang, Wei title = InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years date = 2017-05-04 keywords = IDP; Infectious; disease summary = Based on the "One health, One world" mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Based on the "One health, One world" mission mentioned in the Global Report on Research for the Infectious Diseases of Poverty [21] , the journal publishes work on topics and approaches that address essential public health questions related to this issue. Interestingly, the most highly cited publication in IDP is an editorial published in 2013 [25] , which may be explained by the fact that it dealt with surveillance and response defining this approach as a research priority during the stage moving towards elimination of tropical diseases, which received much global attention [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . doi = 10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6 id = cord-352049-68op3d8t author = Wang, Xingyuan title = Model of epidemic control based on quarantine and message delivery date = 2016-09-15 keywords = Fig; disease; network summary = Experiments show that the increasing of isolating rates in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the preventing of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is key to control the disease spreading. In Section 2, we first describe the characteristics of epidemic, then the SIQM models are developed, which contain the disease prevention measures based on quarantine and message delivery. There is a particular conclusion: the increasing of isolation rate in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the preventing of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is the key to control the spreading of disease. Second, several valuable results are obtained by simulating the model in scale-free and small-world networks: (i) The increasing of isolation rate in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the prevention of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is key to control the spread of disease. doi = 10.1016/j.physa.2016.04.009 id = cord-288342-i37v602u author = Wang, Zhen title = Coupled disease–behavior dynamics on complex networks: A review date = 2015-07-08 keywords = Fig; behavior; disease; epidemic; individual; model; network summary = Incorporating adaptive behavior into a model of disease spread can provide important insight into population health outcomes, as the activation of social distancing and other nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been observed to have the ability to alter the course of an epidemic [50] [51] [52] . The authors studied their coupled "disease-behavior" model in well-mixed populations, in square lattice populations, in random network populations, and in SF network populations, and found that population structure acts as a "double-edged sword" for public health: it can promote high levels of voluntary vaccination and herd immunity given that the cost for vaccination is not too large, but small increases in the cost beyond a certain threshold would cause vaccination to plummet, and infections to rise, more dramatically than in well-mixed populations. The first mathematical models studied the adaptive dynamics of disease-behavior responses in the homogeneously mixed population, assuming that individuals interact with each other at the same contact rate, without restrictions on selecting potential partners. doi = 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.07.006 id = cord-271863-apb8l8tq author = Ward, M.P. title = Companion animal disease surveillance: A new solution to an old problem? date = 2011-07-19 keywords = Australia; CPV; Disease; New summary = While the project is still in its infancy, the analysis of initial data is demonstrating some important findings with respect to disease distributions in space and time and risk factors, and there is considerable potential to gather vital information that could lead to targeted vaccination and treatment efforts which could be the key to the control of various diseases. In this paper we report details of this surveillance tool and illustrate its utility with a case study of canine parvovirus (CPV) occurrence and distribution during a 9-month period in the state of New South Wales. To demonstrate the utility of the Disease WatchDog system, data analysis focused on reports of CPV in the state of New South Wales. The distribution of spatio-temporal clusters of cases of canine parvovirus reported in the Disease WatchDog surveillance system between January and September 2010 in New South Wales, Australia. doi = 10.1016/j.sste.2011.07.009 id = cord-009966-6kcgc5fx author = Warren, Kimberly R. title = Role of chronic stress and depression in periodontal diseases date = 2013-12-09 keywords = depression; disease; periodontal; periodontitis; stress summary = Epidemiologic studies provide strong evidence that chronic psychosocial stress and depression increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other systemic conditions (51) , as well as adversely affect the course and outcome of the conditions (85, 100, 138) . Evidence also indicates that chronic stress and depression can mediate risk and progression of periodontitis through changes in health-related behaviors, such as oral hygiene, smoking and diet (3, 45) . Of the 14 studies (seven case-control, six cross-sectional and one prospective clinical trial) meeting inclusion criteria for the review, the majority (57%) reported a positive relationship between stress/psychological factors and periodontal disease. This study revealed that psychosocial measures of stress (financial strain) and distress, manifest as depression, were significant risk indicators of periodontal disease severity in adults, after adjusting for gender (male), smoking, diabetes mellitus, T. doi = 10.1111/prd.12036 id = cord-275602-cog4nma0 author = Watkins, Kevin title = Emerging Infectious Diseases: a Review date = 2018-06-22 keywords = East; Middle; RNA; disease; virus summary = SUMMARY: In addition to the aforementioned pathogens, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Nipah virus, New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase-1 Enterobacteriaceae, Rift Valley Fever virus, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus are reviewed. In 1992, an expert committee that produced the Institute of Medicine report on emerging infections defined them as "new, reemerging, or drug-resistant infections whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future." Additionally, six major contributors to these diseases were presented and included changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and changes in industry practices, economic development and changes in land-use patterns, dramatic increases in volume and speed of international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation and change, and breakdown of public health capacity [1] . The World Health Organization has prioritized a number of infectious diseases as requiring urgent need for research and development given the concern for potential of severe outbreaks. doi = 10.1007/s40138-018-0162-9 id = cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author = Weiss, Robin A title = Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date = 2004 keywords = AIDS; HIV; SARS; disease; human; infection summary = About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires'' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. Emerging infectious diseases in humans comprise the following: first, established diseases undergoing increased incidence or geographic spread, for example, Tuberculosis and Dengue fever; second, newly discovered infections causing known diseases, for example, hepatitis C and Helicobacter pylori; and third, newly emerged diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS and SARS. Although some of the apparent increase in infectious disease may be attributable to better diagnostic methods and surveillance, there seems little doubt that more incidents are occurring, and have the potential to spread more widely than 50 years ago, as outbreaks and spread of infections like Nipah virus and SARS would not have passed unnoticed. doi = 10.1038/nm1150 id = cord-024189-t7mbsr25 author = Weyand, Cornelia M. title = Vasculitides date = 2008 keywords = ANCA; GCA; Kawasaki; MPA; PAN; PMR; disease; figure; patient summary = A relatively disease-specifi c manifestation of GCA that is present in about half of the patients is jaw claudication: pain in the masseter or temporalis muscles caused by compromised blood fl ow in the extracranial branches of the carotid artery. Although a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is usually considered a hallmark of GCA, in a recent study 25% of all patients with positive temporal artery biopsies had normal ESRs before the initiation of glucocorticoid therapy (16) . Upregulation of acute phase reactants is helpful in distinguishing PMR from other pain syndromes, yet (as in GCA and TA) not all patients with active disease have elevated markers of infl ammation within their serum. Kawasaki''s disease (KD), once known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a systemic infl ammatory disorder occurring in children that is accompanied by vasculitis and a risk of coronary artery aneurysms. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68566-3_21 id = cord-267671-ys43n672 author = Whary, Mark T. title = Biology and Diseases of Mice date = 2015-07-10 keywords = BALB; C57BL/6; Control; Fig; Helicobacter; LCMV; MHV; PCR; SCID; animal; cell; complication; diagnosis; disease; dna; infection; laboratory; medicine; mouse; sign; strain; virus summary = Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 id = cord-272147-itdx3wqi author = White, Alexandre I R title = Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia date = 2020-03-27 keywords = Europe; disease summary = A historical understanding of the international regulations for containing the spread of infectious diseases reveals a particular focus on controls that have protected North American and European interests. The xenophobia that has occurred in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic can be situated in a longer history that dates back to 19th-century epidemics and the first international conventions on controlling the spread of infectious diseases. While quarantine, cordon sanitaire, and other social distancing practices date back to 14th-century Europe and earlier, by the 19th century the spread of epidemic diseases emerged as a problem that required an international, coordinated response. In the eyes of colonial health officials and the drafters of the first International Sanitary Conventions, the spread of cholera and plague was an economic, epidemic, and political risk to the long-term stability of the global economy. The heightened scrutiny and bias against non-Europeans who were blamed for spreading disease have historically resulted in aggressive racist and xenophobic responses carried out in the name of health controls. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30737-6 id = cord-017154-h8hxroos author = Wielinga, Peter R. title = One Health and Food Safety date = 2014-07-19 keywords = AMR; Health; animal; disease; food summary = doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_10 id = cord-000091-1qo1krxv author = Wilcox, Bruce A. title = Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens date = 2005-09-17 keywords = change; disease; ecological; emergence; infectious summary = Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk. This development in particular, along with observations from several decades of applications of systems ecology to natural resources and economic development (8, (21) (22) (23) , have resulted in important insights of significant potential in understanding zoonotic disease emergence as a cross-scale process. The above body of ecological theory and observations involving specific emerging infectious disease cases suggests a causal schema that links ecological phenomena on the scale of pathogen transmission and evolution to regional and global transformations. As explained by the infectious disease ecology described here, zoonotic disease emergence involves biological processes operating on the scale of molecules and cells to that of coupled, regional scale human-natural systems. doi = 10.1007/bf02897701 id = cord-023528-z9rc0ubj author = Wilkins, Pamela A. title = Disorders of Foals date = 2009-05-18 keywords = HIE; Rhodococcus; blood; cause; clinical; disease; effect; equine; foal; increase; infection; neonatal; pas; respiratory; result; therapy; treatment summary = First, restriction of the thorax or the abdomen can result in impaired ventilation, which can occur easily when one restrains a foal and may result in spuriously abnormal arterial blood gas values (see the discussion on arterial blood gas evaluation, Respiratory Diseases Associated with Hypoxemia in the Neonate). Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), currently referred to as neonatal encephalopathy in the human literature, is one systemic manifestation of a broader syndrome of perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS), and management of foals with signs consistent with a diagnosis of HIE requires the clinician to examine other body systems fully and to provide therapy directed at treating other involved systems. Therapy for the various manifestations of hypoxiaischemia involves control of seizures, general cerebral support, correction of metabolic abnormalities, maintenance of normal arterial blood gas values, maintenance of tissue perfusion, maintenance of renal function, treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction, prevention and recognition and early treatment of secondary infections, and general supportive care. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50021-4 id = cord-021361-v3nw0xh9 author = Willard, Michael D. title = Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Hepatic Disorders date = 2009-05-15 keywords = EPI; SAP; alt; cause; disease; hepatic; increase; serum summary = Hepatic biopsy should be considered in patients with obviously significant hepatic disease, those that do not have hyperadrenocorticism, and those that have persistent (more than 1 month) changes in serum ALT or SAP consistent with chronic or progressive hepatic disease or abnormal hepatic function tests (see Figure 9 -5). Ammonia tolerance testing (ATT) and pre-and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations appear to be the most sensitive NOTE: These drugs do not reliably cause hepatic disease. Occasional Indications • Icterus (on either physical examination or inspection of nonhemolyzed serum or plasma), bilirubinuria (any amount in a cat or significant amounts in a dog), or suspected hepatic disease that is not apparent on other tests. Increased SAP in a cat is an indication for serum thyroid hormone determination, urinalysis, blood glucose and serum ALT measurement, and perhaps a hepatic function test (e.g., bile acid). doi = 10.1016/b0-72-168903-5/50014-8 id = cord-015672-qau96gvw author = Willermain, François title = Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis date = 2017-06-01 keywords = disease; infectious; uveitis summary = According to Woolhouse, an emerging pathogen can be defined as an infectious agent whose incidence is increasing following its introduction into a new host population. However, due to evolution in our societies, such as globalization, those causes of infectious uveitis begin to emerge in non-endemic regions in patients having traveled in endemic regions (see Sect. In this context, a series of infectious uveitis, mainly rickettsioses, West Nile virus, dengue, or chikungunya, has been the subject of an increase awareness and careful descriptions from both endemic and non-endemic regions [20, 49, 50] . The recent outbreaks of Ebola and Zika virus have been similarly associated with uveitis cases and those pathogens should be now included in the list of emerging infectious uveitis agents [51, 52] . This is clearly due to evolution of our lifestyle which has also important impact on the emergence of new infectious diseases which might become someday new uveitis causes. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-23416-8_1 id = cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author = Williamson, E. D. title = Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date = 2019-04-11 keywords = EUA; United; disease; pathogen; vaccine summary = However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. While approval of vaccines for diseases caused by such pathogens would Clinical and Experimental Immunology REvIEw ARtIClE Series Editor: E Diane williamson make a significant impact on disease outbreaks, taking niche vaccines into clinical development, including Phase III clinical trials for efficacy, requires a large investment in time and money. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or an alternative status in the United States, Canada and European Union (EU) making use of a considerable number of alternative regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing, so that the products are deployable at the first indications of a disease outbreak. doi = 10.1111/cei.13284 id = cord-337659-x4oywbrj author = Wilson, Brenda A. title = Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world date = 2008-07-31 keywords = BSE; HIV; U.S.; disease; food; human; virus summary = Although one might argue that the principal difference in the infectious disease threat today versus say 10, 25, or 50 years ago is bioterrorism, the resources spend on preparing for a bioterror attack is viewed by most scientists as grossly exorbitant [6] , particularly considering the small numbers of individuals who have been or could be affected by this type of attack and considering the relatively low medical relevance or prevalence of the diseases caused by the limited number of highpriority bioterror bioagents, the socalled ''''category A select agents.'''' And, while admittedly the preparedness and surveillance measures put in place for one has certainly helped to protect against the other (the improved global response to and curtailment of SARS coming after the anthrax bioterrorist attacks is a prime example of this), most scientists feel that the limited resources available from an already overburdened system should instead be used for studying and preparing against the looming and potentially more devastating infectious disease threats from natural or accidental exposure [7] , which could affect millions of people and animals and could have huge health and economic consequences. doi = 10.1002/cplx.20246 id = cord-338145-al2m9lou author = Wolka, Eskinder title = Awareness Towards Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) and Its Prevention Methods in Selected Sites in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Quick, Exploratory, Operational Assessment date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; God; disease; participant summary = The government of Ethiopia has taken several measures such as shutting down of schools including universities, restricting the movement of people under a State of Emergency (stay at home), introducing chains of training programs for health workers, identifying isolation areas and hospitalization sites, starting screening tests at Bole International Airport and different engagement in mobilizing resources including equipment, supplies, food, money and educating the people about the disease and preventive methods, and so on. Hand washing, avoiding hand shaking, wearing masks and gloves, using sanitizer, physical distancing, general personal hygiene, holy water, consuming hot drinks, chili papers, garlic and ginger were identified as prevention methods of the disease by participants of in-depth interview. Participants noted challenges like consistent availability of water, affordability of materials used to keep hygiene for the rural poor, keeping physical distancing in funeral area and markets, lack of awareness (particularly in rural areas), difficulty of avoiding usual trend of greetings like hand shaking in rural areas, not obeying rules and instructions, misunderstanding on lifting of some of the restrictions like allowing motorbike movement, stigmatizing people with cough. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s266292 id = cord-338484-a8jmc8lq author = Wu, Tong title = Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review date = 2016-08-04 keywords = China; H5N1; disease summary = Assessment of the risks posed by zoonotic diseases requires an understanding of how socioeconomic, and ecological conditions affect two phenomena: emergence (the irruption of a pathogen originating in wildlife or livestock into human populations) and spread (the transmission of disease among both animals and people). In particular, the emergence of HPAI strains has become more likely in southern China, where the growth of an increasingly affluent urban population has driven an increase in poultry production and land-use changes that brings humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife into closer contact (Davis 2005; Wallace et al. The global infectious disease risks created by China''s trade growth stem from the fact that international markets facilitate the movement of pathogens around the world as freely as commodities and people (Perrings et al. Mitigating the infectious disease risks of climate change-both for vectorborne and directly transmissible zoonoses-requires a deeper understanding of how it interacts with urbanization and globalization to alter the vulnerability of human populations (Tong et al. doi = 10.1007/s13280-016-0809-2 id = cord-018706-gykw2nvt author = Yadav, Mahendra Pal title = Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases: Perspectives and Preparedness date = 2020-02-23 keywords = FMD; H5N1; India; OIE; animal; disease; virus summary = The factors driving the emergence of different emerging infectious disease (EID) interfaces include global travel, urbanisation and biomedical manipulations for human EIDs; agricultural intensification for domestic animal EIDs; translocation for wildlife EIDs; human encroachment, ex situ contact and ecological manipulation for wildlife–human EIDs; encroachment, new introductions and ''spill-over'' and ''spill-back''; and technology and industry for domestic animal–human EIDs. The concepts of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and biosecurity have gained recognition globally in almost all the realms of human activities, including livestock health and production management. Among the TADs having zoonotic manifestations, a number of infectious diseases, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), BSE (Mad cow disease caused by prion), West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Zika virus and CCHF, to name a few, adversely affecting animal and human health have been in the news in recent times (Malik and Dhama 2015; Munjal et al. doi = 10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_1 id = cord-258792-4lakgpxp author = Yoon, Sung‐Won title = Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation: A Study of China''s Response in Combat of Epidemics date = 2008-04-08 keywords = AIDS; China; Health; SARS; chinese; disease summary = Unless and until the Chinese leadership examines the nationalistic element embedded in their approach towards growing disease Sung-Won Yoon: Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation epidemics and globalising health challenges, China''s ascendance to great power status will actually be harmed rather than helped. A major factor behind the government''s recent change in its attitude towards the AIDS epidemic seemed to be the outbreak of SARS in China in Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism: Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008 2003, which exposed the dangers of not reacting to emerging infectious diseases. It is argued that global health governance may influence the nation''s response to the threats posed by emerging infectious diseases such as SARS or AIDS as a mode of building political compromises but does not considerably alter the nation''s behaviour, at least for China. doi = 10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00009.x id = cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author = ZANETTI, A. R. title = Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date = 2010-01-04 keywords = disease; human; infectious; virus summary = Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts. doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.02174.x id = cord-017621-pyn1enz2 author = Zaras, Nikolaos V. title = Case Study – Greece date = 2012-08-31 keywords = disease; system summary = The system of mandatory reporting of diseases represents the basis of epidemiologic monitoring in most countries; usually it is supplemented by more specialized systems, networks or studies with speci fi c objectives. Speci fi c (for the system of mandatory reporting of diseases) -detection of spo-• radic cases; Detection of epidemic cases Generic (for every system of epidemiologic monitoring) -estimation of reperThe reporting process can start from the clinical or laboratory doctor or the hospital''s infectious diseases nurse but has to be sent immediately (by fax) to the Regional Health Directorates and CDCP. 2003: "Regulations applied for regional systems of health and providence", Art. 44, Law 3204/23-12-2003: CDCP -each private or public medical institution or individual doctor, operating legally, is obliged to inform CDCP of each case of pestiferous disease that comes to his/her attention. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-5273-3_11 id = cord-354651-bxm9yxjm author = Zeng, Yawen title = Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date = 2020-03-30 keywords = GABA; barley; disease; effect; glucan; grain; high; homo; human; table summary = Chronic consumption of barley β-glucans can decrease fatty liver by increasing small intestinal contents viscosity and improving glucose, lower glycated hemoglobin and relative kidney weights [129] , strengthen the angiogenic ability of ROS-exposed endothelial cells for preventive heart disease [123] , and accelerate the wound closure by promoting the migration and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts [133] . Therefore, functional ingredients in barley grass and grains are essential for the health contribution of modern human (Homo sapiens), Neanderthals, and early hominids staple food to prevent and treat human chronic diseases. In particular, the healthy effects of functional components of barley grains and grass are the result of longterm continuous evolution of early hominids (fruits/vegetables and leaves rich in polyphenols, K-Ca, and vitamins), Neanderthals (mushrooms and nuts rich in polysaccharides, phytosterols, and linoleic acids), and Homo sapiens (grasses and seeds rich in GABA, enzymes, and resistant starch), which associate with modern humans originating in the progenitor of African Homo sapiens with cognitive hominin, especially after interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals that took place in the Middle East. doi = 10.1155/2020/3836172 id = cord-341445-0e759ijp author = Zhang, Ke title = Threat of infectious disease during an outbreak: Influence on tourists'' emotional responses to disadvantaged price inequality() date = 2020-07-16 keywords = disease; price; threat; tourist summary = Despite the documented negative impacts of diseases on tourism demand and people''s perceived health risk, researchers have seldom examined the psychological responses of tourists travelling during an infectious disease outbreak. We therefore conducted three studies to examine this key aspect, and our findings indicate that tourists have a strong negative emotional reaction towards disadvantaged tourism-related prices in response to a high (vs low) infectious disease threat. In Study 2B, we manipulated the disease threat and showed that a higher disease threat led tourists to be more risk averse, which in turn magnified their negative emotional reaction to a disadvantaged price inequality. Next, in Study 2B, we investigated the causal effect of the disease threat on the participants'' emotional reactions to disadvantaged price inequality while directly measuring risk aversion as the underlying mechanism. This showed that risk aversion mediated the effect of the disease threat on the tourists'' negative emotional reactions to the disadvantaged price inequality. doi = 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102993 id = cord-350443-ca5avyjf author = Zhang, Lei title = Trends in Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: Implications for Surveillance and Population Health Policy date = 2012-02-16 keywords = China; HIV; chinese; disease summary = This study reviews trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context, discusses the current epidemiological state of these infections and their implications for disease surveillance and public health interventions. The total number of diagnosed and death cases were estimated by multiplying morbidity and mortality rates by the overall Chinese population in the study years. In 2008, the three most frequently reported disease types included viral hepatitis (38.3%), bacterial infections (33.3%) and STIs and HIV (9.8%), which account for 5.4, 4.8 and 1.4 million diagnosed cases respectively during the period 2005-2008 (Table 1) . Second, the rapid rise in the number of notified cases of STIs, especially HIV infection, and viral hepatitis in China is associated with growth of the sex industry, increasingly frequent risky sexual behaviours and an increasing number of sexual partners in the general Chinese population. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0031076 id = cord-354953-q1imoe7k author = Zhong, ShaoBo title = Simulation of the spread of infectious diseases in a geographical environment date = 2009-02-26 keywords = Infective; disease summary = Given the fact that most existing models cannot comprehensively depict heterogeneities (e.g., the population heterogeneity and the distribution heterogeneity) and complex contagion patterns (which are mostly caused by the human interaction induced by modern transportation) in the real world, a theoretical model of the spread of infectious diseases is proposed. It employs geo-entity based cellular automata to simulate the spread of infectious diseases in a geographical environment. Through defining suitable spatial weighting functions, the model is applied to simulate the spread of the infectious diseases with not only local contagion but also global contagion. In the following cases of simulation, we will examine the spatial dynamics of infectious diseases with the local contagion and the global contagion, and the effect of two typical interventions (isolation and quarantine) on the spread of infectious diseases. doi = 10.1007/s11430-009-0044-9 id = cord-003063-mowj6wyl author = Zhou, Xuezhong title = A Systems Approach to Refine Disease Taxonomy by Integrating Phenotypic and Molecular Networks date = 2018-04-06 keywords = Fig; ICD; NCD; Section; disease summary = After that, we clustered the 223 disease sub-categories additionally by a widely used non-overlapping community detection algorithm (considering the link weight and setting the resolution parameter as 0.5) into 17 top-level categories (which corresponds to the number of original chapter-level categories in ICD, which we named as New Chapters, NCs) using the shared ICD codes (Fig. S11c & Data S10). To extend and redefine disease concepts by discovering additional categories of a disease, we generated a novel disease taxonomy by constructing an integrated disease network (IDN) with: (a) Shared clinical phenotypes including shared symptoms; (b) Shared molecular profiles including (i) shared genes and molecular module similarity and (ii) shortest path lengths in the PPI network, based on a systematic integration process to filter out possible false positive associations (see Methods, SM Section 6, Fig. S9 and Fig. S11a) , which includes 1857 diseases and 35,114 links (Data S9). doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.002 id = cord-020846-mfh1ope6 author = Zlabinger, Markus title = DSR: A Collection for the Evaluation of Graded Disease-Symptom Relations date = 2020-03-24 keywords = disease; symptom summary = While existing disease-symptom relationship extraction methods are used as the foundation in the various medical tasks, no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods. While several disease-symptom extraction methods have been proposed that retrieve a ranked list of symptoms for a disease [7, 10, 13, 14] , no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods [11] . In the second method [14] , the relation between a disease and symptom is calculated based on their co-occurrence in the MeSHkeywords 1 of medical articles. We describe limitations of the keyword-based method [14] and propose an adaption in which we calculate the relations not only on keywords of medical articles, but also on the full text and the title. We evaluate the baselines on the dsr-collection to compare their effectiveness in the extraction of graded disease-symptom relations. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-45442-5_54 id = cord-345370-44z28cm8 author = Zou, Kelly H. title = Harnessing real-world evidence to reduce the burden of noncommunicable disease: health information technology and innovation to generate insights date = 2020-11-06 keywords = Disease; Health; RWD; RWE summary = RWE is essential to understand the epidemiology of NCDs, quantify NCD burdens, assist with the early detection of vulnerable populations at high risk of NCDs by identifying the most influential risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefits of treatments, programs, and public policies for NCDs. To realize the potential power of RWD and RWE, challenges related to data integration, access, interoperability, standardization of analytical methods, quality control, security, privacy protection, and ethical standards for data use must be addressed. Finally, partnerships between academic centers, governments, pharmaceutical companies, and other stakeholders aimed at improving the utilization of RWE can have a substantial beneficial impact in preventing and managing NCDs. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortality globally and a major global health challenge that affects people in all countries, regardless of their socioeconomic status (World Health Organization 2018; GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators 2018) . doi = 10.1007/s10742-020-00223-7 id = cord-268561-vq1uhj5i author = da Silva, Severino Jefferson Ribeiro title = Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus Causing COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient summary = 11 The causative agent was identified as a novel CoV, eventually named SARS-CoV-2, and the respiratory syndrome associated with the infection was designated as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). In direct tests, the clinical sample is examined directly for the presence of particles, virus antigens, or viral nucleic acids, whereas indirect methods detect the serological response against the infection (Figure 2 ). 11 Culture-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been used in research and public health laboratories in different parts of the world, but virus isolation is not recommended as a routine diagnostic procedure because it has low sensitivity, it is time-consuming, and it requires BSL-3 containment. 11 In addition to unequivocally confirming the diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, regular sequencing of a percentage of patient samples from clinical cases can be used to monitor changes in the viral genome over time and trace transmission patterns. doi = 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00274 id = cord-011496-r8e19t0c author = de Rooij, Doret title = Development of a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response in the air transport public health sector date = 2020-05-21 keywords = Health; airport; competency; disease; profile summary = title: Development of a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response in the air transport public health sector Therefore, the main aim of this study is to develop a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response at airports in order to stimulate and direct further education and training. METHODS: We developed the competency profile through the following steps: 1) extraction of competencies from relevant literature, 2) assessment of the profile in a national RAND modified Delphi study with an interdisciplinary expert group (n = 9) and 3) assessment of the profile in an international RAND modified Delphi study with an airport infectious disease management panel of ten European countries (n = 10). We performed the systematic RAND modified Delphi consensus procedure [31] to develop a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response at airports. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0233360 id = cord-322087-gj5mfzxz author = de Sanctis, Vincenzo title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adolescents: An update on current clinical and diagnostic characteristics date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; China; Disease; SARS summary = This paper summarises the current findings (April 3,2020) from a systematic literature review on the current knowledge of COVID-19 in adolescents (10-19 years according to the WHO definition) and reports the preliminary epidemiological data stated by the Italian National Institute of Health. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was also detected in stool specimens but according to WHO-China report, fecal-oral transmission did not appear to be a significant factor in the spread of infection (Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-2019. Detailed epidemiological information based on a larger sample of COVID-19 patients is needed to determine the infectious period of SARS-CoV-2, as well as whether transmission can occur from asymptomatic individuals during the incubation period ("pre-symptomatic" period). In a small number of case reports and studies, a familial cluster of infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported, indicating possible personto-person transmission during the incubation period (18, 19) . doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9543 id = cord-000843-e1bn79ui author = nan title = ECR 2011 Book of Abstracts - A - Postgraduate Educational Programme date = 2011-03-01 keywords = CAD; CTA; CTC; DWI; FDG; MDCT; MRI; PET; RADS; cancer; clinical; contrast; diagnosis; disease; finding; high; image; imaging; lesion; objective; patient; role; technique; treatment; tumour summary = The role of radiology includes (a) characterisation of sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses, (b) staging as guidance for surgery and treatment planning (including identification of sites of non optimal resectabilty) in suspected ovarian cancer, (c) assessment of recurrent disease, and (d) in selected cases image-guided biopsy. The association of multiple markers of structural and functional imaging (MRI and PET) and the use of advanced computational analysis techniques will allow better management of AD but it needs a broader validation and know the most efficient combination of biomarkers at each stage of the disease, including the preclinical period. Although the basic techniques for DCE-CT have been available for decades, more recently a range of technological advances have contributed to the greater applicability of perfusion CT in the clinical environment including wider CT detectors, shorter gantry rotation times, ''table-toggling'', radiation dose reduction and software corrections for image mis-registration due to respiratory or other patient motion. doi = 10.1007/s13244-011-0078-3 id = cord-001221-due9tloa author = nan title = ECR 2014, Part A date = 2014-02-27 keywords = ASL; CTA; DWI; Europe; FDG; GGO; MDCT; MRI; PET; RADS; RECIST; SPECT; base; cancer; clinical; contrast; diagnosis; different; disease; european; high; image; imaging; lesion; objective; patient; radiologist; role; study; technique; treatment; tumour summary = In short: obtaining samples for making an accurate diagnosis and also to know more about its specific biology (biomarkers); IR covers any possibility needed for vascular access; percutaneous needle ablation is the best alternative in selected patients; endovascular embolisation with "vehiculisation" of therapies is an outstanding method for selective treatment, and sometimes precise ablation, of different tumors; IR is a unique way to offer palliation in a wide range of tumoral complications, such as embolisation for bleeding, stenting for vein obstructions or drainage of fluid collections. CT may be useful for osteoid osteoma and MRI is the best imaging technique for further diagnosis and staging by displaying tumour composition and extent of bone marrow involvement, including skip lesions, presence and extent of extraosseous soft tissue mass, and involvement of neurovascular bundle, muscle compartments and adjacent joint. doi = 10.1007/s13244-014-0316-6 id = cord-004675-n8mlxe7p author = nan title = 2019 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2019-02-26 keywords = ADA; CD3; CD4; CD8; CGD; CMV; CVID; EBV; HLH; HSCT; IFN; IVIG; PCR; PID; PIDD; RAG1; SCID; TCL; age; case; cell; disease; dna; dock8; infection; mutation; patient; report; result; year summary = However, the mean infusion rate per site was similar between patients aged <18 years ( XMEN disease (X-linked Immunodeficency with Magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection and Neoplasia) is a primary immune deficiency caused by mutations in MAGT1 and characterized by chronic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), EBV-driven lymphoma, CD4 T-cell lymphopenia, and dysgammaglobulinemia. We present the case of a 1-year old Hispanic infant with a pathogenic variant in MAGT1 gene that clinically manifested with early Pneumocystis jirovecii and cytomegalovirus (CMV) interstitial pneumonia, and EBV chronic infection with good response to intravenous immunoglobulins supplementation without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy. Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, IDGS, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Hypomorphic Recombination Activating Gene 1 (RAG1) mutations result in residual T-and B-cell development in both humans and mice and have been found in patients presenting with delayed-onset combined immune deficiency with granulomas and/or autoimmunity (CID-G/AI). doi = 10.1007/s10875-019-00597-5 id = cord-005147-mvoq9vln author = nan title = Autorenregister date = 2017-02-23 keywords = Berlin; Genetics; Germany; Human; Illumina; Institute; NGS; PCR; RNA; Sanger; University; WES; analysis; case; cell; disease; dna; expression; family; gene; mutation; patient; result; sequencing; study; syndrome; variant summary = Using whole-exome sequencing and trio-based de novo analysis, we identified a novel heterozygous de novo frameshift variant in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene causing instability of the mRNA in a patient presenting with bilateral CAKUT and requiring kidney transplantation at one year of age. Loss of cdkl5 associated with deficient mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in mice and human cells We and other groups have shown that mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with clinical features including intellectual disability, early-onset intractable seizures and autism, that are closely related to those present in Rett syndrome (RTT) patients. Functional characterization of novel GNB1 mutations as a rare cause of global developmental delay Over the past years, prioritization strategies that combined the molecular predictors of sequence variants from exomes and genomes of patients with rare Mendelian disorders with computer-readable phenotype information became a highly effective method for detecting disease-causing mutations. doi = 10.1007/s11825-017-0126-6 id = cord-005453-4057qib7 author = nan title = The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date = 2019-07-03 keywords = AML; ASCT; ATG; BMT; CD19; CD34; CD4; CD8; CMV; CSF; DFS; DLI; EBMT; EBV; ECP; GVHD; HCT; HLA; HSCT; Hodgkin; Hospital; III; January; MDS; MRD; MSD; NHL; NRM; PBSC; PCR; PFS; PNH; RIC; TBI; TMA; TRM; University; VOD; background; car; cell; conclusion; day; disease; donor; figure; graft; group; high; median; method; mud; patient; result; transplantation summary = To compare the safety and efficacy of prophylactic DLI for prevention of relapse after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from haploidentical donors (HID-SCT) and matched-sibling donors (MSD-SCT) in patients with very high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we performed a retrospective, observational cohort study enrolled in 21 HID-SCT and 13 MSD-SCT recipients. The aim of this study is to identify the prognostic impact of pre-transplant TIM3 levels on early and late transplant related complications as well as post-transplant relapse and survival Methods: A total of 177 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients with an initial diagnosis of acute leukemia [median age: 36(16-66) years; male/ female: 111/66] were included in the study. doi = 10.1038/s41409-019-0559-4 id = cord-006466-e1phpqes author = nan title = 2018 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2018-04-23 keywords = ADA; Background; CD3; CD4; CD8; CGD; CMV; CTLA4; CVID; EBV; GVHD; HSCT; IGRT; IVIG; Immunology; Introduction; PID; SCID; TREC; cell; conclusion; disease; dna; hct; infection; method; mutation; patient; result summary = Whole exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation, previously reported (c.1425+1G>T) Conclusions: In summary, this report emphasizes the suspicion of a combined immunodeficiency in the presence of multiple abscesses by Mycoplasma, the usefulness of rDNA 16s in order to achieve proper Objectives: We describe a 15-year-old male patient with novel heterozygous mutation of EP300 gene; his first manifestations were initially characterized by infections, cytopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia suggesting a Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), but later on, persisting lymphopenia was suggestive of a combined immunodeficiency. Conclusions: Close monitoring of immune function in early life for patients with CHH and CID as well as the availability of suitable donors assists in determining management, including HSCT Introduction/Background: Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) represents a group of distinct inherited disorders, which inhibit the normal extravasation of neutrophils and their recruitment to sites of infection or inflammation. doi = 10.1007/s10875-018-0485-z id = cord-006824-btcdjmfp author = nan title = Key Note and State of the Art Lectures date = 2002-09-07 keywords = CNS; GVHD; cell; disease; hct; transplantation summary = In a prospective phase II trial, we treated 37 patients with high dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation for follicular lymphoma in first complete or partial remission [6] . A comparison with similar autologous HCT recipients with NHL who had not been treated with the monoclonal antibody after transplantation indicates that Figure 1 : Overall survival, event-free survival and relapse following autologous bone marrow transplantation in 37 patients with follicular lymphoma during their first complete or first partial chemotherapy-induced remissions this new post-transplant therapy has contributed positively to the treatment outcome. In 1986, a first group of 17 patients (14 with NHL and three with Hodgkin''s disease) was described indicating that extended disease-free long-term survival can be attained with high dose therapy followed by allogeneic transplantation utilizing hematopoietic cells obtained either from fully or closely matched related donors [9] . doi = 10.1007/s00277-002-0513-0 id = cord-006828-i88on326 author = nan title = Abstracts DGRh-Kongress 2013 date = 2013-09-15 keywords = Background; CD4; ELISA; IFN; IL-6; MRI; MTX; Patienten; SLE; TNF; Therapie; arthritis; cell; der; die; disease; mit; patient; result; und summary = Comparing gene expression profiles of yellow fever immunized individuals and active SLE patients it was possible to identify a "common" and an "autoimmune-specific" IFN signature. The inflammatory and profibrotic effects upon Aab stimulation in vitro, and their associations with clinical findings suggest a role for autoantibody-mediated activation of immune cells mediated through the AT1R and ETAR in the pathogenesis or even the onset of the disease. This study was aimed to investigate the humoral and cellular immune response to VZV including assessment of IgG-anti-VZV avidity and VZV-specific reactivity of lymphocytes in RA (n=56) or JIA patients (n=75) on different treatments, including biologic agents, such as anti-tumor-necrosis-factor(TNF)-alpha or anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor inhibition (tocilizumab), compared to 37 healthy adults (HA) and 41 children (HC). Production of cytokines by B cells in response to TLR9 stimulation inversely correlates with disease activity in SLE-patients doi = 10.1007/s00393-013-1255-1 id = cord-006862-5va1yyit author = nan title = ITS ASM 2012 date = 2012-11-04 keywords = AAT; AATD; COPD; Hospital; IPF; Ireland; OSAS; disease; lung; patient; study; year summary = 10 .45 % (n = 202) of attendances were for non-respiratory diseases as the clinic also provides follow-up for general medical patients post hospital admission. Higher levels of exercise participation were seen in the younger age groups (p = 0.585 Introduction: Respiratory diseases, largely represented by COPD, are the third most common cause of acute hospital admission.Our aim was to audit the prescribing habits of inhaled, nebulised medication and oxygen by doctors in a general hospital. Our study was designed to determine the baseline and post-treatment values of total lymphocyte count and its subsets in HIV-negative patients diagnosed with active pulmonary MTB. The results of this study indicate that AAT can inhibit LTB 4 signaling thereby reducing the proteolytic activity of neutrophils and propose AAT aerosolized augmentation therapy as an effective treatment for LTB 4 associated pulmonary diseases including cystic fibrosis and severe asthma. doi = 10.1007/s11845-012-0856-z id = cord-006882-t9w1cdr4 author = nan title = Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland date = 2012-07-22 keywords = DEXA; Hospital; case; disease; medical; patient; study; year summary = Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model to determine the TTO based on two or more DEXA scans with TTO defined as the age at which the patient will enter the osteoporotic T-score range. An Audit of Clinical Outcomes in Transcervical Resection of the Endometrium Compared to Outpatient Balloon Thermablation Anglim BC, Von Bunau G Department of Gynaecology, Adelaide and Meath Children''s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin Thermablation was introduced to the Coombe in November 2009 and thus far it has provided a quick and effective means of treating women with menorrhagia refractive to medical treatment. This audit reviewed cases of ovarian cystectomy, oopherectomy and salpingooopherectomy using both a hospital online database and records of theatre procedures to identify these patients. A retrospective review of the case notes of patients aged greater than 80 years who underwent bronchoscopy between September 2009 and November 2011 was carried out. doi = 10.1007/s11845-012-0833-6 id = cord-008764-j9qmw4zy author = nan title = Chapter 1 The need for chemotherapy and prophylaxis against viral diseases date = 2008-05-29 keywords = USA; chapter; disease; virus summary = We shall examine the methods developed for the prevention of measles, influenza, polio and rotaviruses later on (Chapters 8, 7, 4 and 9, respectively) but it may be mentioned here that live polio vaccines used so successfully in industrialized countries are much more difficult to apply successfully in third world countries where problems of vaccine administration, heat lability control and viral interference become very important. The greatest challenges and probably the most difficult and medically important areas for prophylaxis and therapy of viral diseases are those viruses which are rapidly changing in antigenic composition and/or viruses with animal reservoirs (influenza and arboviruses) and also those forming latent infections (herpesviruses). The greatest challenges and probably the most difficult and medically important areas for prophylaxis and therapy of viral diseases are those viruses which are rapidly changing in antigenic composition and/or viruses with animal reservoirs (influenza and arboviruses) and also those forming latent infections (herpesviruses). doi = 10.1016/s0168-7069(08)70009-0 id = cord-009571-mygj2nd4 author = nan title = Proceedings of the 42nd annual meeting of the american rheumatism association a section of the arthritis foundation june 1 & 2, 1978 new york city abstracts of papers presented date = 2005-11-23 keywords = HLA; SLE; antibody; cell; disease; dna; normal; nzb; patient; study summary = Levels of Ty cells as well as total T lymphocytes were measured in 19 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 11 with active and 8 with inactive disease, and in 47 normal subjects. The diagnosis of GC arthritis were studied for the presence of GC antigen (AG) and anti-in all seven patients was made by typical clinical presentation, body (AB) in serum and synovial fluid by counter-positive local culture for Ngonorrhoeae (NG) , and response to treatment. A retrospective study was instituted on 10 patients in the UCLA lupus nephritis clinic in an attempt to determine the ability of three serologic indicators-specifically immune complexes (IC), anti-DNA antibodies (DNA-ab), and C3-to predict the activity of SLE renal disease as indicated by changes in 24 hour proteinuria, serum creatinine, and creatinine clearance. doi = 10.1002/art.1780210508 id = cord-009997-oecpqf1j author = nan title = 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date = 2018-03-31 keywords = AKI; AML; AYA; BRAF; Background; CNS; Cancer; Center; Children; EBV; GVHD; Group; HLH; HSCT; Hospital; January; MRD; MRI; Medical; Method; S301; SCD; States; TCD; United; University; VOC; VTE; cell; child; disease; high; patient; pediatric; result; study; therapy; treatment; tumor; year summary = Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. doi = 10.1002/pbc.27057 id = cord-010078-8lkkez3n author = nan title = Invited Speakers date = 2010-11-24 keywords = AMS; COPD; CVD; EGFR; HAPE; ILD; Pacifi; asthma; disease; lung; patient; pulmonary; treatment summary = Both modes of imaging discriminate early malignant lesions from non-specifi c infl ammation, aid in selecting appropriate sites for biopsy and better delineate tumor margins for more precise staging, but are of little value at present in clinical practice since most patients with malignant pleural effusions have extensive pleural involvement that is easy to diagnose with white light pleuroscopy For pleuroscopic guided pleural biopsies, specimens obtained with the rigid forceps are larger than those with the fl ex-rigid pleuroscope since they are limited by size of the fl exible forceps, which in turn depends on the diameter of the working channel. In the United Kingdom, a thrombosis group has been formed to promote awareness among parliamentarians about the risk and management of VTE; to increase knowledge of its causes, effects, and treatments; and to monitor the implementation of government initiatives and other researches being and this program has corrected the wrong perception that PTE is a rare disease in China Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial lung diseases (ILD). doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x id = cord-014462-11ggaqf1 author = nan title = Abstracts of the Papers Presented in the XIX National Conference of Indian Virological Society, “Recent Trends in Viral Disease Problems and Management”, on 18–20 March, 2010, at S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh date = 2011-04-21 keywords = BTV; CMV; CTV; ELISA; India; PCR; Pradesh; RNA; RTBV; disease; dna; gene; isolate; plant; protein; sequence; study; vaccine; virus summary = Molecular diagnosis based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR s.a. one step or nested PCR, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), or real time RT-PCR, has gradually replaced the virus isolation method as the new standard for the detection of dengue virus in acute phase serum samples. Non-genetic methods of management of these diseases include quarantine measures, eradication of infected plants and weed hosts, crop rotation, use of certified virus-free seed or planting stock and use of pesticides to control insect vector populations implicated in transmission of viruses. The results of this study indicate that NS1 antigen based ELISA test can be an useful tool to detect the dengue virus infection in patients during the early acute phase of disease since appearance of IgM antibodies usually occur after fifth day of the infection. The studies showed high level of expression in case of constructed vector as compared to infected virus for the specific protein. doi = 10.1007/s13337-011-0027-2 id = cord-014516-r59usk02 author = nan title = Research Communications of the 24th ECVIM‐CA Congress date = 2015-01-10 keywords = Animal; CHF; CRP; FCV; IBD; Ltd; PCR; SBP; University; cat; concentration; disease; dog; group; study summary = Serum prolactin concentration measured in 22/23 dogs at time zero, 6 weeks and 6 months was 3.35 ng/ml (range, 1.4-6.36), 3.57 ng/ml (range, 1.87-7.39) and 3.92 ng/ml (range, 2.01-12.92) and did not differ significantly in either time period when compared with time zero (P = 0.99 and P = 0.52).Altogether, results of this study failed to demonstrate a significant role of thyroid supplementation on the majority of evaluated behavioural symptoms as well as neurohormonal status of hypothyroid dogs during 6 months of therapy. The aims of the present study were (1) to describe a clinical series of recent autochtonous cases and (2) to retrospectively assess Angiostrongylus vasorum qPCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, collected over the last 7 years from a larger series of dogs, healthy or with other respiratory conditions, in order to investigate the past prevalence of the disease in Belgium. doi = 10.1111/jvim.12491 id = cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author = nan title = Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date = 2014-08-02 keywords = BCG; CGD; CVID; HSCT; Hospital; IVIG; Immunology; PID; SCID; University; case; cell; deficiency; disease; dna; infection; patient; year summary = Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey Ig class switch recombination deficiencies are rare PIDs (1:500,000 births) with normal or elevated serum IgM and low IgG, IgA and IgE levels, defective or normal somatic hypermutation, defective T/B cooperation (50%), intrinsic B cell defect (50%), susceptibility to bacterial infections begining from the first year of age (impaired B cell immunity) and lack of germinal centres in secondary lymphoid organs. Great North Children''s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Even following the introduction of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a small number of children suffering from severe, refractory autoimmune (AI), rheumatic and/or autoinflammatory disorders will not get into clinical remission (CR) and will potentially further suffer from multiple side-effects of combined and long-term immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies, in particular severe infections (Marodi L, Casanova JL. doi = 10.1007/s10875-014-0065-9 id = cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author = nan title = Oral Communications and Posters date = 2014-09-12 keywords = CIA; COX-2; Department; ELISA; IFN; IL-6; Institute; LPS; MIF; MPO; PAF; PCR; PGE2; TNF; University; cell; disease; effect; expression; increase; inflammation; inflammatory; level; model; mouse; response; result; study summary = Cyclooxygenases (COX) catalyze the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid.COX-1 is constitutively expressed.The COX-2 gene is an immediate early-response gene that is induced by variety of mitogenic and inflammatory stimuli.Levels of COX-2 are increased in both inflamed and malignant tissues.In inflamed tissues, there is both pharmacological and genetic evidence that targeting COX-2 can either improve (e.g., osteoarthritis) or exacerbate symptoms (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease).Multiple lines of evidence suggest that COX-2 plays a significant role in carcinogenesis.The most specific data that support a cause-and effect relationship between COX-2 and tumorigenesis come from genetic studies.Overexpression of COX-2 has been observed to drive tumor formation whereas COX-2 deficiency protects against several tumor types.Selective COX-2 inhibitors protect against the formation and growth of experimental tumors.Moreover, selective COX-2 inhibitors are active in preventing colorectal adenomas in humans.Increased amounts of COX-2-derived PGE2 are found in both inflamed and neoplastic tissues.The fact that PGE2 can stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce angiogenesis fits with evidence that induction of COX-2 contributes to both wound healing and tumor growth.Taken together, it seems likely that COX-2 induction contributes to wound healing in response to injury but reduces the threshold for carcinogenesis. doi = 10.1007/bf03353884 id = cord-015324-y44sfr0c author = nan title = Scientific Programme date = 2007-09-01 keywords = BMI; CKD; CRF; CRP; Children; DMSA; Department; ESRD; FSGS; GFR; Group; HIV; HSP; HUS; Hospital; III; MMF; Nephrology; PCR; PTH; Pediatric; SDS; SLE; SRNS; TGF; UTI; University; VUR; age; child; conclusion; disease; kidney; method; patient; renal; result; study; year summary = In order to further validate this approach, we performed a prospective randomized open-label multicenter trial in 41 low-risk pediatric renal transplant recipients (12 f, 29 m; mean age 10.1 yrs; range, 3.4 to 17.8) on CsA (target trough level 100-200 ng/ml), MMF (1200 mg/m 2 per day) and methylprednisolone (3) (4) mg/m 2 per day), who were randomly assigned >1 year posttransplant to continue steroids or to withdraw over a period of 3 months. We evaluated MMF in 15 children with LN, 11 F/4 M, mean age: 12.4±3.9 yrs, proteinuria >3 g/day, decreased C3 and increased anti-dsDNA serum levels, normal renal function. Patients and methods: 91 children and adolescents (60 male, 31 female, mean age at transplantation 9.7±5.2 years) with stable renal function and observation period exceeding 6 months were included. doi = 10.1007/s00467-007-0558-3 id = cord-015335-l0kjxhd1 author = nan title = Irish Society of Gastroenterology: Proceedings for summer meeting – 26th/27th May 1995 in Galway date = 1995 keywords = OLT; disease; patient; study summary = The results suggest that an aneuploid DNA pattern is a predictor of high risk potential for metastases to the liver and may be a useful tool in the "followup" of patients with gastric carcinoma in detecting those at high risk of developing metastases following surgical resection. A partially purified preparation of oesophageal tumour-derived inimune suppressor factor that has been shown to be free of all known cytokines was tested in dose-ranging studies on cell proliferation and apoptosis using lymphocytes from the mutant and control mice. Currie et al have demonstrated that arginase is cytotoxic to tumour cells by depletion of the essential amino acid L-arginine, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the role of this enzyme in colorectal tumour-derived MOs. Human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) were isolated from aged-matched controls (CON) and from blood pre-operatively obtained from patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. doi = 10.1007/bf02967835 id = cord-015348-qt0worsl author = nan title = Abstract date = 2010-07-30 keywords = Dept; EGFR; Hospital; IHC; MGMT; Objective; PCR; Pathology; University; VEGF; cancer; carcinoma; case; cell; conclusion; diagnosis; disease; dna; expression; kit; lesion; method; patient; result; study; tissue; tumor summary = However, the application of the compounds in clinical trials has revealed promising results only when predictive procedures have been available for determining which patients will benefit from targeting therapy, so-called eligibility or predictive tests, e.g. Her2 in breast cancer, KRAS and EGFR mutations in colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Conclusion: We report on the development of a quantitative tissue-based immunohistochemical (IHC) methodology employing activation-specific antibodies against multiple components of the BCR signaling pathway that will assess the activity of the BCR pathway in formalin-fixed paraffinembedded primary DLBCLs. This approach will identify the subset of patient tumors that are actively signaling through the BCR pathway and, therefore, will predict therapeutic responsiveness to targeted inhibition of BCR signaling. Method: In our study, we investigate 120 cases diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma in which we established microscopic characterization, immunohistochemical profiles (expression of proliferation markers, steroid receptors and Her2) and computer-assisted morphometric profiles by determining the mean values for nuclear area, cellular area and N/C ratio with Lucia Net Software. doi = 10.1007/s00428-010-0947-z id = cord-015352-2d02eq3y author = nan title = ESPR 2017 date = 2017-04-26 keywords = ADC; CNS; CXR; DWI; JIA; LUS; MRE; MRI; Objective; Pediatr; Radiol; Suppl; ZIKV; case; child; diagnosis; disease; figure; finding; high; image; imaging; patient; pediatric; study summary = Lapierre; Montreal/CA Summary: Objectives: To review the classification of visceroatrial situs To describe the associated cardiac and non-cardiac anomalies To illustrate typical findings in fetuses, neonates and children To discuss the surgical consideration and the long-term follow-up in these patients Abstract: By definition, the type of situs is determined by the relationship between the atria and the adjacent organs. As is often the case, radiology in JIA is all about: knowing your clinicians (i.e. the pretest likelihood for disease) being technically eloquent (e.g. using high-resolution US probes, not delaying post-contrast MRI acquisitions) knowing what is normal (e.g. normal undulations in the articular surface, focal bone marrow signal variation) not being dogmatic about individual observations or measurements interpreting your findings in a clinical context The lecture will demonstrate similarities and differences among joints and modalities in children with variable-severity JIA. doi = 10.1007/s00247-017-3820-2 id = cord-015372-76xvzvdg author = nan title = National scientific medical meeting 1996 abstracts date = 1996 keywords = CAD; HCV; HIV; HSP; ICU; PCR; age; case; disease; group; increase; irish; level; mean; patient; positive; study; year summary = One, two and five-year survival rates were examined; age at diagnosis and lesion type were extremely significant factors in relation to patient outcome. Patients'' age, sex, risk group, CDC stage, CD4 count, indication for therapy, complication rate and response to treatment are described. Fifty-eight patients (34 male, 24 female) ranging in age from 15 to 65 years (Mean + SD = 28.4 + 10.8) were included in the study. Among these 48 patients (mean age 68.0+12.7), after controlling for age and for the duration and continuity of subsequent antipsychotic treatment, increasing duration of initially untreated psychosis was associated with greater severity of negative symptoms (p<0.005) and with lower scores on the MMSE (p<0.05) but not with executive dysfunction on the EXIT (p=0.3). Conclusion Although not a population based study, care of IDDM in Ireland is almost totally hospital clinic based Cigarette smoking is identified as the major problem to be addressed Patients with diabetes meltitus (DM) are at a higher risk of developing vascular complications, including coronary artery disease (CAD). doi = 10.1007/bf02945204 id = cord-017248-a37t31u1 author = nan title = Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date = 2010-05-17 keywords = Associated; Related; Synonyms; acute; aortic; artery; autopsy; blood; chapter; chronic; condition; death; disease; external; heart; lung; note; poisoning; possible; procedure; pulmonary; record; sample; study; syndrome; term; tissue; type summary = Possible Associated Conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation;* eclampsia;* glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD); hemolytic uremic syndrome;* malignant hypertension; lymphoma* and other malignancies; paroxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria; sickle cell disease;*thalassemia;* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.* (See also below under "NOTE.") NOTE: Hemolysis also may be caused by conditions such as poisoning with chemicals or drugs, heat injury, snake bite,* or infections or may develop as a transfusion reaction* or be secondary to adenocarcinoma, heart valve prostheses (see below), liver disease (see below), renal disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Unusual under-lying or associated conditions include chronic aortic stenosis or regurgitation; coronary artery anomalies; coronary artery dissection; coronary embolism; coronary ostial stenosis (due to calcification of aortic sinotubular junction or, rarely, to syphilitic aortitis); coronary vasculitis (for instance, in polyarteritis nodosa* or acute hypersensitivity arteritis); hyperthyroidism,* gastrointestinal hemorrhage; * hypothyroidism, * idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy; intramural coronary amyloidosis; pheochromocytoma, polycythemia vera; * pseudoxanthoma elasticum,* radiationinduced coronary stenosis; severe pulmonary hypertension (with right ventricular ischemia); sickle cell disease;* and others. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7_17 id = cord-017864-cbkrve2h author = nan title = Defending Against Catastrophic Terrorism date = 2006 keywords = RSVC; disease summary = We are planning to augment existing predictive models by considering additional environmental factors (e.g., weather information, bird migration patterns) and tailoring data mining techniques for infectious disease datasets that have prominent temporal features. Although a wide range of methods have been proposed for retrospective spatio-temporal data analysis, the space scan statistic, in particular, has become one of the most popular methods for detection of disease clusters and is being widely used by many public health departments and researchers. Algorithmically, the space scan statistic method imposes a circular window on the map under study and moves the center of the circle over the area so that at different positions the window includes different sets of neighboring cases. Developed for crime hotspot analysis, RNNH is based on the well-known nearest neighbor hierarchical clustering (NNH) method, combining the hierarchical clustering capabilities with kernel density interpolation techniques. doi = 10.1007/0-387-30332-4_9 id = cord-022363-1l887fyy author = nan title = Cornea date = 2008-11-10 keywords = Descemet; Fig; corneal; disease; epithelium; lesion; stroma summary = The major attribute of cornea is its clarity, and it is the loss of clarity that is the most obvious indicator of corneal disease.The clarity results from several highly specialized anatomic and physiologic features: an unusually regular, nonkeratinized and nonpigmented surface epithelium; an avascular, cell-poor stroma composed of very thin collagen (mostly type I) fibrils arranged in orderly lamellae separated by a critical distance to allow the uninterrupted passage of light (620-640 Angstroms); and a high degree ofstromal dehydration maintained by the presence of epithelial tight junctions, endothelial tight junctions, and a Na-K-dependent ATP-ase pump in the cell membrane of the corneal endothelium ( Fig. 4.25A) . Regardless of cause, corneal inflammation initially follows the stereotyped sequence of edema and leukocyte immigration from tears and distant limbic venules.With severe lesions, corneal stromal vascularization, fibrosis and epithelial metaplasia with pigmentation may occur. doi = 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50056-7 id = cord-022483-hdmwv540 author = nan title = Gastrointestinal Disease date = 2009-06-05 keywords = Tyzzer; abdominal; clostridium; diarrhea; disease; figure; foal; gastric; liver; neonatal summary = In the neonatal period, commonly reported causes of abdominal pain are meconium impaction, small-intestinal volvulus, enteritis or colitis, uroperitoneum, intussusception, gastric ulcers, and ileus secondary to prematurity, septicemia, or neonatal encephalopathy. Lower-intestinal contrast studies (i.e., barium enema) have been reported to have 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for identifying mechanical obstruction (meconium impaction, atresia coli) of the transverse colon or small colon in foals less than 30 days of age ( Figure 11-14) . The only published study on 20 foals less than two weeks of age with acute abdominal pain reported that an exploratory celiotomy revealed functional ileus (45%), meconium impaction (25%), large-colon displacement (15%), small intestine displaced around the base of the cecum (10%), ruptured gastric ulcer, and small colon obstructed by the ovarian ligament. 8 These reports underscore the difficulty in definitively identifying the cause of abdominal pain prior to exploratory celiotomy in neonatal foals, as clearly some of these cases, such as enteritis and functional ileus, would not be considered to be predominantly surgical diseases. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2353-1.50016-8 id = cord-022555-a7ie82fs author = nan title = Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity date = 2011-12-05 keywords = EPI; FIP; Giardia; IBD; cat; cause; clinical; diarrhea; disease; feline; figure; gastrointestinal; infection; intestinal; liver; pancreatic; sign; small; treatment summary = One study found that, of cats investigated for gastrointestinal disease, 9 of 33 cats (27%) had no pathology recognized proximal to the jejunum (i.e., the effective length of diagnostic endoscopes would have precluded diagnosis), and other organs were affected in 9 of 10 cats with inflammatory bowel diseases and 7 of 8 cats with intestinal small cell lymphoma. 60, 64 Quantification of serum cobalamin levels is recommended in cats with clinical signs of small bowel diarrhea, ones suspected to have an infiltrative disease of the small intestine (inflammatory bowel disease or gastrointestinal lymphoma), or ones with pancreatic dysfunction. Survey radiographs may be normal in cats with esophagitis and strictures, but are useful to rule out other causes for the clinical signs, such as a foreign body, or to detect related problems, such as aspiration pneumonia. 8, 29 Other non-neoplastic causes reported for gastric or gastroduodenal ulceration in cats include parasites (e.g., Ollulanus tricuspis, Toxocara cati, Aonchotheca putorii, Gnathostoma spp.), bacterial infections, toxins, inflammatory bowel disease, and foreign bodies. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5 id = cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author = nan title = Abstracts: Poster session date = 2004-10-08 keywords = ALS; Alzheimer; Association; CNS; CSF; GBS; HTLV; MBP; MRI; Neurological; Parkinson; age; cell; control; day; disease; patient; study; test summary = We investigated the usefulness of informant-based data in Alzheimer''s disease (AD) by comparing caregivers'' subjective evaluations of 83 probable A D patients'' performance on an abbreviated version of the Memory Self-Report Questionnaire to objective evaluations derived from an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests and to clinicians'' evaluations. Compared with 89 subjects (mean age 75.2 yr; 34 men, 55 women) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), there were no significant group differences for comparable Clinical Dementia Rating stages of dementia for measures of language, Activities of Daily Living, or general cognition. The mean age at onset did not differ significantly between handedness groups (F [ l,lOO] = .82), but the mean duration of symptoms ( Alterations in the optical properties of brain can be used to detect pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer''s disease (AD). doi = 10.1002/ana.410320224 id = cord-022754-ehq9qnoo author = nan title = Liver date = 2012-07-25 keywords = ALF; ALP; APSC; Bedlington; CPSS; Doberman; Pinschers; Terriers; alt; bile; cat; cause; chronic; clinical; copper; disease; dog; figure; hepatic; hepatitis; increase; liver; portal; serum summary = Conversely, in cases of chronic end-stage liver disease, such as cirrhosis, serum hepatic enzyme activities may not be markedly increased, or may even be within the reference interval as a result of the replacement of hepatocytes with fibrous tissue. World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Standards for the Clinical and Histological Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Liver Disease suggest that the cytologic evaluation of bile forms part of the minimum diagnostic requirement for cats with extrahepatic cholestasis and for dogs guidance. 32 Hyperglobulinemia can be seen in dogs with cirrhosis, but it remains to be determined whether this corresponds with increased autoantibodies as occurs in humans with autoimmune hepatitis, or whether it reflects nonspecific systemic antibody production in response to antigens from the portal blood which bypass the liver through acquired PSSs. 83 Mild nonregenerative anemia may be a reflection of chronic disease. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00061-4 id = cord-023095-4dannjjm author = nan title = Research Abstract Program of the 2011 ACVIM Forum Denver, Colorado, June 15–18, 2011 date = 2011-05-03 keywords = ACTH; CHF; CKCS; CKD; DMVD; ECG; ELISA; IBD; PCR; TLR5; University; Veterinary; blood; cat; concentration; day; disease; dna; dog; group; horse; sample; study; test; time; treatment summary = The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of ivabradine on heart rate (HR), blood pressure, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, left atrial (LA) performance, and clinical tolerance in healthy cats after repeated oral doses. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate and ECG time intervals to body mass in apparently healthy horses and ponies and to calculate normal ranges for different weight groups. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypercoagulability in PLN dogs based on thromboelastography (TEG), and to determine whether hypercoagulability in these patients could be predicted by clinical assessments that identify systemic hypertension (systolic blood pressure 4 160 mmHg), hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin o 2.7 mg/dl), antithrombin activity (o 70%), and degree of proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] ! doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0726.x id = cord-023134-y665agnh author = nan title = Oral Research Communications of the 22(nd) ECVIM‐CA Congress date = 2012-11-20 keywords = BEM; CKD; DCM; IBD; IPF; PCR; SAM; cat; disease; dog; group; study summary = Doppler echocardiographic indices of diastolic function of the right ventricle are good prognostic markers during left ventricular (LV) failure secondary to ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy.The aims of the present study were: to assess LV and RV diastolic function by conventional Doppler and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (PW-TDI) in dogs with mitral valve disease (MVD), with or without pulmonary hypertension (PH); to test if echocardiographic parameters of LV and RV diastolic dysfunction correlate to the Doppler-estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP).114 dogs were prospectively evaluated, including 86 dogs with MVD. The aims of the present study were to assess whether diabetic cats have pathological evidence of islet inflammation or pancreatitis and to define islet lesions in comparison to a well-matched control population.Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pancreatic samples were collected from post-mortem examination performed on diabetic and control cats died due to any disease at the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich (Switzerland) between 1997 and 2009. doi = 10.1111/jvim.12000 id = cord-023216-avn8f2w3 author = nan title = Symposium summaries date = 2004-10-18 keywords = ASL; ATP; Bcc; CFLD; CFRD; CFTR; Cystic; Fibrosis; NBD1; PKC; Pseudomonas; airway; care; cell; disease; lung; pain; patient; study summary = • relevant past history • recently recommended home physiotherapy program including inhalation therapy (agents, order and timing), airway clearance therapy (ACT) and physical exercise program and adherence • the possibility of gastroesophageal reflux 5 in relation to physiotherapy • clinical status including subjective and objective measures of the following -amount, color, consistency and ease of expectoration of sputum -oximetry/pulmonary function tests/peak expiratory flow rate -breath sounds on auscultation, respiratory rate and pattern of breathing -exercise tolerance (current activity & incidental exercise/ exercise tolerance tests) -musculo-skeletal problems (posture, pain, muscle tightness/weakness, oedema) -urinary incontinence during coughing and forced expirations Assessment of health related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) is important to better understand disease and treatment-related factors that impact function and well-being, and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapies and methods of drug delivery. doi = 10.1002/ppul.20142 id = cord-023239-06a03o14 author = nan title = II. Topic Sessions date = 2016-06-10 keywords = CFTR; FEV; GWAS; NCPAP; OSAS; PCD; RSV; airway; asthma; child; disease; function; lung; patient; study summary = The basics of inhaler technique / device / adherence / allergen exposure are all being maintained A retrospective analysis of follow-up of children with difficult asthma for up to six years revealed that those in whom underlying modifiable factors were identified and addressed had an improvement in lung function and reduction in exacerbations over time, while being able to reduce maintenance dose of inhaled steroids such that the majority fell below the threshold for problematic severe asthma 4 . Long-term follow up of children investigated in infancy and reassessed in later childhood have so far showed that reduced baseline lung function in symptomatic infants was significantly associated with subsequent respiratory morbidity as well as with the need of anti-asthma medication at the age of 3 years. doi = 10.1002/ppul.23455 id = cord-024058-afgvztwo author = nan title = Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper date = 2015-02-17 keywords = datum; disease; dna; health; infectious summary = Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Moving forward, addressing privacy issues will be critical so that geographic tracking of a phone''s location could be used to help inform an individual of potential contact with infected persons or animals and support automated, anonymous, electronic integration of those data to accelerate the epidemiological detective work of identifying and surveying those same individuals for public health benefit. doi = 10.1109/jproc.2015.2389146 id = cord-024651-578c9ut5 author = nan title = 2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ALPS; Abstract; Background; CD4; CD8; CGD; CVID; Case; EBV; GOF; HIES; HLH; HSCT; Hospital; IFN; IVIG; Immunology; National; PID; Report; SCID; STAT3; Text; cell; disease; figure; infection; introduction; mutation; patient; result summary = Abstract/Case Report Text Introduction: Mutations in the gene encoding signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) cause autosomal dominant hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (AD-HIES) characterized by recurrent skin and sinopulmonary infections, atopic dermatitis, and elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Objective: The purpose of this study is to increase awareness and improve diagnosis of primary immune deficiency (PID) in the heterogenous group of patients with autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) by identifying clinical characteristics and laboratory biomarkers that distinguish those with underlying PID, disease activity and guide mechanism-based targeted therapy. 7 Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID/National Institutes of Health, NIH Abstract/Case Report Text We have previously used the artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system, based on the 3D aggregation and culture of a delta-like canonical Notch ligand 4-expressing stromal cell line (MS5-Dll4) with CD34+ cells, to study T cell differentiation from CD34+ cells obtained from patients carrying defects that are intrinsic to hematopoietic cells (RAG1-2, AK2, IL2RG) or that affect thymus development (DiGeorge syndrome). doi = 10.1007/s10875-020-00764-z id = cord-029332-yn603pvb author = nan title = Full Issue PDF date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Brugada; COVID-19; China; SARS; acute; clinical; disease; figure; patient summary = Included are cases of Brugada type I pattern positivization (1) in the context of fever, one of the most common presenting symptoms of the disease (2); electrical ventricular storm (3); transient atrioventricular block in the absence of myocarditis (4); sinus node dysfunction requiring pacemaker implantation (5) ; and finally a provocative report on the use of amiodarone as a possible treatment for COVID-19 (6) . In addition to cases of direct myocardial injury, some with pathological evidence, we also present 2 cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (16, 17) Two cases highlight the special circumstances faced by patients with left ventricular assist devices (18, 19) , which include the inability to tolerate prone positioning to augment respiratory support because of the mechanical equipment and the hypothesis that mechanical circulatory support may provide a type of protection against the most serious hemodynamic consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/s2666-0849(20)30838-x id = cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 author = nan title = Proceedings of the 26th European Paediatric Rheumatology Congress: part 2: Virtual. 23 - 26 September 2020 date = 2020-10-28 keywords = ANA; ESR; IVIG; JIA; MAS; MTX; SLE; TNF; arthritis; case; child; clinical; disease; introduction; patient; result; treatment; year summary = Objectives: The current study was undertaken to evaluate sociodemographic and sociocultural features, parent behavior, the gestation and breastfeeding period, nutritional status of early childhood in our patients with JIA, and to determine their relationship with disease activity, damage index, remission time, and relapse rate. Methods: In the present study were included data 170 JIA(55 boys and 115 girls)aged from 2 to 17 years,who received scheduled vaccination before the age of 2 years and before JIA onset against measles,parotitis,diphtheria and rubella.Incomplete vaccination means the reduced number of vaccine to age.In all patients the Ig G anti-vaccine antibodies levels were detected with ELISA.JIA categories were:oligoarthritis -73,polyarthritis -61,systemic-16 and enthesitisrelated arthritis-20.Data presented with median and 25%>75% Results: Incomplete vaccination against MMR was in 50 (42%)diphtheria in 85 (50%) of the JIA patients. doi = 10.1186/s12969-020-00470-5 id = cord-035030-ig4nwtmi author = nan title = 10th European Conference on Rare Diseases & Orphan Products (ECRD 2020) date = 2020-11-09 keywords = AHP; European; datum; disease; health; patient; rare; result summary = Conclusion: With this survey Endo-ERN is provided with a large sample of responses from European patients with a rare endocrine condition, and those patients experience unmet needs in research, though these needs differ between the disease groups. Various factors compound the development of treatments for paediatric rare diseases, including the need for new Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAs), as conventional endpoints such as the 6 Minute Walking Test (6MWT) have been shown to not be applicable in all paediatric age subsets, [3] and therefore may not be useful in elucidating patient capabilities. S18 Background: To help inform cross-national development of genomic care pathways, we worked with families of patients with rare diseases and health professionals from two European genetic services doi = 10.1186/s13023-020-01550-1 id = cord-282783-ps5jyjkl author = nan title = Full Issue PDF date = 2020-09-30 keywords = CCS; ICI; Table; cancer; cardiovascular; disease; heart; patient; risk; study summary = The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study showed a 10-fold higher risk of pericardial disease in all CCS versus siblings (30year cumulative incidence, 3 .0%) and a dose-response relation with chest RT (11) . The literature on ECG abnormalities in large cohorts of long-term CCS is sparse (46, 47) , Data on the use of ambulatory ECG monitoring to define the prevalence of brady-and tachyarrhythmias induced by cardiotoxic cancer treatments are needed, but must be carefully weighed against the potential patient burden and clinical significance. Interestingly, a prior study in testicular cancer survivors showed that those patients who were exposed to cisplatin-based chemotherapy nearly 3 to more than 20 years ago had a more severe reduction in FMD and higher levels of circulating endothelial cells than those not exposed (13) . doi = 10.1016/s2666-0873(20)30180-0 id = cord-326785-le2t1l8g author = nan title = Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 163rd meeting, 3–5 July 1991 date = 2005-06-15 keywords = HPV; biopsy; bone; carcinoma; case; cell; change; disease; dna; expression; increase; lesion; normal; number; patient; present; renal; section; small; specimen; stain; study; tissue; type summary = The lesions (usually multlpleand each 5 mm orless m diameter) were identified in lung parenchymaat a distance from the tumour and consisted of thickened alveolar walls lined by prominent, distinctly atypical cells morphologically Slmllar to type I 1 pneumacytes and cytologically different to the associated turnour Reactive changes 8" lung involved by obstrmtive pneumonitis were not included !n thts Sews All of the associated tumwra were peripheral adenocarcinamas and all showed a pattern of alveolar wall spread at the tumour periphery Clinically 7 of the patients were female and all were smokers or ex-smokers The slgnlflcance of this lesion in the histogenesis of primary pulmonary ademcarcinoma IS. doi = 10.1002/path.1711640412 id = cord-339475-okw6la2b author = nan title = Chapter 11 Health effects date = 2005-12-31 keywords = disease; effect; particle summary = As an indication of their effectiveness, about one half of all 3-~tm particles inhaled through the mouth deposit in the alveolar region. As an indication of their effectiveness, about one half of all 3-~tm particles inhaled through the mouth deposit in the alveolar region. The diseases resulting from exposure to ambient aerosols include pulmonary emphysema, bronchitis, and, perhaps, lung cancer. However, none of the harmful components mentioned above exists in ambient particles at sufficiently high concentration levels to cause a specific disease. Complexity in chemical characteristics of ambient particles has led to considerable difficulty in identifying the components responsible for adverse health effects. Aerosol particles can serve as an effective carrier for ambient peroxides and reactive oxygen species to reach the alveolar region. When these reactive species are adsorbed on particle surfaces, they can easily reach the alveolar region and thereby lead to an adverse effect greater than in tracheobronchial airways. Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles doi = 10.1016/s1573-4285(05)80015-8 id = cord-313173-0u4s5y20 author = ten Have, H.A.M.J. title = Sheltering at Our Common Home date = 2020-08-25 keywords = disease; home; human summary = The current COVID-19 pandemic has reactivated ancient metaphors (especially military ones) but also initiated a new vocabulary: social distancing, lockdown, self-isolation, and sheltering in place. The global threat of pandemics therefore does not emerge spontaneously as a natural event but is the product of human behaviour. What is missing in the pandemic management responses so far is the ecological perspective that pandemics are related to the current economic global order which assumes a separation of humans and nature and regards nature as a resource to be exploited and commodified. This shift has been advocated by many environmental ethicists as well as in indigenous worldviews (Rolston 1988; Johnson 2020) .The ecological perspective implies that the military language of the pandemic is distorting the human embeddedness in the natural world. In an ecological perspective, vulnerability to infectious diseases is not confined to specific individuals, populations, or nations. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10014-x id = cord-007708-hr4smx24 author = van Kampen, Antoine H. C. title = Taking Bioinformatics to Systems Medicine date = 2015-08-13 keywords = datum; disease; expression; gene; network; system summary = Second, we discuss how the integration and analysis of multiple types of omics data through integrative bioinformatics may facilitate the determination of more predictive and robust disease signatures, lead to a better understanding of (patho)physiological molecular mechanisms, and facilitate personalized medicine. To enable systems medicine it is necessary to characterize the patient at various levels and, consequently, to collect, integrate, and analyze various types of data including not only clinical (phenotype) and molecular data, but also information about cells (e.g., disease-related alterations in organelle morphology), organs (e.g., lung impedance when studying respiratory disorders such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and even social networks. Bioinformatics covers many types of analyses including nucleotide and protein sequence analysis, elucidation of tertiary protein structures, quality control, pre-processing and statistical analysis of omics data, determination of genotypephenotype relationships, biomarker identifi cation, evolutionary analysis, analysis of gene regulation, reconstruction of biological networks, text mining of literature and electronic patient records, and analysis of imaging data. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-3283-2_2 id = cord-355024-v5lahyw4 author = van Seventer, Jean Maguire title = Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date = 2016-10-24 keywords = Ebola; agent; disease; figure; host; infectious; transmission summary = An infectious disease can be defined as an illness due to a pathogen or its toxic product, which arises through transmission from an infected person, an infected animal, or a contaminated inanimate object to a susceptible host. The outcome of exposure to an infectious agent depends, in part, upon multiple host factors that determine individual susceptibility to infection and disease. The goal of secondary prevention is to halt the progress of an infection during its early, often asymptomatic stages so as to prevent disease development or limit its severity; steps important for not only improving the prognosis of individual cases but also preventing infectious agent transmission. Broadly, public health efforts to control infectious diseases focus on primary and secondary prevention activities that reduce the potential for exposure to an infectious agent and increase host resistance to infection. A susceptible host is an individual who is at risk of infection and disease following exposure to an infectious agent. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6 id = cord-283971-q5d3uza1 author = von Oertzen, Tim J title = COVID‐19 – neurologists stay aware! date = 2020-05-27 keywords = disease summary = The new disease caused primarily symptoms of a respiratory tract infection with cough, shortness of breath, and viral pneumonia. The clinical spectrum showed mostly mild symptoms with some patients developing bilateral pneumonia needing partly intensive care treatment and causing death(1). As of today (19 th May), official numbers report more than 4,7 million cases worldwide, more than 315,000 death, and approximately 1,7 million patients recovered from the disease. We neurologists need to stay vigilant and aware on neuro-COVID-19, taking a joint effort to characterize the disease on scientific grounds. To facilitate this, the European Academy of Neurology developed the Ean NEuro-covid ReGistrY (ENERGY) for prospective data collection (ean.org). Web-editor in chief, European Academy of Neurology References Accepted Article Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease Neurological manifestations and neuro-invasive mechanisms of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 doi = 10.1111/ene.14365